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Tsu mecniereba

#1 TSUdekemberi.2011. DecemberScience erTis nacvlad mravali mze, mzis energiis axali tipis koncentratori Tsu-is mecnierebisgan idealuri sagadasaxado tvirTi Sidsis epidemiasTan brZola: saqarTvelos gamocdileba qarTvel fizikosTa gza universitetidan CERN-amde eTnoterorizmi da misi safrTxeebi qarTuli mwerloba evropul mecnierebaSi qarTuli Rvinis saidumlo eTnikuri identobebi da samoqalaqo integracia saqarTveloSi

Ethnic Identities and civil Integration in Georgia The Ideal Tax Burden Fight against AIDS epidemic: Georgia’s experience Georgian Physicists’ Paths from Tbilisi State University to CERN Threats of Ethno-Terrorism Georgian Literature in European Sciences The Secret of Georgian Wine Many Suns Instead of One; A new-type solar energy concentrator created by the scientists from TSU brinjaos qandakeba, awyuri. Zv.w.aR. IV s. Tsu-is muzeumis eqsponatebidan Tbilisis gimnaziis Senoba, romelSic 1918 wels gaixsna pirveli qarTuli universiteti Bronze monument, Atskuri, IV century BC, Tbilisi Gymnasium (Tbilisi School for Nobility) where the first Georgian university was established in 1918. from the exhibits of TSU Museum sarCevi - Contents

Tsu - kvleviTi universiteti TSU – Research University 4 erTis nacvlad mravali mze Many Suns Instead of One 9 sawarmoo narCenebi - kulturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad Industrial Waste – For Protection of Cultural Heritage 13 qarTuli Rvinis saidumlo The Secret of Georgian Wine 17 qarTvel fizikosTa gza universitetidan CERN-amde Georgian Physicians’ Path from Tbilisi State University to CERN 20

Tsu-is arqeologiuri eqspediciebi Archaeological Expeditions at Tbilisi State University 27 arqeologiuri daTariRebis kompleqsuri fizikuri meTodebi Complex Physical Methods of Dating in Archeology 32 qarTuli mwerloba evropul mecnierebaSi da qarTvelologiis uaxlesi miRwevebi Georgian Literature in European Sciences and the Latest Achievements in 35 Kartvelology toponimia - warsulis matiane Toponymy – Chronicles of the Past 40 arasrulwlovanTa sasjelisa da aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis Sefardebis problemebi Problems of Juvenile Liability and Application of Coercive 44 Education Measures Project eTnoterorizmi da misi safrTxeebi Threats of Ethno-terrorism 49 meti unda vicodeT imaze, rac Cvens samezobloSi xdeba... We must be updated on Neighboring regions 54 mediaciis kultura saqarTveloSi The Culture of Mediation in Georgia 58 Tsu mecniereba tsu sceince samecniero-popularuli Jurnali eTnikuri identobebi da samoqalaqo Scientific-Popular Journal integracia saqarTveloSi 62 Ethnic Identities and Civil Integration in Georgia

saredaqcio sabWo Editorial Board mecnieruli "receptebi" biznesmenebisTvis aleqsandre kvitaSvili – ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori Scientific ‘Recipes’ for Business People 66 Alexander Kvitashvili – Rector of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University levan aleqsiZe – reqtoris moadgile Levan Aleksidze – Deputy Rector sistemuri sabanko krizisebis gamokvleva: gakveTilebi momavlisaTvis giorgi RvedaSvili – samecniero kvlevebis da 69 ganviTarebis departamentis ufrosi Systemic Banking Crises Research: Lessons Learned for Future Giorgi Ghvedashvili – Head of Department of Scientific Research and Development darejan TvalTvaZe – humanitaruli fakultetis dekani idealuri sagadasaxado tvirTi - Darejan Tvaltvadze – Dean of Faculty of Humanities ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis irakli burduli – iuridiuli 73 fakultetis dekani The Ideal Tax Burden for Economic Development Irakli Burduli – Dean of Faculty of Law aleqsandre ciskariZe – medicinis fakultetis dekani Alexander Tsiskaridze – Dean of Faculty of Medicine Tavis tvinis pirveladi simsivneebis ramaz boWoriSvili – zusti da sabunebismetyvelo epidemiologia saqarTveloSi mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani Epidemiology of Primary Brain Tumors in Georgia 77 Ramaz Bochorishvili – Dean of Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences nodar belqania – socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani Sidsis epidemiasTan brZola: saqarTvelos gamocdileba Nodar Belkania – Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Fight Against AIDS Epidemic: Georgia’s Experience 80 elene xarabaZe – ekonomikis da biznesis fakultetis dekani Elene Kharabadze – Dean of Faculty of Economics and Business Tsu-is SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti nana mamaguliSvili – sazogadoebasTan Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature at TSU 84 urTierTobis departamentis ufrosi Nana Mamagulishvili – Head of Public Relations Department Tsu-is andria razmaZis maTematikis instituti redaqtori Andria Razmadze Mathematical Institute at TSU 88 Editor Tamar xorbalaZe Tamar Khorbaladze mecniereba - bavSvebisTvis Science and Humanities for Children 91 nomerze muSaobdnen: Contributors:

lela mWedliZe mari elen Catvini Tsu-is biblioTekis saganZuridan... Lela Mchedlidze Mary Ellen Chatwin From the TSU Library Treasury ... 94 qeTevan gaboSvili judi elioti Ketevan Gaboshvili Judy Elliott mariam amurvelaSvili TinaTin tabiZe Tsu – saerTaSoriso konferenciebi: Mariam Amurvelashvili Tinatin Tabidze 2011 Semodgoma-zamTari naTia aladaSvili 97 Natia Aladashvili TSU – International Conferences: Fall-Winter 2011

dizaini Design Tsu-is fakultetebze 2011 wels daculi disertaciebi nino ebraliZe ioseb kacitaZe The Dissertations Defended at TSU Faculties in 2011 100 Nino Ebralidze Ioseb Katsitadze

Tsu-is sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuri dekemberi, 2011 Tsu-is gamomcemlobis 2011 wlis gamocemebidan From editions of TSU Press 2011 102 TSU Public Relations Department December, 2011 3

Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo, iyo pirveli universiteti saqarTveloSi da kavkasiaSi, didi pasuxismgeblobaa. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti daarsebis dRidan _ 1918 wlidan asrulebda ara mxolod saswavlo, aramed saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis samecniero centris funqcias regionSi. Tsu am tradiciis Rirseulad gagrZelebas cdilobs da Zalisxmevas ar zogavs amisTvis. dRes universiteti axali gamowvevis winaSec dgas _ tradiciis SenarCunebasTan erTad, unda gauZlos XXI saukunis moTxovnebs, iyos konkurentunariani saerTaSoriso samecniero bazarze. aq ki samecniero produqtis xarisxs gansazRvravs ara mxolod mkvlevaris niWi da SesaZleblobebi, aramed bevri sxva faqtoric. damkvidrebuli stereotipebis Tanaxmad, axali standartebi saqarTvelos msgavs patara qveynebs samecniero warmatebebis miRma tovebs. Tumca, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi mimdinare samecniero procesebi am stereotipebs amsxvrevs. amitom migvaCnia, rom farTo sazogadoebam meti unda icodes maT Sesaxeb. swored am mizans emsaxureba Cveni axali wamowyeba – orenovani samecniero-popularuli Jurnali “Tsu mecniereba”. Jurnalis pirvel nomerSi Segnebulad SevikaveT Tavi warsulze saubrisgan. mkiTxvelis winaSe universitetis dRevandelobaa: informacia Tanamedrove kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac ukve moipoves saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba - miRebuli aqvT kvleviTi grantebi; maT Sesaxeb qveyndeba statiebi maRalreitingul samecniero JurnalebSi; xSir SemTxvevaSi es kvlevebi warmatebuli saerTaSoriso samecniero TanamSromlobis produqtia; JurnalSi `Tsu mecniereba~ mkiTxvels SeeZleba gaicnos mecnierebic _ adamianebi, romlebic saqarTvelos da msoflios samecniero kapitals qmnian, XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebis Rirseuli wevrebi arian; aq etapobrivad warmogidgenT samecniero institutebsac, romelTa integraciamac 2010 wlidan universitetis samecniero potenciali kidev ufro gaaZliera; gaecnobiT Tsu-Si arsebul samecniero bazebsac. pirvel nomerSi Tsu-Si mimdinare samecniero procesis mciredi nawilia aRnusxuli. es mxolod dasawyisia. Jurnali weliwadSi orjer gamova da Seecdeba popularul enaze miawodos mkiTxvels bolo samecniero siaxleebi.

aleqsandre kvitaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori

Dear reader,

It is a huge responsibility to be the first University in Georgia and in the Caucasus. Since the day of its establishment in 1918, the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU) has been performing the function of both educational and internationally important scientific center. TSU spares no efforts to continue this tradition properly. Today the University is facing new challenges – along with preserving its traditions, it should withstand the requirements of the XXI century and be competitive on the international scientific market. Here, the quality of a scientific product is determined not only by the researcher’s skills and abilities, but also by many other factors. According to the established stereotypes, new standards leave small countries like Georgia beyond the scientific achievements. Though, the processes taking place at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University break these stereotypes. Therefore, we believe that the society should know more about them. Just this is the goal, which our new project - a bilingual scientific-popular journal TSU Science - serves. In the first edition of the journal we deliberately refrained from talking about the past. The readers have an opportunity to get acquainted with the current developments at the University: information on recent researches, which have already triggered international interest – they have received research grants; various articles about them have been published in various top scientific journals; frequently, these researches are the outcome of successful international scientific cooperation; the readers of TSU – Science will also have an opportunity to get acquainted with the scientists – people, who created the Georgian and world scientific capital, are honorary members of the XXI century international scientific circles. We will also introduce scientific institutions, the integration of which since 2010 has much strengthened the University’s scientific potential; you will also get acquainted with the scientific databases existing at TSU. The first edition lists only a small part of scientific processes ongoing at TSU. This is only the beginning. The journal will be issued twice a year and will try to deliver latest scientific novelties to the readers in a popular language.

Alexander KvitaShvili Rector of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

2011 December Tsu science 4 Tsu - kvleviTi universiteti

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi pirveli universiteti - ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (Tsu), tradiciulad asaxavs qveyanaSi mecnierebis ganviTarebis dones. saukunovani arsebobis manZilze Tsu-Si Camoyalibda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis samecniero skolebi. am skolebis Camoyalibebam da ganviTarebam Tsu regionuli da saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone samecniero centrad aqcia. Tsu-s gaaCnia jansaRi ambicia, iyos lideri kvleviTi centri ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed regionSi da Rirseuli adgili eWiros msoflio samecniero-saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. am ambicias bolo wlebis statistika da mecnierebis menejmentis kuTxiT ganxorcielebuli da dagegmili nabijebi asazrdoebs.

samecniero statistika: Tsu-dan wardgenili proeqtebis dinamika wlebis mixedviT

The Dinamics of TSU projects according to years Tsu-Si amJamad 200-ze meti samecniero proeqti xorcieldeba, maT Soris – 148 erovnuli, 85 - saerTa- Soriso. 2011 wels universitetis biujetidan samecniero kvlevebze gaTval- iswinebulia 14 milion 054 746 lari (biujetis 29%); maT Soris, saerTa- Soriso da erovnuli fondebidan mozidulia 4 milion 154 104 lari (biujetis 9%). ISI Web of Knowledge-is monacemebiT, 2009 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetidan impaqt-faqtoris mqone JurnalSi gamoqveynda 105 statia, 2010 wels _ 145. saqarTvelos sxva saganmanaTleblo da samecniero instituciebTan mi- marTebaSi Tsu-is upiratesobaze metyvelebs SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinanse- vnelovnad gaizarda wardgenili moqnili samecniero buli samecniero proeqtebis zogadi proeqtebis raodenoba da dafin- menejmentis arseboba - statistika; 2009 wels erovnuli fon- ansebuli proeqtebis procentuli aucilebeli pirobaa debidan miRebuli samecniero grant- wili wardgenil proeqtebSi. Tu 2009 ebis raodenobiT pirveli sameuli ase wels Tsu-dan qarTul samecniero Tsu-is samecniero kvlevebisa gamoiyureba: Tsu - 29 granti, ilias fondebSi 104 samecniero proeqti da ganviTarebis departamentis universiteti - 11 granti, saqarTvelos iyo wardgenili, 2011 wlisTvis maTi xelmZRvaneli, fizika-maTematikis saxelmwifo agraruli universiteti raodenoba 312-s Seadgens. amas- mecnierebaTa doqtorigiorgi Rve- - 8 granti. amasTan, pirvel aTeulSi Tan, 2006 wels Tsu-dan wardgenili daSvili Jurnal “Tsu-mecniere- is institutebic Sedian, romlebic proeqtebis 12 procenti dafin- bas” universitetis samecniero 2011 wlidan ukve Tsu-Si gaerTiandnen, ansda, 2007 wels - 16 procenti, 2008 miRwevebsa da gegmebze esaubra: ramac Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- wels - 21 procenti, 2009 wels ki - 22 sitetis samecniero potenciali kidev procenti. (ixileT diagrama ); 2011 - ra aris universitetis, rogorc ufro gaaZliera. (ixileT diagrama). wels universiteti kidev ufro meti kvleviTi centris mTavari amo- #bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi mniS- proeqtis dafinansebas elodeba. cana?

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 5

- kvleviTi universitetis Ziri- Tadi mizania xeli Seuwyos ino- TSU – Research University vaciur codnaze, xarisxze da Sede- gze orientirebuli samecniero The first university in Georgia and Caucasus – Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State kvlevebis ganxorcielebas. univer- University (TSU) traditionally reflects the level of scientific development in the siteti, bunebrivia, unda uSvebdes country. During its century-old existence numerous universally recognized maRalkvalificiur specialists, scientific schools were established at TSU. The establishment and development romelic moTxovnadia Tanamedrove of these schools have turned TSU into a scientific center of regional and bazarze, sainteresoa ara mxolod international importance in many directions. TSU has a healthy ambition to be qveyanaSi, aramed sazRvargareT. a leading research center both in Georgia and throughout the region as well as amisTvis erT-erTi umTavresia kv- to take a worthy place in the world scientific-educational space. This ambition is leviTi da saganmanaTleblo pro- maintained by the recent statistics as well as by the steps planned and taken in cesebis integraciis sakiTxi. sagan- terms of scientific management. manaTleblo saqmianoba TavisTavad gulisxmobs Rrma samecniero- Scientific Statistics kvleviTi fundamentis arsebobas. meore mxriv ki, mxolod kargad aw- The statistical analysis of scientific activities for 2009-2011 academic year at yobilma saganmanaTleblo sistemam the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University shows that presently over 200 SeiZleba uzrunvelyos samecniero scientific projects are being implemented at TSU, including 148 national and kvlevebisaTvis aucilebeli cod- 85 – international. nisa da unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, The University’s budget for 2011 envisages GEL 14 054 746 (29% of the budget) zogadad - mecnierebis ganviTarebis for scientific researches, including GEL 4 154 104 (9% of the budget) has been uwyvetoba. Sesabamisad, universite- attracted from international and national foundations. ti maqsimalurad cdilobs hqondes According to ISI Web of Knowledge, 105 articles of the Tbilisi State University moqnili da kargad mofiqrebuli were published in the scientific journals with impact factor in 2009, and samecniero menejmenti, romelic 145 – in 2010. maqsimalurad waaxalisebs, moiz- General statistics of scientific projects funded by the Shota Rustaveli National idavs samecniero potencials da Science Foundation confirm the prevalence of TSU over other educational and Seecdeba maT xelSewyobas. scientific institutions of Georgia. The list of the first three institutions having - ra formiT? received scientific grants from the national foundations in 2009 looks as follows: - materialur-teqnikuri bazis gau- TSU – 29 grants; Ilia State University - 11 grants; State Agrarian University of mjobesebiT, TanadafinansebiT, Georgia – 8 grants. Moreover, the list of the first ten institutions also involves proeqtebis teqnikurad sworad momzadebaSi daxmarebiT, sainforma- those higher educational institutions, which joined TSU in 2011, as a result of cio-sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT which TSU’s scientific potential has further strengthened (see chart No 1). da sxva. dRevandeli monacemebiT Number of submitted projects and percentage ratio of financed projects in the Tsu upirobo lideria, aq xorcield- submitted projects has significantly increased over the last years. If 104 scientific eba 200-ze meti samecniero proeqti, projects were submitted from TSU to the Georgian scientific foundations in rogorc erovnuli samecniero fon- 2009, in 2011 their number increased up to 312. Furthermore, 12% of projects dis grantebi, aseve saerTaSoriso submitted from TSU were financed in 2006; 16% – in 2007; 21% – in 2008; and proeqtebi, (CRDF/GRDF, NATO, SCOPE, 22% - in 2009 (see chart No 2). We expect more projects to be financed in 2011. STCU, ISTC, EU FP7, DFG, DAAD, TEMPUS da a.S); 2010 wels daculia 63 sadoqtoro “Presence of Flexible Scientific Management – naSromi. 2011 wels Tsu-is biujetidan 29 procenti gaTvaliswinebulia an Essential Condition” samecniero kvlevebze. kidev erTi faqtori - dRes yvelam Giorgi Ghvedashvili, Head of Department of Scientific Research and icis, rom universitetSi ganxor- Development at TSU, talked with “TSU-Science” about the University’s cielda samecniero institutebis scientific achievements and plans. integracia. bunebrivia, amiT universitetis samecniero potencia- - What is the key goal of the University as of a research center? li kidev ufro gaizarda. (ixileT - The key goal of the research university is to promote the implementation “samecniero statistika”) of knowledge, quality and result-oriented scientific researches. Naturally, the - ramdenad pasuxobs Tsu-Si war- University should prepare highly skilled specialists, who are in demand on moebuli kvlevebi 21 saukunis modern market, who are interesting not only in the country, but also abroad. moTxovnebs? Tsu-is mecnierebi From this point of view, integration of research and educational processes is konkurentunarianni arian saer- one of the most important issues, because on the one hand, the educational TaSoriso samecniero bazarze? activity already involves deep scientific-research foundation, and on the other, - nebismieri dafinansebuli samecni- only well-adjusted educational system can provide the delivery of knowledge ero proeqti (erovnuli Tu saerTa-

2011 December Tsu science 6

Soriso) gulisxmobs ucxoeli eqspertis mier miRebul maRal Sefasebas; aqedan gamomdinare, Tsu-Si ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi, ra Tqma unda, aRiarebulia. mecnierTa kvalifikaciis Sesafaseblad erT-erTi indikatori aris maTi CarTuloba saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi. cnobil ucxour samecniero centrebSi momuSave qarTveli mecnierebi aseve miuTiTeben qarTuli samecniero skolebis maRal potencialze. magali- Tad, cernSi mimdinareobs proeqti “atlasi”, sadac qarTveli mecnierebi uzarmazar samuSaos asruleben sainJinro Tval- sazrisiTac da sufTa fundamenturi kvlevis kuTxiTac. Tsu- is maRali energiebis fizikis instituti da Tsu-is fizikis instituti aqtiuradaa CarTuli am proeqtSi. kidev erT faqtori - SeiZleba dRes ver gvqondes imis pre- tenzia, rom CvenTan Zalian maRal donezea yvelaferi, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom gasuli saukunis 80-ian 90-ian wlebSi iyo ukusvla. ra Tqma unda, weliwadSi 105 da 145 gamoqveyneb- giorgi RvedaSvili - Tsu-is samecniero uli samecniero statia ar aris maRali maCvenebeli; Tumca kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis depar- es metia, vidre sxvagan. amasTan _ dinamika dadebiTia. vT- tamentis ufrosi, Tsu-is zust da vliT, rom moqnili samecniero menejmentis arseboba am mi- sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa marTulebiT aucilebeli pirobaa. fakultetis asocirebuli pro- - ra gakeTda bolo wlebSi menejmentis gasaumjobese- fesori; fizika-maTematikis mec- blad? nierebaTa kandidati, akademiuri - rogorc iciT, saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani svla gaakeTa, rac doqtori; eleqtroteqnikisa da gulisxmobda gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis mxardaWeras. saqarT- eleqtronikis saerTaSoriso sain- velos erovnuli samecniero fondis mier gamoyenebiT kv- Jinro institutis (IEEE) wevri; 14 levebze gamocxadebuli konkursi iyo mniSvnelovani nabiji. samecniero grantis monawile/xe- fondis erT-erTi moTxovna iyo Tanadafinansebis aucile- lmZRvaneli; 45-mde samecniero naS- bloba. swored amitom, universitetma gadawyvita, rom abso- romis avtori da Tanaavtori; 7 adg- luturad yvela gamarjvebuli proeqti miiRebs 15 procen- ilobrivi da saerTaSoriso premiis, tian Tanadafinansebas Tsu-is biujetidan. es, bunebrivia, diplomisa da sertifikatis mflo- Zalian didi masStabebis Tanadafinanseba ar aris, magram arc beli. erT sxva organizacias am masStabiT, msgavsi mxardaWeris Ses- axeb gadawyvetileba ar miuRia. garda amisa, Cvens departamentSi xorcieldeba proeqtebis winaswari teqnikuri monitoringi-eqspertiza. Cven samecni- Giorgi Ghvedashvili - Head of Department of ero nawilSi ar verTvebiT. vexmarebiT mecniers, raTa misi Scientific Research and Development at TSU; proeqti iyos teqnikurad gamarTuli da konkursis pirobebis Associate Professor at the TSU Faculty of Sesabamisad Sedgenili. swored am mizniT, doqtorantebisTvis SevqmeniT specialuri Exact and Natural Sciences; Ph.D. in Physical kursi - mecnierebis menejmenti. es arCeviTi kursia da gan- and Mathematical Sciences; Member of kuTvnilia yvela mimarTulebis doqtorantisTvis. kursis the Institute of Electrical and Electronics farglebSi ganixileba iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa magaliTad: Engineers (IEEE); Research staff/Leader of 14 bibliografia, kvlevis indikatorebi, rogor davweroT kar- scientific projects; Author and co-author of gi statia, kargi sagranto proeqti, rogor xdeba mecnierebis approximately 45 scintific articles; Holder of 7 Sefaseba. es kursi sakmaod popularulia. yovel semestrSi masze registrirdeba 100-mde doqtoranti. momavalSi va- local and international awards, diplomas and pirebT, rom es kursi inglisuradac gavakeToT. certificates. - rac Seexeba teqnikur bazas. . . - universitetSi am bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi moziduli iyo ramdenime msxvili granti da Seiqmna ramdenime kargi eqsperimentuli baza - biologebSi, fizikosebTan, qimikosebTan. ver vityvi, rom Cven Zalian mdidari baza gvaqvs, magram viyideT bevri iseTi aparatura, romelic saerTaSoriso masStabis kv- levebisTvis aris saWiro. bunebrivia, iyo infrastruqturis proeqtebi. 2009 wels zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis fakultetis laboratoriebis aRvWurveT. adminis- tracia, materialur-teqnikuri bazis gasaumjobeseblad momavalSic Seecdeba aseTi tipis proeqtebis moZiebas. amavdroulad, mniSvnelovania mecnierebis CarTulobac _ Ti- Toeul gamoyenebiT kvlevas, proeqts, sWirdeba garkveuli

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 7 and the establishment of all those skills, which are so necessary for scientific researches to provide the continuity of scientific Tsu-dan wardgenili proeqtebis development. Accordingly, the University spares no efforts to dinamika wlebis mixedviT have a flexible and well-measured scientific management, which will encourage and attract scientific potential and try to promote The Dinamics of TSU projects it as much as possible. according to years - In what form? - Through improving its material-technical base, co-financing, assisting in proper technical preparation of projects, providing wardgenili grantebi gamarjvebuli grantebi Provided grants Successful grants information-advisory services, etc. According to the current data, TSU is an unconditional leader; over 200 scientific projects 180 163 are being implemented here, including both national science 142 foundation grants and international projects (CRDF/GRDF, 129

NATO, SCOPE, STCU, ISTC, EU FP7, DFG, DAAD, TEMPUS, etc.); 35 23 29 63 doctoral works were defended in 2010. The TSU budget for 22 2011 envisages 29%, particularly GEL 14 054 746 for scientific researches. One more factor – everybody knows today that scientific 2006 weli 2007 weli 2008 weli 2009 weli institutions have integrated into the University. Naturally, the University’s scientific potential has much increased due to this 12% 16% 22% 21% fact (see “scientific statistics”). - How much do the researches conducted at TSU meet the 21st century requirements? Are TSU scientists competitive on the international scientific market? - Any financed scientific project (national or international) already means high assessment from a foreign expert; thus, the researches conducted at TSU are definitely recognized. One of the indicators to assess scientists’ qualification is their involvement in international projects. The fact that a lot of Georgian scientists work for famous foreign scientific centers erovnuli fondebis mier 2009 wlisTvis dafinansebuli proeqtebis procentuli ganawileba also points to high potential of Georgian scientific schools. For institutebis mixedviT example, a project Atlas is being implemented at CERN, where Georgian scientists are doing tremendous work in terms of Percentage Distribution of the Projects financed by the National Foundations in 2009 both engineering and merely fundamental research. The High Energy Physics Institute and the Physics Institute at TSU are both actively involved in this project. One more factor – probably, we should not have an ambition that everything is at a top level here, but we should remember iv.javaxiSvilis sax.Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo e.andronikaSvilis sax. saxelmwifo universiteti universiteti fizikis instituti that we suffered regress in the eighties and nineties of last Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Ilia State Universiti E. Andronikashvili Institute century. Of course, 105 and 145 published scientific articles per University of Phisics saqarTvelos teqnikuri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo a. razmaZis sax. year is not a high parameter, but it is higher than elsewhere and universiteti agraruli universiteti maTematikis instituti Georgian Technical University Agricultural University of Georgia A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute the dynamics is quite good. We believe that the presence of i. beritaSvilis fiziologiis instituti flexible scientific management in this direction is an essential I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli condition. literaturis instituti Shota Rustaveli Institute of - What has been done over the last years to improve the Georgian Literature management? kibernetikis instituti - As you know, the State took an important step to support Institute of Cibernetics applied researches. The competition announced by the National arnold Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis Science Foundation of Georgia for applied researches was a step instituti Arnold Chikobava towards financing such researches. One of the key demands was Institute of Linguistics the necessity of co-financing. The University has co-financed absolutely all the projects (by 15%). If these projects receive financing, the University will co-finance them. Naturally, this is not very large-scale financing, but this is the first precedent when the University will co-finance all the projects. Moreover, our department carries out preliminary technical monitoring – expertise of the projects. We do not interfere in a scientific part. We simply assist scientists to ensure that their

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teqnikuri aRWurviloba da calkeuli gran- ideas, their projects are technically sound and drafted in line with the terms of tebiTac xdeba am bazis Sevseba. competition. - Tqven xazi gausviT gamoyenebiTi kvleve- I would like to say that just for this purpose we created a special course for bis mniSvnelobas. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom doctorates – science management. This is a selective course and is designed for gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis xelSewyoba Tsu- the doctorates of all directions. In frames of the course the following topics are is erT-erTi mTavari prioritetia? discussed: bibliography, research indicators, how to write a good article, a good - ratom vusvam xazs gamoyenebiT kvlevebs: grant project, how science is assessed, etc. This course is quite popular. About 100 yvela wamyvanma qveyanam, vinc ki teqnologie- doctorates undergo registration during each semester. In future we plan to make bze dafuZnebuli ekonomika Seqmna, gaiara es this course more available and to provide it in English too. gza. mogexsenebaT, teqnologiebze damyare- - As far as the technical base is concerned.... buli ekonomika gulisxmobs teqnologiur - Several large grants were attracted to the University during last years and several gamokvlevebze dafuZnebuli produqciis good experimental bases were created with biologists, physicists, chemists. gamoSvebas. am SemTxvevaSi ra aris univer- I cannot say that we have a very comprehensive base, but we have purchased sitetis roli - universiteti qmnis axal such apparatus, which is necessary for international-scale researches. Naturally, codnas, inteleqtualur sakuTrebasa da there were infrastructure projects. In 2009, we equipped the laboratories of the teqnologiebs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, axali Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. The administration will again try to search teqnologiuri kompaniisa da bazarze axa- such projects in future in order to further improve the material-technical base. li produqtis gamoCenis sawindaria. uni- Simultaneously, the involvement of scientists is rather important – each applied versiteti izidavs da qmnis maRalkvali- research, each project needs certain technical equipment and this base is being ficiur personals, romlebic sWirdeba supplemented from separate grants. maRalteqnologiur kompanias; kompania ki - You have especially focused on applied researches. Does it mean that the cdilobs damkvidrdes universitetTan ax- promotion of applied researches is one of TSU’s priorities? los, sauniversiteto samecniero parkSi. - Why I focus on applied researches – all leading countries, which have created amgvarad, iqmneba egreTwodebuli Start-Up kompaniebi, romelTa erT-erTi damfuZne- technology-based economy, have passed through this road. As far as you know, belic xSirad TviTon universitetia. technology-based economy means production output based on technological es gza gaiara yvela warmatebulma qvey- researches. What is the University’s role in this case – University creates new anam. Cveni qveynis momavali aris sainJin- knowledge, intellectual property and technologies; and this, in turn, is a ro-teqnologiuri kvlevebis raodenobis precondition for emerging a new technological company and new products on gazrdasa da mecnierebatevadi produqci- the market. The University attracts and creates highly skilled personnel needed is gamoSvebaSi. amas unda emsaxurebodes for a high technological company; on the other hand, the company tries to draw teqnoparki, sadac xdeba kvleva da kvlevis closer to the University and gain its foothold among the University’s scientific Sedegebis komercializacia. circles. Thus, the so called start-up companies are being established with the - ramdenad realisturia teqnoparkebis University frequently being one of the founders. ganviTareba? arian qarTuli kompaniebi All the successful countries have passed through this road. The future of our amisTvis mzad? country passes through increasing number of engineering-technological - jerjerobiT aseTi sruli mzaoba ar arse- researches and producing high technology products. A TechnoPark, where the bobs. Cven gvqonda ramdenime Sexvedra, ori researches and commercialization of research results are carried out, should serve Tu sami wlis win gavakeTeT aseTi proeqte- this purpose. bis gamofenac. Cven axla vuwyobT fexs am - How real is it to develop TechnoParks? Are Georgian companies ready for it? moTxovnebs. unda vecadoT, rom arsebuli - There is no such complete readiness so far. We had several meetings; two or kompaniebi davainteresoT. amavdroulad, three years ago we arranged an exhibition of such projects. We are trying to unda Seiqmnas axali kompaniebic, romlebic keep step with these requirements. We should try to interest existing companies. moaxdenen inovaciuri proeqtebis realize- Simultaneously, new companies should be created that will implement bas da Seqmnian produqcias. innovatory projects and create products.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 9

erTis nacvlad mravali mze Many Suns Instead of One

2011 wlis maisSi, msoflio bankis InfoDev–is mier Catarebul konkursSi, romelSic 750 proeqti monawileobda, Tsu–is mecnierebis mier Seqmnili mzis energiis axali tipis koncentratori gamarjvebul 50 proeqts Soris aRmoCnda. xolo InfoDev-is mier Catarebul inovaciisa da sawarmoo teqnikis me–4 saerTaSoriso forumze, romelic helsinkiSi gaimarTa, qarTvel mecnierTa inovacia saukeTeso oceulSi Sevida.

A new-type solar energy concentrator created by the scientists from the Tbilisi State University (TSU) appeared among the top 50 projects winning the competition held by the World Bank’s Info-Dev in May 2011. A total of 750 projects participated in the competition involving scientific information projects. Furthermore, the innovation of Georgian scientists was ranked among the 20 best at the 4th Global Forum on Innovation and Technology Entrepreneurship held in Helsinki, Finland in 2011.

