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Sanctuary of Lot at Deir 'Ain 'Abata in Jordan Excavations 1988–2003

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Sanctuary of Lot at Deir 'Ain 'Abata in Jordan Excavations 1988–2003 Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan Excavations 1988–2003 Cover images Front Cover View from inside Lot’s Cave looking out to the lowest place on earth and the Dead Sea (photo by K. D. Politis) Back Cover Detail of the central medalion in the mosaic pavement immediately below the altar table in the chancel of the church. It reads: TELOS KALON = Good End (photo by T. Springett) Copyright © K. D. Politis, the individual authors and Jordan Distribution Agency Published 2012 by Jordan Distribution Agency, Amman, Jordan Printed and bound at the National Press, Amman, Jordan Book designed and typset by Isabelle Ruben, Amman, Jordan. ISBN 978-9957-557-04-1 Jordan National Library Deposit No: 2012/5/1922 Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan Excavations 1988–2003 by Konstantinos D. Politis With contributions by Mark Beech, Eliot Braun, Julian M. C. Bowsher, Caroline R. Cartwright, Sarah M. Collins, Kate DaCosta, Amy Flint, Hero Granger-Taylor, Anthony D. Grey, Kathy Gruspier, Julian Hendersen, Louise Joyner, Rowena Loverance, Yiannis E. Meimaris, R. Neil Munro, Margaret O’Hea, Georgios Papaioannou, Stephan G. Schmid and Jonathan N. Tubb. and Douglas Baird, Naomi Belshaw, Sebastian Brock, Sheila Canby, Stefania Chlouveraki, David L. Chatford Clark, James M. Farrant, Ian Freestone, Omar al-Ghul, Nigel Hepper, Chantal Hoppé, Robert Hoyland, Daniel J. Hull, M. Sylvia Humphrey, Zoena B. Høserich, Kalliope Kritikakou-Nikolaropoulou, Michael C. A. MacDonald, W. Eddie Moth, Kevin Rielly, Jane Sidell, Colleen P. Stapleton and Penelope Walton Rogers. Illustrations by James M. Farrant Jordan Distribution Agency in association with the British Museum Reconstruction of the main door to the church at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata Contents Preface and Acknowledgements ix I. Introduction I.1 Location and Topography 1 I.2 History of the Project 2 I.3 Excavation Strategies, Illustration and Survey 4 I.4 Climate 8 I.5 Geology and Geomorphology 9 I.6 Physiographic Setting and Landscape History 10 I.7 Historical Setting 16 1.8 The Mosaic Map at Madaba 19 1.9 The Story of Lot 21 II. Early Bronze Age I II.1 Stratigraphy and Architecture 25 II.2 The Pottery 31 II.3 The Human Skeletal Remains 37 II.4 The Chipped Stone 39 II.5 The Beads and Miscellaneous Objects 43 III. Middle Bronze Age IIA/B and Later Periods III.1 Stratigraphy and Architecture of the Tombs 45 III.2a The Pottery 57 b Petrographic Analysis 74 III.3a The Beads and Miscellaneous Objects 79 b Scientific Analysis of the Beads 86 III.4 The Human Skeletal Remains 93 III.5 The Metal Artifacts 99 IV. The Late Hellenistic–Nabataean/Roman Period IV.1a Introduction 107 b The Fine Ware Pottery 108 V. The Late Antique Period (Early Byzantine–Umayyad–Early ‘Abbasid) V.1 Stratigraphy and Chronology 115 V.2a Architectural Elements 159 b Monastic Space and Place: An Application of Space Syntax Analysis to the Monastery 169 c The Sandstone Masonry: ourcesS and Statistics 172 V.3 The Mosaic Pavements 175 V.4a The Pottery 179 b Analysis of the Glazed Pottery 206 c Petrographic Analysis of the Pottery 210 d Petrographic Analysis of Abbasid Relief Ware 216 e Quantification of the Pottery 218 V.5 The Ceramic Lamps 223 V.6 The Glass 293 V.7 The Coins 317 V.8 The Marble and Stone Church Furnishings 337 V.9 The Metalwork 349 V.10a Miscellaneous Objects 367 b The Carved Wood and Carpentry 371 c The Basketry and Cordage 375 d The Textiles 378 V.11 The Greek Inscriptions 393 V.12 The Semitic Inscriptions 417 V.13 The Human Skeletal Remains 421 V.14a The Mammal Bones 449 b The Fish Bones 479 c The Bird Bones 503 V.15a The Charcoal and Desiccated Wood 511 b The Macroscopic Plant Remains 518 c The Flowering Plants 523 V.16 The Mollusca 525 V.17 The Eggshells 535 VI. Conclusions 537 VII. Conservation and Heritage Management VII.I Mosaic Pavement Conservation 539 VII.2 Heritage Management, Protection and Tourism Development 545 Colour Plates 547 Appendices Appendix 1 563 Appendix 2 564 Credits and Additional Acknowledgments 565 Abbreviations and Journals 567 Bibliography 569 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is dedicated to Mr David Buckton conservation of the mosaic pavements (2001, 2002, 2003); whose immediate recognition of the academic importance the Overseas Development Administration of the Foreign of Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata and initial support ensured the future and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom to success of the excavation project, and then to Mr Nasri rebuild the church foundations, the protective walls and Atalla (†) whose similar insight instigated the later consolidate all the ancient structures (1995); the United protection, conservation and touristic development of the States Agency for International Development for the site for future generations to appreciate. design and supervision of the rebuilding of the protective The Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata project could not have happened wall and water channel above the entire monastic complex without the consecutive permits issued by Drs Adnan (1995); the Arab Potash Company for the water supply Hadidi, Ghazi Bisheh and Safwan Tell, successive Director- and road maintenance; Mr Gunter Breest for subsidising Generals of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities. the guarding of the site; and to Frosti’s Ice Cream company, I would also like to thank Mr Neil Stratford and Mr Amman for field support. John Cherry, successive Keepers of the Department of A special benefit concert was organised in Bologna, Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum, Italy in 1994 (and again in 1996) by Mr Mario Dradi, without whose support this project would not have with Mr Ruggero Raimondi, Mr Leo Nucci, Ms Cecilia flourished. Additional support was provided through Gasdia and Mr Paulo Ballarin performing gratis in aid of the auspices of Dr Sheridan Bowman, Keeper of the the project. Department of Scientific Research at the British Museum. Accommodation for all phases of the project was provided by the Jordan Valley Authority in Jordan and by Acknowledgements of Sponsors and Staff Messrs Arsen and Roupen Kalfayan in London. Logistical support and transport in Jordan was provided annually The Sponsors by Aramex International LLC, and Mr Fadi Ghandour Excavations at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata were sponsored by the generously sponsored this publication. Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities of the British Museum (1988–1996), the principal funding institution. The Staff Additional funding came from the Ministry of Tourism The on-site excavation and conservation team consisted and Antiquities of Jordan (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 of Kate Da Costa, ceramic lamp specialist (1988); Helga and 1999), the Society of Antiquaries of London (1990, Fiedler, Area A supervisor (1988); Jennifer Kiely, assistant 1991) the Palestine Exploration Fund (1991, 1992, supervisor (1988); Anthony Lowe, Area B supervisor(1988); 1994, 1995 and 1996), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Michael Rawlings, archaeologist (1988); Franz-Josef Greece (1991, 1992) and the Society for the Promotion Reidel, excavation technician (1988); Robert Schick, Areas of Byzantine Studies (1991, 1992). Private support F.III, M and H.II supervisor (1988, 1992, 1994, 1995); included Biotrek S.A. (1988, 1991 and 1992), for mosaic Jodie Benton, Area F.I supervisor and objects registrar conservation equipment and supplies, Messrs Arsen and (1990); Ben Churcher, Area B.I supervisor (1990); Dawn Roupen Kalfayan (1988, 1990), Jacob Suchard/Pavledes Enright, assistant supervisor (1990); Peter Guest, assistant S.A. (1991, 1992), Suchard/Pavledes/Kraft/General Foods supervisor (1990); Alan Hills, objects photographer (1990); S.A. (1995, 1998) and Diethnes Papermills S.A. (1991). W. “Eddie” Moth site surveyor and Areas J, E.VII T.1, Additional support came from Olympic Airlines (1997, F.III supervisor (1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2003); 1998) and Royal Jordanian Airlines (1993, 1994), for air Margaret O’Hea, glass specialist (1990); Ariadne Sakali, tickets, from the Royal Jordanian Air Force for the use of site assistant (1990); Hugh Strickland, assistant supervisor a helicopter for aerial photography (1993) and Dr George (1990); Jean Bradbury, illustrator (1991); Ray Bradbury, Politakis for the donation of a car to the project (1988). architect (1991); Yiannis Meimaris, epigrapher (1991, The conservation and consolidation works at Deir 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996); Thomas Muir, architect (1991); ‘Ain ‘Abata took place from 1994 to 2002. They were Olympia Theophanopoulou, archaeological conservator sponsored and largely funded by the Ministry of Tourism (1991); Jad Al-Younis, environmentalist and executive and Antiquities of Jordan. Additional support came from: assistant (1991, 1992, 1994); Stefania Chlouveraki, the European Centre for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine archaeological and mosaic conservator (1992, 1993, 1994, Monuments of the Ministry of Culture of Greece for the 1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003); Christopher Entwistle (†) means recently deceased. ix finds processing work (1992, 1993, 1994, 1996); James The field work at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata would not have Farrant, illustrator (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2003); been a success without the arduous efforts of the local Tony Milton, photographer (1992); Isabelle Ruben, Areas workmen. These included Ahmed Bowat, Hassan Bowat, K.II and F.II supervisor (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995); Trevor Khalil Moussa Bowat, Msbah Moussa Bowat, Rashid Springett, photographer (1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, Hamadi, Abdullah Hamed Hashoush, Amjed Hashoush, 2003); Dean Sully, archaeological conservator (1992,
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