Lecture (6) Internal Structures of the Brainstem.Pdf
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NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent. -
Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
ANATOMIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO PAIN IN FACE AND NECK* JAMES A. TAREN, M.D., AND EDGAR A. KAHN, M.D. Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Received for publication May 19, 1961) HE remarkable ability of the higher V is most dorsal in the tract. Fig. 4 is a dia- portions of the central nervous system gram of the medulla 6 mm. below the obex T to readjust to surgical lesions presup- which we believe to be the optimal level for poses the existence of alternate pathways. tractotomy. The operation is done with the This hypothesis has been tested with regard patient in the sitting position to facilitate to a specific localized sensory input, pain exposure. The medullary incision, 4-5 mm. from the face. in depth, extends from the bulbar accessory Our method has been to study the degen- rootlet to a line extrapolated from the pos- eration of nerve fibers by Weil and Marchi terior rootlets of the ~ud cervical nerve root. techniques following various surgical lesions An adequate incision results in complete in man and monkey. The lesions have con- analgesia of all 8 divisions as well as analgesia sisted of total and selective retrogasserian in the distribution of VII, IX, and X except rhizotomy in 3 humans and 3 monkeys, for sparing of the vermilion border of the lips medullary tractotomy in ~ humans and (Fig. 5). A degree of ataxia of the ipsilateral monkeys, and extirpation of the cervical upper extremity usually accompanies effec- portion of the nucleus of the descending tract tive tractotomy and is caused by compromise of V in ~ monkeys. -
The Interpeduncular Fossa Approach for Resection of Ventromedial Midbrain Lesions
TECHNICAL NOTE J Neurosurg 128:834–839, 2018 The interpeduncular fossa approach for resection of ventromedial midbrain lesions *M. Yashar S. Kalani, MD, PhD, Kaan Yağmurlu, MD, and Robert F. Spetzler, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona The authors describe the interpeduncular fossa safe entry zone as a route for resection of ventromedial midbrain le- sions. To illustrate the utility of this novel safe entry zone, the authors provide clinical data from 2 patients who under- went contralateral orbitozygomatic transinterpeduncular fossa approaches to deep cavernous malformations located medial to the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve [CN] III). These cases are supplemented by anatomical information from 6 formalin-fixed adult human brainstems and 4 silicone-injected adult human cadaveric heads on which the fiber dissection technique was used. The interpeduncular fossa may be incised to resect anteriorly located lesions that are medial to the oculomotor nerve and can serve as an alternative to the anterior mesencephalic safe entry zone (i.e., perioculomotor safe entry zone) for resection of ventromedial midbrain lesions. The interpeduncular fossa safe entry zone is best approached using a modi- fied orbitozygomatic craniotomy and uses the space between the mammillary bodies and the top of the basilar artery to gain access to ventromedial lesions located in the ventral mesencephalon and medial to the oculomotor nerve. https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2016.9.JNS161680 KEY WORDS brainstem surgery; interpeduncular fossa; mesencephalon; safe entry zone; surgical technique; ventromedial midbrain HE human brainstem serves as a relay center for the pyramidal tract, which is located in the middle three- ascending and descending fiber tracts that are es- fifths of the cerebral peduncle, to remove ventral lesions sential for motor and sensory control. -
Circuits in the Rodent Brainstem That Control Whisking in Concert with Other Orofacial Motor Actions
Neuroscience 368 (2018) 152–170 CIRCUITS IN THE RODENT BRAINSTEM THAT CONTROL WHISKING IN CONCERT WITH OTHER OROFACIAL MOTOR ACTIONS y y LAUREN E. MCELVAIN, a BETH FRIEDMAN, a provides the reset to the relevant premotor oscillators. HARVEY J. KARTEN, b KAREL SVOBODA, c FAN WANG, d Third, direct feedback from somatosensory trigeminal e a,f,g MARTIN DESCHEˆ NES AND DAVID KLEINFELD * nuclei can rapidly alter motion of the sensors. This feed- a Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, back is disynaptic and can be tuned by high-level inputs. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA A holistic model for the coordination of orofacial motor actions into behaviors will encompass feedback pathways b Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA through the midbrain and forebrain, as well as hindbrain c areas. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Barrel Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Cortex. Ó 2017 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights d Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical reserved. Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA e Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Que´bec City, G1J 2G3, Canada f Key words: coupled oscillators, facial nucleus, hypoglossal Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA nucleus, licking, orienting, tongue, vibrissa. g Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Contents Introduction 153 Abstract—The world view of rodents is largely determined Coordination of multiple orofacial motor actions 153 by sensation on two length scales. -
The Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata
Chapter 14 The Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe • embryonic myelencephalon becomes Cingulate gyrus leaves medulla oblongata Corpus callosum Parieto–occipital sulcus Frontal lobe Occipital lobe • begins at foramen magnum of the skull Thalamus Habenula Anterior Epithalamus commissure Pineal gland • extends for about 3 cm rostrally and ends Hypothalamus Posterior commissure at a groove between the medulla and Optic chiasm Mammillary body pons Cerebral aqueduct Pituitary gland Fourth ventricle Temporal lobe • slightly wider than spinal cord Cerebellum Midbrain • pyramids – pair of external ridges on Pons Medulla anterior surface oblongata – resembles side-by-side baseball bats (a) • olive – a prominent bulge lateral to each pyramid • posteriorly, gracile and cuneate fasciculi of the spinal cord continue as two pair of ridges on the medulla • all nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla • four pairs of cranial nerves begin or end in medulla - IX, X, XI, XII Medulla Oblongata Associated Functions • cardiac center – adjusts rate and force of heart • vasomotor center – adjusts blood vessel diameter • respiratory centers – control rate and depth of breathing • reflex centers – for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, movements of tongue and head Medulla Oblongata Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve Fourth ventricle Gracile nucleus Nucleus of Cuneate nucleus vagus -
DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy
By DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 By the end of the lecture, students will be able to : Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal, mid “Trigeminal level” and rostral). 3. Mid brain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Describe the Reticular formation (structure, function and pathway) being an important content of the brain stem. 2 1. Traversed by the Central Canal. Motor Decussation*. Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal (Trigeminal sensory nucleus)* : ➢ It is a larger sensory T.S of Caudal part of M.O. nucleus. ➢ It is the brain stem continuation of the Substantia Gelatinosa of spinal cord 3 The Nucleus Extends : Through the whole length of the brain stem and upper segments of spinal cord. It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. 4 It is Motor Decussation. Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side They descend in the Decuss- = crossing lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract. 5 Traversed by Central Canal. Larger size Gracile & Cuneate nuclei, concerned with proprioceptive deep sensations of the body. Axons of Gracile & Cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers; decussating forming Sensory Decussation. Pyramids are prominent ventrally. 6 Formed by the crossed internal arcuate fibers Medial Leminiscus: Composed of the ascending internal arcuate fibers after their crossing. -
University International
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Brainstem and Its Associated Cranial Nerves
Brainstem and its Associated Cranial Nerves Anatomical and Physiological Review By Sara Alenezy With appreciation to Noura AlTawil’s significant efforts Midbrain (Mesencephalon) External Anatomy of Midbrain 1. Crus Cerebri (Also known as Basis Pedunculi or Cerebral Peduncles): Large column of descending “Upper Motor Neuron” fibers that is responsible for movement coordination, which are: a. Frontopontine fibers b. Corticospinal fibers Ventral Surface c. Corticobulbar fibers d. Temporo-pontine fibers 2. Interpeduncular Fossa: Separates the Crus Cerebri from the middle. 3. Nerve: 3rd Cranial Nerve (Oculomotor) emerges from the Interpeduncular fossa. 1. Superior Colliculus: Involved with visual reflexes. Dorsal Surface 2. Inferior Colliculus: Involved with auditory reflexes. 3. Nerve: 4th Cranial Nerve (Trochlear) emerges caudally to the Inferior Colliculus after decussating in the superior medullary velum. Internal Anatomy of Midbrain 1. Superior Colliculus: Nucleus of grey matter that is associated with the Tectospinal Tract (descending) and the Spinotectal Tract (ascending). a. Tectospinal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a visual stimuli.1 Level of b. Spinotectal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a cutaneous stimuli.2 Superior 2. Oculomotor Nucleus: Situated in the periaqueductal grey matter. Colliculus 3. Red Nucleus: Red mass3 of grey matter situated centrally in the Tegmentum. Involved in motor control (Rubrospinal Tract). 1. Inferior Colliculus: Nucleus of grey matter that is associated with the Tectospinal Tract (descending) and the Spinotectal Tract (ascending). Tectospinal Pathway: turning the head, neck and eyeballs in response to a auditory stimuli. 2. Trochlear Nucleus: Situated in the periaqueductal grey matter. Level of Inferior 3. -
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected Images of the Caudal Midbrain (Upper Row
ON-LINE FIG 1. Selected images of the caudal midbrain (upper row) and middle pons (lower row) from 4 of 13 total postmortem brains illustrate excellent anatomic contrast reproducibility across individual datasets. Subtle variations are present. Note differences in the shape of cerebral peduncles (24), decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles (25), and spinothalamic tract (12) in the midbrain of subject D (top right). These can be attributed to individual anatomic variation, some mild distortion of the brain stem during procurement at postmortem examination, and/or differences in the axial imaging plane not easily discernable during its prescription parallel to the anterior/posterior commissure plane. The numbers in parentheses in the on-line legends refer to structures in the On-line Table. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ●:●●2019 www.ajnr.org E1 ON-LINE FIG 3. Demonstration of the dentatorubrothalamic tract within the superior cerebellar peduncle (asterisk) and rostral brain stem. A, Axial caudal midbrain image angled 10° anterosuperior to posteroinferior relative to the ACPC plane demonstrates the tract traveling the midbrain to reach the decussation (25). B, Coronal oblique image that is perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocam- pus (structure not shown) at the level of the ventral superior cerebel- lar decussation shows a component of the dentatorubrothalamic tract arising from the cerebellar dentate nucleus (63), ascending via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the decussation (25), and then enveloping the contralateral red nucleus (3). C, Parasagittal image shows the relatively long anteroposterior dimension of this tract, which becomes less compact and distinct as it ascends toward the thalamus. ON-LINE FIG 2. -