2011 December Tsu science 10

samecniero–sawarmoo kompleqsi (ssk) „eleqtronuli teqnika“ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis me–8 nina xuWua _ Tsu-is samecniero ganyofileb- korpusSia ganTavsebuli. SesaZloa verc warmoidginoT, is „eleqtronuli teqnika“ xelmZR- rom am uZveles SenobaSi Tsu–is unikaluri laboratoria vaneli, fizika-maTematikis mecniereba- gaaCnia, romelic eleqtronikis sxvadasxva dargSi muSaobs. Ta doqtori; publikaciebis raodenoba: maT Soris integraluri sqemebisa da naxevargamtaruli optoeleqtronuli xelsawyoebis Seqmnaze. ssk 64, maT Soris - impaqt-faqtorian Jurna- „eleqtronuli teqnikis“ laboratorias fizika– lebSi - 31; gamogonebebis raodenoba: - 4; maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, q–ni nina xuWua saerTaSoriso samecniero forumebSi xelmZRvanelobs. 1995–2009 wlebSi ssk „eleqtronul monawileoba – 15; 6 saerTaSoriso samec- teqnikaSi“ 6 saerTaSoriso proeqti ganxorcielda Semdegi programebis dafinansebiT: „mecniereba mSvidobisaTvis“ niero sagranto proeqtis menejeri. (SfP) NATO; ISTC (saerTaSoriso samecniero–teqnikuri revaz melqaZe _ Tsu-is samecniero ganyo- centri) da STCU (samecniero–teqnikuri centri, ukraina). filebis gamge (ssk „eleqtronuli teqni- ssk–is mecnierebisTvis erT–erTi da ara erTaderTi mimarTulebaa mzis batareebis Seqmna. am sakiTxTan ka“), fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa dakavSirebiT isini mWidro kontaqtSi muSaoben inJiner– akademiuri doqtori; samecniero pub- gamomgonebel aleqsandre moseSvilTan, romelsac 12 wlis likaciebis raodenoba - 47, maT Soris im- win aSS–Si hqonda dapatentebuli idea mzis energiis axali paqt-faqtorian JurnalebSi - 20, gamog- koncetratoruli sistemis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. msoflioSi dRes mzis gamosxivebis gamoyeneba onebebis raodenoba: - ;1 saerTaSoriso eleqtroenergiis misaRebad erT–erTi yvelaze aqtualuri samecniero forumebSi monawileoba – sakiTxia, radgan es aris ekologiurad sufTa energetika. 15; 6 samecniero sagranto proeqtis mi- sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris aSS–Si, germaniaSi, espaneTSi, iaponiaSi, uamravi saxsrebi ixarjeba imisaTvis, marTulebis xelmZRvaneli rom gamoimuSaon wyaro, romelsac rac SeiZleba maRali aleqsandre moseSvili _ Tsu-is zust margi qmedebis koeficienti eqneba, fasi ki – rac SeiZleba da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa dabali. mzis energiis gardaqmna eleqtroenergiad xorcieldeba fotoelementiT, romlis damzadeba fakulteti, konsultanti, specialo- Zvirad Rirebuli teqnologiis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. es ba _ inJineri; publikaciebis raode- ki dedamiwaze gamoyenebuli mzis batareebis ZiriTadi noba – 1, gamogonebebis raodenoba – 4; parametris, kerZod, gamomuSavebuli 1 vati energiis saerTaSoriso samecniero forumebSi Rirebulebas zrdis. dRes 1 vati 3 dolari Rirs. magram imis gamo, rom am mimarTulebiT midis intensiuri kvleviTi monawileoba – 1, saerTaSoriso konfer- samuSaoebi, mecnierebi varaudoben, rom male 1 vatis fasi enciebSi monawileoba – 2. 1 dolaramde „daiwevs“. erT–erTi aseTi mimarTuleba iTvaliswinebs koncetratoruli sistemis gamoyenebas. es sistema warmoadgens optikur mowyobilobas, romelic axdens mzis energiis koncetrirebas erT „wertilSi“ da Nina Khuchua – Head of the TSU Scientific Department mcire raodenobis aqtiuri fotoelementebiT SeiZleba optimaluri Sedegis miReba. (Electronic Techniques); Ph.D. in Physical-Mathematical marTalia, es yvelaferi Teoriulad dadasturda, magram Sciences; number of publications – 64, including in realurad gakeTda mxolod eqsperimentuli nimuSi, journals with impact factor – 31; number of inventions romelic unda miuaxlovdes samrewvelo teqnologias. – 4; participation in international scientific forums – 15; „unda gakeTdes prototipi, anu piloturi nimuSi, ris Semdegac moxdeba am nimuSis safuZvelze mzis batareebis manager of 6 international scientific grant projects. gamoSveba“ _ ambobs ssk–s xelmZRvaneli nina xuWua. Revaz Melkadze – Manager of the TSU Scientific Department 2005–2007 wlebSi espaneTsa da italiaSi gamarTul (Electronic Techniques); Ph. D. in Physical-Mathematical saerTaSoriso konferenciebze qarTveli mecnierebis gamogoneba moixsenies, rogorc sruliad axali midgoma am Sciences; number of scientific publications – 47, dargSi. kiTxvaze, Tu raSi mdgomareobs mTavari gansxvaveba including in journals with impact factor – 20; number of arsebul nimuSebsa da qarTveli mecnierebis gamogonebas inventions – 1; participation in international scientific Soris, doqtori revaz melqaZe acxadebs – “sxva tipis koncentratorebTan SedarebiT aleqsandre moseSvilis forums – 15; head of 6 international scientific grant konstruqcia gamoirCeva 10–ze meti upiratesobiT, project maT Soris: - SesaZlebelia optikuri nawilis Seqmna Alexander Moseshvili – Consultant at the TSU Faculty of Exact integraluri meTodiT; amcirebs mzis batareis sisqes 5 sm–mde da mis wonas da a.S.; koncetrators SeuZlia and Natural Sciences; specialty – engineer; number of ganaxorcielos mzis gamosxivebis koncentrireba 1000–jer publications – 1; number of inventions – 4; participation da metad (gamoyenebulia linzebi da metalis sarkisebri in international scientific forums – 1; participation in amreklebi), es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs SevamciroT aqtiuri international conferences – 2. naxevargamtaruli fotoelementebis jamuri farTobi, rac TavisTavad sagrZnoblad amcirebs fass“. fizikosTa gancxadebiT, dasawyisSi umjobesi iqneba axali batareis gamoyeneba moxdes eleqtrosadgurebis

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 11 A scientific-industrial complex (SIC) Electronic Techniques is located at the Tbilisi State University’s Building No 8. Probably, one can hardly imagine that the Research Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies at the Tbilisi State University has a unique laboratory in this old building, which works in various branches of electronics, including on the creation of integral schemes and semiconductor optoelectronic devices. SIC Electronic Techniques is led by Ms. Nina Khuchua, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. In 1995-2009 Electronic Techniques implemented six international projects with the financing of the following programs: Science for Peace and Security (SPS) NATO; International Science and Technology Center (ISTC); and Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU). Creation of solar batteries is one of the directions of activities carried out by the scientists from the scientific-industrial complex. They have close contacts over this issue with engineer-inventor, Alexander Mosashvili, who patented an idea of creating a new concentrator system of solar energy in the United States 12 years ago. Converting sunlight into electricity is one of the most important issues throughout the world today, as it is ecologically clean energy. Many countries, including the United States, Germany, Spain, and Japan are spending a lot of money to generate a source, which will have as high energy conversion efficiency as possible and as low cost as possible. Solar energy is converted into electricity through a solar cell, the production of which requires the use of quite expensive technology. And this increases the cost of the key parameter of solar cells used on the earth, particularly 1 watt of generated energy. Today the cost of 1 watt is USD 3. But as far as active researches are being conducted in this direction, scientists suppose that soon the cost of 1 watt “will be reduced” to USD 1. One of such directions envisages the use of concentrator system. This system is an optical device, which concentrates solar energy in one “point” and it is possible to obtain an optimal result with few active solar cells. Although all these have been proved theoretically, actually only an experimental sample has been made, which should come closer to industrial technology. “It is necessary to make a prototype, i.e. a pilot sample, and subsequently to produce solar cells on the basis of this sample,” Nina Khuchua, the head of the scientific-industrial complex, says. During the international conferences held in Spain and Italy in 2005-2007 the invention by Georgian scientists was described as an absolutely new approach in this sphere. When asked what the main difference between the existing samples and the Georgian scientists’ invention is, Dr. Revaz Melkadze said: “Compared to other types of concentrators, Alexander Mosashvili’s construction has over 10 advantages, particularly: It is possible to create an optical part with an integral method; It reduces the width up to 5 cm as well as the weight of solar cell, etc; The concentrator can concentrate sunlight 1000 times and more (lenses and metal mirror reflectors are used). And this enables us to reduce the total area of active semiconductor solar sells that significantly reduces its cost.”

2011 December Tsu science 12 mSeneblobisaTvis, da ara–saxlebsa da sayofacxovrebo pirobebSi. optikuri koncentratis nawi li unda gakeTdes maRal profesiul doneze. amitom es nawilebi damzaddeba sazRvargareT, magaliTad Sveicarul firma AWN-Si, mzis batareis awyoba ki moxdeba saqarTveloSi ssk „eleqtronul teqnikaSi“. xolo am modulis sertificireba ganxorcieldeba isev sazRvargareT, am dargSi erT-erT wamyvan fraunhoferis mzis energiis institutSi (ISEE), q.fraiburgi, germania. biznes gegmas da saorganizacio sakiTxebs kvleviTi Sedegebis komercializaciisaTvis axorcielebs SolColEnergy-s direqtori giorgi meliqiZe. 2011 wlis maisSi, msoflio bankis InfoDev-is proeqtis farglebSi qarTvel mecnierebs erTis mxriv granti gamouyves, meores mxriv ki investoris moZiebaSi exmarebian. am grantis meSveobiT oTxma specialistma (n.xuWua, a. mosaSvili, g.meliqiZe, r. melqaZe) monawileoba miiRo q. fraiburgSi fraunhoferis ISEE–institutSi specialurad gamarTul SexvedraSi. am Sexvedraze qarTvelma da germanelma mecnierebma mzis batareis prototipis dasamzadeblad yvela saWiro detalze isaubres da urTierTgagebis memorandumi gaaformes. „am droisaTvis yvela saWiro detali gvaqvs gawerili, Tu ra unda gakeTdes am prototipis Sesaqmnelad da imisaTvis, rom dadgindes Tu ra fasi eqneba energetikis am wyaros. fasze saubari ki mxolod prototipis damzadebis Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli“ – ambobs nina xuWua. rac Seexeba mzis energiis gamoyenebas, dRes ukve Seqmnilia konceptualuri saorganizacio da teqnikuri baza kvlevis Sedegebis komercializaciisaTvis, xolo mzis energiis gardamqmnelis koncetratoriT (CPV–moduli) prototipis warmoebaSi dasanergad aucilebelia finansuri investiciebi. dRevandeli monacemebiT, saqarTvelos energetikaSi fotoebze: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero- jer–jerobiT pirvel adgilze wylis energiis sawarmoo kompleqsi (ssk) "eleqtronuli teqnika" gamoyeneba dgas. Tumca mecnierebi varaudoben, rom A scientific-industrial complex (SIC) Electronic Techniques at the axlo momavalSi Cvens qveyanaSi mzis energetika Rirseul Tbilisi State University adgils daikavebs.

Physicists say that at the beginning it would be better to use a new for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg. During the meeting Georgian solar battery for the construction of power plants rather than in the and German scientists discussed all the details necessary for making houses or household conditions. solar battery prototype and signed a memorandum on mutual The parts of optical concentrator should be made at a high professional understanding. level. Therefore, these parts will be made abroad, for example at “We have already thought of all necessary details, particularly what Swiss AWN; solar batteries will be produced in Georgia, particularly should be done to create this prototype and to determine the cost at Electronic Techniques, while certification of this module will take of this source of energy. It will be possible to talk about the cost only place abroad – particularly, at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy after the prototype is made,” Nina Khuchia says. Systems in Freiburg, Germany. Director of SolColEnergy Giorgi Melikidze As far as the use of solar energy is concerned, today a conceptual is implementing business plan and organizational issues for further organizational and technical base has already been created to commercialization of the research results. commercialize the research results; however, financial investments Along with allocating a grant to the Georgian scientists in frames of are necessary to put the solar concentrator (CPV-module) prototype the World Bank’s Info-Dev project in May 2011, they are also assisting into production. According to the present data, the use of water Georgian scientists in attracting the investors. Owing to this grant, energy takes the leading place in Georgia’s energy sector. However, four specialists (N. Khuchua, A. Mosashvili, G. Melikidze, R. Melkadze) the scientists suppose that solar energy will take a worthy place in participated in a special meeting held at the Fraunhofer Institute our country in the near future.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 13 sawarmoo narCenebi - kulturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad

Industrial Waste – For Protection

nodar lekiSvili – iv.javaxiSvilis sax. of Cultural Heritage Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori, qimiis mec- nierebaTa doqtori. Tsu-is zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba- sawarmoo narCenebisa da meoradi nedleulis utilizacia Ta fakultetze zogadi, araorgan- uli da metaloorganuli qimiis mi- da miznobrivi gamoyeneba nebismieri qveynis mniSvnelo- marTulebas xelmZRvanelobs. aris vani teqnikur-ekonomikuri rezervia. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso samecniero organizaciebis Tanam- msoflios maStabiT, araerTi qveynis mecnieri muSaobs am Sromeli, aseve samecniero gamom- cemlobebis redaqciis wevri, avan- sakiTxebze. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi kvlevebi am garduli masalebis saerTaSoriso asociaciis komitetis wevri (aSS), mimarTulebiT profesor nodar lekiSvilis xelmZRvanelo- petre meliqiSvilis premiis laureati. nodar lekiSvilis xelmZ- biT mimdinareobs da saintereso Sedegebic aris miRweuli. RvanelobiT universitetSi mimdinareobs samecniero–kvleviTi magaliTad, miRebulia naerTebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia xis, samuSaoebi axali tipis metaloorganuli, koordinaciuli naerTebis tyavis, plastmasis zedapirebis, aseve samuzeumo eqsponate- Sesaswavlad da maT bazaze axali kompoziciebis Sesaqmnelad. bisa Tu arqeologiuri nimuSebis baqteriebisa da mikrobebis

zemoqmedebisgan dacva. Nodar Lekishvili - Full professor at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Ph.D. in Chemical Sciences; Currently he leads the course in general, inorganic and metal-organic Utilization of industrial waste and secondary raw materials as well as their chemistry at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. He also works for Georgian and purpose-oriented use is an important technical-economic reserve of any international scientific organizations, and is country. Hence, a lot of scientists are working over these issues throughout a member of the editorial board of scientific publishing houses; member of the Committee the world. The researches in this direction are being carried out under the of the International Association of Avant-garde Materials (USA); Petre Melikishvili prize winner. guidance of Professor Nodar Lekishvili at the Tbilisi State University and Under the guidance of Nodar Lekishvili the scientific-research works are underway at the some interesting results have already been obtained. For example, some Tbilisi State University to study a new type of metal-organic, coordination compounds and compounds have been obtained through which it is possible to protect to create new compositions on their basis. wooden, leather, plastic surfaces, as well as museum exhibits or archaeological samples against the influence of bacteria and microbes.

2011 December Tsu science 14 saqarTvelos regionisTvis damaxa- ganizmi, romelic msgavsi tipis saxeobidan yvelaze gavrcelebuli siaTebelia ZiriTadad sami tipis safars afuWebs. dariSxanis narCe- 4 tipis baqteriaa, Cvenc Cvens xelT sawarmoo narCenebisa da meoradi nebi ki mas icavs dazianebisgan. ar- arsebul kompoziciebs, pirvel nedleulis dagroveba: qimiuri seboben iseTi mikroorganizmebi, rigSi, swored am 4 baqteriaze sawarmoebis warmoebis narCenebi; romlebic „jdebian“ tyavis, xis, vsinjavT.“(nodar lekiSvili). sxvadasxva bunebrivi nedleulis plastmasis masalebSi da maTSi nax- Tsu-Si ganxorcielebuli kvleveb- gadamuSavebis narCenebi. meoradi Sirbads STanTqaven, ris Sedegadac is Sesaxeb cnobilia saerTaSoriso nedleuli, sxvadasxva polimeruli xdeba masalis biodestruqcia. es samecniero sazogadoebisTvisac. masalebisgan damzadebuli arauti- ki msoflios masStabiT ramdenime marto 2011 wels nodar lekiSvili lizirebadi nakeTobebis an taris miliardi zaralia wliurad. qarT- 9 sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kon- saxiT (mag. polieTileni, polipro- veli mecnierebis mier Seqmnil sa- ferenciaSi monawileobda, rogorc pileni, poliqlorvinili da a.S.) farebs mTeli rigi sayuradRebo momxsenebeli. igi sawarmoo narCe- narCenebis gamoyenebasTan dakav- Tviseba gaaCniaT: arian optikurad nebis gadamuSavebaze, garemosa gamWvirvale, vizualurad esTeti- SirebiT ZiriTadad ori mimarTule- da adamianis janmrTelobaze maT kuri, meqanikurad mdgradi, icaven ba ikveTeba: erTi - warmoebis gavlenaze saubrobda. maRalreit- masalis zedapirs mikroorganizme- narCenebisgan Zvirfasi naerTebis ingul samecniero JurnalebSi ki bisgan da aseve icaven adamianis jan- regeneracia da meore - sawarmoo konkretulad qarTveli mecnieris mrTelobasac, anu mavne mikroorga- narCenebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva kvlevaze 5 statia daibeWda. no- nizmebi adamianze veRar gadava. kompoziciuri masalebis TvisebaTa dar lekiSvilis kvlevas mieZRvna modifikatorebad da Semvsebebad. nodar lekiSvilis TqmiT, kvleveb- aSS-Si gamoqveynebuli 300 gverd- mniSvnelovani rezervi arsebobs is Sedegad ramdenime iseTi kompoz- iani monografia. „avangarduli, dariSxanis warmoebis narCenebidan iti SeimuSaves, romlebic gamoy- biologiurad aqtiuri, polifun- am ukanasknelis sxvadasxva formiT enebulia samuzeumo eqsponatebis qciuri naerTebi da kompozitebi. gamoyofis. Sedegad maTgan Sedare- antibaqteriuli da antimikrobuli janmrTelobis, kulturuli mem- biT iafi, specifikuri Tvisebe- dacvisaTvis. aseve SesaZloa arqe- kvidreobis da garemos dacvisaT- bis mqone mniSvnelovani naerTebis ologiuri nimuSebis dacvac. no- vis“ _ aseTia monografiis saTau- miReba SeiZleba. dar lekiSvilis asistenti, xaTuna ri, rac zustad asaxavs Tematikas, mimarTuleba qimiaSi, romel- barbaqaZe, romelic uSualod anti- romelzec nodar lekiSvili da misi Sic doqtori nodar lekiSvili biokoroziuli damcavi safarebis asistentebi muSaoben. lekiSvilis muSaobs, sxva mimarTulebebisgan Seqmnaze muSaobs, laboratoriaSi 60 TqmiT, kulturuli memkvidreo- imiT gansxvavdeba, rom garkveuli, - mde kompozits inaxavs. misi TqmiT, bis problema erT-erTi yvelaze specifiuri struqturis naerTebs es swored is produqtia, romelic aqtualuria msoflioSi. qarTvel Seiswavlis, sadac aris C - element kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvas profesors kontaqti aqvs amer- bmebi. aseTia dariSxani, rkina da uzrunvelyofs. „aq aris 60-mde kom- ikel, germanel, espanel, italiel, poziti, romelTa recepturebi Se- sxva metaloorganuli da koor- ukrainel kolegebTan, romlebic viswavle, sxvadasxva polimerebis dinaciuli naerTebi. am naerTebs igive Tematikaze muSaoben. „aRsani- bazaze davamzade da ukve Cems mi- ramdenime mniSvnelovani funqcia Snavia, rom Cveni kolaboratoris- eraa dasinTezebuli. Cven maTi ti- gaaCnia, magaliTad: biologiuri aq- gan, nord texasis universitetis pologiuri Tvisebebi SeviswavleT tivoba anu, samedicino daniSnule- sapatio profesorisgan, vitold da vnaxeT, rom umetesobas Zalian ba, katalizuri funqcia da modi- brostousgan miviReT werili, sa- kargi Sedegebis mocema SeuZlia,“ - fikatoris funqcia. dac aRniSnulia, rom Cven mier da- ganacxada mecnierma. Tumca imisT- muSavebuli problema msoflio maT funqciebSi Sedis aseve bune- vis, rom nodar lekiSvilis xelmZ- problemaa. warmoebis narCenebze brivi resursebisa da sawarmoo RvanelobiT Catarebuli kvlevebi Sesrulebuli Cveni Sromebi msof- narCenebis kvleva da maTgan speci- samuzeumo praqtikaSi dainergos, lios prestiJul samecniero Jur- fikuri Tvisebebis mqone avangar- Tavad profesoris TqmiT, saWiroa nalebSi ibeWdeba.“- ambobs nodar duli hibriduli naerTebisa da ma- Sedges patara piloturi sawarmo, lekiSvili. salebis miReba. sadac aseTi damcavi kompozitebi dariSxanis narCenebisgan miRe- damzaddeba. Semdeg unda moxdes am antimikrobuli safarebis garda, buli naerTebi iafia. maTgan iseTi kompozitebis mitana muzeumamde da dariSxanis narCenebi samedicino produqtebi da saintereso Tvisebe- maTi eqsponatebze morgeba. mxolod daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneba. Tsu- bis mqone masala miiReba, romelTa aseTi praqtikuli samuSaos Semdeg Si kvleva am mimarTulebiTac mim- gamoyeneba SesaZloa optikur boW- iqneba SesaZlebeli maTi danergva, dinareobs. koebSi, farmakopiaSi (magaliTad, rasac profesoris TqmiT, 1 weli profesoris asistenti, qimiis mec- malamoebSi). naerTs iyeneben, aseve mainc sWirdeba. nierebaTa kandidati lili arabuli sxvadasxva masalis antibiokoroz- „Cven vakvirdebodiT Cvens mier Se- ambobs, rom dariSxanis warmoebis iul damcav safarebSi. qmnil kompozitebs mzeze, tyeSi, narCenebis gadamuSavebiT SesaZle- samecniero kvlevebis xelmZRvane- sxvadasxva garemoSi da maT araferi belia maRali sisufTavis dariSx- lis nodar lekiSvilis TqmiT, maT ar mosvliaT. arc feri SecvliaT, anSemcveli mniSvnelovani naerTe- mier miRebuli naerTiT xdeba xis, arc dabzarulan, arc daberilan. es bis, maT Soris TeTri dariSxanis, tyavis, plastmasis dacva da mas safarebi 2 komponentisgan Sedgeba metaluri dariSxanis da mravali mikroorganizmi veRar azianebs. - matricisa da bioaqtiuri kompo- sxva Rirebuli naerTis miReba, arsebobs 300 - ze meti mikroor- nentisgan. radgan arsebuli 300 romelTa Semdgomi gardaqmniT mi-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 15 Three types of industrial waste and secondary raw materials are typical for Georgian regions: Industrial waste from chemical enterprises; Waste from processing various natural raw materials; and Secondary raw materials, non-utilizable products or packages made of various polymeric materials (for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polychlorvinyl, etc.). Two main directions have been outlined concerning recycled waste: - The regeneration of precious compounds from industrial waste and the use of industrial waste as modifier and supplement for various composite materials. For example, there is an important reserve of certain compounds in various forms from the waste in arsenic production. As a result, it is possible to receive cheaper, but important compounds with specific properties. The direction in chemistry in which Dr. Lekishvili is working differs from other subjects

zemoT - meoradi kapronidan damzadebuli since it studies the compounds of a certain specific structure with C-element bonds, kbilanebi; such as arsenic, iron and other metal-organic and coordination compounds. These qvemoT, marcxniv - fenolformaldehiduri compounds have several important functions: for example, biological activity especially fisidan da mineraluri Semvsebidan damzadebuli detali; for medical purposes, catalyst functions and modifier functions. Their research also qvemoT, marjvniv - grafitiT Sevsebuli includes natural resources and industrial waste, extracting avant-garde hybrid meoradi polipropilenidan damzadebuli mili compounds and materials with specific properties from them. Compounds obtained Figure 2. Rack-wheels from recycled from arsenic waste are cheap and enable us to extract products and materials with capron (above); phenolformaldehyde resin and mineral interesting properties that can be used in optic fibers and pharmacopeia (e.g. in filler (below, left); ointments). The compounds can also be used in anti-bio-corrosive protective covering tube manufactured from recycled polypropylene filled with graphite for various materials. (bellow, right) According to Lekishvili wood, leather and plastic are protected from micro-organisms with compounds obtained from arsenic. There are over 300 microorganisms that damage surfaces made of these materials, and for which arsenic waste can protect them. Microorganisms that penetrate these materials absorb carbon, which finally leads to the bio-destruction of the materials. This amounts to several billion dollars of damages per year throughout the world. These substances have a number of important properties: they are optically transparent, visually aesthetic and resistant to impact. They protect surfaces against harmful microorganisms thus protecting human health. Nodar Lekishvili says that as a result of this research a number of such composites were developed, used for anti-bacterial and anti-microbial protection of museum exhibits. It is also possible to protect archaeological samples. Khatuna Barbakadze, Lekishvili’s assistant who directly works on the formation of anti-bio-corrosive protective covers, keeps about 60 composites in the laboratory. According to her, this a product with great potential for protecting material cultural heritage. “There are about 60 composites here; I have studied their formulas and prepared them on the basis of various polymers, and synthesized them. We have studied their typological properties and most of them give good results.” However, to ensure that the research is put into practice in museums, Prof. Lekishvili believes it is essential to establish a small pilot enterprise where such protective composites will be produced. Then these composites can be transferred to museums and used appropriately for exhibits. Only one practical task is needed to introduce them, which, as Prof. Lekishvili claims, will take at least a year. “We have carried out observations on the composites created by us for use in the sun, the forest and other environments and they have not altered. They have neither changed in color, cracked nor swelled. These covers consist of two components – a matrix and a bioactive component.” He said, “Since out of 300 species of bacteria, four types are the most common, we test our compositions, first and foremost, on these four types of bacteria.” fenolformaldehiduri fisidan da mineraluri The international scientific society knows about the studies being conducted at Tbilisi Semvsebidan damzadebuli kompozitebi; State University. In March 2011 alone, Nodar Lekishvili participated in nine international qvemoT, SuaSi (feradi nimuSi) - meoradi polipropilenisgan conferences. He spoke on issues about industrial waste processing and its impacts on damzadebuli sacobi environmental and human health. Moreover, professional scientific magazines have Figure 3. Composites manufactured on published five articles on the Georgian scientist’s research. A 300-page monograph was the basis of phenolformaldehyderesin and published in the United States dedicated to these studies. “Avant-garde, Biologically mineral filler, as well as by use of recycled polypropylene plugs (colored) Active, Polyfunctional Compounds and Composites for the Protection of Health, Cultural Heritage and Environment” – this is the title of the monograph, which directly reflects the theme on which Nodar Lekishvili and his assistants are working. Lekishvili

2011 December Tsu science 16 iReba sxvadasxva reaqciisunariani naerTebi da maT ba- says that the problem of protecting cultural heritage is one of the zaze ki saintereso preparatebi da masalebi. „dariSx- most crucial in the world. He has contacts with professionals from anis gadamuSavebis Sedegad 2 mimarTulebiT xdeba the United States, Germany, Spain, Italy and Ukraine working on the muSaoba erTi, anibiokoroziuli safarebis damzadeba same issue. “We have received a letter from our collaborator, Witold da meore samedicino mimarTuleba. cota xnis win, me Brostow, Honorary Professor at the University of North Texas, in rumineTidan davbrundi, sadac swored dariSxanis which he says that the problem elaborated by us is a global problem”. antisimsivnur naerTebze vmuSaobdiT“. - ambobs lali Besides antimicrobial covers, arsenic waste is also used for medical arabuli.“ dariSxani yovelTvis asocirdeba SxamTan, purposes. Research at TSU also focuses on this area. Lili Arabuli, toqsiurobasTan. Tumca misi Tvisebebis marTva sak- assistant to the Professor and doctoral candidate in chemical sciences, maod advilia, ubralod, mas swori mimarTuleba unda misce. magaliTad, avstraliaSi eqimebi ukve didi xania says that through processing arsenic production waste it is possible dariSxanis organul naerTebs iyeneben rogorc anti- to obtain important compounds that are very pure, including white simsivnur preparats. ase rom, garda im Tvisebisa, ras- arsenic, metallic arsenic and many other valuable compounds that ac b-n nodaris xelmZRvanelobiT antibiokoroziul can be further transformed to obtain other compounds with various safarebSi iyeneben, dariSxans es Tvisebac gaaCnia.“ reactions as well as preparations and materials. “As a result of arsenic profesor nodar lekiSvilis laboratoriaSi dariSx- processing we are conducting research in two directions – first, anis am Tvisebazec muSaoben. misi TqmiT, borisa da preparing anti-bio-corrosive protective coverings and, second, aromatuli fragmentebis CanacvlebiT miRebul studying medical applications. I returned from Romania quite recently dariSxanSi aRmoCenilia aramarto mikroorganizmebze where we were working on anti-cancer compounds from arsenic,” she zemoqmedebis, aramed antikarcenogenuli, anu kibos said. “Arsenic is always associated with poison, toxicity. However it sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebic. nodar lekiSvilis TqmiT, is quite easy to manage its properties by giving it another direction. am kvlevis Sesaxeb Sromas misi asistentebi uaxloes For example, it has been known for a long time that physicians in momavalSi gamoaqveyneben. Australia use organic compounds of arsenic as an anticancer agent.” kvlevebs, romelic universitetSi nodar lekiSvi- Prof. Lekishvili’s team is also working on specific properties of lis xelmZRvanelobiT tardeba, samecniero funqciis arsenic. He says that not only can the arsenic obtained through garda, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiTac the replacement of borax and aromatic fragments have an impact bevri sasikeTo Sedegis motana SeuZlia. pirvel rigSi, on microorganisms, but it also has anti-carcinogenic or anticancer Seiqmneba da daxasiaTdeba teqnikurad mniSvnelovani, specifikuri Tvisebebis mqone masalebis warmoebisaT- properties. His assistants will publish the results of this research in vis saWiro, adgilobrivi, iafi sanedleulo baza. rac the near future. Seexeba ekologiur funqcias, aTvisebuli iqneba faq- Besides their scientific functions, the research conducted at the tiurad gadayrili mTeli rigi sawarmoo narCenebi da Tbilisi State University under the guidance of Nodar Lekishvili could recikluri polimeruli produqtebi, romlebic re- contribute economically and ecologically as well. First of all, a local, gionis ekologiur mdgomareobas arsebiTad auarese- cheap raw material, necessary for production of technically important ben. materials with specific properties will be created and recognized. amave jgufis mier ganxorcielebuli kidev erTi mniS- Ecologically, the industrial waste and recycled polymer products now vnelovani saerTaSoriso kvleva maRali gamZleobis thrown out that seriously aggravate the ecological condition of the betonis SeqmnasTan gaxldaT dakavSirebuli. proeqti region, can be re-cycled and used. ukrainel mecnierebTan erTad (2009-2011w.w.) Sesrul- Other important international research conducted by the same group da. igi mieZRvna sxvadasxva polifunqciuri elemen- has studied how to produce high solidity concrete. The project was torganuli naerTebiT betonis (samSeneblo masaleb- implemented with Ukrainian scientists (2009-2011) and studies the is) modifikacias. nodar lekiSvilis informaciiT, modification of concrete by various poly-functional elements and Catarda miRebuli samSeneblo masalebis TvisebaTa testireba, ris Sedegadac dadginda, rom SemuSavebu- organic compounds. Properties of certain construction materials li modificirebuli samSeneblo masalebi gamoirCeva were tested and as a result it was ascertained that the modified maRali meqanikuri simtkiciT, mdgradobiT, radiaciu- and more resistant construction materials are distinguished by li medegobiT, e.w. “Suq-amindis” da wylis moqmedebis their higher mechanical solidity, sustainability, radiation resistance, mimarT mdgradobiT (hidrofoburobiT), xangamZleo- resistance to weather/light and water conditions, and general biT. miRebuli Sedegebi daculia ukrainis patentiT. durability. The results have been patented in Ukraine.

antibiokoroziuli damcavi safarebi dariSxanSemcveli fragmentebiT modificirebuli oligosiloqsanebis da poliepoqsidebis bazaze (I da II nimuSi – tyavi, III-V – xe)

Antibiocorrosive coatings based on polyepoxide and silicon-organic oligomers modified by arsenic-containing fragments (Simples: I and II - leader, III-V – wood)

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 17 qarTuli Rvinis saidumlo The Secret of Georgian Wine

qarTuli Rvino ara mxolod sasiamovno dasalevi, aramed, zomieri doziT, janmrTelobisTvisac sasargebloa. Tsu-is mecnierebis kvleva qarTveli glexis am rwmenas mecnierulad asabuTebs.

Tsu-is zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis fizikis departamentTan arsebul, biofizikisa da speqtroskopiis laboratoriaSi Rvinis samkurnalo Tvisebebs weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi ikvlevdnen. SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo samecniero fondis grantis farglebSi proeqtze laboratoriis 5 TanamSromeli muSaobda. kvlevis mizani Rvinis antioqsidanturi aqtivobis (unari Seanelos JangviTi procesebi, romlebic adamianis organizmSi mTel rig paTologiebsa da daavadebebs ganapirobeben) da RvinoSi Semavali ZiriTadi antioqsidanturi bunebis mqone naerTe- bis raodenobrivi gansazRvris meTodikis damuSaveba iyo. proeqtis farglebSi Tsu-is mecnierebma adamianis organizmze Rvinis samkurnalo efeqtis kvlevisas gazomvis axali meTodi SeimuSaves. es meTodi adamianis organizmSi mimdinare biologiur procesebTan, yvela sxva dRemde arsebul me- TodTan SedarebiT, metadaa miaxloebuli.

Georgian wine is not only wonderful to drink but also, within reasonable limits, it is good for your health. Research by TSU scientists has reinforced Georgian winegrowers’ ancient beliefs regarding the qualities of Georgian wine. The Biophysics and Spectroscopy Laboratory affiliated with the TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences studied the medicinal properties of wine for 18 months. They worked on the project within the framework of the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. The main aim of the research project was to find a method to calculate the antioxidant capacities of wine, in other words the ability to slow down the aging processes of the human body and the main antioxidants in wine. The scientists have discovered how to measure the effects of wine on health, a method very close to the biological procedures of the human body.

2011 December Tsu science 18 proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli, biologiur mec- plusi”. kvlevis monawile meRvineTa didi nawilisTvis nierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori edu- Tsu-is laboratoriaSi Catarebuli kvlevis meTodebi ard CikvaiZe ganmartavs, rom Rvinis antioqsidanturi sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebeli aRmoCnda. potenciali ramdenime faqtorzea damokidebuli: “bolo dros, Rvinis organoleptikuri maCveneblebis yurZnis jiSze, romlisganac mzaddeba; regionze, sa- garda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mis kve- dac vazia gaSenebuli; klimatur pirobebze, romelSic biT Rirebulebas da janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo yurZenia moweuli; da bolos – Rvinis dayenebis teqno- Tvisebebs. Tanamedrove meRvineobaSi erT-erT Ziri- logiaze. Tad pirobas momxmareblisTvis stabiluri da maR- “Cven jer kidev karga xnis win davinteresdiT qarTuli alxarisxiani Rvinis warmoeba warmoadgens. am miznis Rvinoebis antioqsidanturi potencialis SeswavliT. da- misaRwevad saWiro xdeba Rvinomasalis damuSaveba dasturebulia, rom flavonoidebi (adamianis janmrTe- sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT, preparatebiT, teqnolo- lobisTvis sasargeblo biologiurad aqtiuri naerTe- giuri operaciebiT (Termuli, filtracia) da sxva. am bi), gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiTaa yurZnis wipwaSi dros Rvino ganicdis seriozul fiziko-qimiur cv- da yurZnis kanSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Rvinis dayenebis lilebebs. rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, sxvadasxva niv- qarTuli (kaxuri) wesi evropuls, Rvinos sargebliano- Tierebebi da teqnologiuri operaciebi met-nakle- bis SesanarCuneblad, bevrad sjobs. radgan kaxeTSi Rvi- bi aqtivobiT erTmniSvnelovnad amcireben RvinoSi nos WaWaze ayeneben, evropaSi ki _ wvens kanisa da wipwis- bunebrivi antioqsidantebis Semcvelobas. amis gaT- gan gamoyofen”. _ ambobs eduard CikvaiZe. G valiswinebiT, Cvens kompaniaSi ukve SezRudulia im Tsu-is zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa nivTierebebisa da operaciebis gamoyeneba, romlebic fakultetis fizikis departamentTan arsebul, gansakuTrebiT agresiulad amcireben Rvinis bunebriv biofizikisa da speqtroskopiis laboratoriaSi, Rvin- antioqsidantebs. garda amisa, vatarebT kvlevas axali is warmoebis yvela etapze masSi arsebuli sasarge- mimarTulebiT, raTa mTlianad amoviRoT xmarebidan blo komponentebis aqtivobis gazomvis meTodic Sei- es nivTierebebi~. _ acxadebs S.p.s. “qinZmaraulis muSaves. marani”-is mTavari teqnologi Teimuraz gonjilaS- `wlebis win aviTviseT antioqsidanturi aqtivobis ga- vili. SegaxsenebT, rom sul axlaxans, honkongSi gama- zomvis epr meTodi. igi eleqtronuli paramagnituri rTul festivalze “qinZmaraulis maranma” “granpri” rezonansis gamoyenebiT fremis marilis radikalis da erTi oqros medali aiRo. mimarT Rvinis antioqsidanturi potencialis gazom- Tsu-is laboratoriis mecnier-TanamSromelTa azriT, vas gulisxmobs da evropaSi Zalze miRebuli meTo- maTi kvlevis Sedegi mecnierulis garda komerciuli dia. am meTodis gamoyenebiT damtkicda, rom Cveni TvalsazrisiTac aris mniSvnelovani. Rvinis maRali Rvinoebis antioqsidanturi Tvisebebi ucxourTan samkurnalo Tvisebebis samecniero kuTxiT dasabuTeba SedarebiT Zalian maRalia. Tumca, ganxorcielebuli xarisxis kidev erTi maCvenebelia; es msoflio bazarze kvlevebis procesSi igi mainc naklebRirebulad miv- qarTuli Rvinis popularizaciis kidev erT saSuale- iCnieT. antioqsidanturi aqtivoba organizmSi ar- bad SeiZleba iqces. sebuli radikalebis da ara fremis marilebis mimarT erT-erT xerxs, riTac amis miRweva SeiZleba, Tavad unda gaizomos. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare gadavw- laboratoriis TanamSromlebi sTavazoben meRvineebs: yviteT dagvemuSavebina sruliad axali meTodi _ e.w qarTuli Rvinis boTlebis kontr-etiketze orga- spin-xafangebiT (iWers aqtiur radikalebs da iZleva nizmisTvis sasargeblo, samkurnalo Tvisebebis Ses- damaxasiaTebel epr speqtrs) hidroqsil-radikalebis axeb Canaweris datana SeiZleba. Tsu-is laborato- aqtivobis gazomva. Cven mier aTvisebuli meTodi sak- riaSi SemuSavebuli meTodidan gamomdinare, mokle maod rTulia, radganac “fremis marilis meTodisgan” anotaciaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba imis ganmarteba, Tu gansxvavebiT, sxvadasxva mosamzadebeli da sacdeli ra elementebs Seicavs Rvino da risTvisaa sasargeblo samuSaoebis Catarebas saWiroebs. sainteresoa, rom igi.K boTlis etiketze gakeTebul am patara Canawers es meTodi erTnairi warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoy- qarTuli RvinisaTvis kargi reklamis gakeTeba Seu- enebuli Cais, koniakis an nebismieri sxva sasmelisa da Zlia. cnobisaTvis: am xerxs proeqtSi monawile Rvinis bunebrivi siTxis am kuTxiT sakvlevad.~ mwarmoebel kompaniaTa nawili uaxloes momavalSi mi- universiteteli mkvlevarebi darwmunebulni arian, marTavs. rom SemuSavebuli meTodi, ZiriTadad, meRvineTaTvis ”proeqtSi ara mxolod Cveni kompaniis mier warmoe- iqneba saintereso. radgan igi mwarmoebels saSuale- buli, aramed saerTod, qarTuli Rvinis sasargeblo bas miscems saboloo produqtSi antioqsidanturi aq- TvisebebSi gasarkvevad miviReT monawileoba. garkveu- tivobis maqsimalurad SenarCuneba akontrolos. li monacemebiT “Wuris Rvino” evropuli wesiT day- proeqtis farglebSi laboratoriaSi qarTuli Rvinis enebul Rvinos rom sjobs es jer kidev didi xnis win mwarmoebeli sxvadasxva kompaniebis produqcias swav- icodnen Cvenma winaprebma. sxva sakiTxia am Temisad- lobdnen. Pproeqtis menejeris, qimiis mecnierebaTa do- mi mecnieruli midgoma. vfiqrob, am TvalsazrisiT, qtoris nikoloz SayulaSvilis TqmiT, kvlevaSi CarTu- proeqtis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, misi Semdgomi li ramdenime kompaniis produqciis garda gamoikvlies dafinansebaa saWiro” _ miiCnevs kompania “vazi pliu- mcire mewarmeebis mier mowodebuli da qarxnebis mier sis” Tanamflobeli da direqtori baCana xalvaSi. qvevrSi, tradiciuli qarTuli wesiT dayenebuli Tsu-is biofizikisa da speqtroskopiis laboratorias Rvinis nimuSebi. proeqtis farglebSi mkvlevarebi aq- ukve Setanili aqvs ganacxadi rusTavelis fondSi lab- tiurad TanamSromlobdnen Rvinis qarxnebis profe- oratoriaSi SemuSavebuli meTodis praqtikaSi gamoy- sional da kvalificiur meRvine-teqnologebTan. kv- enebis Sesaxeb. ukve Catarebuli kvlevis Taobaze ki levis yvelaze aqtiur monawileTa Soris arian Rvinis uaxloes periodSi statia amerikul JurnalSi AAgricul- qarxana “Sato muxrani”, “qinZmaraulis marani”, “vazi ture and Food Chemistry gamoqveyndeba.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 19 skins, stems and pips. However in Europe ‘’Recently, besides organoleptic indicators, wine is pressed and immediately separated the calorific value and health benefits of from grape skins and pips’’, he said. wine have taken on great importance. The Biophysics and Spectroscopy Laboratory One of the most important customer affiliated with the Physics Department requirements in modern wine making is of the TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural stable and high quality wine production. To Sciences developed a method of measuring achieve this, a product should be treated the wine’s beneficial compounds at every with different substances, technological stage of wine production. As Chikvaidze operations (thermal filtering), etc. During states, ‘’Years ago, we adopted the EPR these preoperational procedures, wine method of measuring antioxidant capacity undergoes serious physio-chemical using electric paramagnetic resonance to changes. Research shows that the measure the antioxidant capacity of wine preoperational procedures seriously against Frémy’s salt. This method is widely decrease the amount of antioxidants eduard CikvaiZe _ Tsu zust da used in Europe. The EPR method proved in wine. Accordingly, our company has sabunebismetyvelo mecniere- that Georgian wine possesses much more minimized the use of substances and baTa fakultetis asocire- antioxidant properties than European wines. procedures that reduce antioxidants in wine. buli profesori. biologiur However, among the methods tested, we Furthermore, at this time our company is mecnierebaTa doqtori. 63 samecniero Sromis, maT So- did not consider the EPR method significant carrying out research to eliminate the use ris 50 statiis avtori da Ta- enough. The antioxidant capacity should of such substances.’’ It must be noted that naavtori. miRebuli aqvs aSS be measured against the existing radicals ‘Kindzmaraulis Marani’ recently received a fizikosTa sazogadoebis indi- in the body rather than against Frémy’s Grand Prize and the Gold Medal at the Hong vidualuri samecniero granti. salt. Accordingly, we decided to adopt a Kong Wine Competition. saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da completely new method – measuring the According to the TSU laboratory scientists, teqnologiebis departamentis miznobrivi dafinansebis capacity of hydroxyl radicals with so-called the outcome of the research is not only granti. saxelmZRvanelo “amo- spin traps (which catch active radicals and scientifically, but also commercially, canaTa krebuli samedicino give an EPR spectrum). Our new approach important. Scientific proof of the healing fizikaSi” Tanaavtori. is rather difficult in comparison with the properties of wine is another indicator of ‘Frémy’s salt method’ as it requires a number high quality. This scientific proof could Eduard Chikvaidze – Associate Professor at of preparatory and experimental work tasks. well become vital for the popularization of the TSU Faculty of Exact and Natural However, this new method can be equally Georgian wine. Sciences; Ph.D. in Biological Sciences; successful for studying beneficial properties According to the scientists’ author and co-author of 63 scientific in tea, cognac, and any other drink or recommendations, wine producers can works, including 50 articles; has obtained an individual science grant natural liquid’’. The university researchers provide information on the healing from the American Association of are certain that the new method will be properties of Georgian wine on labels. It is Physicists, as well as target-financing particularly important for wine makers possible to provide a short explanation of grant from the Georgian Science and as it enables the producers to control the wine’s ingredients and the benefits of Technology Department; co-author the preservation of maximum amount of each ingredient on the label. This approach of a textbook “Collection of Problems antioxidants. would be an effective advertisement for in Medical Physics”. Within the project framework, products of Georgian wines, and several wine making different Georgian wine making companies companies participating in the project are were examined. According to the project planning to use this advertising method in the near future. The head of the scientific project, Doctor manager, Doctor of Chemistry, Nikoloz Shakulashvili, scientists studied not only Regarding the project, the co-owner and of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor the products of the larger companies Director of ‘Vazi Plus’, Bachana Khalvashi Eduard Chikvaidze explains that the wine’s participating, but also wine samples of stated, ‘’We took part in the project to learn antioxidant potential depends on several small-scale entrepreneurs and factories about the health benefits not only of the factors: grape variety, the region where the producing wine in ‘kvevri’ (underground, wines our company produces but also of vineyard is located, climate conditions and Georgian earthenware container where Georgian wines in general. Our ancestors wine making techniques. wine is placed to age) according to the knew the benefits of ‘churis gvino’ (wine ‘’We became interested in the study of the distinct traditional Georgian method. aged in earthenware kvevri) over other wine antioxidant capacity of the Georgian wine During the project implementation, there technologies. The scientific reinforcement of some time ago. It has been shown that were close negotiations with professional this ancient wisdom is important. I believe flavonoids (a type of polyphenol which and qualified winemaking technologists that the significance of this project means it are biologically active admixtures good of the participating wine factories. Among should be provided with further financing’’. for health) are found in abundance in participants were ‘Chateau Mukhrani’, The TSU Biophysics and Spectroscopy grape pips and skins. In consequence, the ‘Kindzmarauli Marani’, and ‘Vazi Plus’’. The Laboratory has already applied to the Shota Georgian wine making method, especially findings of the TSU project turned out to be Rustaveli National Science Foundation for Kakhetian, is better than European wine very useful for the majority of participant funding to carry out more practical tests. making methods in terms of preserving the wine makers. Indeed, an article on this key research will useful ingredients in wine. In Kakheti, wine Chief technologist of the LTD ‘‘Kindzmaraulis soon appear in the American scientific is made of ‘chacha’ which is the ‘must’: grape Marani’, Teimuraz Gonjilashvili, stated: journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry.

2011 December Tsu science qarTvel fizikosTa gza universitetidan CERN-amde

Georgian Physicians’ Path from Tbilisi State University to CERN

birTvuli kvlevebis evropuli organizacia - CERNN msoflios udidesi laboratoriaa elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi. misi erT- erTi mTavari funqcia aris atomuri nawilakebis aqseleretorebis miwodeba, amaCqareblis Seqmna maRali energiis fizikis kvlevebisTvis da uamravi sxva eqsperimentisTvis. CERN- Si mimdinareobs msoflios udidesi oTxi eqsperimenti, aqedan yvelaze cnobili da gaxmaurebulia eqsperimentebi “atlasi” da `kolaideri~, sadac msoflios TiTqmis yvelaze cnobili fizikosebi muSaoben. vinaidan es centri mkvlevarTa didi qselisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi, is istoriulad iyo da dRemde rCeba udides da umTavres samecniero centrad. amJamad CERNN-is StatSi 3000-mde mecnier- TanamSromeli muSaobs.proeqtSi aseve CarTulia 6500-mde miwveuli mecnieri da inJineri msoflios 500 universitetidan da 80 qveynidan. maT Soris arian qarTveli fizikosebic _ isini, vinc sxvadasxva dros Tsu-is fizikis fakulteti (Tu mimarTuleba) daamTavra. maTi nawili dResac Tsu-Si agrZelebs samecniero moRvaweobas, nawili ki CERN -Si sazRvargareTis cnobil universitetebsa da centrebs warmoadgens. 21 fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, Tsu-is The Centre Europeen pour la recherche profesorma, sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis mrCe- velma saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan urTier- nucleaire (CERN) or the European Tobis sakiTxebSi, CERNN-Si da dubnis institutSi Organization for Nuclear Research is moRvawe qarTvel mecnierTa koordinatorma jemal xubuam CvenTan saubarSi CERNNN-is istoria gaix- the biggest physics laboratory studying sena da im qarTvel mecnierebTan dakavSirebaSic elementary particles. One of CERN’s main dagvexmara, romlebic 2011 wlis Semodgomaze Tsu- Si gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaSi: “fizika objectives is to study high energy physics didi adronuli kolaideris epoqaSi” iRebdnen and other experiments in the Centre’s monawileobas. istoria ki aseTia: Tavis droze, msoflio mivida enormous underground atomic particle im azramde, rom unda Seqmniliyo maRali energiis accelerators. CERN is currently carrying fizikis saerTaSoriso kvleviTi instituti. swored am mizeziT, 1954 wlis 29 seqtembers 12 wevri qveynis out four important experiments including xelmoweriT, atomuri birTvuli kvlevebis evro- ATLAS and COLLIDER physicist. Currently, puli organizacia CERNN amoqmedda (dReisTvis es there are about 3000 scientist/employees ricxvi 22-mde gaizarda). imis gamo, rom im periodSi civi omi iyo da msoflio or banakad iyofoda, CERNN- at CERN. CERN invites approximately is amuSavebidan erTi wlis Semdeg amoqmedda dub- 6500 scientists and engineers from 500 nis birTvuli kvlevebis gaerTianebuli instituti, romelSic gawevrianebuli iyo 16 socialisturi universities and 80 countries to collaborate qveyana, maT Soris sabWoTa kavSiri, romlis saxeli- on different projects. These include Tac moRvaweobdnen qarTveli fizikosebi. “sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, dubna iyo pirveli Georgian physicists who have graduated saerTaSoriso organizacia, sadac 1993 wels gaer- from Tbilisi State University’s Physics Tianda saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli qveyana. dRes saqarTvelo dubnis birTvuli kvlevebis Department and work both for TSU and gaerTianebuli institutis monawile 22 qveynidan physicist CERN. erT-erTia. es iyo dasabami sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisac. damoukideblobis miRebis Sem- deg saqarTvelom maSinve gaakeTa gancxadeba CERNN- One of these is Professor Jemal Khubua, who is International Relations Tan urTierTobaze, romelSic Zalian dagvexmara Advisor to the Faculty of Natural Sciences at TSU and collaborator at dubnis instituti. dubnis institutSi gawevriane- CERN and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. bidan erTi wlis Semdeg, 1994 wels, dubnis rekomen- Dr. Khubua described the history of CERN and assisted us to contact daciiT CERN-ma saqarTvelo miiRo. am organiza- Georgian scientists who participated in the conference “Physics in the cias aqvs ormagi damokidebuleba - arian monawile Age of the Large Hadron Collider’’ held at TSU in Autumn 2011. qveynebi da eqsperimentSi monawileebi. saqarTvelo According to Professor Khubua: The world realized the importance meore kategoriaSi Sedis, radgan CERNN-is srulu- of founding an international research institute of high energy. This flebiani wevroba solidur gadasaxadTan aris decision was initiated by two factors: first, research in physics needed dakavSirebuli. magram msoflioSi araferi ar xdeba huge funds and some countries were unable to provide them. In ufro mniSvnelovani vidre dRevandeli eqsperimen- consequence, the threat of wasting the intellectual capacity of tia, saubaria “kolaiderze”, sadac qarTveli spe- weak countries became apparent. Secondly, the events of nuclear cialistebis monawileobiT Catarebulia erT-erTi disasters in Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed the world that atomic yvelaze didi samuSao. aris periodi, rodesac CERN- research cannot be a possession of only one country. Atomic research Si sxvadasxva eqsperimentze 35 qarTveli fizikosi must be transparent for all countries. Thus, CERN was established erTdroulad muSaobs. amasTan, CERNN-s hyavs av- by 12 countries on September 29, 1954 (today this number has torTa koleqtivi, anu yvela samecniero naSroms, risen to 22). Due to the Cold War the world was divided into two gamoqveynebisas, xels awers konkretul fizikosTa parts and thus the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) was jgufi. am jgufSi 12 qarTveli mecnieria. dasav- established in Dubna, Russia within a year of CERN’s creation. The luri eqsperimentebis specifikaa is, rom arc erT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research comprised 16 socialist countries qveyanas ar aZleven upiratesobas, yvelaferi aris including the Soviet Union, and Georgian physicists were among the saerTaSoriso damsaxureba. aris garkveuli mocu- representatives from the Soviet Union. lobis samuSao, romelsac erTdroulad 30 qveyana asrulebs. saerTSoriso eqsperiment “atlasSi” aris After the collapse of the Soviet Union, JINR in Dubna was the first danadgari, romelsac ewodeba hadronuli kalo- international organization that Georgia joined as an independent rimetri. misi funqcia aris warmoqmnili nawilake- country in 1993. Currently, Georgia is among 20 member countries bis energiis gazomva, gabnevis mimarTulebebis of JINR (Dubna). This partnership kick-started other collaboration. dadgena da a.S. swored es hadronuli kalorimetri As there are no borders in science, the issue of establishing close Seiqmna qarTveli mecnierebis upiratesi monawile- relations between JINR and CERN was placed on the agenda. After obiT. meore iyo “miuunuri speqtometri”, sadac their independence, Georgia instantly expressed its interest in saqarTvelodan monawileobda Tbilisis saxelm- liaising with CERN. JINR actually provided Georgia with support in its wifo fizikis instituti. am orive instituts hqon- attempts to form relations with CERN. In 1994, because of the JINR

2011 December Tsu science 22 da Tavisi damoukidebeli samuSao. 2001 wels CERNN NN-Si SemogvierTdnen kompiuteruli dizainis specialistebi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs laSa SermazanaSvili. erTi sityviT, dRes rac aris agebuli CERNN-Si, es aris bolo sityva, romelsac miaRwia kacobriobam Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze da masSi qarTveli mecnierebis monawileoba Zalian prestiJu- lia.” - ixsenebs profesori jemal xubua. jemal xubuas gza CERNNN-mde 1957 wels, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fizikis fakultetidan daiwyo. warmatebuli studenti swav- lis damTavrebis Semdeg universitetSi birTvuli fizikis kaTedaraze datoves, sadac im periodSi iqmneboda maRali energiebis birTvuli fizikis laboratoria, romelic mogvianebiT maRali energiis fizikis institutad gadakeTda. jemal xubua moRvaweobda da dResac moRvaweobs dubnis birTvuli kvlevebis gaerTianebul institutSi, sadac iyo erT- erTi udidesi samecniero ganyofilebis gamge. paralelulad Tanam- Sromlobda CERNNN-Si da dResac agrZelebs moRvaweobas. did adronul kolaiderze Catarebuli warmatebuli eqsperimentisTvis igi erovnuli premiis lauriatobis vercxlis medliT aris dajildovebuli.

rT-erTi pirveli sabWoTa mecnieri, romelic CERNN N-Si moRvaweobda eiyo giorgi Ciqovani. qarTveli fizikosi msoflios udides insti- tutSi Tavad CERN-is miwveviTa da dafinansebiT aRmoCnda. mizezi ki misive gamogoneba - naperwklovani kameris deteqtori gaxda. CERNN-Si, daaxloebiT erTwliani muSaobis Semdeg, msoflios udidesi fizikosi giorgi Ciqovani 39 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. meore qarTveli fizikosi CERNN-Si vladimer ramiSvilia. igi ase ixsenebs Tsu-dan CERN-amde ganv- lil gzas: “1957 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis damTavrebis Sem- deg, swavla aspiranturaSi gavagrZele, sadac Cemi xelmZRvaneli iyo giorgi Ciqovani. Cveni jgufi, aseve giorgi Ciqovanis xelmZRvanelo- biT, napewklovani kameris deteqtoris proeqtze vmuSaobdiT, magram moulodnelad giorgi Ciqovani gardaicvala. CERN-Si, sadac giorgi Ciqovani muSaobda, undodaT, rom misi saqme aseve qarTvel mecniers gaegrZelebina, raTa gagrZelebuliyo CERNN-is da saqarTvelos kavSiri. sabednierod, meore qarTveli mecnieri aRmovCndi, romelic CERNN-ma mimiwvia. maSin 37 wlis viyavi. 1990-iani wlebSi CERNN-Tan axali Tanam- Sromlobis etapi daiwyo. andronikaSvilis saxelobis fizikis instituti dRemde iRebs monawileobas erT-erT eqsperimentSi CMS-Si, romlis xelmZRvanelic var. amasTan, var eqsperiment “kolaideris” da CERNN- is avtorTa koleqtivis wevri. CERNN-Si weliwadSi orjer miwevs Casvla, raTa avirCioT xelmZRvaneloba an institutis muSaobas esa Tu is mi- marTuleba mivceT. amisTvis saWiroa Cemi xma.” Tumca msoflio mniSvnelobis fizikosi wuxs imaze, rom SesaZloa, cota xanSi qarTvelma mecnierebma CERNN-Si muSaoba veRar gaagrZelon. “vsargeblob SemTxveviT da mivmarTav TanadgomisTvis saqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis pasuxismgebel pirebs - savaraudod, LHC da CMS oci wlis ganmavlobaSi imoqmedebs da saqarTvelos mec- nierTa ramdenime Taoba SeZlebs am araCveulebriv danadgarze muSaobas da kvlevebis Catarebas fizikis metad saintereso dargSi. amisaTvis, aucilebelia, mizandasaxuli saxsrebis gamoyofa, raTa Cven mogveces CMS-Si srulfasovani TanamSromlobis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba.” - iTxovs 80 wels miRweuli mecnieri.

amoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi gadadgmul pirvel nabijebs dixsenebs andronikaSvilis fizikis institutis maRali energiebis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, akademiuri doqtori leila Ciqovanic. misi TqmiT, pirvelad, qarTvel fizikosTa jgufis werili CERNN-Si 1993 wels Sevida. Tavdapirvelad jgufi ramdenime wevrisgan Sedgeboda, maT Soris iyvnen andronikaSvilis fizikis institutisa da maRali energetikis fizikis TanamSromlebi. fizikosebma Tamaz grigalaSvilma da jemal xubuam didi wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelos CERNN-Tan daaxloebaSi. ”qarTvel fizikosebs gvindoda ara laboratoriaSi muSaoba, aramed konkretulad fizikis sakiTxebSi. CERNN daTanxmda Cvens monawileobas

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 23 (Dubna) recommendation, Georgia became a member of CERN. CERN has two types of participants: member countries and non-member countries participating in experiments. Georgia belongs to the second category, as the members of the first category must pay a high fee. Nothing is as vitally important as the current experiment with the ‘Collider’ which has been undertaken with the participation of Georgian scientists. Altogether 35 Georgian scientists work on different experiments and participate in a team of authors for peer review on scientific studies. There are 12 Georgian scientists in this group. The specificity of western experiments is that no country can claim the results as their own; instead the successes are credited to international collaboration between scientists. Currently, research of an enormous scope involves 30 participating countries is being developed. The machine called the Hadron Calorimeter is used in the ATLAS experiment to measure the energy of generated particles and to determine the direction of scattered particles. Georgian physicists significantly contributed to the creation of this machine. Another machine created with the participation of the TSU Institute of Physics is the Muon Spectometer. In 2001 the CERN team was joined by specialists in computer design, who were supervised by Lasha Shermazanashvili. Overall Georgian scientists have made noteworthy contributions to CERN’s activities and successes.

emal Khubua’s path to CERN began from the Faculty of {Physics at TSU in 1957. After Jgraduating he remained in the Department of Nuclear Physics. At that time, a High Energy Laboratory was being established in the department, which afterwards became the Institute of High Energy Physics. Khubua had been working at JINR (Dubna) and was the head of one of the large scientific departments there. He had also been working at CERN. Having successfully carried out an experiment on Hadron Collider, Jemal Khubua was awarded a silver medal as National Prize Laureate.

eila Chikovani, Doctor of Physics and Senior Fellow at the High Energies Department of Lthe Andronikashvili Institute of Physics recollects the first steps taken in the period of independent Georgia. Professor Chikovani recollected that the first letter from a group of Georgian physicists was sent to CERN in 1993. Initially, the group consisted of employees from the Andronikashvili Institute of Physics and the Institute of High Energy Physics. Physicists Tamaz Grigalashvili and Jemal Khubua made a key contribution to bringing Georgia closer to CERN. “We Georgian physicists wanted to work not only in the laboratory, but on physics specific problems. CERN agreed to our participation and from 1994 we began to work there. Our group started working even before Georgia officially participated in CERN’s experiments. Initially the group consisted of many members, but later many of them faced material problems and they distanced themselves from science. Finally, only two of us remained – Tamar Jobava and I. Later other physicists joined us, including Ia Tsirikishvili, Maia Jobidze and Gvantsa Mchedlidze,” she recollected. According to Chikovani, “Presently many good Georgian specialists work at CERN, but they often represent other institutes from different countries. In this case, it is very important that our group entered CERN directly from Georgia and represented Georgia itself.” The group of Georgian scientists still visits CERN at least once a year and conveys their results; they participate in conferences and have systematic contacts with scientists from Atlas. Importantly, they control the equipment for twenty four hours in an interactive regime. Chikovani stressed that this work requires high performance Internet. According to her, Georgian physicists and Gia Dvali had requested the Georgian Government to establish a Georgian group of young physicists at CERN to work on the birth of micro black holes. Since a tax was imposed by CERN, the State would have had to pay a significant sum. Chikovani recollects that Georgian scientists submitted a special project to the National Science Foundation of Georgia for at least minimum funding-- about GEL 50,000 for this important project-- but the request was rejected. Instead, Germans and Japanese snatched at the chance and were able to implement this world-famous project.

ne of the first Soviet scientists who served at CERN was Giorgi Chikovani. The Georgian Ophysicist was supported by CERN mainly for his invention – the Spark chamber detector. After only one year of working for CERN, however, this greatest of Georgian physicists, passed away at the age of 39.