Cortical Control of Facial Expression
Review The Journal of Comparative Neurology Research in Systems Neuroscience DOI 10.1002/cne.23908 Topical review Cortical control of facial expression. René M. Müri1,2,3 1Division of Cognitive and Restorative Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Clinical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland 2Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Abbreviated title: Cortical control of facial expression Key words: human, facial expression, emotion, facial innervation | downloaded: 13.3.2017 http://boris.unibe.ch/72088/ This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as an ‘Accepted Article’, doi: 10.1002/cne.23908 source: © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Received: Jan 31, 2015; Revised: Sep 19, 2015; Accepted: Sep 25, 2015 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Journal of Comparative Neurology Page 4 of 23 Abstract The present topical review deals with the motor control of facial expressions in humans. Facial expressions are a central part of human communication. Emotional face expressions have a crucial role in human non-verbal behavior, allowing a rapid transfer of information between individuals. Facial expressions can be both voluntarily or emotionally controlled. Recent studies in non-human primates and humans revealed that the motor control of facial expressions has a distributed neural representation. At least 5 cortical regions on the medial and lateral aspects of each hemisphere are involved: the primary motor cortex, the ventral lateral premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area on the medial wall, and, finally, the rostral and caudal cingulate cortex. -
The Oculomotor Cistern: Anatomy and High- ORIGINAL RESEARCH Resolution Imaging
The Oculomotor Cistern: Anatomy and High- ORIGINAL RESEARCH Resolution Imaging K.L. Everton BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The oculomotor cistern (OMC) is a small CSF-filled dural cuff that U.A. Rassner invaginates into the cavernous sinus, surrounding the third cranial nerve (CNIII). It is used by neuro- surgeons to mobilize CNIII during cavernous sinus surgery. In this article, we present the OMC imaging A.G. Osborn spectrum as delineated on 1.5T and 3T MR images and demonstrate its involvement in cavernous H.R. Harnsberger sinus pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 78 high-resolution screening MR images of the internal auditory canals (IAC) obtained for sensorineural hearing loss. Cistern length and diameter were measured. Fifty randomly selected whole-brain MR images were evaluated to determine how often the OMC can be visualized on routine scans. Three volunteers underwent dedicated noncontrast high-resolution MR imaging for optimal OMC visualization. RESULTS: One or both OMCs were visualized on 75% of IAC screening studies. The right cistern length averaged 4.2 Ϯ 3.2 mm; the opening diameter (the porus) averaged 2.2 Ϯ 0.8 mm. The maximal length observed was 13.1 mm. The left cistern length averaged 3.0 Ϯ 1.7 mm; the porus diameter averaged 2.1 Ϯ1.0 mm, with a maximal length of 5.9 mm. The OMC was visualized on 64% of routine axial T2-weighted brain scans. CONCLUSION: The OMC is an important neuroradiologic and surgical landmark, which can be routinely identified on dedicated thin-section high-resolution MR images. It can also be identified on nearly two thirds of standard whole-brain MR images. -
The Nuclear Pattern of the Non-Tectal Portions of the Midbrain and Isthmus in Primates
THE NUCLEAR PATTERN OF THE NON-TECTAL PORTIONS OF THE MIDBRAIN AND ISTHMUS IN PRIMATES ELIZABETH C. CROSBY AND RUSSELL T. WOODBURNE Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan FOURTEEN PLATES (TWENTY-THREE FIGURES) INTRODUCTION The various nuclear groups in the midbrain of primates show marked resemblances to their homologues in subprimate forms, although certain regions are characterized by a marked increase and others by a definite decrease in development. The literature dealing with special regions is considerable in amount and some of it is of relatively early date. That pertinent to the present consideration of these regions has been reviewed under the account of the general literature placed at the end of this series of papers. Attention is called here to a few contributions that have been particularly helpful in the preparation of the primate descriptions. Among such are the studies of Ziehen on various regions of the midbrain, particularly his account of the periventricular regions, and the descriptive analysis of Ingram and Ranson ('35) of the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, which confirmed Stengel's ( '24) earlier account. There are innumerable figures and descrip- tions of various parts of the oculomotor and trochlear gray in primates. Among these may be mentioned the work of Panegrossi ('04), Ram6n y Cajal ('ll), Brouwer ('18, and elsewhere), Le Gros Clark ( '26) and Mingazzini ( '28). The differences in nomenclature with respect to the periventricular gray of caudal midbrain and isthmus regions are indicated 441 442 G. CARL HUBER ET AL. to some extent on the figures of the human brain as well as considered in the general literature.