2011 December Tsu science 24 da 1994 wlidan gavxdiT misi TanamSromlebi. sxvaTa CERNN-Tan Cemi pirveli kontaqtebi jer kidev mosk- Soris, vidre saqarTvelo oficialurad gaxdeboda ovSi yofnis periods ukavSirdeba. amJamad vmuSaob CERNN-is eqsperimentSi monawile qveyana, Cvenma jguf- “atlasis” eqsperimentSi da ramdenime analizSi viReb ma manamde daiwyo muSaoba. Tavidan jgufi mravalw- monawiloebas, es aris kvarkoniumis fizika, anu mZime evriani iyo, magram bevrs materialuri problemebi Se- kvarkebis bmuli mdgomareobebis Seswavla.” - gviyveba eqmna da saerTod CamoSorda mecnierebas. sabolood, sakuTar istorias fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa davrCiT ori lideri - me da Tamar jobava. Tumca, doqtori vaxtang qarTveliSvili. mogvianebiT isev SemogvierTda ramdenime fizikosi -ia cirikiSvili, maia jobiZe, gvanca mWedliZe,” - ix- enevis birTvuli kvlevebis centris CERNN-is Tana- senebs leila Ciqovani. JmSromelma, niu-iorkis universitetis profesor- ”amJamad Zalian bevri kargi qarTveli specialisti ma da miunxenis maqs plankis institutis direqtorma muSaobs CERNN-Si, magram isini ZiriTadad sxvadasxva giorgi (gia) dvalma 1985 wels daamTavra Tbilisis qveynis, sxvadasxva institutebs warmoadgenen. am SemTx- saxelmwifo universitetis fizikis fakulteti, 1992 vevaSi ki, is aris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani, rom Cve- wels moipova xarisxi TbilisSive Teoriul fizikaSi. ni jgufi CERNN-Si uSualod saqarTvelodan Sevida da 2001 wels miiRo niu-iorkis meris mier dawesebuli saqarTvelos warmoadgens,” - ambobs leila Ciqovani. jildo gansakuTrebuli miRwevebisTvis mecniere- qarTvel mecnierTa jgufi wlebis ganmavlobaSi, we- basa da teqnologiaSi, 2008 wels ki miiRo humboltis liwadSi erTxel mainc Cadis CERNN-Si, sadac CaaqvT premia. premia, romelic nobelis premiis analogiu- bolo periodis muSaobis Sedegebi, monawileoben kon- ria da romliTac germaniis ganaTlebis saministro ferenciebSi da sistematuri kontaqti aqvT ”atlasis” wamyvan mecnierebs ajildovebs. igi ZiriTadad muSao- mecnierebTan. garda amisa, isini interaqtiul reJimSi bs elementaruli nawilakebis fizikis ganxriT da monawileoben danadgaris morigeobaSi, anu 24 saaTis monawileobas iRebs didi adronuli kolaideris eqs- ganmavlobaSi akontroleben mis muSaobas. aqve igi xazs perimentSi. gia dvali kolegebTan erTad cdilobs, usvams, rom amisaTvis saWiroa maRali xarisxis inter- pasuxi gasces kiTxvebs samyaros agebulebisa da misi netiT uzrunvelyofa. leila Ciqovanis monaTxrobiT, istoriis Sesaxeb. qarTveli fizikosebis da gia dvalis survili iyo, “nebismieri qveynisTvis, Tu is qveyanas warmoadgens, CERNN-Si Camoyalibebuliyo axalgazrda fizikose- mecniereba ganuyreli nawilia. qveyanaSi mecniereba bisgan dakompleqtebuli, sufTa qarTuli jgufi, rom ganviTardes, saWiroa fuli da prioritetebis romelic imuSavebda mikroskopuli Savi xvrelebis dasaxva. ganviTarebul da mowesrigebul qveynebs aqvT dabadebaze. imis gamo, rom CERNN-Si dawesebulia gad- ganviTarebuli mecniereba, xolo ganuviTarebel da asaxadi, saWiro gaxda saxelmwifos mxridan garkveu- mouwesrigebel qveynebs - ar aqvT. patara qveynebisT- li Tanxis gadaxda. rogorc leila Ciqovani ixsenebs, vis Zalian mniSvnelovania mecnierebis ganviTareba, qarTvelma fizikosebma Tavis droze specialuri radgan, faqtobrivad, mecniereba aris is berketi, proeqti waradgines saqarTvelos samecniero fondSi riTic patara qveyanas SeuZlia ar CamorCes msoflios. da am mniSvnelovani proeqtisTvis, minimaluri dafi- miTumetes, XXI saukuneSi mecniereba globaluri gax- nanseba, daaxloebiT 50 aTasi lari moiTxoves, magram da. globalizacia saSualebas iZleva, mecniereba min- uariT gamoistumres. samagierod, es Tema germaneleb- imaluri danaxarjebiT SeinarCunon patara qveyneb- ma da iaponelebma aitaces da ganaxorcieles kidec. mac ki, Tu strategiulad sworad miudgeba. Cemi azriT, qveyanam misi ganviTareba prioritetad unda arTvel fizikosTa Zalian didi nawili msoflios daisaxos,” _ ambobs gia dvali erT-erT interviuSi. qwamyvan institutebSi moRvaweobs. swored am institutebis saxeliT monawileoben isini CERNN-Si, misaTvis, rom CERNN-Si muSaoba SeZlo, niWTan da magram rogorc Tavad irwmunebian, sabolood mainc icodnasTan erTad saWiroa gamudmebuli, Tav- qarTvel mecnierebad rCebian. aseT mecnierTa ricxvs dauzogavi Sroma, - ambobs fizika-maTematikis mec- ganekuTvneba britaneTSi moRvawe fizikosi vaxtang nierebaTa doqtori irakli minaSvili , romelic amJa- qarTveliSvili, romelmac CERNN-mde sakamod mZime mad CERNN-Si atlas deteqtoris TILE kalorimetris gza ganvlo. marTvisa da momsaxurebis jgufis erT-erTi lideria. “1995 wels davukavSirdi Cems kolegebs manCesteris irakli minaSvilma Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite- universitetSi. aRmoCnda, rom iq, am dros leqtoris tis damTavrebis Semdeg sadiplomo naSromze muSaoba droebiTi Stati gaTavisuflda. saerTo konkurs- dubnis institutSi gaagrZela. “CERNN- Si pirvelad Si gamarjvebis Semdeg, am Tanamdebobaze daviniSne. 1989 wlebis bolos movxvdi, sadac Cagvabares didi da- rogorc mogvianebiT gavarkvie, Cemi xelfasi finansde- nadgari eleqtro magnituri kalorimetri gamakvante- boda ori wyarodan - Teoretikosebisa da eqsperimen- bi da eleqtropozidromebi. mas Semdeg sistematurad tuli jgufisgan. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoretikosi vTanamSromlob. bolo Svidi welia qarTuli jgufi fizikosi viyavi, dafinansebis gamo unda memuSava eqs- Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetidan da fizikis kv- perimentatorebisTvisac. Cveni davaleba iyo deteq- levis institutidan aqtiurad vmuSaobT axal deteqtoris efeqtebis Seswavla, anu unda gagverkvia de- torze “atlasi”, risTvisac saWiro iyo adronuli ka- teqtorma rac daamaxinja, imis pirveladi ganawileba rogori iyo. es sakmaod aqtualuri problebaa da lorimetris Seqmna. amaSi didi wvlili gvaqvs qarTul maTematikurad ar aris bolomde gansazRvruli. maSin jgufs, sadac daaxloebiT rva qarTvelia. ise CERNN- Si SevTavaze Cemi meTodi, romelic sakmaod popularuli sakmaod bevri qarTveli muSaobs, zogi Teoretikosia, gamodga. es naSromi gamoqveynda 1996 wels da amJamad zogic eqsperimentatori. Cveni codna samyaros war- igi gamoyenebulia 100-ze met analizSi. moqmnis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiria da roca es gvecodine-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 25 he second Georgian physicist to work at CERN was Vladimer mployee of the Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva – CERN-- TRamishvilia who described his path to CERN in an article. ‘’In EProfessor at New York University and Director of the Max-Planck 1957, after graduating from Tbilisi State University, I continued Institute for Physics, Giorgi (Gia) Dvali graduated in physics at my post-graduate studies under the supervision of Giorgi Tbilisi State University in 1985. He obtained his PhD in theoretical Chikovani. In order to continue the collaboration with Georgia, physics in Tbilisi in 1992. In 2001, Professor Dvali received the New CERN wished to have another Georgian scientist who would York City Mayor’s Award for Excellence in Science and Technology, continue the work started by Chikovani. Luckily, I was the second and the Humboldt Prize (Humboldt Research Award) in 2008. The Georgian scientist ever invited to CERN. I was 37 years old, and latter is equivalent to the Nobel Prize in sciences, and the Ministry after one year, according to the decision of CERN, the experiment of Education of Germany awards it to leading scientists. Gia Dvali I was participating in, along with its machinery, was moved to works in the field of elementary particle physics and takes part in the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino (Moscow the Hadron Collider (LHC) experiment. Along with his colleagues, region). Consequently, I was assigned to Protvino. Usually Soviet Gia Dvali strives to find answers to the questions on the structure scientists got into CERN from IHEP but this wasn’t the case for and history of the universe. me. Instead, I worked there on the Serpokhov accelerator for ‘’Science is an inseparable part and one of the most important several years, then in 1972, CERN left the institute with all the ingredients of any country’s culture and development. It is beyond machinery. This meant I did not have close contact with CERN discussion that science must be developed in every country. For for quite a long time, although I worked with some of the CERN this, money and the establishment of correct priorities are needed. scientists from time to time.. Advanced countries put a strong emphasis on science while In 1990, liaison with CERN was renewed and the E. Andronikashvili developing countries do not. Science is vitally important for a small Institute of Physics is still taking part in one of CERN’s experiments country as it can be a way to not lag behind other countries. Now –under my supervision. I am also a member of the Collider science as become truly global in the XXI century. Globalization experiment and sit on the peer review panel for publications. I visit makes it possible, with the right approach, to maintain science CERN twice a year to cast my vote in choosing the Board and giving with minimal expenses even for small countries. I believe that each direction to the activities of the university’’. country should place a high priority on the development of science’’ It concerns Vladimer Ramishvilia that Georgian scientists might he said. not be able to work for CERN in the near future. ‘“I would like to use this opportunity to kindly ask the people responsible for the o be able to work at CERN, one must work persistently and development of science in Georgia for support. Presumably, LHC ”Tvery hard, as well as have talent and knowledge,’’ says Irakli and CMS will be functioning for 20 years and several generations of Minashvili, Doctor of Mathematical physics who is currently working Georgian scientists will have an opportunity to work on this brilliant on managing the ATLAS Tile calorimeter detector and one of the machinery and carry out research in the field. Thus funds must be supervisors of the support team. After graduating from Tbilisi State allocated to this so we can continue working on CMS’’ – states the University, Irakli Minashvili continued his PhD studies in JINR in 80- year- old scientist. Dubna. “I entered CERN at the end of 1989 where we were in charge of a large unit – the electromagnetic calorimeter, electropositron ost Georgian scientists serve at the world’s leading institutes. and gamma-ray electromagnetic calorimeter. Since then I have MDespite working at CERN on behalf of those universities, they collaborated regularly with CERN. We, the Georgian team from Tbilisi claim that they still remain Georgian scientists. Among them is the State University and the Institute of Physics have been actively physicist Vakhtang Kartvelishvili who is currently working in Great working on the new ATLAS detector for seven years. The group of Britain. about eight Georgian scientists has made huge contribution in Vakhtang Kartvelishvili shared the story of his own rather challenging creating the Hadron Calorimeter needed for the ATLAS experiment. path to CERN. ‘’After graduating from TSU, I spent three years in Generally, a number of Georgian scientists work at CERN--some the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino doing my as theorists and some as experimentalists. Our civilization knows postgraduate studies. In 1995, I contacted my colleagues from the University of Manchester and found out that there was a temporary vacancy for a lecturer. I applied and obtained the position. As I learned later, my salary was financed by two sources – theorists and experimental groups. Despite being a theorist by profession, I had to work as an experimental scientist as well. Our task was to study the effects of detectors i.e. we had to find out what the detectors disfigured and what their original distribution was. This was a rather important issue and could not fully be determined mathematically. Then I offered the team my own method of dealing with the issue, which afterwards turned out to be quite successful. This work was published in 1996 and at present has been applied in more than 100 analyses. My first contact with CERN took place earlier in Moscow. At present I am working on the ATLAS experiment and participate in several analyses which are mainly on Quarkonium physics (study of heavy quarks). I am also an associate employee of CERN and a lecturer at Lancaster University. Half my time goes to teaching activities and the other half doing research at CERN.’’

2011 December Tsu science 26 ba, amis Semdeg ufro gagviadvildeba fiqri momaval little about the creation of the universe. Obtaining this information mecnierebaze. swored, amis garkvevas emsaxureba CERNN will make it easy for us to think of a new field of science. The objective da am msoflio movlenis Tanamonawileebi varT qarT- of CERN is to find out more about the creation of the universe and veli mecnierebi. “ - ambobs irakli minaSvili. we, Georgians, are active participants of this world event.’’ says Irakli Minashvili.

ofio pataraia CERN-Si moRvawe yvelaze axalgaz- opio Pataraia is the youngest Georgian scientist at CERN. srda qarTveli mecnieria. S‘’I completed my Master’s studies in atomic and nuclear physics “Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis magistratura at Tbilisi State University in 2005. I intended to embark on my PhD 2005 wels davamTavre atomuri da birTvuli fizikis studies but the university did not offer PhD programs that year. While ganxriT. doqtoranturis Semdeg mecnier-muSakis Tan- attending one of the conferences in Rome, my foreign colleagues amdebobaze daviwye muSaoba viskonsinis universitet- informed me of some vacant places in Germany and Italy. After Si, romelic mTlianad CERNN-Sia. mokled, ori welia winning competition place, I was immatriculated at the Max-Planck rac vmuSaob CERNN-Si, romelic faqtobrivad, erTi Institute for Physics (Munich, Germany) where I studied for three and a half years with the university’s funding. After the graduation, I was qalaqia. aq qarTveli mecnierebi xSirad vikribebiT. once again short-listed and this time I myself chose Munich for my erTxel vmsjelobdiT, varT Tu ara mniSvnelovnad career. However, due to the immense importance of ATLAS, I decided warmodgenilebi CERNN-Si da mivediT im daskvnamde, to continue my career in Geneva. During that time, I made short study rom Zalian mniSvnelovani wvlili Segvaqvs msoflio trips to Geneva. In 2009, I defended my dissertation on the Intensity saqmeSi. warmoidgineT, oTxi eqsperimentidan samSi of the Creation of Top Quark. After my PhD, I started working at the vmonawileobT qarTvelebi da umetesobas Zalian kar- University of Wisconsin in Madison and affiliated with CERN. I have gi pozicia aqvs. sxvaTa Soris, bolo periodSi TviTon been working for CERN for two years now. It is like a big city. We, CERN-Sic xazs usvamen qarTveli fizikosebis wvlils. Georgian scientists meet together quite often. Once we discussed cota xnis win, CERNN-is dafinansebiTa da miwveviT whether we are making a significant contribution to CERN and agreed that indeed we contribute significantly to this worldwide scientific saqarTvelodan Caiyvanes qarTveli maswavleblebi initiative. da iq xazi gausves Cvens saqmianobas. es didi damsax- Just imagine, Georgian scientists, are working on three experiments urebaa. Cemi sami kurselia kidev am organizaciaSi. out of four and they all have good positions. Actually, the merit mxolod msoflios sxvadasxva wamyvani institute- of Georgian scientists has often been highlighted at CERN as well. bis saxeliT vmoRvaweobT. samwuxarod, jer-jerobiT A short time ago, Georgian teachers were invited to Geneva with CERNN-Si me yvelaze patara var, Cemi Semdgomi Taoba CERN funding where they had a chance to learn about the Georgian am etapze ar Cans.” - gviTxra sofio pataraiam. scientists’ contribution to the organization’s activities. My three 2011 wels Tsu-is zust da sabunebismetyvelo mec- other group mates serve at CERN representing the world’s leading nierebaTa fakultetis studenti 800 abiturienti universities. Sadly, I am the youngest Georgian at CERN. Georgian scientists of younger generations have not arrived yet.’’ – says Sopio gaxda. es SarSandel – 2010 wlis monacemTan Se- Pataraia. darebiT (450 studenti) 2-jer gazrdili maCvenebe- 800 aspiring students enrolled in the Faculty of Exact and Natural lia. aseTi zrda, romelic axali saxelmwifo sa- Sciences at Tbilisi State University (TSU) in 2011, two times more ganmanaTleblo politikis Sedegicaa, Tsu-is mier than in 2010. This increase is a result of the new state educational kvalificiuri kadrebisa da mecnierTa axali Tao- policy and is a precondition for increasing the number of highly bebis gazrdis winapirobaa. skilled staff and new generations of scientists at TSU. 27

Tsu-is arqeologiuri eqspediciebi Archaeological Expeditions at Tbilisi State University grakliani gora, Tixis oryura WurWeli, gvian brinjaos xana Grakliani Hill, clay dish with two handles, Late Brone Age

2011 weli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisaTvis The year of 2011 was very fruitful for Tbilisi State arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis mxriv Zalze uxvmosavliani University in terms of archaeological discoveries, some aRmoCnda. kulturul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva of which are of significant cultural-historical importance. kuTxeSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis They were carried out in different parts of Georgia. Due to Sedegad gakeTda.Aam droisTvis, Tavisi maStabebidan their immense significance, three of the expeditions are gamomdinare, aqcents sam mudmivmoqmed eqspediaciaze gavakeTebT. described here.

Sida qarTlis eqspedicia The Shida Kartli Expedition In 2008 a number of important discoveries were made during salvage 2008 wels sofel samTavisTan mdebare graklian gora- archaeology digs at Grakliani Hill. According to the Director of the ze dawyebuli gadarCeniTi xasiaTis arqeologiuri Institute of Archaeology, Professor Vakhtang Licheli, Grakliani Hill has samuSaoebi yovel “arqeologiur sezonze” didi mniS- already been established as important in international circles, and vnelobis mqone aRmoCeniT sruldeboda. Tsu-is arqe- appears in scientific literature. Due to the significance of the discovery, ologiis institutis direqtoris, sruli profesoris, articles on Grakliani Hill have been published in Holland. The Head graklian goraze warmoebuli eqspediciis xelmZRvane- of the expedition, Vakhtan Licheli has spoken on the discoveries at lis vaxtang liCelis SefasebiT, graklianma goram ukve daimkvidra Tavisi adgili saerTaSoriso samecniero universities in Italy, Sweden, France, Great Britain and Spain. He said, literaturaSi. ‘’From 2008 until today more than 250 graves have been discovered aRmoCenis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, holandiaSi and studied. Among the new discoveries, two temples are of particular ukve gamoqveynda naSromi grakliani goris Sesaxeb. Eeqs- importance. For the first time in the Georgian history of archaeology, pediciis xelmZRvanel v. liCels moxsenebebi ukve hqon- the existence of a V-IV BC altar of special construction, that might have da evropis sxvadasxva qveynis universitetebSi, maT So- a connection with fire-worshipping rituals, has been discovered. When ris italiaSi, SveciaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTsa da talking about Grakliani Hill we must point out two key circumstances. espaneTSi. First, it is a multilayered archaeological site. Secondly, the south and “2008 wlidan dRemde gamovlenili da Seswavlilia 250-ze east plateaus are well preserved and make an interesting site for meti samarxi. wlevandeli aRmoCenebidan gansakuTrebiT tourists’’. SeiZleba aRiniSnos ori taZris aRmoCenis faqti. pirve- Grakliani Hill is located at a main crossing point of the South Caucasus lad saqarTvelos arqeologiis istoriaSi dadasturda and could become a significant tourist attraction. According to the Zv.w. V-IV ss-is gansakuTrebuli konstruqciis sakurTx- present plans, the site will be part of an open-air museum where evlis arseboba, romelic, SesaZloa, cecxlmsaxurebis interested tourists will have a chance to take part in excavations. ritualTan iyos dakavSirebuli. Today there are negotiations for importing thermoplastic acrylic resin rodesac grakliani goris mniSvnelobaze vsaubrobT, Paraloid® from Germany, which will be used to carry out conservation unda gamoiyos ori ZiriTadi garemoeba. Ppirvel rigSi works on the newly discovered buildings.

2011 December Tsu science 28 is, rom es aris mravalfeniani arqeologiuri Zegli. keramikuli milebis, rkinis sxvadasxva iaraRis aRmo- meore - grakliani goris samxreT da aRmosavleT fer- CeniT dadasturda, rom sameurneo da sabrZolo daniS- dobebze sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiuri Zeglis nulebis nivTebis damzadeba mTaSic xdeboda.” naSTebi sakamod kargad aris Semonaxuli, rac am Zegls Tsu-is arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier Catarebuli turistuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresos samuSaoebis Sedegad svaneTSi napovnia aseve antikuri xdis”. – acxadebs vaxtang liCeli. Aamierkavkasiis cen- xanis (Zv.w. I - ax.w. I ss) minis sawarmos naSTebi (mulaxis tralur magistralTan mdebare grakliani gora samo- Temi, sofeli arcxeli), mravalfeniani samarovani (Zv.w. mavlod turistebisaTvis sakmaod mimzidvel adgilad XV-IV da V-IV ss, ifaris Temi, sofeli bogreSi) Suabrin- unda iqces. Canafiqris mixedviT, igi Ria cis qveS mde- jaos xanis samarovani (eceris Temi, sofeli luha), bare muzumad unda gakeTdes, sadac istoriiT dain- Suasaukuneebis namosaxlari (beCos Temi, sofeli uSx- teresebul stumars, survilis SemTxvevaSi, Tavadac vaneri), gvianSuasaukuneebis samarovani (eceris Temi, SeeZleba gaTxrebSi monawileoba. sofeli ebuTi).

svaneTis eqspedicia svaneTSi sxvadasxva dros aRmoCenili artefaqtebis didi nawili mosaxleobaSia gabneuli, nawili mestiis 2007 wels Catarebuli gaTxrebisas svaneTSi, sofel muzeumSi inaxeba. maT Soris aris aseve wundebuli WuberSi, aRmoCenilia antikuri xanis zarafxanis naS- Subis pirebi, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs svaneTSi Tebi. mecnierTa varaudiT, elinistur xanaSi adgi- iaraRis warmoebis versias.K profesori kviciani amas lobrivi TviTnabadi oqrosgan am adgilze iWreboda elementaruli logikiT xsnis. baridan uvargis iaraRs aleqsandre makedonelis staterebis (monetebis) ms- da wuns aravin amoitanda. Sesabamisad, igi adgilzea gavsi monetebi. eWvs adgilze napovni ramdenime magal- damzadebuli. iTic amyarebs. VI_IV-ss samarovanis nawili, sadac es svaneTSi CatarebuliE eqspediciis Sedegad aRricxu- aRmoCena dafiqsirda, kvlavac gasaTxrelia da uni- lia muzeumebSi, eklesiebsa da Aadgilobriv mosax- versitetel arqeologTa nawili amis ganxorcielebas leobaSi gabneuli aTeulobiT monapovari. mikvleuli ukve sakuTari ZalebiT gegmavs. da dazustebulia SemTxveviTi aRmoCenis adgilebi, Tsu-is egidiT arqeologiuri gaTxrebi svaneTSi 2011 aseve mosaxleobaSi arsebuli zepiri cnobebi aRmoCe- wlis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. arqeologiis institu- naTa Sesaxeb.N mosaxleobis mier napovni masalis, umetes tis TanamSromlebisa da studentebis mier warmoebu- SemTxvevaSi keramikuli saxis nivTebis nawili gadaeca li gaTxrebi sadazvervo-saswavlo xasiaTis gaxldaT. registracia-restavraciisaTvis Tsu-is arqeologiis gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenilia Zalze mniSvnelo- institutis laboratorias. vani arqeologiuri Zeglebi. MmaT Soris aris Wuberis arqeologTa SefasebiT, eqspediciis mier gamovlenili Temis sof. qveda marRSi aRmoCenili metalurgiuli masalebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod svaneTis, aramed Qqura (Zv.w. MVIII-VII ss).A es am saxis artefaqtis svaneTSi kavkasionis zolSi mosaxle sxva qarTveli tomebis is- aRmoCenis pirveli SemTxvevaa. svaneTis eqspediciis toriis mxriv. G xelmZRvanelis, arqeologiis institutis sabakalavro da sadoqtoro programebis xelmZRvanelis zviad sagarejos eqspedicia kvicianis SefasebiT: ”aRmoCena mniSvnelovania imitom, rom cvlis arsebul stereotips mTiani regionis kari- mecnierTa SefasebiT, samxreT kavkasiis centralur eruli daniSnulebis Taobaze, TiTqos mTaSi mxolod nawilSi ior-alaznis auzi erTaderTia, sadac gamov- nedleuls moipovebdnen, misi damuSaveba ki barSi xde- lenilia brinjao - rkinis xanis sxvadasxva zomis sam- boda. rkinis sadnobi quris, misTvis saWiro saqSeni locvelo centrebi, rogorc dasaxlebebSi, ise mis

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 29 gareT - erTmaneTis msgavsi kanonizirebuli kultmsax- The Svaneti Expedition urebiT. aRmoCenil samlocveloTa, maT Soris wminda fSanis, Seswavla mniSvnelovania Tanadrouli social- During 2007 excavations in Svaneti, remains of an ancient mint were uri struqturebis safexurebis aRsadgenad. found in the village of Chuberi. According to scientists, during the wminda fSanis arqeologiuri Zeglis aRmoCena mas Semdeg Hellenistic period this mint produced coins from local gold nuggets gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac 2011 wlis gazafxulze adide- with the likeness of Alexander the Great. Several patterns found at bulma mdinarem ivris marcxena sanapiro gadarecxa. the site reinforce this hypothesis. Part of the VI-IV BC cemetery fields specialistTa daskvniT, aRmoCenili Tixis WurWliTa where the discoveries were made still have to be excavated, and da brinjaos satevrebis imitaciebiT Zegli DZv.w. XIV-XIII archaeologists from the university will undertake these excavation saukuneebiT TariRdeba. 2011 wlis ivlisSi gaTxrebis xe- works independently. lmZRvaneloba Tsu-is arqeologiis mTavar specialist TSU-led archaeological excavations in Svaneti started in the first half kote ficxelaurs daevala. specialistTa SefasebiT, of 2011. A set of excavations carried out by specialists and students of

Sida qarTlis eqspedicia, graklianis gora The Shida Kartli Expedition, Grakliani Hill

sagarejoSi, “ivris Walebis” samonadireo kompleqsSi the Institute of Archaeology was intended as field training experience. aRmoCenili nivTebi “wminda fSanis” samlocvelos arte- As a result of these excavations some interesting fragments of faqtebis mxolod mciredi nawilia. fSanis arqeologi- archaeological monuments were found. Among them was a uri Zegli ki Tavisi xasiaTiTa da masStabebiT sruliad metallurgical stove (VIII-VII BC) discovered in the village Kveda Margha gansxvavebulia kaxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili sxva of the Chuberi Community. This is the first example of this type of samlocveloebisgan. “gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, artifact found in Svaneti. According to Zviad Kvitsiani, Head of the rom aRmoCenili Sewirulobebi koncentrirebulia wy- expedition and Supervisor of Bachelor and Doctoral programs: This aros garSemo. aSkaraa, rom maT raRac gansakuTrebuli discovery is of vital importance, as it alters the existing stereotypes datvirTva hqondaT. rogorc Cans, es rituali aTeuli about the region’s occupational activities. The existence of the wlebis ganmavlobaSi tardeboda. garda amisa,E am sam- metallurgical stove suggested that raw materials were found in the locvelos maxloblad aucileblad unda vivaraudoT mountainous regions and then processed in lowland regions. Having namosaxlarebis arsebobac,” E- acxadebs profesori vax- discovered the smelting stove, along with its ceramic cooling pipes tang liCeli. and other iron tools, tells us that agricultural and fighting tools were “fSanis wyaros irgvliv aRmoCenili saritualo masala, produced in the mountainous areas as well’. Semowirulobebi sxvadasxva saxisaa. Aaq aris brinjaos Archaeologists also discovered the remains of a glass workshop dating samkaulebi, Sromis iaraRebi, didi raodenobiT sxva- from I cent BC to I cent. AD in the Mulakhi Community, in the village dasxva zomisa da formis Tixis WurWeli. MmaT Soris aris of Artskheli; multilayered cemeteries in the Ipari Community village of Tixis WurWeli “marani”, romlSic, savaraudod, Rvino Bogreshi (XV-IV and V- BC), cemeteries dating from the Middle Bronze an ludi inaxeboda”, - ambobs gaTxrebis xelmZRvaneli Age (Etseri Community, village of Luha), mid-century settlements kote ficxelauri. (Becho Community, village of Ushkhvaneri), and late mid-century arqeologTa azriT, aTasobiT Sewiruli sasmisis Sig- grave fields (Etseri Community, village of Ubeti). Tavsis qimiuri damuSaveba kargi saSualeba iqneba im- Most artifacts previously discovered in Svaneti were found by local droindeli sazogadoebriv-sameurneo cxovrebis is- populations, and some are preserved at the Mestia Museum. Among toriis aRsadgenad. universitetis profesorebisa da them are broken spearheads, which again reinforces suppositions studentebis monawileobiT adgilze arqeologiuri that tools were produced in Svaneti. According to Professor Kvitsiani’s samuSaoebi gagrZeldeba. garda amisa, ufro Rrma labo- theory, no one would have brought faulty tools from lowland areas; ratoriuli kvlevisa da analizisaTvis mzad aris Tsu- they must have been made on the spot. is arqeologiis laboratoria. Thanks to the Svaneti expedition, a number of artifacts possessed

2011 December Tsu science 30 by locals, museums and churches have now been registered. People’s verbal notifications regarding the locations of the discoveries, some of which were unexpected, were recorded. Most of the materials found by local people, mainly ceramic pieces, were given to the TSU Institute of Archaeology for registration and restoration. According to the archaeologists’ estimates the finds are of immense importance--not only for the history of Svanetian tribes but for other Georgian tribes residing across the Caucasus as well. The results also provide interesting historical information on Georgia’s previous trade and cultural relations with neighboring and remote countries. vaxtang liCeli - arqeologi, profesori, iv. javax- Sagarejo Expedition iSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis arqeologiis institutis direqtori; isto- According to scientists, the Ior-Alazani Pond is the only place in the riis mecnierebaTa doqtori; insbrukis uni- central part of the South Caucasus where chapels of different sizes versitetis mowveuli profesori. wlebis man- dating from the Bronze-Iron Ages have been discovered. These chapels Zilze xelmZRvanelobda mraval qarTul da qarTul – ucxour arqeologiur eqspediciasa were found within and outside of settlements. The study of the da proeqts. aris 80-mde samecniero naSromis chapels, including St. Pshani’s Chapel is vital for re-creating the stages avtori, romlebic gamoqveynebulia saqarT- of contemporary social structures. The discovery of St. Pshani’s Chapel veloSi, azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, ruseTSi, po- loneTSi, saberZneTSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi, became possible when the Iori River flooded and then washed away inglisSi, kanadaSi, holandiaSi, germaniaSi, sa- its left bank in spring 2011. Specialists date the site from XIV-XIIIBC frangeTSi, avstraliaSi. by examining the clay dishes and bronze daggers. In July, 2011, Chief Vakhtang Licheli – Archaeologist; Professor; Director of the Specialist, Kote Pitskhelauri was put in charge of the excavations. Archaeology Institute at the TSU Faculty of Humanities; Archaeologists believe that the materials found in the hunting complex Visiting professor at the University of Innsbruck; during years he was leading numerous Georgian and of the Iori Groves is only a part of the Saint Pshani artifacts. The Pshani Georgian-foreign archaeological expeditions and archaeological site is distinct from other chapels by its nature and size. projects; Ph. D. in Historical Sciences; Author of about As Professor Vakhtang Licheli states, Most important is the fact that the 80 scientific works, which were published in Georgia, offerings discovered are mainly associated with springs. It is apparent Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, Poland, Greece, Italy, Spain, England, Canada, Holland, Germany, France that springs had a particular meaning and that rituals connected with and Australia. springs were held for decades in the chapel. We must also consider the existence of a settlement near the chapel. Considering these finds we can surmise that we are dealing with a socially and economically developed society.’’ To quote the Head of the excavations, Kote Pitskhelauri, Ritual materials discovered near the Pshani Spring are the offerings of various types. We can find bronze jewelry, working tools and a large number of clay dishes of different sizes and shapes. Among the finds, there is a clay dish ‘Marani’ that was presumably used for storing wine or beer.’’ According to archaeologists the chemical treatment of the inside of the thousands of vessels will help recreate he social-agricultural life of those times and lead to understanding the history of agriculture.. zviad kviciani - istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, TSU professors and students will continue their archaeological work on Tsu arqeologiis mimarTulebis asocirebuli profesori. arqeologiis sabakalavro the site in Sagarejo and the TSU Research Laboratory of Archaeology da sadoqtoro programebis xelmZRvaneli. will undertake further research and analysis. svaneTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli. 60-mde samecniero, aqedan 15 ucxoenovani naSromis (maT Soris ori monografia da erTi saxelZRvanelo) avtori. 1997 wels gamoqveynebuli monografia `dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis kulturuli urTierTobani ax.w. I-IV s.s.~, istoriografiaSi pirveli istoriul-arqeologiuri gamokvlevaa saqarTvelo-romis kulturuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. Zviad Kvitsiani – Ph. D. in Historical Sciences; Associate Professor of TSU Archeological Direction; head of bachelor’s and doctoral programs on archaeology; head of the permanent archaeological expedition in Svaneti; author of about 60 scientific works, including 15 in foreign languages (including two monographs and one textbook); his monograph published in 1997 “Cultural Relations between Western Georgia and Roman Empire in I-IV Centuries CE” is the first yulanurxva, soxumi, brinjaos samajuris fragmentebi, cxenis lagami, Zv.w. me-7 s. historical-archaeological research in historiography Kulanurkhva, Sokhumi, fragments of bronze bracelets, bridle, 7 century BC. about the Georgian-Roman cultural relations.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 wminda fSanis samlocvelo, kaxeTi, mcire zomis sasmisebi Saint Pshani Temple, Kakheti, small goblets 32 BC

arqeologiuri daTariRebis kompleqsuri fizikuri meTodebi

Complex Physical Methods of Dating in Archeology

awyuri, samarxi 05-4, Zv.w. 4 saukune Atskuri, grave 05-4, 4 th century BC

Tsu-is mecnierebi arqeologiuri nimuSebis zusti daTariRebis axal meTodologias gvTavazoben. kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb detalurad Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis arqeologiis institutis direqtori, sruli profesori vaxtang liCeli da zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori Temur (anatoli) axalkaci saubroben: „kacobriobis civilizebuli nawili Tavis momavals sakuTari da sxva xalxTa warsuli istoriis safuZvelze swavlobs. warsulis, anu istoriuli faqtebis sizustis dadgenaze ki mecnierebis iseTi dargebi zrunaven, rogoric istoria da arqeologiaa. Soreuli warsulis kvlevaSi da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis dadgenaSi arqeologiis prioriteti mecnierebis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT sruliad aSkaraa. Tumca, arqeologiis Tanamedrove mniSvneloba dRes bevrad ufro farToa da mniSvnelovani, radgan mxolod mecnierebis es dargi iZleva informacias iseTi sasicocxlo problemebis vertikalur WrilSi kvlevisaTvis, rogorebicaa: dedamiwis paleomagnetizmi, daavadebaTa dinamika, paleoklimati da sxva.

Scientists at Tbilisi State University have been investigating new applications of scientific instrumentation and methods of mea- surement from the fields of chemistry and physics to enhance the accuracy of the dating system used in archaeology. As a consequence of recent research, the Director of the Institute of Archeology, the faculty of Humanities, Full Professor, Vakhtang Licheli and Associate Professor at the faculty of Physical and Natural Sciences, Temur (Anatoli) Akhalkatsi state the following:

‘’ Present-day archaeologists are developing the capability to forecast their own evolutionary future as well as the development of other peoples’ lives on the basis of past historical facts and the latest tools and methods of archaeological investigation. Nowa- days, archaeology increasingly relies upon the fields of paleomagnetism of the earth, disease dynamics, paleoclimatology to assist them in their exploration of the past.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 33 BC  arqeologiis arsenalSi Sedis ramodenime There are several meTodi, romliTac isini axdenen daTariRe- methods of dating in bas. esenia rogorc tradiciuli SedarebiT archeology varying from - tipologiuri, ise mravali sxvadasxva me- the traditional, relatively TodiT daTariReba. Tumca, aris SemTxveve- typological method bi, rodesac arc erTi tradiciuli kvlevis such as stratigraphical meTodi ar amarTlebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, and seriation studies rodesac mecnieri Sesabamisi saSualebebis to dendrochronology. naklebobas ganicdis (magaliTad, damaTari- Nevertheless, there Rebeli artefaqtebis ararseboba), daTari- are cases when none Rebis procesSi ereva zusti mecnierebebi, of the common dating gansakuTrebiT fizika da qimia. am darge- Temur (anatoli) axalkaci - Tsu-is methods is effective. bis miRwevebis Sesabamisad gamoyenebuli me- zust da sabunebismetyvelo When the reliability of Todebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos: mecnierebaTa fakultetis the traditional methods asocirebuli profesori,  biologiuri narCenebis, sagnebisa da bi- fizika-maTematikis mec- for dating artifacts is ologiuri masalebis daTariRebisaTvis gan- nierebaTa doqtori. el. sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia radionaxSirbadiani doubtful, specialists in andronikaSvilis sax. fizikis analizis meTodi, romelsac safuZvlad ude- chemistry and physics institutis kondesirebul can lend their expertise garemoTa fizikis ganyo- vs arqeologiur monapovarSi arastabiluri filebis ufrosi mecnier-Tan- radiaqtiuli izotopis Semcvelobis gansaz- to the process of analysis. amSromeli. mopovebuli aqvs Rvra naxSirbadis stabilur izotopTan Se- Scientific collaboration saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa darebiT. Tumca es meTodi iZleva daTari- with physical and natural akademiis grantebi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 70 samecniero Rebis did cTomilebas da aseve yovelTvis scientists has yielded naSromze meti. arsebobs saSiSroeba nimuSis sxvadasxva saxis promising results in the organuli nivTierebiT dabinZurebisa. following areas: Temur (Anatoly) Akhalkatsi – Associate  eleqtro paramagnituri rezonansis (epr) - Radiocarbon dating Professor at the TSU Faculty of teqnika dakavSirebulia narCenebis damarx- Exact and Natural Sciences; Ph. D. method, which is vis Semdeg bunebrivi radiaqtiuli dasxive- in Phisical-Mathematical Sciences; particularly useful for biT CaWerili eleqtronebis simkvrivis ga- senior fellow at the Department of dating the remains of Condensed Matter Physics of the E. zomvasTan, romlebic grovdeba saukuneebis Andronikashvili Institute of Physics; biological remains and ganmavlobaSi Zvlebsa da organul naSTebSi. he has obtained grants from the  axlaxan SemoTavazebuli iqna axali meTo- living creatures. This Georgian Academy of Sciences and di e.w. “rehidroqsilaciuri daTariReba” technique compares the published over 70 scientific works. (rehydroxylation dating), romelic gamoiyeneba contents of C14 decaying keramikisa da gamomwvari Tixis daTariRe- radioactive isotopes of bisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, aluminisa da specimen with stable carbon isotopes of the atmosphere. By comparing the about siliciumis kompleqsur oqsidebs (alumin- of C14 in a dead organism to the available levels in the atmosphere, the scientist is silikatebi), romlebic Tixis mTavari kom- able to estimate when the plant or animal substance died. However, this method ponentebia, gaaCniaT midrekileba qimiurad may give serious inaccuracies in dating if the artifacts have been contaminated daukavSirdnen wyals. RumelSi gamomwvari with other organic substances. keramika, romelsac cildeba mTel mocu- - Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), measures the density of electrons lobaSi gaJRenTili wyali, moqmedebs ra qi- captured with radioactive irradiations after the remains have been buried. The miurad haerSi arsebul tenTan, matulobs captured electrons normally accumulate in bones and organic remains for wonaSi da am matebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros centuries. nimuSis asaki. aRsaniSnavia, rom organuli artefaqtebis - Rehydroxylation dating (RHX), a new technique, which is used for dating ceramics daTariRebaSi epr meTods badali ar moe- and terracotta artifacts. The main components of the clay are complex oxides of Zebneba. igi metad efeqturia kbilis emalis aluminum and silicon which tend to combine chemically with water. During the SemTxvevaSi, radgan masSi warmoqmnili ra- firing process in the kiln, the ceramic item loses the entire amount of water, but diaciuli dazianebebi (magnetizmis termi- when ceramic artifact is removed from the kiln, it begins to recombine chemically nologiiT _ paramagnituri ionebi an cen- with the moisture in the environment, thus increasing it’s weight. This increase of trebi) didi drois ganmavlobaSi (107 weli) weight makes it possible to calculate how old the sample is. inaxeba garemos mimarT kbilis emalis didi It is noteworthy that EPR is the most effective method in dating organic artifacts. simkvrivisa da mdgradobis gamo. am meTodiT It is especially useful in case of tooth enamel because the evidence of radiation muSaobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom samarx- decay (in terms of magnetism – paramagnetic ions and centers) is stored for a long Si xangrZlivad yofnis gamo sakvlev nimuSeb- Si, garda radiaciuli dazianebiT warmoqm- period of time (107 years) as a consequence of the tooth enamel’s high density nili paramagnituri centrebisa, daimzireba and it’s resistance to the environmental factors. When using EPR method, one aseve samarxis garemoSi arsebuli da nimuSis must consider that EPR signals of various paramagnetic particles in the grave zedapirze arsebuli sxvadasxva paramagni- and on the surface of the pattern, along with paramagnetic centers emerged turi nawilakebis epr signalebi. kbilis ema- from the radiation damage will occur as a consequence of being buried for a

2011 December Tsu science 34

epr signali gama dasxivebis Semdeg while. EPR spectrum of the tooth enamel is relatively specific. EPR Signal after Gamma Radiation The sample needs prior mechanical cleaning, and to get rid of additional admixtures, it has to be treated in 0,1 N HCl solution, washed with distilled water and then dried. Afterwards the sample is carefully crumbled and passed through the sieve to prepare 0,1–0,22 mm powder. As a result, the outward form of the sample is destroyed through sample preparation and only electro paramagnetic spectrum necessary for dating remains. 60 See the EPR signal form below. 50 40 According to gamma dose, the EPR intensity signal increases in 30 a linear way to some specific size. Dating with good precision 20

10 becomes possible by considering the presence of annual dose epr signalis intensiobis damokidebuleba gama 0 and by extrapolating the dependence observed in linear area. dozaze -10 Dependence of EPR signal -20 In the past two years at I. Javakhsivili Tbilisi State University, a intensity on gamma doza epr signali series of experiments were carried out by Vakhtang Licheli and doza grei using the EPR method were carried out on the tooth samples taken from different graves, whose age was more or less known lis epr speqtri specifiuria da amitom saWiroa nimuSis through stratigraphical methods. These patterns were found winaswari gawmenda meqanikurad da zedmeti minarevebis in Atskuri and Urbnisi dating XVII-XVI BC; IV BC and IV-V AD; mosacileblad 0,1 N HCl xsnarSi damuSaveba da gamoxdil IX – VII; XIII centuries. After having a sample of each of the teeth wyalSi misi garecxva da gaSroba. amis Semdeg nimuSs properly prepared, the EPR spectrum of each sample was taken frTxilad fxvnian da atareben sacerSi 0,1–0,22 mm fxv- without any irradiation. According to the results, we set the nilis misaRebad. Sedegad nimuSis ganieri signali qreba dependence of integral intensity on the time period the patterns da rCeba daTariRebisaTvis sasurveli eleqtro para- were dated. As it is seen from the graph, the older the grave is, magnituri speqtri (ix. epr signalis forma). gama doz- the longer tooth enamel experiences the dose effect, which is mixedviT epr signalis intensioba wrfivad izrdeba means that the more EPR signal intensity is found. garkveul sididemde. nimuSze wliuri dozis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT da miRebuli wrfiv ubanSi am damok- The dependence that is explained above and was established for idebulebis eqstrapolaciiT axdenen nimuSis daTariRe- the first time by the investigators, is shown in the graph below. bas kargi miaxloebiT. As seen, the results are fascinating. If the calibrated EPR signals iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitet- for the specific patterns are available, rather precise dating Si ukve ori welia mimdinareobs eqsperimentebis seria. can be carried out. The merits of this research method were kvlevisaTvis sxvadasxva samarxebidan aRebuli iyo acknowledged at the international conference dedicated to the kbilebis nimuSebi, romelTa wlovaneba met-naklebad 80th anniversary of Academician Otar Lortkipanidze in Tbilisi, cnobili iyo. es iyo monapovari awyurisa da urbnisis samarxebidan: Zv.w. XVII-XVI; IV da ax. w. IV-V; IX – VII; XIII 2010 and has been published as thesis. ss-bis kbilebi. kbilebis saTanado damuSavebis Semdeg The research was conducted at the I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State gadaRebuli iyo epr speqtrebi yovelgvari dasxivebis University with the participation of Vakhtang Licheli, Temur gareSe yvela nimuSisaTvis. miRebuli Sedegebis mixed- Akhalkatsi, Eduard Chikvaidze, Tsisana Gavasheli and at the El. viT avageT epr signalis integraluri intensiobebis Andronikashvili Institute of Physics with the participation of damokidebuleba im droze, romliTac TariRdeboda es Grigol Mamniashvili’’. nimuSebi. rogorc grafikidan Cans, rac ufro Zvelia samarxi, kbilis emali bunebrivad ufro didxans ganic- dida dozis moqmedebas da Sesabamisad epr signalis in- tensiobac meti aRmoCnda. es damokidebuleba, romelic Cvens mier pirvelad iqna miRebuli, naCvenebia qvemoT grafikze. rogorc vxedavT, Zalian saintereso Sedegia. Tu gvaqvs konkretuli nimuSebisaTvis kalibrebuli epr signalebis intensivobebi, SegviZlia vimsjeloT sakmaod zust daTariRebaze. es Sedegi aprobirebuli iyo saer- TaSoriso konferenciaze, miZRvnils akad. oTar lorTq-

ifaniZis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi, TbilisSi, 2010 intensioba wels da gamoqveynebulia Tezisis saxiT,” _ acxadeben kvlevis avtorebi. kvlevebi tardeboda iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili- sis sax. universitetSi vaxtang liCelis, Temur ax-

alkacis, eduard CikvaiZis, cisana gavaSelisa da Intensity (a.u.) Intensity el.andronikaSvilis fizikis institutSi grigol mam- niaSvilis monawileobiT. dro (saukune) time (century)

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 35 qarTuli mwerloba evropul mecnierebaSi da qarTvelologiis uaxlesi miRwevebi

Georgian Literature in European Sciences and the Latest Achievements in Kartvelology 36

bolo dromde mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom saqarTvelos unikaluri literaturuli Zeglis rusTvelis “vefxistyaosnis” ambavma evropaSi me-19 saukuneSi SeaRwia. evropuli wyaroebis Seswavlam qarTveli mecnieri elguja xinTibiZe im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom “vefxistyaosani”, rogorc siuJeturi wyaro, evropaSi ukve me-17 saukunis dasawyisSia gamoyenebuli, kerZod, inglisSi. Tanac inglisis yvelaze maRalinteleqtualur wreSi Seqspiris TeatrSi: Seqspiris uSualo memkvidreebma fransis bomontma da jon fletCerma “vefxistyaosnis” siuJetze dayrdnobiT daweres ori piesa, romlebic me-17 saukunis britaneTSi yvelaze popularuli iyo. es piesebia: “mefe da ara mefe” da “filasteri”.

es aRmoCena mniSvnelovania, rogorc qarTvelologiisTvis, aseve inglisuri literaturaTmcodneobisaT- vis. am siaxlis mtkiceba da miwodebaa erTi umTavresi mizani elguja xinTibiZis monografiisa, romelic londonSi inglisur enaze mimdinare wels gamokveynda (`rusTvelis vefxistyaosani da evropuli literatura~ (londoni, 2011)). mecnieris sul axlaxan gamoqveynebuli gamokvlevebi imis Ziebas eZRvneba, Tu rogor moxvda evropaSi vefxistyaosnis ambavi ase adre, XVII saukunis dasawyisSi. es mxolod erT-erTi mignebaa qarTveli mecnieris. daskvna emyareba misi xelmZRvanelobiT qarTvel mkv- levarTa jgufis ucxoel qarTvelologebTan TanamSromlobiT warmoebul 15 wlian kvlevebs imis gamosav- lenad, rogor aris evropul mecnierebaSi Seswavlili qarTuli literatura da ra aris Targmnili qarTu- lidan evropul enebze. “am problemaze, realurad, 15 welia vmuSaob. jer kidev, 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi natos granti miviReT. grantma fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia, rogorc qarTvelologias, aseve evropul literaturas”, gviTxra mecnierma. im proeqtis farglebSi momzadebuli e. xinTibiZis monografiis bolo Tavi - rogor Seiswavles evropaSi qarTuli literatura da misi kritikuli ganxilva, calke gamokvlevis saxiT, natos vebgverdze ax- lacaa gamoqveynebuli. (www.nato.int/acad/fellow/94-96/elguja/03.html).” es wigni _ `qarTuli literatura evropul mecnierebaSi~ – inglisurad amsterdamSi gamoica. inglisuri Targmanis avtoria ariane Wanturia. pirve- ladaa gakeTebuli bibliografia, Tu ra aris qarTuli literaturidan Targmnili inglisurad, frangu- lad, germanulad, italiurad da a.S. Tavmoyrilia masala XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. inglisuri gamocemis Semdeg, wigni qarTuladac daibeWda da am wigniT universitetSi samagistro kursic ikiTxeba. monografiis da bibliografiis Seqmnaze e. xinTibiZis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaobdnen mecnierebi: ariane Wanturia, marika oZeli, maka elbaqiZe, gaga SurRaia, sesili gogiberiZe, neli saginaSvili, greta CantlaZe, kaxa loria, bela wifuria. aseve maSindeli studentebi: eka maWaraSvili, Tamar patariZe, maia orkodaSvili. dasaxelebuli bibliografiebis masalis momzadebaSi qarTvelologiuri skolis centrTan TanamSromlobdnen ucxoeli mecnierebi: Stefi xotivari-iungeri, miSel van esbroki, hainc fenrixi, qeTrin viviani, devid bareti, robert tomsoni, Ddonald reifildi, bernar utie, gaston buaCiZe, luiji magaroto, fridrik Tordarsoni. evropuli wyaroebis amgvari safuZvliani Seswavlis safuZvelze elguja xinTibiZem qarTuli literaturis istoriografiis kidev erTi siaxle gamoavlina: qarTveli mecnierebi varaudobdnen, rom qarTul mwerlobas laTinur samyarosTan urTierToba SuasaukuneebSi uTuod eqneboda, Tumca faqtebi ar Canda. aRmoCnda,

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 37 rom me-13 saukuneSi, berZnulad da Until recently scientists believed that the unique laTinurad Targmnilia qarTuli literary epic, The Knight in the Panther’s Skin by Shota nawarmoebis “giorgi mTawmindelis Rustaveli, appeared in Europe in the 19th century. cxovrebis” erTi Zalian mniSvnelo- By studying European sources, the Georgian scientist, vani monakveTi. Elguja Khintibidze discovered that The Knight in the Tsu qarTvelologiuri skolis centrma qarTuli literaturuli Panther’s Skin was found in Europe, particularly in kontaqtebis kvlevis masStabi kidev England, as far back as the early 17th century. Most ufro gaafarTova. 2008-2010 wleb- importantly, it was used at the Shakespeare Theatre, Si centrma rusTavelis erovnuli and known within England’s most progressive samecniero fondis granti moipova intellectual circles. Shakespeare’s contemporaries, da ganaxorciela proeqti `qarTu- Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, wrote two plays li mwerloba aRmosavleT evropis that were very popular in the 17th century called mecnierebaSi~. am proeqtze muSao- A King and No King and Philaster. This discovery is baSi prof. e. xinTibiZis xelmZRva- quite important for both kartvelology (the study nelobiT Cabmulni iyvnen rogorc of kartvelian languages and cultures, including centris TanamSromlebi _ nino Georgian) and English literary studies. One of the CakunaSvili, irine javaxaZe, sofio key goals of Elguja Khintibidze’s English-language guliaSvili, cira vardosaniZe, aseve monograph published in London this year (The Knight universitetis sxva profesorebi: in the Panther’s Skin by Rustaveli and European ariane Wanturia, nodar foraqiS- vili, maka filina, maka elbaqiZe, Literature, London, 2011) was to unveil and introduce rusudan WanturiSvili, elene go- this new discovery. In his most recent research the giaSvili. amjerad aqcenti gakeTda scientist tries to explain how the story about The aRmosavleT evropis im qveynebze, Knight in the Panther’s Skin appeared in Europe as sadac mkveTrad gamoixata interesi early as the early 16th century. qarTuli literaturisadmi da misi Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac bevri This is only one of the discoveries by the Georgian scientist, based on 15 years gakeTda. esaa slavuri qveynebi, ker- of study carried out by a group of Georgian researchers under his guidance, Zod ki _ ruseTi, poloneTi, ukrai- to discover how Georgian literature is studied in Europe and what has been na, belorusi, CexeTi, slovakia. translated from Georgian to the European languages. proeqtze muSaobis periodSi, poli- “Actually, I have been working on this problem for 15 years already. In the tikuri xasiaTis xelis SemSleli second half of the 1990s we received a NATO grant. This grant rendered an invaluable service to both kartvelology and European literature,” he said. The garemoeba gamoikveTa. kerZod, 2008 last chapter of Khintibidze’s monograph prepared within the framework of wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTve- that project concerns the scholarly value of research on Georgian literature in los omis Sedegad am or qveyanas Europe. It is posted on the NATO website (www.nato.int/acad/fellow/94-96/ Soris garTulebuli politikuri elguja/03.htm). The book – Georgian Literature in European Science – was mdgomareoba. proeqtis gegmis Ta- published in Amsterdam in English. Ariane Chanturia is the author of the English version and it is the first time that a bibliography has been published on naxmad, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo what has been translated from Georgian literature to English, French, German, mivlineba moskovSi, biblioTeke- Italian, etc. and all materials are included through the 1990s. After the English bSi samuSaod. miuxedavad proeq- edition, the book was also published in Georgian and it is now used to deliver tis xelmZRvanelis da rusTavelis Master’s Degree courses at the university. fondis Suamdgomlobisa, proeq- The following group of scientists led by Elguja Khintibidze worked over the creation of the monograph and bibliography: Ariane Chanturia, Marika tis monawilis ramdenime mimarTva Odzeli, Maka Elbakidze, Gaga Shurgaia, Sesili Gogiberidze, Neli Saginashvili, ruseTSi vizis gacemaze ruseTis Greta Chantladze, Kakha Loria, and Bela Tsipuria, as well as their students Eka saelCos da TviT ruseTis sagareo Macharashvili, Tamar Pataridze and Maia Orkodashvili. The following foreign saqmeTa saministros mier upasuxod scientists cooperated with the Center for Kartvelian Studies for the preparation darCa. am sirTulis daZleva saqarT- of bibliographical materials: Steffi Chotiwari-Jünger, Michel Van Esbroeck, Heinz Fernich, Katherine Vivian, David Barrett, Robert Thomson, Donald Rayfield, velos da evropis biblioTeke- Bernard Utie, Gaston Buachidze, Luigi Magarotto and Frederick Thordarson. bSi daZabuli muSaobiT moxerxda. As a result of this comprehensive research on European sources, Elguja proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielda Khintibidze revealed yet another novelty of Georgian literary historiography: ori mivlineba aRmosavleT evropis Georgian scientists supposed that Georgian literature would definitely have

2011 December Tsu science 38 qveynebSi: poloneTSi (prof. aseve mniSvnelovania, beloru- m. filina) da CexeTSi (prof. m. si literatorebis dainter- elbaqiZe). ZiriTadi samuSao esebac qarTuli mwerlobiT, bibliografiebis Sesadgenad romlis uZveles faqtad asaxe- Sesrulda TbilisSi. leben XIV saukunis avtoris qarTuli literaturis Ses- samogzauro Janris nawarmoebs wavla rusul mecnierebaSi da `ignati smolnelis mimosvlas~. misi propaganda rusulenovani smolnel diakons ignatis aR- samecniero-popularuli pres- mosavleTis wminda adgilebi iT amouwuravi Temaa. Tumca, (ierusalimi, konstantinop- elguja xinTibiZe - Tsu hu- ruseTis garda, aRmosavleT manitarul mecnierebaTa oli) mimouxilavs da bolos fakultetis sruli pro- evropaSi qarTuli litera- aTonis mTaze gardacvlila. fesori; qarTvelolo- turis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelo- 1393 wels igi ierusalimis jvr- giuri skolis centris vani muSaoba mimdinareobda mecnier-xelmZRvaneli; is monasterSi iyo da sagangebo filologiis mecniereba- sxva slavurenovan qveynebSi. gulisyuriT aRuniSnavs: `iq Ta doqtori; saqarTvelos maT Soris upirvelesia polo- RvTismsaxureba qarTuladaa, mecnierebaTa akademiis neTi, sadac qarTul litera- Jamiswirvas qarTvelebi as- wevr-korespodenti. aris turasTan kavSiri upiratesad ramodenime profesiuli rulebeno~. uSualod myardeboda da ara da sazogadoebrivi orga- qarTuli literaturis pir- nizaciebis wevri, (belgia, mxolod rusuli enis meSveo- veli nimuSebi Cexur enaze 1884 didi britaneTi, aSS); 200 biT. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom ze meti naSromis avtori, wels gamoCnda. amave periodSi rusTavelis vefxistyaosnis maT Soris 18 monografi- daiwera Cexi mwerlis valer- is; aTeulobiT sagranto pirveli evropuli Targmani po- ian Cernis romani `neqtarina~, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli. lonurenovani iyo. igi varSavaSi monawileobda samecni- romelic saqarTvelos Temazea daibeWda. (1863w. mTargmneli k. ero forumebSi msof- agebuli. lafCinski). polonel litera- lios maStabiT. miRebuli “monografia seriozuli cdaa, aqvs iv.javaxiSvilis pre- torTa mier qarTuli litera- magram mainc mxolod dasawyi- mia (Tbilisi), Rirsebis turis uSualod qarTuli sam- saerTaSoriso ordeni – IOM sia, im umdidresi da aRuricx- yarodan aTvisebas xeli Seuwyo (kembriji), saqarTvelos avi masalis erTad Tavmoyrisa, Rirsebis ordeni. im faqtma, rom saqarTveloSi romelic slavurenovan sam- 1830-40 wlebSi gadasaxlebulma yaroSi qarTul literaturaze polonelma inteligentebma Seiqmna,” _ gviTxra elguja Elguja Khintibidze – Full Professor at Seqmnes `polonel-kavkasiel the TSU Faculty of Humanities; poetTa jgufi~. am wris erT- xinTibiZem. Research Director at the da bolos, isic unda aRiniS- Center for Kartvelian Studies; erTi yvelaze mkafio figurebi PR.D. in Philological Sciences; iyvnen TadeuS lada-zablocki nos, rom Tsu qarTvelologi- corresponding member of the da voicex potocki, romlebmac uri skolis centri rusTave- Georgian Academy of Sciences; lis erovnuli samecniero member of several professional nawarmoebebi Seqmnes qarTul and public organizations Tematikaze. fondis grantiT axlac umniS- (Belgium, Great Britain, USA); qarTul-ukrainuli litera- vnelovanes proeqtze muSao- author of over 200 works, turuli kontaqtebi kidev erTi bs. esaa saerTaSoriso oreno- including 18 monographs; vani eleqtronuli Jurnalis head of tens of grant projects; saintereso furcelia. fiqro- participant of the scientific ben, rom ukrainul-qarTuli `qarTvelologis~ publikacia, forums worldwide; holder of istoriuli kontaqtebi TviT romlis pirveli nomris pr- the Ivane Javakhishvili Prize ezentacia axlaxan, 2011 wlis (Tbilisi); International Order XII saukunidan unda iRebdes of Merit – IOM (Cambridge); saTaves. qarTul-ukrainuli noemberSi, gaimarTa. elguja Georgian Order of Merit. literaturuli kontaqtebis xinTibiZis umTavresi survili umniSvnelovanes monakveTs isaa, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo qmnis daviT guramiSvili, rom- universitetSi qarTvelolo- lis Semoqmedebaze Tavisi gav- giuri saqmianobis am dawinau- lena ukrainulma xalxurma po- rebas axalgazrdobam auwyos eziamac moaxdina. fexi da gaagrZelos.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 39 links with the Latin world in the middle ages; however there are only through the Russian language. It is no surprise that the first no facts to confirm this. However, Khintibidze found out that an European translation of The Knight in the Panther’s Skin was made important part of the Georgian book, The Life of Giorgi Mtatsmindeli in Polish and published in Warsaw in 1863 (translator K. Lapchinsky). was translated to Greek and Latin in the 13th century. The direct translation of Rustaveli’s poem by Polish literati from the The Center for Kartvelian Studies at Tbilisi State University has Georgian world was facilitated by the exile to Georgia of a group of further expanded the scale of study on Georgian literary contacts. Polish intellectuals in the 1830s and 1840s, which later set up Group In 2008-2010 the Center received a grant from the Rustaveli of Polish Caucasian Poets. Tadeusz Lada and Wojciech Potocki were National Science Foundation and developed a project “Georgian the most remarkable figures of this circle, who wrote several works Literature in Eastern European Science”. The study was led by Prof. on Georgian themes. Khintibidze, and involved the following employees of the Center Georgian-Ukrainian literary contacts are yet another interesting story. – Nino Chakunashvili, Irine Khavakhadze, Sopio Guliashvili, Tsira It is believed that Ukrainian-Georgian historical contacts started Vardosanidze, as well as other professors from our University: Ariane in the 12th century. A major section of the Georgian-Ukrainian Chanturia, Nodar Porakishvili, Maka Pilina, Maka Elbakidze, Rusudan literary contacts is connected with David Guramishvili, whose poetry Chanturishvili, Elene Gogiashvili. This research mostly focused on definitely fell under the influence of Ukrainian folk poetry. Eastern European countries where there has been a keen interest in The interest of Belarusian literati in Georgian literature has also been Georgian literature and where much has been done to study it. These extremely important. The Journey of Ignatius of Smolensk, a work include mainly Slavic countries, particularly Russia, Poland, Ukraine, of travel genre by a 14th century author, is named as the oldest Belarus, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. fact confirming interest shown in Georgian literature by Belarusian While working on the project, the political situation between Russia literati. Ignatius, a deacon from Smolensk, made a journey to the and Georgia was aggravated as a result of the August 2008 war, Holy Places of the East (Jerusalem, Constantinople) and finally died thus plans to visit Moscow to work at the libraries there had to be on Mount Athos. In 1393 he visited the Monastery of the Cross in cancelled. Despite requests by the project director and the Rustaveli Jerusalem, noting with special care: “There the divine service is Foundation, appeals submitted by the project participants to the in Georgian. The vespers are conducted by Georgians”. The first Russian Embassy in Georgia and even to the Russian Foreign Ministry examples of Georgian literature in Czech appeared in 1884. The for visas, have remained unanswered. The scientists managed to Czech writer, Valerian Černý wrote his novel Nektarina in the same overcome this difficulty by intensifying their work in Georgian and period, built around a Georgian theme. European libraries. Within the framework of the project two trips “The monograph is a serious initiative, but still just the beginning of a were made to Eastern European countries: Poland (Prof. Filina) compilation of rich and unrecorded material created about Georgian and Czech Republic (Prof. Elbakidze). Most work on creating the literature in the Slavic language world,” Khintibidze said. bibliographies was done in Tbilisi. The Center for Kartvelian Studies at TSU is still working on an Research into Georgian literature in Russian sciences and its important project within the grant received from the Rustaveli publication by the Russian scientific and popular press is an National Science Foundation, which will be the publication of inexhaustible theme. However, besides Russia, significant work has a bilingual international online magazine Kartvelology. The been done in other Slavic countries to study Georgian literature in presentation of its first edition was held in November 2011. Eastern Europe. Poland takes a leading place, where the links with Khintibidze desires sincerely to see that youth step in and continue Georgian literature were basically established directly, and not the development of Kartvelian studies at Tbilisi State University.

"vefxistyaosani", 1712 w. The Knight in the Panther's Skin, 1712

2011 December Tsu science 40 toponimia - warsulis matiane

civilizebul xalxebSi didi xania Camoyalibda sakuTar saxelTa Semswavleli mecniereba – onomastika. misi qvedargebia: toponimika, anTroponimika, zoonimika, kosmonimika, Teonimika... cnobili mkvlevrebi – niko mari, ivane javaxiSvili, niko berZeniSvili, simon janaSia da sxvani xSirad mimarTavdnen calkeul toponimebs, magram mxolod gareenobrivi analizisaTvis – ama Tu im istoriul– eTnografiuli problemis gadasawyvetad. paata cxadaia – filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, aTeuli wlebis manZilze magram toponimikis, rogorc enaTmecnierebis saTaveSi edga Tsu axali qarTuli enis kaT- qvedargis, Camoyalibeba CvenSi me–20 s–is Sua edrasTan arsebul toponimikis samecniero– wlebSi iwyeba. am saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT kvleviT laboratorias (SemdgomSi: „qarT- veluri onomastikis samecniero–kvleviTi aleqsandre Rlonts, ilia maisuraZesa da zurab centri“). garkveul periodSi iyo filologi- WumburiZes. Tsu axali qarTuli enis kaTedrasTan is fakultetis dekanis moadgile, agreTve Tsu arsebuli toponimikis laboratoriis (SemdgomSi siRnaRis filialis qarTuli enisa da literaturis kaTedris gamge. iqve iyo arCeuli sru- „qarTveluri onomastikis samecniero–kvleviTi li profesoris Tanamdebobaze. amJamad aris centri“) TanamSromlebi am tradicias warmatebiT Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis agrZeleben. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ufrosi specialisti da mihyavs „qarTveluri onomastikis“ samagistro kursi. regionebis toponimuri masalis eTnografiul– eTnologiuri aspeqtiT kvleva–Ziebis axali etapi Paata Tskhadaia – PH.D. in Philological Sciences; Professor; Seqmna roland TofCiSvilma. for decades he was leading the Scientific-Research Laboratory of Toponymy under the new Georgian language department at TSU (later, Scientific-Research „TiToeuli toponimi – didi Tu mcire obieqtis saxeli, Center of Kartvelian Onomastics). Previously he served Seicavs garkveul informacias ama Tu im mxaris, sof- as Assistant Dean at the Faculty of Philology, where he lis, ubnis axlo da Soreul warsulze, xalxis cxovre- was elected as a Full Professor. Presently, he is a senior specialist at the TSU Faculty of Humanities and delivers bis sxvadasxva mxareze. magram adgilis saxelwodebaTa a master’s course on “Kartvelian Onomastics.” didi nawili, samwuxarod, droTa ganmavlobaSi qreba, rasac xels uwyobs urbanizaciis procesebi“, – profesor paata cxadaias erT–erTi wignis winaTqmis es si- tyvebi yvelaze naTlad asaxavs im mizans, rasac toponi- medrove viTarebaSi axalgazrdebma mSobliuri soflis mika emsaxureba. Tavad mkvlevari Tavis mTavar miRwevad adgilTa saxelebis didi nawili arc ician). swored amg- Tvlis samurzayano–samegrelosa da raWis toponimiis vari midgomiT aRwera, xolo wlebis Semdeg gadaamowma srulad aRwerasa da am masalis enobriv Tu gareenobriv da Seavso paata cxadaiam zemoT dasaxelebuli samive analizs. 2009 wels p. cxadaias proeqtma „qarTveluri regionis toponimia. toponimika (qarTvelur enaTa geografiuli saxelebis kiTxvaze, raWaSi rogor moxvdiT? – mkvlevarma gvipa- kompiuteri zacia, lingvistur–eqstralingvisturi suxa: „saqarTvelos yvela dialeqtur regions hyav- analizi da etimologiuri Ziebani)“ miiRo „rusTave- da Tavisi „patroni“, anu toponimikis laboratoriis lis fondis“ samwliani granti, romelmac erTxel kidev TanamSromeli, romelsac davalebuli hqonda Tavisi Sekriba qveynis sxvadasxva dialeqturi regionis to- regionis toponimuri masalis aRwera da mecnieruli ponimiaze momuSave mkvlevrebi. ukve miiwura meTorm- kvleva–Zieba. raWa ki „oblad“ iyo darCenili. amitomac ete kvartali da saboloo monografia sagazafxulod movaqcieT me da Cemma meuRlem Cveni muSaobis orbitaSi gamoicema. rogorc wesi, toponimikur kvleva–Ziebas es mSvenieri kuTxe. 2001 wlis zafxulSi mTeli erTi Tve win unda uswrebdes saTanado masalis moZieba. saamisod movandomeT rivnisTavis (e.i. mTaraWis – Rebi–Wiorisa ki ori gza arsebobs: 1. Tbilisisa Tu regionebis sais- da glolis) srul toponimur aRweras, 2009 wlis zaf- torio–eTnografiul muzeumebSi arsebuli wyaroebis xuls ki movaRwieT okribis sazRvramde. (ukve wignebad gamocemulisa Tu xelnawerebis saxiT ar- mecnieris TqmiT, toponimuri masalis detalurad aR- sebulis), agreTve ojaxebSi jer kidev SemorCenili mi- nusxvam SeiZleba garkveuli koreqtivi Seitanos samec- wis yidva–gayidvis sabuTebis detaluri damuSaveba; 2. niero wreebSi gavrcelebul zog daskvnaSi. magali- savele eqspediciebis mowyoba soflebsa Tu dausaxleb- Tad, „qarTveli eris istoriaSi“cnobili mecnieri iv. el adgilebze. toponimTa aRmwerma fexdafex unda da- javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom „nikorwmindis dawerilSi“ iaros mTeli sofeli, or–sam komliani ubanic ar unda (me–11 s. meore naxevari) dasaxelebuli soflebidan sa- gamorCes. winaswar unda iyos SerCeuli xandazmuli re- dReisod araa cnobili, Tu sad mdebareobda SomieTi, spodentebi, romelTac dawvrilebiT ician mSobliuri Sxro, xevxmeli, Cxotia da sxv. magram qvemo raWis, ker- miwa–wylis didi Tu mcire obieqtebis saxelebi (Tana- Zod, nikorwmindis toponimiis dawvrilebiTma aRweram

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 41 When asking how he worked in Racha, Dr. Tskhadaia answered the Toponymy – Chronicles following, ‘’Each dialectic region of Georgia had its ‘’supervisor’’ i.e. the employee of the toponymy laboratory who was in charge of of the Past reporting toponymy materials about the local area and doing further scientific study and research. However, Racha was left unattended. Consequently, my wife and I included this beautiful region in our The science that studies proper names – onomastics agenda. has been established in many countries. Its subfields are According to the scientist, the detailed account of toponymy materials toponymy, anthroponymy, zoonymy, cosmonymy, and can sometimes differ from the mainstream findings of other scientists. theonymy. Prominent researchers include Nicholas Marr, For instance, in ‘A History of Georgian Nation’, the famous scientist Ivane Javakhishvili, Niko Berdzenishvili, Simon Janashia I. Javakhishvili noted that the location of the villages mentioned in the manuscript Nikortsmindis Datserili (11th century) such as and others who used toponymies only for non-linguistic Shomieti, Shkhro, Khevkhmeli, Chkhotia, etc. are not known at the analyses (for solving some historical-ethnographical issues). present time. Nevertheless, the detailed information on toponymies Toponymy as a subfield of linguistics was established of Nikortsminda village has revealed that all the names of these in Georgia in the middle of the twentieth century. The villages are still ‘alive’ and known to the population. To be precise, scientists Aleksandre Glonti, Ilia Maisuradze and Zurab Shomieti is the name of arable land in the north of Nikortsminda; Chumburidze made immense contributions to the Shkhro is a district in the west part of the same village; Khevkhmeli also belongs to the Nikortsminda village (Gorge at the top of Didveli, establishment of toponymy. Today\s researchers/scientists next to Chdilitavi and Sakinuli); Chkhotia is called a district and a road of the toponymy laboratory affiliated with the department connecting Bazrisubani with Otarashvilebi region of Nikortsminda of New Georgian language (later the Georgian language village. centre of Georgian onomastics) preserve this tradition. How important is the detailed account of the geographical names of Roland Topchishvili established a completely new phase countries, regions, and villages? Professor Tskhadaia states that each in the ethnographic-ethnological aspect of the study of toponymy tells about the past and provides valuable information on our ancestors-- their joys and sorrow, their everyday activities, regional toponymic materials of Georgia. ethnographic information and spiritual lives. In the second phase of his studies, Dr. Tskhadaia draws significant “Each toponymy – the name of big or small object, contains conclusions. For instance, according to folk etymology, the name some information on the near and distant past of a specific place, of the Lake Paliastomi comes from the expression ‘Pavlia’s tribe (In village or region. Despite their importance, the majority of place Georgian ‘tribe’ is ‘tomi’). However, in fact the name Paliastomi was names gradually disappear, mainly due to urbanization’’. This is the given to the lake by the Greeks and means ‘old gulf’--the research does introduction to one of Dr. Tskhadaia’s books, and it clarifies the study not terminate here though. The name has generated a common name of toponymy. Dr. Tskhadaia believes that his greatest achievement paliasoni - deep water, and is also used as a toponymy in Samegrelo was to provide the full account of Samurzakano-Samegrelo and and Samurzakano. Racha toponymies and to carry out the linguistic and non-linguistic To provide one more example, it is generally known that the Jordan analysis of these toponymies. In 2009, Dr. Tskhadaia’s project River is the place where John the Baptist baptized Jesus. In Samegrelo ‘’Kartvelian Toponymy (the computerization of the geographical the proper name ‘Jordan’ turned into a common noun that referred to names of Kartvelian languages, linguistic and extralinguistic analysis any place where water-sanctifying rituals took place. Here as well, this and etymological studies)’’ was awarded a three-year grant from the word turned into topolex (meanwhile ‘Jordan’ is used as a proper noun Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation to encourage researchers (name of the person) and in some instances, can have a function of the working on toponymies of Georgia’s different dialectic regions. The first component of a complex geographical name - determiner in the three years have passed and the final monograph will be released for genitive form). spring, 2012. The scientist’s first task is to find the material for drawing analyses, As a rule, the study and research of toponymy should be undertaken and then to do the linguistic research, which implies the study of its after having collected all relevant materials. There are two ways toponomic structure i.e. whether it is simple, complex or compound. of collecting materials: 1. A detailed study of existing resources These are typical everyday activities of the name collector. (published in books or manuscripts)from historical-ethnographical What is the practical use of toponymy studies? museums of Tbilisi and other regions, as well as a detailed study of old 1. Is knowing the meaning of specific names, their origins, etc. enough property purchasing and selling documents that are still preserved in for the collector? households 2. Is it possible to explain the linguistic origins of the toponymy? – In 2. Field expeditions in villages and uninhabited places. During field Lechkhumi (and rarely in Racha), some toponymies represent Svanism expeditions, experts on toponymy must walk from house to house but it is difficult to find out its status, whether it is substratum, super- in the village and not leave out even 2 or 3 household districts. Older stratum, or just a borrowed topolex. In Samurzakano, all Abkhazian respondents (today youngsters barely know the names of places in their toponymies are super-stratum i.e. of late period while in mountainous home village) know the exact names of small and big places in their home Samegrelo (foothills of Tsalenjikha, Chkhorotsku, and Martvili regions) town/village, and they must be selected in advance. Dr. Tskhadaia has some Abkhazian toponymies are neither substratum not super- considered all these details when studying the Samurzakano-Samegrelo stratum. They originate from lexemes of the Abkhazian language. and Racha toponymies. He also double-checked the information and In the 19th – 20th century imperial Russia was drawing maps where added more information after several years. names of Georgia’s high and lowlands, villages and former villages,

2011 December Tsu science 42 gamoavlina, rom yvela es saxelwodeba „cocxali“ da cnobilia mosaxleobaSi: SomieTi saxnavia nikorwmindis Crd. nawilSi, Sxro ki ubania amave soflis das. nawilSi; xevxmelic sofel nikorwmindas ekuTvnis (xeobaa didRelis Tavze, CdiliTavi- sa da sayinulis gverdiT); Cxotia ki ewodeba ubansa da gzas, romelic akavSirebs bazrisubans oTaraSvilebis ubanTan (s. nikorwminda). - ra mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis, regionis, soflis geografiul saxelwodebaTa srul aRwera–aRnusxvas? profesori paata cxadaia ambobs, rom TiToeuli maTgani warsulze metyveli faqtia da Zvirfas informacias Seicavs Cveni winaprebis cremlsa Tu sixarulze, yoveldRiur saqmianobaze, eTnografiul yo- faze, xat–salocavebze da, garda amisa, im sinamdvileze, rasac esa Tu is konkretuli toponimi gviambobs... meore etapze mkvlevari akeTebs saWiro daskvnebs: tbis saxelwodeba paliastomi xalxuri etimologiiT TiTqos momdinareobs gamoTqmidan „pavlias tomi“. sinamdvileSi ki paliastomi berZen koloni- zatorTa mieraa darqmeuli da „Zvel yures“ niSnavs. kvleva aq ar mTavrdeba. saxelwodeba paliastomma megrulSi ganicada detoponimizacia da mogvca sazogado saxeli paliasoni, rac aRniSnavs Rrma wyals da ramdenime SemTxvevaSi toponimadac gvxvdeba samegrelosa da samurzayanoSi. kidev erTi magaliTi: yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom iordane is mdinarea, sadac ioane naTlismcemelma qriste monaTla. samegreloSi iordane qceula im adgilis aRmniSvnel sazogado saxelad, sadac tardeba wyalkurTxevis rituali. maSasadame, aqac sakuTari saxelis deonimizacia momxdara, xolo Semdeg es sazogado saxeli to- poleqsemad qceula (amave dros iordane megrulSi pirsaxeli- caa da ramdenime SemTxvevaSi asrulebs rTuli geografiuli saxelwodebis pirveli komponentis – naTesaobiTSi dasmuli msazRvrelis – funqcias).enaTmecnieris upirvelesi amoca- naa saanalizo masalis mopoveba, xolo Semdgom – misi enobrivi (enaTmecnieruli) kvleva, rac gulisxmobs toponimis struqturis garkvevas: martivia igi, warmoqmnili Tu rTuli. yovelive es ki unda dagvirgvindes toponimis gareenobrivi analiziT. swored aman unda aalaparakos geografiuli saxelwodeba saxelmdebi koleqtivis yoveldRiur cxovreba–saqmianobaze. - mainc ra praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs toponimiis Seswavlas? 1. akmayofilebs toponimis momxmarebelTa survils, icodnen, Tu ras niSnavs esa Tu is saxelwodeba, rodindelia igi da sxv. 2. akmayofilebs mkvlevaris mecnierul cnobismoyvare- obas, kerZod, naTelyofs toponimis enobriv warmomavlobas: leCxumSi (da iSviaTad raWaSic) toponimTa erTi nawili warmoadgens svanizms, magram ra statusi aqvs mas – substratu- lia igi, superstratuli Tu mxolod topoleqsemaa nasesxebi. samurzayanoSi yvela afxazurenovani toponimi superstratu- lia, e.i. gviandeli fenaa, xolo mTian samegreloSi (walenjix- is, Cxorowyusa da martvilis raionebis mTiswineTi) arsebuli oriode aTeuli afxazurenovani toponimi arc substratia da arc superstrati: igi warmoqmnilia megruli enis mier afxa- zuridan SeTvisebuli leqsemebisagan. me-19-20 ss-Si imperiuli ruseTi adgenda kartografiul ruke- bs, romlebSic saqarTvelos mTisa Tu baris, soflisa Tu naso- flaris, mTebisa da xeobebis saxelwodebani SehqondaT rusuli aso-niSnebiT, ramac gamoiwvia uamravi damaxinjebani topon- imTa dawerilobaSi. erTi magaliTi: texurisa da xobiswylis wyalgamyof qedze erTgan aRniSnuli iyo Джахунабу. saxelde- bul obieqts ver mivakvlieT. bolos movxvdi mwyemsTa binaSi, eqspediciebi samcxe- javaxeTsa da kaxeTSi sadac beras ewodeboda giSaxunafu. maSinve mivxvdi, rom es iyo kartografis mier aRniSnuli jaxunabu. saqme isaa, rom mTis Expeditions in Samtskhe- saZovarze ramdenime mwyemsis cxvari erTad Zovs. Sua seqtem- Javakheti and Kakheti berSi ki, barSi dabrunebis win, faras daamwyvdevdnen bunebriv

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 43 saCexSi, saidanac patroni gamoasxamda Tavis cxvars mountains and gorges were included in Russian letters. This (raTa damoukideblad gaegrZelebina gza barisaken). am caused a number of toponymic distortions. To draw one example, process ewodeboda giSaxunafa „gamosxma, gamoyvana“. ‘’there was a sign ‘Djakhunabu’ (Джахунабу ) on a ridge between giSaxunafu „cxvris gamosxmis adgili“ swored am zmnuri Tekhura and Khobistkali. ‘’We could not find the place with that fuZis mimReobaa. amgvar arasworad Caweril toponims name. Then, I finally realized that in the herdsman’s house ‘Bera” dainterebuli piri dResac ipovis saqarTvelos ruka- was called ‘gishakhunapu’. It must have been ‘djakhunabu’ marked ze, qarTul enciklopediaSi, toponimTa orTografiul by the cartographer. In the past, sheep of several herdsmen leqsikonSi da sxv. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa miv- grazed in common pastures. In mid September, before returning marToT regionebis mixedviT toponimTa aRmwer da Sems- to the lowlands, flocks were kept in a shed together and then wavlel mkvlevars. toponimTa srul regionul aRweras each herdsman would lead his flock from the shed and make kidev erTi daniSnuleba aqvs: ar mogvepoveba Tundac their way down to the lowlands independently. This process was erTi dialeqturi regionis sityvaTa sruli leqsikoni. called ‘gishakhunapu’ which means ‘’taking out’’. ‘Gishakhunapu’ toponimiis dawvrilebiTi aRwera ki gamoavlens aTeu- is also the place from where the flocks are taken and is the lobiT axal, saenaTmecniero sazogadoebisaTvis ucnob participle form of the root of ‘gishakhunapa’.’’ Even today, such leqsikur erTeuls (an mis axlebur mniSvnelobas). distortions of toponymy can be found on a Georgian map, in the toponimias dedamiwis enas, miwiszeda arqeologias Georgian encyclopedia, orthographic dictionary of toponymies, uwodeben, radganac igi utyuari wyaroa qveynis istori- etc. In such cases, one should inform the toponymy researcher uli warsulisa, xalxis yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebisa, of the region where the case was found. As there is not even one sameurneo saqmianobisa, religiuri rwmena-warmodgene- complete dictionary of regional dialectic words providing full a bisa, mezobel tomebTan samezoblo Tu samtro urTier- regional account of toponymies has one more objective. Detailed Tobisa. garda amisa, toponimia fasdaudebeli sabuTia descriptions of toponymies will reveal number of previously xalxis uwindeli gansaxlebis adgilisa Tu migraciebis unknown lexical units (or the new meanings of the existing units). mimarTulebaTa dasadgenad. TiTqos sadavo ar unda yo- Toponymy is called the language of the earth above-ground filiyo rom engur-RaliZgis SuamdinareTis (dRevan- archeology. This is due to the fact that it is trustworthy information deli samurzayanos) aborigeni (ZirZveli) mosaxleni on the country’s past, and people’s everyday life, their agricultural iyvnen qarTveluri tomebi – svanebi da megrelebi. activities, religious beliefs, friendly or tense relations with the italieli misioneri arqanjelo lamberti 1654 wels neighboring groups Furthermore, toponymy is a valuable document neapolSi gamocemul „samegrelos aRweraSi“ xazgasmiT for the study of previous settlements and migration destinations. aRniSnavs, rom odiSis CrdiloeTi sazRvaria mdinare The fact that Georgian tribes – Svans and Megrelians were ancient kodori, xolo „kodors iqiT cxovroben afxazebi Tavisi inhabitants of Engur-Ghalidzgi Shuamdinareti (present Samurzakano) gansakuTrebuli eniT“. magram me–18 saukunis dasawyis- should not have been doubted. However, In Description of Samegrelo Si afxazebi Crdilokavkasiel daqiravebul meomrebTan , published in Naples in 1654, Italian missionary Arkangelo Lamberti erTad SemoiWrnen samurzayanoSi, movidnen enguramde clearly noted that in the north border of Odishi was the river da engurs gamoRma gamoyares megrelebi... yovelive Kodori and after the river Kodori the territory was inhabited by the amis miuxedavad, zogi afxazi mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom Abkhazians with ‘their own special language’. toponimia adasturebs samurzayanoSi afxazTa aborig- In the beginning of the 18th century, the Abkhazians, along with the enobas. p. cxadaiam safuZvlad gaanaliza samurzayanos hired warriors from the North Caucasus, broke into Samurzakano, toponimia da daaskvna: 1. samurzayanos ZvelTaZveli reached the river Enguri and forced Megrelians out of the area… geografiuli saxelwodebani mxolod da mxolod qarT- veluri (ZiriTadad – megruli, iSviaTad svanuri) war- Despite this, some Abkhazian researchers still claim that the toponymy momavlobisaa. afxazuri enis monacemebiT verc erTi tells about the Abkhazians’ aboriginal settlements in Samurzakano. maTgani ver aixsneba; 2. samurzayanos Tanamedrove afx- Dr. Tskhadaia has analysed Samurzakano toponymy in detail and azurenovani toponimia warmoqmnilia ukanasknel 2-3 concluded the following: 1. the ancient geographical names of saukuneSi, warmoadgens superstrats da am regionSi Samurzakano are only of Georgian origin (mainly Megrelian and rarely afxazTa aborigenobis dasturad ver gamodgeba. Svanetian); 2. The modern Abkhazian toponymy of Samurzakano was evropeli da amerikeli qarTvelologebi miiCneven, rom established in the last 2-3 centuries, and represents a super-stratum aucilebelia droze Cawera svanuri, megruli da lazuri and cannot be considered as a proof of Abkhazians’ early settling in enobrivi Tu toponimuri masalisa. p. cxadaias „samegre- Samurzakano. los geografiuli saxelwodebanis“ yvela tomSi CarTu- European and American Kartvelologists believe that it is important lia amonaridi cnobili germaneli qarTvelologis – to report Svanetian, Megrelian and Laz linguistic or toponymic vinfrid boederis werilidan, sadac p. cxadais Rvawli materials in a timely manner. In all the volumes of Georgraphic asea Sefasebuli: „ Tqveni moRvaweoba imitomacaa mniS- Names of Samegrelo, Dr. Tskhadaia included the extract from vnelovani, rom adamianebis es originaluri da Tanac the letter of famous German Kartvelologist – Vinfrid Boeder who poeturi enobrivi warmoebis „Zeglebi“ dRevandeli cx- evaluated the work of Dr. Tskhadaia in the following way: ‘’Your ovrebis pirobebSi ikargeba. amis mixedviT Tqven gavxarT work is significant due to the fact that these original and poetic im lingvistebs, romlebic zogi enis bolo molapara- ‘monuments’ tend to disappear in today’s life. Accordingly, you are kis metyvelebas afiqsireben“. meore germaneli qarT- alike the linguists who observe the speech of the last speaker of velologi hainc fenrixi monografiaSi „saqarTvelos some language’’. In the monograph Georgia’s Toponymy, another toponimia“ (HHHainz Fehnrich, Georgische Toponymie, Jena, 1998) German Kartvelologist Heinz Fehnrich names and refers to Paata asaxelebs da iyenebs p. cxadaias 9 naSroms (sxva mravali Tskhadaia’s nine works (along with the works of other Georgian qarTveli mkvlevris naSromTa gverdiT). scientists).

2011 December Tsu science 44 lis doqtori) analiziT, bolo wlebSi sasjelis saxiT arasrulwlovanTa arasrulwlovanTa cixeSi moTavsebis faqtebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Tumca, am periodSi aras- sasjelisa da rulwlovanTa danaSaulis zrdas adgili ar hqonia. es, avtorTa azriT, qveynis mkacri kriminaluri politikiT iyo gamowveuli. aRmzrdelobiTi isini aRniSnaven, rom nulovani tolerantobis politika saqarTveloSi 2004-2009 wlebSi xorcieldeboda, risi naTeli dasturicaa oficialuri kriminaluri statis- xasiaTis iZulebiTi tikuri monacemebi. es politika gadaixedasaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis mier da SemuSavda krimi- RonisZiebebis naluri politikis liberalizaciis RonisZiebebi (gan- rideba da mediacia; sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo Sromis gamoyeneba da a.S.), ramac statistikis cvlile- Sefardebis problemebi bac unda gamoiwvios. moris SalikaSvili da aleqsandre giorgaZe arasrulwlovanis damnaSaved qcevis fsiqologiur mizezebzec saubroben da aRniSnaven, rom: “gardatexis periodSi qarTulma marTlmsajulebam saqme gvaqvs mozardis aramarto seqsualur ganviTare- “nulovani tolerantobis” basTan dakavSirebul problemebTan, aramed mis sulier RirebulebaTa konfliqtTan. mozardi sakuTari Tavisa politikidan kriminaluri da “me”-s gamoCenis mizniT xSirad Cadis iseT qmedebas, politikis liberalizaciamde rac scildeba socialuri urTierTobis normebs da sa- marTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs”. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi statiis bolos ki avtorebi daskvnis saxiT aRniSnaven: mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada. “danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi adamianSi mometebuli xasi- aTisaa 14-dan 21 wlamde periodSi, rac misi sirTulee- amis gamo, arsebiTad Seicvala biT aRsavse gardatexis periodiTa da socializaciiT aixsneba. danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi umaRles zRvars damokidebuleba kanonTan konfliqtSi aRwevs 16-dan 18 wlamde asakis dros. am periodis gasv- myofi bavSvebisadmic. ra gavlena lis Semdeg umravles SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs an kriminaluri karieris matarebel pirebTan, an pirebTan, vinc moaxdina samarTlebrivma reformam pirvelad Cadian danaSauls. adamianis Camoyalibeba da ra Sedegamdea misuli dRes mTavrdeba 25-30 wlis asakSi. Tu adamianma am asaks miaR- wia ise, rom mas ar Caudenia danaSauli, maSin misi damna- arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa Saved gaxdomis mcire Sansi arsebobs.” marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi? - amis “sasjelis miznebi da arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis daniSvnis specifika” - “sasjelis mizani aris is sabo- mecnieruli kvleva gaeros bavSvTa loo Sedegi, romlis miRwevisken miiswrafvis saxelm- fondsa (UNICEF) da iv. javaxiSvilis wifo Tavis mier dadgenili iZulebiTi RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebis meSveobiT”_ ase ganmartavs sasjelis miz- saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo nis cnebas statiis avtori mzia lekveiSvili (Tsu-s sruli profesori). universitetis erToblivi proeqtis “raoden sxvadasxvagvari ar unda iyos sasjelis miznebi- „arasrulwlovanTa sasjelisa da sadmi miZRvnili Teoriebi, isini sabolood mainc samagi- eros mizRvevas, gamosworebas, zogadsa da kerZo preven- aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi cias gulisxmobs” _ wers mzia lekveiSvili. avtori exeba RonisZiebebis Sefardebis problemebi“ arasrulwlovanTaTvis Sefardebul sasjelTa miznebis Taviseburebasac da iqve aRniSnavs: “vfiqrob, dasanania, farglebSi ganxorcielda. rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba ufro met adgils ar uTmobs im specifiuri normebis SemuSavebas da legal- izacias, romelic arasrulwlovanebs exeba.” „arasrulwlovanTa sasjelisa da aRmzrdelobiTi xa- statiis daskvniT nawilSi ki profesori aRniSnavs: “bev- siaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis Sefardebis problemebi“ rjer Tqmula, rom sasjelis gamkacreba, rogorc wesi, aris statiaTa krebuli, sadac gaanalizebulia aras- dadebiT Sedegs iSviaTad iwvevs; piriqiT, adamiani eCveva rulwlovanTa kriminologiuri da sisxlissamarT- sisastikes, rac damRupvelad moqmedebs sazogadoebis lebrivi aspeqtebis rogorc Teoriuli safuZvlebi, wevrebisa da, maT Soris, arasrulwlovanebis fsiqikaze. aseve praqtikuli midgomebi. mTavaria, rom sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi, kerZod “arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismge- ki Tavisuflebis aRkveTis moxdis adgilebSi yvela pi- blobis kriminologiuri Taviseburebebi” _ statiis roba iyos Seqmnili, raTa arasrulwlovan damnaSaveze avtorebis moris SalikaSvilis (Tsu-is asocirebuli samarTliani midgomiT da pirovnebisadmi pativisce- profesori) da aleqsandre giorgaZis (Tsu-is samarT- mis grZnobis gamomuSavebiT mis fsiqikaSi gardatexa

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 45 Problems of Juvenile Liability and Application of Coercive Education Measures Project

During recent years, the judicial system of Georgia has undergone significant changes from ‘Zero tolerance’ policies to a liberalization of criminal justice. This change became obvious in the attitude towards juveniles being in conflict with the law. What effect did legal reforms have on the juvenile justice and what are the results of the reform? – A joint project ‘Problems of Juvenile Liabil- ity and Application of Coercive Education Measures’ of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) and Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University has been initiated to study these issues. The project is a set of articles that analyze theoretical principles as well as practical approaches to the aspects of juvenile criminal justice. According to the analysis of Moris Shalikashvili (TSU Associate Professor), and Aleksandre Giorgadze (TSU Doctor of law), the authors of the article “Specifics of Juvenile Criminal Liability”, the number of sentences of juvenile imprisonment significantly increased over the past years. However, the number of criminal cases did not increase. This reflected clearly the country’s strict criminal policy of that period. The authors point out that the politics of ‘Zero tolerance’ existed in Georgia from 2004 to 2009. This assumption is reinforced by the criminal statistical data of that period. Recently, the country’s governing bodies have started to reconsider the politics of ‘Zero tolerance’ and the measures for the liberalization of criminal justice (e.g. diversion and mediation; community service, etc) have been introduced. These new approaches are quite likely to cause positive changes in the data. Shalikashvili and Giorgadze discuss the psychological causes of turning a juvenile into a criminal. They point out that “during adolescence we are dealing with the problems connected not only with young person’s sexual development but also with the conflicts of a person’s spiritual values. In order to demonstrate him or herself and the personal ‘self’, an adolescent often commits an action that is beyond social norms and causes criminal liability’’. At the end of the article, the authors conclude, “Tendencies to criminal activities are particularly strong between 14 and 21, which can be explained by the difficulties in adolescence and the process of socialization. The stron- gest tendency to criminal activities is from 16 to 18. After this critical period, we deal with either prospective criminals their final psychological development at 25-30. If a person reaches this age without having committed a crime then there is a very little chance of this person becoming a criminal’’. “Objectives of Juvenile Liability and Specifics of Sentencing Juveniles” by Mzia Lekveishvili (TSU Full Professor), states that “the aim of a penalty is the final result that the government strives to achieve by using its coercive measures on juvenile offenders’’. In her article, the author discusses the characteristics of the objectives of the juvenile punishment. “However different the theories of penalty objectives might be, they are all finally aimed for avenging, improving, and general or specific prevention’’. Professor Lekveishvili also notes, “I think it is unfortunate that the system of criminal justice does not pay more attention to the establishment and legalization of the specific norms that deal with juveniles.’ In conclusion, the author writes, “It has been stated that making a stronger penalty does not often have positive impacts, but just the opposite — an individual gets accustomed to cruelty, which has a devastating influence on the psychology of the future member of society, including juveniles’’. It is very important to have all the necessary conditions provided in imprisonment centers so that young offenders, having been treated fairly and with respect, can experience a real change in psychology. This change will eventually be a background for the juvenile re-socialization.’’ TSU Doctor of law, Aleksandre Giorgadze also presents his ideas on the juvenile penalty objectives in the publication. According to the author, finding out the causes of juvenile crime and its characteristics is impossible without considering the juvenile’s age and the psychological and social difficulties connected with it. There is no separate system for juvenile justice and nothing is stated about the aims of juvenile justice in the fifth part of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which is dedicated to the juveniles’ criminal liability. Thus, the author refers to Article 39 of the Criminal Code to discuss the aims of juvenile punishment in the article. Article 39 is meant for groups, adults and juveniles. After providing a wide discussion on the subject, the author concludes: “The main aim of juvenile justice is juvenile re-socialization and establishing the young person’s correct values and positive ways of behavior. These are vital conditions for bringing juvenile offenders back into normal social life. Giorgadze believes that imprisonment should not be applied as a sentence for juveniles except in cases where non-imprisonment can be harm-

2011 December Tsu science 46 moxdes, rac misi resocializaciis realuri safuZveli Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori Tavisuflebis aRkve- iqneba.” TasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: “Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Temaze, Tu ra aris `arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis miz- gamoyenebis mocemuli statistikis analizi miuTiTebs ani~, gamocemaSi Tsu-is samarTlis doqtori, aleqsan- qveyanaSi arsebul arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajuleb- dre giorgaZec msjelobs. misi azriT, arasrulwlo- is ganxorcielebis ramdenime kriteriumze, kerZod: vanTa sasjelis mizezebis gageba da misi Taviseburebis mkacria sisxlis samarTlis politika, rac gulisxmobs gaTvaliswineba SeuZlebelia arasrulwlovanis asakis arasrulwlovanis mkacri sasjeliT (Tavisuflebis da am asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqologiuri Tu aRkveTa) dasjas; arasapatimro sasjelebi ar gamoiyen- socialuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. eba; arasrulwlovanisaTvis gamosacdeli vada aris maR- imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs arasrulwlo- ali (erTidan oTxi wlis CaTvliT), ra drosac arsebobs vanTa marTlmsajulebis damoukidebeli sistema, e.w. imis albaToba, rom arasrulwlovanma danaSauli kidev iuvenaluri iusticia, xolo sisxlis samarTlis kodeq- Caidinos; probacioneri arasrulwlovani msjavrde- sis mexuTe karSi, romelic arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis- bulisadmi dawesebulia arasaTanado kontrols, rac samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas exeba, araferia naTq- iwvevs maT mier gamosacdeli vadis periodSi danaSau- vami arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis mizanze, amitom avtori lis Cadenas, ris Sedegadac Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sasjelis mizanze statiaSi msjelobs sisxlis samarTlis gamoyeneba gardauvali xdeba.” kodeqsis 39-e muxlidan gamomdinare. aleqsandre gior- “arasrulwlovanTa mimarT sasjelis gamoyenebis sasa- gaZe daskvnis saxiT wers: “arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis marTlo praqtika” -kvlevis mizans warmoadgens Taname- ZiriTad mizans maTi resocializacia, maTTvis swori drove sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadeba - ramdenad Rirebulebebis da qcevis pozitiuri variantebis gamo- aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis gamoyenebisas aras- muSaveba warmoadgens, rac maTi normaluri sazogadoe- rulwlovanis asaki, pirovneba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, brivi cxovrebisadmi dabrunebis aucilebeli pirobaa. aleqsandre giorgaZe wers, rom arasrulwlovanis mi- marT ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli Tavisuflebis aRkve- Ta, rogors sasjelis saxe, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca misi gamouyenebloba ufro meti zianis momtani SeiZle- ba gaxdes sazogadoebisTvis da TviTon damnaSavisTvis, vidre misi gamoyeneba. Zalze mniSvnelovania arasrulwlovans misTvis daniSnuli sasjelis mimarT hqondes samarTlianobis gancda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas gauCndeba gaucxoebis grZnoba, rac mis resocializa- cias Zalian gaaZnelebs, an saerTod SeuZlebels gaxdis. amasTan, avtoris azriT, arasrulwlovanTa resocial- izaciisTvis mniSvnelovania iqonion xSiri kontaqti ojaxTan da axloblebTan, maT Soris TanatolebTan, Tu isini negatiur gavlenas ar moaxdenen maTze. Ti- Toeuli arasrulwlovans unda miesajos sasjeli maTi fsiqo-fiziologiuri mdgomareobis maqsimaluri gaT- valiswinebiT. aAseve, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces arasrulwlovanis damokidebulebas sakuTari danaSaulisadmi.” statiaSi “arasrulwlovanTa sasjelisa da aRmzrde- lobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis saxeebi” – moris SalikaSvili (Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori) socialur-fsoqologiuri faqtorebi. aRniSnavs, rom kanonmdeblobiT arasrulwlovan damna- avtori maia ivaniZe (Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori) Saves, anu 14-dan 18 wlamde mozards, SeiZleba daeniSnos statiaSi asaxelebs arasrulwlovanebis mier Cadenili sasjelis an aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi konkretuli danaSaulis faqtebs da msjelobs im miz- RonisZiebebi. ss kodeqsiT, arasrulwlovani damnaSavi- ezebzec, ramac mozardi am danaSaulamde miiyvana. misi saTvis dasaniSni sasjelis saxeebia: jarima, saqmianobis daskvniT, xSirad danaSaulis mizezi rogorc vaJ, aseve uflebis CamorTmeva, sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo qal (gogonaTa) arasrulwlovanebSi danaSaulis gamom- Sroma, gamasworebeli samuSao, Tavisuflebis SezRudva, wvevi mizezebia - agresia, asakisa da sqesisadmi Seufer- vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. Tumca, avtori mwuxare- ebeli gambedaoba, danaSaulebrivi qceviT TviTdamkvi- bas gamoTqvams, rom moqmedi kanonebis arc erTi muxli drebis survili. aseve ikveTeba araswori aRzrdisa da ar emsaxureba arasrulwlovanisTvis sasjelis daniS- TviTkritikis dabali done, swrafva ioli gamdidrebi- vnis aRmzrdelobiT mizans. sken. avtori kvlevaSi miuTiTebs, rom sasjelis gamoyen- “germaniis msgavsad, kargi iqneba saqarTveloSi aras- ebisas mosamarTle faqizad unda moekidos im sakiTxebs, rulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis romlebic arsrulwlovanis pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas zeda zRvari gazrdiliyo 21 wlamde. aRniSnuli gan- masze uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens. pirobebulia rogorc am asakSi mozardis biologiur- statiaSi avtori miesalmeba bolo periodSi saxelmwi- fsiqologiuri (gardatexis periodi) mdgomareobiT, fos mxridan liberalizaciis politikis dawyebas, risi aseve saqarTveloSi wamowyebuli liberaluri sisxlis Sedegic aris arasrulwlovanis sisxlis samarTlis samarTlis politikiT.” _ wers SalikaSvili.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 47 pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis axali forme- ful for society as well as for the juvenile. Most important, the juve- bis danergva - ganridebis da mediaciis programebis nile should deem his/her punishment fair and adequate. If he does SemoReba. not realize the correctness of the justice, the juvenile will have a “arasrulwlovanTa mimarT sasjelis gamoyenebis feeling of estrangement, which will eventually have a negative SefardebiTi analizi aSS-sa da saqarTveloSi” - impact on the process of re-socialization. Furthermore, the author “rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve aSS-Si, sasjelebi pi- thinks that having close contact with the family and close people robiT SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad. esenia: sasjelebi, is essential for the juvenile re-socialization. A juvenile’s peers romlebic iwvevs msjavrdebulis Tavisuflebis Sez- Rudvas an aRkveTas da sasjelebi, romlebic ar ukav- should also be included in the contact list when these peers will Sirdeba msjavrdebulis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas an not have a negative influence on the offender. While sentencing aRkveTas. rac Seexeba danaSaulis Camdeni arasrul- juveniles, their psycho-physiological conditions must be carefully wlovanis mimarT dawesebuli iZulebis RonisZiebe- considered. In addition, due attention must be paid to the juve- bis meqanizmebis cal-calke dayofas sisxlissamarT- nile’s attitude towards the committed crime, as this factor is vital lebrivi sasjelis an aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis for choosing the right methods for juvenile re-socialization. iZulebiTi RonisZiebis saxeebad, rogorc es saqarT- Juvenile Justice and Types of Coercive Educational Measures velos ssk-is mixedviT aris dadgenili: aseT katego- by Moris Shalikashvili notes that according to the legislation, a ju- riul dayofas aSS-is arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis venile offender 14-18 years of age, can be sentenced to education- sastemaSi adgili ara aqvs. sasjelis aseTi diferenci- al coercive measures. According to Criminal Code of Georgia, types aciis gareSe warmodgena anglo-amerikul sasjelTa of juvenile punishments are sentences such as deprivation of the sistemis erTgvar xarvezad SeiZleboda CagveTvala, right to work, community service, corrective labor, restriction of rom ara aSS-is samarTlebriv sistemaSi arsebuli iu- freedom, temporary imprisonment. However, the author expresses sadness over the fact that none of the articles of Georgia’s existing laws serve any educational purpose for juvenile offenders. The absence of such a vital aspect can be considered a significant lack in the country’s legislation. “Like Germany, it would be proper to increase maximum threshold of liability up to 21 years. First of all this change must be included in the legislation, due to the juvenile’s biological-psychological state and secondly, due to newly established liberal policy in the criminal law,’’ he writes. The author provides further discussion on juvenile imprisonment and notes the following: “Analyzing statistics on juvenile imprisonment raises several criteria for the implementation of juvenile criminal justice. To be precise, the policy of criminal law is strict, which means that severe punishments (imprisonment) are imposed on juveniles; non-prison sentences are not applied; juvenile probation periods are quite long (from 1 to 4 years) which means they can commit another crime during this long period; the controlling methods of the juvenile proba- tioners are unsuitable which once again implies that juveniles can commit another crime during the probation period. Furthermore, after committing a crime during the probation period, imprisonment becomes inevitable.’’ venaluri iusticiisa da mis farglebSi moazrebuli ganridebis sxvadasxva parogramebisa Tu kargad gan- Judiciary Practice of the Application of Juvenile Penalties, writ- viTarebuli probaciis institutis arseboba,” _ wers ten by Maia Ivanidze (TSU Associate Professor) raises the research statiaSi irine xerxeuliZe (Tsu-is samarTlis doq- objective to generalize modern court practices, in other words to tori, asistent profesori). find out to what degree the juvenile’s age, personality, family situ- kvlevaSi gakeTebuli ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo ation, and social and physiological factors are considered when aqtebisa da praqtikuli magaliTebis analizis Semdeg imposing punishment measures. The author discusses specific avtori askvnis: “miuxedavad saqarTvelosa da aSS-is details of juvenile crimes and the causes of these crimes. As she samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobisa, concludes, the main reason for committing crimes by young boys rac arasrulwlovanTa dasjadobis gansazRvris sx- as well as girls is aggression, daring or risk-taking behavior that vadasxva materialur-samarTlebrivi Tu procesua- is inadequate for the juvenile’s age and gender, and a desire for luri saSualebebis gamoyenebaSi vlindeba, sabolood self-establishment. Factors also include inappropriate upbringing, arasrulwlovanis mimarT sasjelis gamoyenebisadmi rogorc aSS-Si, ise saqarTveloSi arsebuli midgoma - low self-esteem and an aspiration to get rich easily. The author be- arasrulwlovanTa dasjadoba humanizaciisa da sisx- lieves that the judge should treat characteristics that reflect nega- lis samarTlis liberalizaciisken aris mimarTuli. tively on the juvenile personality with due sensitivity. Ivanidze bolo periodSi araerTi nabiji gadaidga arasrul- welcomes the government’s initiative to start a liberalization of the wlovanTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis justice system. As a result, new methods of absolving the juvenile

2011 December Tsu science 48 liberalizaciis, marTlmsajulebis sistemis daxvewisa offender from imprisonment such as diversion and mediation have da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso standartebTan Sesabam- been established. According to Irine Kherkheulidze (TSU Doctor isobis kuTxiT.” of law, Associate Professor), in Comparative Analysis of Juvenile asistent profesoris TqmiT, swored, aSS-is samarT- justice in the Unites States and Georgia “In Georgia as well as in lebrivi gamocdilebis gaziarebiT moxda saqarTveloSi the United States, punishments can be divided into two groups. ganridebisa da mediaciis programis implementacia. aseve There are punishments that imply imprisonment or restriction amerikuli programebia “Cemi ufrosi megobari” da “arCe- of freedom and punishments that imply non-imprisonment and vani Senzea”, romelic axlaxans dainerga saqarTveloSi. non-restriction of freedom. However, unlike the Criminal Code of “sanqciebi arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTalSi ger- Georgia, where coercive measures against the juvenile delinquent maniis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT” - avtoris qeTevan are divided into criminal justice or educational coercive measures, mWedliSvili-hedrixis (samarTlis doqtori, fraiburgi there is no such categorization in the American Criminal Code. (germania) ganmartebiT, germaniaSi meoce saukunis ociani Such non-differentiation of is in the Anglo-American criminal wlebidan calke arsebobs arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis system would be considered as a fault if there were not a number samarTlis kanonebi, rac saqarTveloSi dRemde ar aris of diversion programs and well developed probation institute miRebuli. es avtors did problemad miaCnia. in the existing juvenile jurisdiction.’’ As a result of a comparative “arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis procesi germa- analysis of the legislative acts and practical cases of two countries, niaSi Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: maTi saqmee- the author concludes, ‘’Despite the difference between Georgian bis gansaxilvelad arsebobs arasrulwlovanTa sasa- and American legal systems, which is apparent in the material-legal marTloebi. arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis prokurorebi, or procedural measures for juvenile liability, the existing approach to arsebobs arasrulwlovanTa samarTlebrivi dacvis or- gano. arasrulwlovans aqvs damcvelis arCevis ufleba.” juvenile justice in both countries is aimed at making the criminal law germaniisgan gansxavebiT, saqarTveloSi arasrulwlo- humane and liberal. Recently, significant steps have been made in vanTa sasamarTloebi ar arsebobs. samarTlis doqtori terms of liberalizing juvenile liability systems, refining the legal system statiaSi wers - saqarTveloSi mxolod im mosamarTleebs, and making it compatible with the international standards.’’ prokurorebsa da gamomZieblebs aqvT arasrulwlovanTa According to Kherkheulidze, the implementation of the diversion sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze muSaobis ufleba, romlebsac and mediation program in Georgia was undertaken by sharing the gavlili aqvT Sesabamisi saseminaro kursi pedagogikasa legal experience of the United States. Also, there are other Ameri- da fsiqologiaSi. avtori samwuxarod miiCnevs imasac, can programs such as ‘My Older Friend’ and ‘The Choice is Yours’, rom germaniisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi aseve ar which have just been established in Georgia. arsebobs arasrulwlovanTa samarTlebrivi dacvis or- Sanctions in the Juvenile Criminal Law According to German gano, romelic marTlmsajulebis yvela etapze (gamoZie- Legislation - The author of this article, Ketevan Mchedlishvili- ba, prokuratura, sasamarTlo, sasjelaRsruleba, Hedrich (Doctor of law, Freiburg, Germany) states that the juvenile probacia) yuradRebas miaqcevda arasrulwlovan damna- criminal laws that existed in Germany in the 1920s do not exist in Saves. Georgia even now. The author thinks that the absence of these “germaniis kanonmdeblobisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac 14- laws in a serious problem for Georgia. ‘’There are the following dan 21 wlamde, socializaciis naklebobis mqone mozards characteristics in the juvenile criminal proceedings in Germany: ju- SeiZleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis umaRles zomad daeniS- venile court, special prosecutors dealing with juvenile cases, state nos 10 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, metad mZimea saqarT- authority for the legal protection of juveniles and the juvenile’s velos sisxlis samarTlis sanqciaTa sistema, romelic right to choose an attorney.’’ Unlike Germany, there are no juvenile 14-16 wlamde 10 wels da 16-18 wlamde arasrulwlovan- courts in Georgia. TaTvis 15 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas iTvaliswinebs. However, according to the author, only judges, prosecutors and saqarTvlos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTval- inspectors, who have taken relevant courses in pedagogy and iswinebuli sanqciaTa sistema metad mZimea da gadaxedvas psychology, are granted the right to deal with juvenile cases. The saWiroebs” - aseTia avtoris daskvna. author regrets to notice the absence of a state authority for the wignSi „arasrulwlovanTa sasjelisa da aRmzrdelo- legal protection of juveniles in Georgia, which would take care biTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis Sefardebis of the juvenile at every stage of legal proceedings (investigation, problemebi“ srulyofilad aris gamokvleuli da gaan- prosecution, the court, penitentiary, probation). alizebuli arasrulwlovanTa dasjis, Teoriuli da sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi, praqtikuli midgomebi da The author concludes, “’Unlike German legislation, where juveniles gamoyenebis problemebi. aged 14-21 can be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years of impris- saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia arasrulwlovanebT- onment, in Georgian legislation the maximum punishment for a ju- an momuSave saxelmwifo moxeleebis (policielebi, venile aged 10-16 is 10 years of imprisonment and for the juveniles gamomZieblebi, prokurorebi, mosamarTleebi, sasjelaR- aged 16 to 18 - 15 years. The sanction system established by the srulebis dawesebulebis mosamsaxureebi, fsiqologe- Criminal Code of Georgia is too strict and needs further refining’’ bi, sociologebi) da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis To summarize, the book Problems of Juvenile Liability and Ap warmomadgenlebisTvis, agreTve studentebisTvis da plication of Coercive Educational Measures offers a perfect study arasrulwlovanTa sasjeliT dainteresebuli mkiTx- and analysis of juvenile justice, theoretical and legal mechanisms, velisaTvis. practical approaches and problems with its application.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 eTnoterorizmi da misi safrTxeebi Threats of Ethnoterrorism naSromi “eTnikur-separatistuli terorizmis ganviTarebis safrTxeebi saqarTveloSi da misi profilaqtikis gzebi”, romlis avtoric aris Tsu-is asistent profesori, samarTlis doqtori giorgi goraSvili, pirveli nabijia qarTul samecniero literaturaSi terorizmis Tematikis kvlevis kuTxiT. mas rogorc praqtikuli, ise Teoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. naSromi Tsu-is axalgazrda mecnierTa mier wardgenili erT-erTi proeqtia, romelmac saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis konkursSi gaimarjva da dafinansebulia axalgazrda mecnierTaTvis prezidentis grantis farglebSi.

The work ‘Threats of the Development of Ethnic Separatist Terrorism in Georgia and Preventive Measures’ written by Giorgi Gorashvili, Assistant Professor, Doctor of Law at Tbilisi State University, is the first attempt to research terrorism, found in Georgian academic literature. This research direction has both theoretical significance and practical applications today. The thesis is one of the projects presented by young academics at TSU, which won support from the Georgian National Scientific Foundation, and subsequent research is now being financed under the auspices of the Presidential Grant for Young Academics.

2011 December Tsu science 50 naSromSi “eTnikur-separatistu- bebSi. xelyofa ar atarebs samxedro bis mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegi li terorizmis ganviTarebis sa- mizans, xolo gamoyenebuli saSu- SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos frTxeebi saqarTveloSi da misi alebebi xSirad ar Seesabameba omis Sida kanonmdeblobiT isjebodes sa- profilaqtikis gzebi” gaanalizda wesebiT gaTvaliswinebul wesebs. marTlis zogadi normiT, magaliTad: terorizmis socialuri buneba - omi da terorizmi, rogorc samarT- mkvleloba, Tavisuflebis ukanono dawyebuli adreuli terorizmis lebrivad, ise socialurad gansx- aRkveTa da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, xanidan, Tanamderove terorizmis vavebul movlenebs warmoadgenen. saerTaSoriso samarTali avalde- saxeebiT damTavrebuli. magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom bulebs saxelmwifoebs ebrZolos avtoris TqmiT, terorizmi meoce- omis aRiarebul meTodebTan er- terorizms da ganaxorcielos Sida ocdameerTe saukunis pirmSo rodia. Tad gamoiyenebodes terorizmic. saxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi es aris erT-erTi uZvelesi Zala- magaliTad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis teroristuli danaSaulebis krimi- dobrivi meTodi, saSualeba, erTi dros gamoyenebuli iyo teroris- nalizacia. amitom, avtori miiCnevs, SexedviT, keTilSobiluri miznis tuli aqtebis mTeli seria. rom sayovelTaod miRebuli cnebis misaRwevad (magaliTad, erovnuli terorizmis iuridiuli definici- arseboba aucilebelia msoflioSi damoukideblobis mosapoveblad). is Taobaze mravali midgoma arse- “erTiani minimaluri iuridiuli Tumca istoria imazec metyvelebs, bobs. giorgi goraSvili aRniSnavs, standartebis” dasadgenad. rom uZvelesi sisxliani imperiebi rom mraval doqtrinul wyaroSi rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mimarT

an TviTon mimarTavdnen terors, saubaria terorizmis ZiriTad el- arsebul teroristul safrTxeebs, rogorc saxelmwofo politikis ementebze da miznebze. magaliTad, mniSvnelovania sami ZiriTadi mi- ganxorcielebis erT-erT xerxs, aleqs Smidti 22 elementidan da marTuleba _ saxelmwifoebrivad an waaxalisebdnen teroristul 20 miznidan xuT ZiriTad faqtors xelSewyobili, eTnikur-separat- jgufebs mowinaaRmdegeTa dasa- gamoyofs. kerZod, terorizmis istuli da religiuri motivaciis Trgunad. amas mogvianebiT akeTebd- xuTi mTavari elementia: Zaladoba, mqone terorizmi. nen didi saxelmwifoebic. politikuri xasiaTi, terori anu dRes saxezea ruseTis imperiis terorizmi omis, partizanuli br- daSineba, muqara, mesame pirebze mo- mier waqezebuli da mxardaWerili Zolisa da konfliqtis sxva forme- qmedeba. rac Seexeba xuT ZiriTad afxazuri da osuri separatistuli bisgan uamravi faqtoriT gansx- mizans, esenia: - masebis daSineba da moZraobebi saqarTvelos saxelm- vavdeba. pirveli-es aris xelyofis terorizeba, xelisuflebis mxri- wifoebrivi damoukideblobisa da obieqti. saerTaSoriso humani- dan ganurCeveli represiebis pro- teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRm- taruli samarTlis mixedviT akrZa- vocereba, teroristuli Zalebis deg. cxadia, ruseTis imperia yove- lulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze gaZliereba, mobilizeba da xelisu- live amas qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, Tavdasxma; terorizmis mTavari sam- flebis Zalebis Sesusteba, sazoga- qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris eT- izne ki zustad samoqalaqo mosax- doebriv azrze zegavlena dadebiTi nokonfliqtad warmoaCenda, maSin, leobaa. teroristebi SeiZleba Tavs an uaryofiTi formiT, politikuri rodesac es konfliqti ruseTis im- daesxan agreTve Sinagan saqmeTa Tu Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da periis mier iyo inspirirebuli da aq- saxelmwifo Tavdacvis SeiaraRe- mmarTveli reJimis damxoba. tiurad warmarTuli Tavisi imperi- bul Zalebs, magram maTi Tavdasx- sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom uli miznebis misaRwevad. 2008 wlis mis strategia gamoirCeva imiT, rom terorizmis akrZalva erT qveyanaSi agvistos movlenebma ki yvelaferi xelyofa xdeba iseT Zalebze, rom- ar aris sakmarisi teroristuli TvalsaCino gaxada. magram, saqarT- lebic ar miiCneva meomar mxared, anu Tavdasxmebis Tavidan asacileblad velos saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis sa- ar arian CarTulni saomar moqmede- sxva danarCen qveynebSi. teroriste- frTxea ara marto ruseTis imperia,

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 51 romlisTvisac saqarTvelos saxelm- Giorgi Gorashvili has clearly wifoebrioba, miT ufro ruseTis im- analyzed the social nature of periis gavlenis miRma, principulad terrorism in his book--from pre- mouTmenelia. arsebobs bevri sxva se- Christian times to modern day riozuli safrTxe. implication. Terrorism is definitely mecnierTa mtkicebiT, sasazRvro re- not a recent phenomenon. It is gionSi kompaqturad dasaxlebuli one of the oldest methods used, eTnikuri umciresoba “riskis faq- to some extent, in achieving noble tors miekuTvneba.” saqarTveloSi goals (e.g. for gaining national araqarTveli mosaxleobiT kompaq- independence). However, it’s actual turad dasaxlebuli eqvsi sasaz- practice entails violence outside Rvro regionia: afxazeTi, Sida qar- of accepted norms. According Tlis Crdilo nawili (e.w. samxreT giorgi goraSvili _ samarTlis to history, ancient empires also doqtori; ivane javaxiSvilis oseTi), qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi, pank- resorted to terror as a preferred saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm- isis xeoba da yvarlis raioni. am eqv- wifo universitetis reqtoris method to carry out state policy si raionidan potenciurad yvelgan mrCeveli dacvisa da usafrTx- SeiZleba gaRvivebuliyo konfliqti. or by encouraging other groups to oebis sakiTxebSi; Tsu dacvisa da usafrTxoebis samsaxuris giorgi goraSvilis azriT, realu- carry out terror acts against their rivals. Later this approach was used ufrosi; aqvs mopovebuli ilia rad didi riskis matarebeli mxolod WavWavaZis saxelobis samec- oTxia. danarCen orSi konfliqti by the most powerful countries to niero stipendia; rusTavelis mosalodneli ar aris, Tumca yofiTi achieve their desired outcomes. fondi stipendia. da socialuri sakiTxebi iwvevs kon- According to the author, Terrorism fliqtur situacias, romelic Sesa- differs from war, the activities Zloa xSirad eTnikuri konfliqtis of partisan movements and Giorgi Gorashvili – PR.D. in Law; Adviser of the Rector of the Ivane Javakhishvili samoselSi gaxveuli mogvevlinos. other forms of conflict; the Tbilisi State University in the issues oTxidan orSi - afxazeTsa da oseTSi main difference is in terms of of defense and security; head of the Camoyalibebulia Ria konfliqti, the target. Under international TSU Defense and Security Service; xolo orSi - qvemo qarTlSi - azer- humanitarian law, it is prohibited holder of the Ilia Chavchavadze fellowship; holder of the Rustaveli baijanelebma da javaxeTSi - somxebma to attack civilian populations. Foundation fellowship. wamoWres am regionebis saqarTvelo- Attacking non-military targets, dan gasvlis da mezobel respublike- civilians, is considered to a war bTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. mexuTe da crime. Terrorists are likely to attack meeqvse regioni - yvarlis raionSi a Ministry of Interior Affairs or xunZebi da pankisSi qistebi ar arian national defense forces but their overall strategy is to attack various institutions not Ria konfliqtis riskis matarebeli. involved in conducting armed activities. The terrorists’ often target unarmed forces; their Tumca, saqarTvelosTvis Sida sepa- typical methods are not in compliance with the international rules of war. Though war ratistuli ganwyobilebebis garda and terrorism are legally and socially different phenomena, terrorism can often be used safrTxis Semcvelia radikal-isla- along with recognized methods of war. Take for instance the whole series of terroristic mistebis gaaqtiureba CrdiloeT kav- acts used during the Russia-Chechnya war. Terrorism was utilized by both sides in what kasiaSi. giorgi goraSvilis azriT, Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis sa- proved to be a bloody conflict. frTxe globaluri xasiaTisaa. xolo There are a number of legal definitions of terrorism. Professor Gorashvili points out is saqarTvelosTan SexebaSia pirvel resources that provide discussions and insight into the main elements and objectives of rigSi teritoriuli faqtoris gamo. terrorism. For example, Alex P. Schmid gives five main factors, out of a list of twenty-two kerZod: axali msoflio muslima- elements and from among twenty goals. His five elements of terrorism use violence, nuri wesrigis idea islamuri saxelm- political manipulations, intimidation by terror, and threats to achieve the five main goals wifoebis SeqmniT iranis islamuri of terrorism: to intimidate and terrorize masses; to influence a third party which will respublikidan iRebs saTaves da provoke a government into indiscriminate repression; to reinforce and mobilize terrorist aiaTola homeinis politikur Sexed- forces; to weaken the state’s capacity to influence society in either negative or positive ulebebzea damyarebuli... CrdiloeT way; and to finally capture political power and overthrow the ruling regime. kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi It is widely recognized that forbidding terrorism in one specific country will not be nawili muslimanuri aRmsareblo- enough to prevent terrorist attacks in other countries. According to national legislation, bisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saer- the state bans terrorist activities by including them under general normative headings TaSoriso radikaluri islamisturi like murder, illegal restriction of freedom, etc. However, international law requires organizaciebis interesebis sf- states to fight terrorism and criminalize terrorism in their national legislation. As a eroSi... aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis consequence, the author believes that it is essential to have a universally accepted federaciis samxreT regionebSi ar- concept of terrorism in order to define ‘unified minimal legal standards’. sebuli islamoterorizmis safrTxe In discussing terrorist threats against Georgia there are three directions that can be TavisTavad exeba saqarTvelos usa- considered: those supported by state-sponsored terrorism; ethnic-separatist threats; frTxoebis interesebsac, radgan Cr- and religious terrorism. Today Russia openly supports Abkhazian and Ossetian separatist diloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelm- movements as part of a campaign against Georgia’s independence and territorial wifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg,

2011 December Tsu science 52 saqarTvelo aRmoCnda islamisturi saxelm- integrity. While Russia regards the existing tensions as ethnic conflicts between wifoebis SuagulSi. Georgians and Abkhazians and Ossetians, these conflicts were fostered and kvlevis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi Sida sepa- inspired to serve Russia’s objectives. The events of August 2008 revealed Russia’s ratistuli ganwyobilebebis da radikal- real intentions. Nevertheless, Russia--a country which cannot fully accept the islamistebis gaaqtiurebis mTavari xelis sovereignty of Georgia--is not the only threat to Georgia. Semwyobi ruseTia, romlis mizanic qveynis Academics claim that a different ethnic population residing at the borders of a saxelmwifoebriobis dasustebaa. Tumca, country is a ‘risk factor’. There are six border regions inhabited by non-Georgian avtoris azriT aSkaraa, rom es gza arc populations in or surrounding Georgia: Abkhazia, the northern part of Shida ruseTisTvis iqneba sasikeTo, radgan, es - Kartli (South Ossetia), Kvemo Kartli, Javakheti, Pankisi Gorge and the Kvareli afxazeTis da oseTis aRiarebiT ruseTma Se- qmna precedenti, romliTac Tavis terito- region. Potentially, conflicts could emerge in all six regions but only four pose riaze separatistulad ganwyobil jgufebs an actual risk. There is little chance of conflict in two regions although social federaluri respublikidan gamoyofis da tensions and everyday issues create situations which in the end might develop damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis into an ethnic conflict. imedi misca. sabolood ruseTis etapobriv Abkhazia and Ossetia are in open conflict. The two other regions – Kvemo Kartli daSlas gamoiwvevs. meore - saqarTvelos (predominantly Azerbaijanis) and Javakheti (predominantly Armenian) have dasustebiT ruseTi saerTaSoriso ter- raised the possibility of seceding from Georgia and joining their fellow ethnics orizmTan brZolaSi kargavs mniSvnelovan in neighboring regions of Azerbaijan and Armenia. The fifth and sixth regions, mokavSires, da mesame - saqarTvelos saxelm- inhabited by the Khundzi in the Kvareli region and the Kist in Pankisi Gorge wifoebrivi dasusteba niSnavs terorizmis (ethnic Chechens) are not at risk of open conflict. In addition to these internal da organizebuli danaSaulis sxvadasxva separatist issues, activities of radical Islamists in the Northern Caucasus also gamovlinebisTvis Tavisufali nacrisferi might entail a threat to Georgia. zonis Seqmnas, rac saboloo jamSi ruseTis In Giorgi Gorashvili’s opinion, modern Islamic terrorism is of global significance. federaciis usafrTxoebis xelyofis gama- Such terrorism is relevant to Georgia due the country’s location. The idea of a rtivebas Seuwyobs xels. swored amitom, New Islamic World Order had its roots in the Islamic Republic of Iran, based terorizmis safrTxeebis Tavidan acilebisa da maTi profilaqtikisTvis, naSromis avto- on Ayatollah Khomeini’s political views. In the North Caucasus, the majority ris, giorgi goraSvilis azriT, separatis- of the population are Moslem and this has recently aroused interest among tuli regionebis kontrolisTvis aucile- international radical Islamic organizations. The existence of Islamic terrorism belia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis realuri threats in the southern regions of the Russian Federation is of great concern for saqmianoba-rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ara Georgia. Indeed, the establishment of Islamic states in North Caucasus would mxolod teritoriis formalur kontrol- leave Georgia almost surrounded by Islamic states. Tan, aramed regionebis srul socializa- According to this research, the main source of the country’s internal separatist ciasa da modernizaciasTan, maT CarTvasTan tendencies and the activation of radical Islamists is from Russia, whose aim saxelmwifos erTian socialur-ekonomikur is to weaken Georgia’s sovereignty. However, it is obvious that these threats qselSi. cannot be beneficial for Russia either. First, by recognizing Abkhazia and Ossetia, usafrTxoebis antiteroristuli sistemis Russia has set an important precedent, which will become a beacon of hope for efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis ki aucile- separatist-minded groups in Russia. Second, by harming Georgia, Russia loses belia ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris a serious partner in the fight against terrorism. Third, Russia’s actions against gamoyeneba: sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba da kon- Georgia would run the risk of creating a grey zone in Georgia where various troli; saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba; Sesa- bamisi treningebis organizeba, ara mxolod manifestations of terrorism and organized crime can flourish, and which will antiteroristuli specsamsaxurebisTvis, eventually compromise the national security of the Russian federation. aramed viqtimuri kontigentisTvisac; in- As a consequence, the author believes that the course of action for Georgia must formaciis mopoveba-analizi; sazogadoe- include steps to control separatist regions. This must comprise not only formal brivi azris Seqmna; saqarTvelos sagareo monitoring of these regions, but their full involvement and integration into the da saSinao safrTxeebis drouli gamovlena; country’s social and economic life. regionebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa There are several main factors which ensure the efficient functioning of an strategiuli da operatiuli marTvis miz- anti-terrorism system: Border control points and safeguarding;International niT, koordinirebuli saqmianoba poli- collaboration; Providing relevant training not only for counter-terrorist agencies tikuri, ekonomikuri, sazogadoebrivi da but the pubic (the possible victims); Obtaining and analyzing information. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT; Creating a positive anti-terror public opinion. Timely detection of interior kriminogenuli situaciis dastabilureba, and exterior threats. Providing the regions with information for strategic and legaluri politikuri aqtivobisTvis pi- operational management. robebis Seqma; ekonomikuri struqturebis Undertaking coordinated activities to ensure political, economic, public and saqmianobisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna da a.S. avtori sul 19 faqtors asaxelebs. ecological security, thus stabilizing the criminal situation. - aseTia iurist giorgi goraSvilis xedva, Providing conditions in which legal political activity can be undertaken, thus romelsac igi wignSi “eTnikur-separatis- creating a safe environment for the normal functioning of economic structures. tuli terorizmis ganviTarebis safrTxeebi (In Georgian text, there were no bullet points. It was a huge confusing sentence.) saqarTveloSi da misi profilaqtikis gzebi” Giorgi Gorashvili gives a list of nineteen such factors necessary for preventing ayalibebs. terrorist threats in his book.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis biblioTeka The library of the Faculty of Law 54 meti unda vicodeT imaze, rac Cvens samezobloSi xdeba...

We must be updated on Neighboring regions

daaxloebiT ori welia revaz gaCeCilaZe diplomatiuri saqmianobidan akademiurs daubrunda da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi sazogadoebrivi geografiis mimarTulebiT aswavlis. profesori gaCeCilaZe am droisTvis paralelurad ramdenime wignze muSaobs. sul axlaxans ki misi wignis - “axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika” mesame gamocema gamovida.

It has been two years since Professor Revaz Gachechiladze left the diplomatic service as Georgian Ambassador to Armenia and returned to his roots in the academic world. Gachechiladze currently teaches human geography at Tbilisi State University. He is now working simultaneously on several books; the third edition of his book The Near East: Space, People, and Politics has recently been published.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 55 _ ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom sa- - How important is it to have a clear everything is interconnected in the qarTveloSi sworad esmodeT da icodnen understanding of the Near East in world in which we live in, and even ra aris axlo aRmosavleTi, icnobdnen Georgia, or to know the peoples of more so now, due to the rapid pace of axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebs? the Near East? globalization currently taking place. _ Cven, saqarTvelo, didi xnis ganmav- - We (Georgia) were regarded as part Consequently, it is necessary to be lobaSi viyaviT axlo aRmosavleTis na- of the Near East for a long time. The updated on what is occurring in our wili. amJamad rom “axlo aRmosavleTs” political region now called the ‘Near neighboring region. uwodeben, is politikuri sivrce East’ was once known as the ‘East’ to The Near East has also had an impact on evropelebisTvis cnobilia, rogorc Europeans. Centuries ago Georgian our ethnic psychology and language. “aRmosavleTi”. saukuneebis win, rodesac sovereigns used to be given titles such There are approximately seven saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebi Rebulobdnen as ‘Great Magistros of the East’ and thousand (7,000) Persian words which bizantiis imperatorebisgan titulebs, ‘Great Kurapalat of the East’ by the have become part of the Georgian es iyo, pirobiT rom vTqvaT _ “aRmosav- Byzantine emperors. Everything east language at different periods of its leTis didi magistrosi”, “aRmosavleTis of Constantinople was then deemed development; many of our current didi kuropalati”. yvelafers, rac kons- ‘East’. However, this is of course mere words originated in the Arabic and tantinopolidan aRmosavleTiT iyo, history now; Georgia has not been part Turkish languages. A significant portion “aRmosavleTi” erqva. es, ra Tqma unda, of the Near East for quite a long time, of our proper names are of Eastern Zveli ambavia. ukve didi xania saqarTvelo at least since Georgia either decided origin. The majority of the cuisine which axlo aRmosavleTis nawili aRaraa, yovel on its own accord, or was forced to join we consider truly Georgian comes from SemTxvevaSi mas Semdeg, rac me-19 saukuneSi the North. Our slow Europeanization the East. For instance, the real gem of igi Tavisi nebiT Tu uneblied CrdiloeTs daukavSirda da Cvenma nela dawyebulma has now begun to intensify, meaning Kakhetian cuisine, ‘Khashlama’, means evropeizaciam ufro intensiuri xasiaTi that Georgia no longer belongs to the ‘boiled’ in Turkish, while ‘Tolma’ (Dolma) miiRo. Cven aRar varT axlo aRmosavleTis Near East, but is unquestionably still its is a Turkish word and means ‘filled’. nawili, magram misi mezobeli ki varT. neighbor. Actually, the Near East lies to In addition, dishes like ‘Bughlama’, “axlo aRmosavleTi” realurad saqarTve- the South of Georgia, but this is already ‘Kaurma’, ‘Chikhirtma’ and ‘Bozbashi’ all los samxreTiT mdebareobs, magram es a well-established description of the have Turkish derived names. However, ukve damkvidrebuli terminia. es regioni region including Turkey, Iran, Israel and the names ‘Khachapuri’, ‘Pkhali’ and moicavs TurqeTs, irans, israels, arabul Arab countries. those of walnut dishes are entirely qveynebs. Cven rom ar vicodeT ra xdeba iq, If we are not aware of what is Georgian. ‘Khinkali’, in the way it is bevr rames ver gavigebT imis Sesaxeb, Tu happening in the Near East, we will also presented now, is North Caucasian, ra xdeba msoflioSi. axlo aRmosavleTSi not know what is happening in the rest but it is actually of Chinese origin; mimdinare movlenebi mniSvnelovan gav- of the world. It is clear that events in the Mongols must have brought this lenas axdens mTeli msoflios politi- the Near East are always of immense dish from China. When discussing kasa da ekonomikaze. importance to the larger picture of the Turkish origins of a word, I mean aviRoT Tundac navTobi, romelic axlo global politics and economics. it comes from the ‘Turkic languages’ aRmosavleTis ekonomikis wamyvani Zalaa. Let’s take for instance oil, the political which also include Anatolian Turkish, am regionis navTobis maragi msoflio force that drives events in the Near East. Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, maragis daaxloebiT 55 procents The oil supply of this region constitutes Tatar, Bashkir, Yakut (Sakha) and many Seadgens. sul cota xnis win es wili over half, approximately 55 per cent, of other languages with a common root. 65 procents Seadgen-da, magram mas the world’s total. Only a short time ago The Kipchak languages were also Turkic. Semdeg, rac venesuelaSi nav-Tobis this percentage was nearly two-thirds, The Kipchaks, who Davit the Builder didi maragi aRmoCnda, am wilma pro- 65 per cent, but after the discovery brought to Georgia in the twelfth porciulad iklo. ATumca, Cvens mezobel of huge oil supplies in Venezuela this century and who afterwards became regionSi kvlavac aris msoflio maragis percentage decreased. Nevertheless, Georgians, were originally Turkic but naxevarze meti. aq mopovebuli nedleuli it still makes up more than half the not Muslims - they were pagans. gavlenas axdens saboloo produqtis world’s oil supply, and this gives the - Why did the third edition of The _ sawvavis fasze mTels msoflioSi region bargaining power. In addition, Near East: Space, People, and da, ra Tqma unda, saqarTveloSic. axlo the crude materials obtained in the Politics become necessary and who aRmosavleTSi 1980-ian wlebSi mkveTrad Near East affect the price of the end is this book intended for? What will gaizarda navTobis mopoveba, rac saudis product – the fuel of the entire world, Georgian or foreign readers find in arabeTis konkretuli interesidan gamo- including that transited from Georgia. this book which is not available in mdinareobda. aman gamoiwvia navTobis fasis vardna msoflio bazarze. ramac In the 1980s oil production significantly other Georgian or non-Georgian Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba sabWoTa intensified, which suited Saudi books? ekonomikis kraxi, radgan is ZiriTadad Arabia’s interests but the consequent - The first edition of this book was navTobis eqsportidan miRebul overproduction caused serious oil price published in 2003, and since then I have Semosavals eyrdno-boda. saboloo jamSi, declines on the global market. The oil been working on its improvement. I amanac iqonia gavlena sabWoTa kavSiris price fall caused the collapse of the have included information which used politikur kraxze. rac ar unda ilaparakon Soviet economy, due to the fact that it to interest me when I was a student. For antiglobalistebma, msoflioSi yvela- had become almost entirely dependent example, when I was a student, I did feri urTierTgadajaWvulia da kidev on oil exports. This economic failure not know if the neighbouring Turks still ufro meti globalizacia gvelis win. ultimately contributed to the political had Mongoloid physical features or not. amitomac, Cven meti unda vicodeT imaze, collapse of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet Union the borders rac Cvens samezobloSi xdeba. Despite anti-globalists’ claims, were closed and we knew very little

2011 December Tsu science 56 Cvens eTnikur fsiqologiaze axlo aRmosavleTma is arameulad awerinebda teqsts, xolo adresati garkveuli gavlena moaxdina. qarTulSi daaxloebiT akiTxebda da aTargmninebda arameulis mcodnes Tavis 7 aTasi sityva marto sparsulidanaa sxvadasxva dros moxeleebs Soris. Semosuli, bevria nasesxebi arabulidan da Turqu- vcdilob yvelaferi es da bevri sxva ram avuxsna Cemi lidanac. Cveni sakuTari saxelebis mniSvnelovani na- wignis ZiriTad momxmarebels, romelic studentia wili aRmosavluri warmoSobisaa. Cveni kerZebis nawili, an is adamiani, visac axlo aRmosavleTi ainteresebs. romelsac Cven wminda qarTulad miviCnevT, axlo imis gamo, rom axlo aRmosavleTSi Zalze dinamiurad aRmosavleTidanaa Semosuli, “kaxuri sufris mSvenebiT”, viTardeba movlenebi, wignis mesame gamocemis gamoSvebac xaSlamiT rom daviwyoT: “xaSlama” Turqulad niSnavs damWirda. “moxarSuls”; “tolma” (dolma), Turquli sityvaa da 2010 wlis bolos daiwyo movlenebi, romelTac “Sevsebuls” niSnavs. Turqulia aseve buRlama, ya- mogvianebiT `arabuli gazafxuli~ daarqves. Tavidan urma, CixirTma da bozbaSi... Tumca, xaWapuri, fxali movlenebi areulobas hgavda, Semdeg - revolucias. da nigvziani kerZebi mTlianad qarTulia! xinkali im es procesi jer dasrulebuli araa. gaCnda ramdenime saxiT, ra saxiTac axla arsebobs, Crdilokavkasiuria, kiTxva, maT Soris aseTic: iyo Tu ara inspirirebuli magram CineTidanaa warmoSobiT da, rogorc Cans, aqeT es movlenebi garedan. vfiqrob, rom es iyo Sinagani mongolebma Semoitanes. rodesac me sityvis Turqul ganviTarebis Sedegi, magram Sinagan ganviTarebaze warmoSobaze vlaparakob, vgulisxmob “Tiurqul gareSe gavlenebic zemoqmedeben. axlo aRmosavleTSi enebs”, romlebic moicavs anatoliur Turqulsac, TandaTan inergeboda evropuli teqnikuri siaxleebi, azerbaijanulsac, yazaxurs, uzbekurs, Turqmenuls, magram ara Rirebulebebi. Rirebulebebi sxva TaTruls, baSkiruls, iakuturs da mraval sxva enas, kulturul garemoSi Znelad inergeba, SeiZleba ucxo romelTac saerTo Ziri hqondaT. yivCaRuri enebic sxeuladac iqcnen, rogorc, magaliTad, iranSi. iq aseve “Tiurquli” iyo. is yivCaRebi, romlebic daviT 1978 wels dawyebuli socialuri revolucia islamur aRmaSenebelma XII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Semoiyvana revoluciaSi gadaizarda. maSin, rodesac iranis elitis da romlebic ramdenime Taobis Semdeg gaqarTveldnen, did nawils evropuli Rirebulebebi Tavisad miaCnda, warmoSobiT Tiurqebi iyvnen, oRond ara muslimebi, islamuri revoluciis Semdeg maTze uaris Tqma mouxda. aramed warmarTebi. es garegnulad Cans imaSic, rom Teiranel qalebs xelax- - ratom gaxda “axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da la uxdebaT Txemidan terfamde dafarulT siaruli. is, politika” mesame gamoSveba aucilebeli da vin aris rac me davwere, mxolod qarTul gamocemebSia, dasavlur am wignis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli? ras gaigebs am wignebSi sxva midgomaa. vcdilob Cveni poziciidan wignidan qarTveli an ucxoeli mkiTxveli iseTs, rac midgoma ucxoeTSic gavitano, Cems gamosvlebSi avsaxo.U sxva qarTul an araqarTul gamocemebSi ar aris? axlo momavalSiM niu-iorkSi, amerikis geografTa asocia- _ wigni pirvelad 2003 wels gamovida da mas Semdeg mis ciis yovelwliur konferenciaze maqvs moxseneba am gaumjobesebas vcdilob. am wignSi Cavwere isic, rac regionis Sesaxeb. wigni, albaT, saWiroebs Targmans, Tavis droze mainteresebda, rogorc students. maga- magram es mxolod Cemi saqme araa. Cemi midgoma axlo liTad, maSin ar vicodi, hqondaT Tu ara Cven mezobel aRmosavleTis Tematikis mimarT ufro politikuri- Turqebs SemorCenili saxis mongoloiduri nakvTebi. geografiuli poziciidanaa da ara, vTqvaT, lingvistu- sabWoTa periodSi sazRvari daketili iyo da mezoblebs ri an istoriuli kuTxiT. ar vicnobdiT. aspirantobis dros ki TurqeTSi turi- mxolod ori welia, rac universitetSi movbrundi. Cemi stad gamgzavreba movaxerxe da davinaxe, rom saxis xelmZRvanelobiT am Tematikaze rogorc sabakalavro, nakvTebi Secvlilia! selCukianebi axlo aRmosavleTSi ise samagistro programiT amJamad 5-6 studenti me-11 saukuneSi dasaxldnen, ris Semdegac daiwyo muSaobs. momavalSi, albaT, maTi ricxvi gaizrdeba. im Turqebis Sereva anatolielebTan, balkanelebTan, SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTgan axlo aRmosavleTis politikuri kavkasielebTan. rodesac TurqeTis prezidenti geografiis ramdenime kargi specialisti dadgeba, demireli 1992 wels pirvelad ewvia yirgizeTs, iqaurma mecnierebisaTvis es sakmarisi iqneba. prezidentma uTxra: “viwroTvaliani waxvediT da rasakvirvelia, aRmosavluri enebis mcodneebi bevrad mrgvalTvaliani dagvibrundiTo!” garda amisa, iyo sxva meti raodenobiT gvesaWiroeba – gvWirdeba arabulis, sakiTxebic, romelic studentobisas mainteresebda. Turqulis, sparsulis, ebraulis, agreTve qurTulis, Cemi profesorebisgan bevr kiTxvaze pasuxs viRebdi. somxuris bevri specialisti. cudi ar iqneba, rom magram raRac kidev mrCeboda dasazustebeli. gvyavdes fuSTus mcodneebic da a.S. magaliTad, ra damwerlobas iyenebdnen aqamanianTa sam weliwadSi wignis aTasamde egzempliari gaiyida. iranSi. regionSi lingua franca didxans iyo arameuli da ramdenadac vici, am wigns iyeneben damxmare saxel- mis damwerlobas Zvel saqarTveloSic iyenebdnen, mZRvanelod Savi zRvis universitetSi, ilias universi- mogvianebiT, berZnulTan erTad. arameuli mTels axlo tetSi, Tavisufal universitetSi, SesaZloa sxvaganac. aRmosavleTSi iyo erTaSorisi urTierTobis ena, magram am wignSi mocemulia regionis zogadi xedva, is Zalian cotam icoda wera am enaze. icodnen, magaliTad, gamodgeba axlo aRmosavleTis ZiriTadi problemebis ebraelebma, romlebic arameulze jer kidev “babilonis da am problemaTa safuZvlebis gasacnobad. iq aris, tyveobamde” gadavidnen. ase rom, rodesac iranis magaliTad, mocemuli osmaleTisa da sparseTis aqamanian, parTel Tu sasanian Sahin-Sahs sWirdeboda geopolitikis mimoxilva me-16 saukunidan me-20 Tavisi satrapisa an pitiaxSisaTvis brZanebis gagzavna, saukunemde.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 57 about our neighbors. how European technology has been Later, during my postgraduate studies, I gradually introduced in the Near East, but managed to visit Turkey as a tourist and European values left behind. During such found that Turks’ facial features had altered. transformations the set of values might also The Seljuk Turks settled in the Near East need to be conceptualized in a different way in the eleventh century, and after that the as we saw in Iran. There the social revolution process of mixing with Anatolians, Balkans which started in 1978 turned into an Islamic and Caucasians began. When President revolution. While the majority of Iran’s elite Demirel first visited Kyrgyzstan in 1992, the believed they shared European values, they host president said to him -‘You left with had to give these up in the aftermath of narrow eyes and came back with round eyes!’ the Islamic revolution. The change became There were a number of other issues apparent even visually, as Tehranese ladies that also interested me as a student. I now once again have to cover themselves revaz gaCeCilaZe - geografiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu was provided with the answers to many from head to foot. sazogadoebrivi geografiis questions by my professors, but still some What I have included in this book can only sruli profesori. Tsu social- remained unanswered. For instance, which otherwise be found in Georgian publications, ur da politikur mecnierebaTa written language was used in Ahemenidian as our approach is different from that in fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos Tavmjdomare. 150-ze Iran? For a long time the lingua franca Western books. Consequently, I am trying meti monografiis, wignis, of the region was the Aramaic language to introduce our approach outside Georgia’s saxelmZRvanelos, krebulis and its script was also used in Georgia borders. I will be making a speech on the avtori da redaqtori. romelTa didi nawili gamoqveynebulia afterwards along with Greek. Aramaic was Near East at the annual conference of the sazRvargareT. considered the language of international Association of American Geographers saxelmwifo premiis laureati communication throughout the Near East. (AAG) in New York in the not-too-distant monografiisaTvis “The New Geor- However, only a select few people actually future. The book needs to be translated, but gia: Space, Society, Politics.” london: knew how to write in the Aramaic language. unfortunately translating and publishing UCL Press and Texas A&M University Press. vaxuSti bagrationis pre- The Israelites who adopted the Aramaic are not easy. An interested publisher could miis laureati monografiisTvis language before the ‘Babylonian captivity’ only embark on this work on the basis of axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce. knew how to write in Aramaic, but when financial calculations - publishing a book xalxi da politika. saqarT- Iran’s Ahemenidian, Parthian or Sassanid involves some risk, it needs to be sold. My velos al. javaxiSvilis saxelobis geografiuli sazogadoebis Shahs needed to send orders to their ‘satraps’ approach to the Near East is more political- prezidenti. and ‘pitiakshs’ (governors), they would geographical rather than linguistic or 2001 wlidan samefo geografi- write them in Aramaic and the addressee historical in nature. It has been two years uli sazogadoebis (londoni) would have the letter translated in order to since I returned to the university. Five or sapatio ucxoeli wevri. oqs- understand them. I am trying to introduce six Bachelors and Master students are now fordis, britanuli akademiis, londonis universitetis, maunt all the above-mentioned issues, along working on this issue (the Near East) under holiokis kolejis da sxva umaR- with other interesting topics, to my reader, my supervision. Hopefully this number lesi saswavleblebis miwveuli who might be a student and a person with will increase in the future. It will be good profesori. great interest in the Near East. As events for the science of geography if some of there are now developing rather rapidly, these students become professionals in the Revaz Gachechiladze – PR.D. in Geographical it has become necessary to publish a third political geography of the Near East. Besides, Sciences; Full Professor of Public edition of my book. The series of events we are in real need of more language Geography at TSU; chairman of the Dissertation Board at the TSU Faculty afterwards labeled the ‘Arab Spring’, took experts. We need linguists in Arabic, Turkish, of Social and Political Sciences; author place in 2010. At first these events suggested Persian, Hebrew, and also the Georgian and and editor of over 150 monographs, no more than common disorder, later they Armenian languages. In addition, it would books, textbooks, collections, most became revolution. This process is still not be brilliant to have experts in the Pashto of which were published abroad; completed. Several questions have been language, etc. It provides a general view of State Award Winner for a monograph raised by the ‘Arab Spring’, such as whether the Near East and is useful for identifying “The New Georgia: Space, Society, these events were instigated from outside the region’s main issues and the background Politics.” London: UCL Press and Texas A&M University Press; The or were domestic in origin, etc. I believe that to these issues. The book gives an overview Vakhushti Bagrationi Prize Winner the cause of the revolution was mainly each of Ottoman and Persian geopolitics from for a monograph “Middle East: Space, country’s domestic affairs. However, it was the 16th to the 20th century. Nearly 3,000 People and Politics”; President of the greatly influenced by external factors which copies of the book have been sold in three Alexander Javakhishvili Geographical are yet to be fully evaluated and will be years. As far as I am aware, this book is used Society; an honorary foreign member understood only in retrospect. as a textbook at the International Black Sea of the Royal Geographical Society It is very difficult to establish someone University, Ilias State University and the (London) since 2001; visiting professor at Oxford, British Academy, London else’s set of values in a culturally Free University, and it probably is in other University, Mount Holyoke College and different environment. Take for instance educational centres as well. other higher educational institutions.

2011 December Tsu science 58 doqtori, profesori guguli maRraZe. mediaciis kultura grantis farglebSi Catarda kvleva, romlis mizanic iyo Sefaseba imisa, arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi mediaciis institutis saWiroeba da sazogadoebrivi mzadyofna. SegaxsenebT _ mediacia konfliqtebis mogvarebis erT-erTi meTodia, romlis drosac miuk- 2011 wlis Semodgomaze parlamentSi erZoebeli mxare (mediatori) modave mxareebs urT- gansaxilvelad Sevida iniciativa ierTmisaRebi SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi exmareba. media- sasamarTloebSi mediaciis institutis ciis procesi konfidencialuria, sasamarTlosTan amoqmedebis Sesaxeb. am iniciativas win SedarebiT nakleb xarjebs moiTxovs da uzrunvelyofs orive mxaris interesebis dakmayofilebas. qarTvel mecnierTa sakmaod aqtiuri kvleva Catarda ramdenime meTodiT _ pirveli, es samecniero muSaoba uZRoda. pirveli iyo fokus-jgufis meTodi, romelzec ganaTlebis da nabijebi mediaciis institutis amoqmedebis biznesis sferoSi arsebuli davebis mediaciis gziT ganxilvis perspeqtivebi iqna ganxiluli; meore _ mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi Tsu-Si gadaidga. pirdapiri intervius meTodi _ romlis mizanic iyo jgufis wevrTa molodinis, eWvebis, saerTod damok- idebulebis Seswavla mediaciisadmi. samizne jgufis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni- SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: sasamarTlos warmomadgen- versitetSi fsiqologiis kaTedraze im periodSi, rode- lebi, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesorebi, sac saqarTveloSi konfliqtebi ukve realoba gaxda, ”axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis” wevrebi. mesame me- daiwyo muSaoba konfliqtis mogvarebis meqnizmebis Ses- Todi ki raodenobrivi kvleva gaxldaT. wavlisTvis. 1996 wels Catarda pirveli gamokvlevebi am xarisxobrivi kvleva mimarTuli iyo sasamarTlos, mimarTulebiT. 1997 wels aSS jorj meisonis (GGGGeorge Ma- ojaxis, samezoblo, biznesis da ganaTlebis sferoSi son) universitetTan erTad, SemuSavda pirveli sabakala- arsebuli konfliqtebis gamocdilebis gamosakvl- vro kursi konfliqtis analizsa da marTvaSi. A2002-2005 evad. man aCvena, rom mediaciis praqtika spontanurad wlebSi aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis grantis sa- farTovdeba saqmeebis (SemTxvevebis) sasamarTloSi fuZvelze, Seiqmna sruliad axali samagistro programa warmoebisas. sasamarTlos warmomadgenlebi iCenen konfliqtis analizsa da marTvaSi, romelic pirveli mediaciaze dayrdnobis met interess, radgan xedaven iyo post-sabWoTa sivrceSi. magistraturisP programaze amisagan sargebels rogorc sasamarTlos, ise mxare- muSaobis dros, SemuSavda 14 axali sagani. Amas Semdeg, TaTvis. A ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni- sainteresoa, rom kvlevis Tanaxmad mosamarTleebi versitetma samocze meti magistri gamouSva konfliq- ufro pozitiurad iyvnen ganwyobilni mediaciis in- tis analizisa da marTvis sferoSi. 2006 wels momzadda stitutis amoqmedebisadmi, vidre _ advokatebi axali granti denveris universitetTan TanamSromlo- da axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis warmomadgen- biT, romelic miznad isaxavda aRmosavleT evropaSi lebi. advokatebi mediaciis instituts erTgvarad pirveli sauniversiteto mediaciis klinikis Camoyal- konkurentadac aRiqvamen. proeqtis xelmZRvanelis ibebas, romelic Tsu-is bazaze amoqmedda. guguli maRraZis TqmiT, es ar aris qarTuli movlena proeqtis xelmZRvaneli gaxlavT konfliqtologiis _ aSS-Sic am institutis danergvas swored advokatT- institutis direqtori, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa Ta skepticizmi uZRoda win. mosamarTleebi da kvle-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 59 development of the The Culture of Mediation relevant legislation. To discuss the readiness in Georgia of the society for this initiative the research In fall of 2011, an initiative to establish the Institute of Mediation (182 respondents were questioned), 80% of in Court was placed on the parliamentary agenda. Before this the respondents had initiative, Georgian scientists undertook active scientific work heard of the concept of on the subject. The first steps towards the establishment of the mediation as a method institute of mediation were made at Tbilisi State University. of settling conflicts. Only 35.8% thought of the mediation services When Georgia faced the threat of real conflicts, the TSU faculty of as necessary for the psychology started studying the mechanisms of conflict resolution. In resolution of their family 1996, the first research was undertaken in this respect. In 1997, TSU, conflicts, however. maRraZe guguli – Tsu sruli pro- along with George Mason University offered the first Bachelor course in They considered the fesori, konfliqtologiis conflict analysis and management. In 2002-2005, with grants from the mediation services to be institutis direqtori; fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa U.S. Department of State, TSU set up Master’s program in conflict analysis useful for other types of doqtori; aqvs mopovebuli and management. This was the first master’s course in conflictology in conflicts such as: 5 granti, aris samecniero the entire Post-Soviet region. While working on the Master’s program, Neighbor conflicts – proeqtebis xelmZRvaneli; fsiqologTa msoflio 14 new subjects were introduced at the faculty. Since 2005, TSU has 66.1% Conflict between asociaciis da gamoyenebiTi prepared more than 60 master’s degree holders in conflictology. In business partners – 65% fsiqologiis asociaciis 2006, the University of Denver arranged grants for the establishment of Conflicts at work – 62.6% wevri; konfliqtis gadaWris saerTaSoriso asociaciis the Mediation Clinic at Tbilisi State University, which was the first in the Conflicts at school or wevri da a.S. aris 100-mde Eastern Europe. The project Manager is the Director of the Institute of university – 51.5% samecniero naSromis da Conflictology, Doctor of Psychology, Professor Guguli Magradze. Research on the existing monografiis avtori. Within the framework of the project, research has been undertaken to types of conflict in Guguli Magradze – Full Professor at learn if there was a necessity and readiness for the Institute of Mediation Georgia showed that TSU; Director of the Institute of in Georgia. To recapitulate, mediation is one of the methods of conflict during the last 5-6 years, Conflictology; PR.D. in Psychological resolutions that implies the assistance of impartial party (mediator) in the respondents were Sciences; obtained 5 grants; the head of scientific projects; member of the finding a compromise between the disputing parties. The mediation involved in the following World Association of Psychologists process is confidential, in comparison with court proceedings, requires types of conflict: and International Association of Applied Psychology, etc.; author fewer funds, and guarantees reaching an agreement acceptable for both Conflict between family of about 100 scientific works and parties. members and neighbors monographs. The research undertaken used several methods. The first was a focus- – 56% Conflict between group method, which discussed the resolution of existing conflicts in business partners education and business fields though mediation. The second method – 53.2% Conflict between the school/university administration and was direct interviewing which aimed to study the expectations, doubts personnel – 57.3% Conflict between family members – 52.8% Conflicts and general attitude of the disputing parties. The target groups were with neighbors – 73% Conflict between supervisors and subordinates the court representatives, TSU professors from the faculty of law, and – 53.2% Conflict between colleagues – 56.5% Conflict between teachers Georgian Young Lawyers’ Association. The third method was quantitative and students/parents – 60.5% research. The objective of qualitative research was to learn the cases of The research on the needs of society mainly aimed to find out how family and neighbor conflicts, conflicts in education and business fields. frequently the practice of mediators is used in family, neighbor, business, The research showed that the mediation practice is becoming quite school and university conflicts. Results showed that the majority of the common in court proceedings. The court representatives show more respondents (81.8%) named relatives as the main mediators in their interest in the mediation practice when they realize that the method of family conflicts; 10.1% - named neighbors and 4% - the police. 8% of the mediation is beneficial for both parties as well for the court. respondents declared that there was no need to involve mediators in Surprisingly, judges had more positive attitudes towards the institute of family conflicts. In neighbor conflicts, the majority of the respondents mediation than lawyers and representatives of Georgian Young Lawyers’ (85.9%) named other neighbors as the main mediators in their conflict Association. For lawyers the institute of mediation is a competitor. with the neighbor, 39.9% - the police. According to the project Manager, Guguli Maghradze, this kind of In conflicts between business partners, the main mediators turned out to tendency is common not only in Georgia, but in the United States as be the court (61.9%), the police (15.9%), criminal authorities (8.8%), non- well; the U.S. lawyers greeted the initiative of the establishment of the governmental organizations (8%), etc. Only 6.2% stated that mediators institute of mediation with skepticism. On the contrary, judges and the had nothing to do with settling the conflict. In conflicts between research targets--TSU professors-- acknowledged the benefits of the colleagues, the main mediators were other colleagues (17.4%), specialists mediation method a priori and expressed willingness to support the in conflict resolution (15.2%), non-governmental organizations (13%),

2011 December Tsu science 60 informirebuloba mediaciis Sesaxeb vis subieqti Tsu-is profesorebi Awareness about mediation ki apriori xedavdnen mediaciis sargeblianobas da gamoTqvamdnen Have you heared about mediation? mzadyofnas mxari daeWiraT Se- sabamisi kanomdeblobis SeqmnisT- vis. rac Seexeba zogadad sazogadoe- 20% briv mzadyofnas _ raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad ye s (gamokiTxulia 182 respodenti TbilisSi): respodentTa 80% procents gagonili hqonda mediaciis, no rogorc konfliqtis gadaWris sa- Sualebis Sesaxeb; amasTan, mxolod respondentTa 35.8% Tvlida, rom mediaciis samsaxuris arsebobis 80% SemTxvevaSi, misi ojaxuri konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad gamoyen- konfliqtebis gamocdileba ojaxis wevrebs; mezoblebs; biznes-partniorebs; eba iqneba saWiro. rac Seexeba kon- TanamSromlebs Soris; skolaSi/universitetSi; fliqtis sxva saxeebs, maTi azriT, The experience of conflicts between family members; neighbors; mediaciis samsaxuris gamoyenebis business partners; co-workers; at school / university. SesaZleblobisadmi ufro maRali mxardaWera gamoikveTa: samezob- 80 73 lo konfliqtebSi - 66.1%; biznes- 70 partniorebs Soris konfliqtSi 60,359,7 60 56 56,5 57,3 - 65%; samsaxurebriv konfliqtSi 52,8 53,2 53,2 - 62.6%; skolasa an universitetSi 50 47,2 46,8 46,8 44 43,5 42,7 warmoqmnil konfliqtSi - 51.5%. 40 Tavad konfliqtebis saxeobebis 30 27 ye s no kvlevam saqarTveloSi aCvena, 20 rom bolo 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi 10 gamokiTxulebi CarTuUli iyvnen Semdegi saxis konfliqtebSi: 0 ojaxis wevrebs an mezloblebs Fa Fa Ne Bu M C Sc Te m m ig si an ow ho ac ily ily hb ne ag o o h Soris konfliqti - 56%; biznes- /n o ss e rke l d er ei ur p rs rs ire s/p gh ho a /su c u bo od rtn b tio pi partniorebs Soris konfliqti u er rd n/ ls rs s ina sta tes ff - 53.2%; skolis, universitetis administraciasa da personals mediaciis gamoyenebisTvis mzadyofna ojaxis wevrebs; mezoblebs; Soris konfliqti - 57.3%; ojax- biznes-partniorebs; TanamSromlebs Soris konfliqtebSi; skolaSi/universitetSi; is wevrebs Soris konfliqti Readiness to use mediation in conflicts between family members; neighbours; - 52.8%; sxva mezoblebTan kon- business partners; co-workers; at school / university. fliqti - 73%; xelmZRvanelTa da xelqveiTTa Soris konfliq- Would it be possible to use mediaiton in following conflicts: ti - 53.2%; kolegebs Soris kon- 70 fliqti - 56.5%; maswavlebelebs 66,1 65 64,2 62,6 da moswavleebs/mSoblebs Soris 60 konfliqti - 60.5%. 51,5 50 48,5 sazogadoebis saWiroebebis kv- Ye s levis mniSvnelovani sakiTxi 40 37,4 iyo mediatorebis gamoyenebis 35,8 33,9 35 30 No gamocdileba ojaxur, mezoblur, biznes, skolasa da universitetSi 20 warmoqmnili konfliqtisas. gamokiTxulTa umetesobam (81.8%) 10 ojaxur konfliqtSi ZiriTad me- 0 diatorebad naTesavebi daasaxela; F N B A A amil eigh usin t wo t sch 10.1% daasaxela mezoblebi; 4% y bou ess rkpla ool/ rhoo partn ce unive _ policia. 8%-ma ganacxada, rom d ers rsity ojaxuri konfliqtis gadaWraSi mediatori araa CarTuli.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 61 mezoblur konfliq tebSi gamo- saboloo.E es kultura SemorCa then relatives, the local authority, the police, etc. kiTxulTa umetesobam (85.9%) oficialuri sasamarTlos Se- In conflicts at schools and universities, the ZiriTad mediatorebad sxva me- mosvlis Semdegac da xSirad main mediators were: the police (21%), non- zoblebi daasaxeles. maTma didma mosamarTleebic ki mimarTavd- governmental organizations (18.9%), relatives nawilma (39.9%) aseve policia. nen momrigebels. (15.6%), specialists in conflict resolution (11.1%), biznes-partniorebSi mediato- gamokvlevam aCvena, rom svane- teachers (8.9%), public figures (6.7%), the court rebad dasaxelebuli iyvnen: Tis TiTqmis yvela sofelSi (4.4%), and criminal authorities (4.4%). 14.4% of the sasamarTlo (61.9%), policia dResac aris samediatoro sasa- respondents stated that there were no mediators (15.9%), kriminaluri avtorite- marTlo. aq arian uxucesebi. involved in the schools and universities conflicts. ti (8.8%), arasamTavroboebi (8%) miuxedavad sasamarTlo gadaw- The research revealed that informal methods da a.S. mxolod 6.2%-ma ganacx- yvetilebisa, saqme ar CaiTvleba of solving conflicts, kind of ‘’public mediation’’ ada, rom biznes-partniorebs damTavrebulad, Tu mediatori Soris konfliqtis gadaWraSi ar moagvarebs saqmes or mxares is rather common in Georgia. The presence of mediatori araa CarTuli. Soris, is asrulebs aRmasrule- ‘’public mediation’’ prepares the ground for the TanamSromlebs Soris konfliq- blis funqciasac. establishment of the institute of mediation. tisas mediatorebad dasaxele- guguli maRraZe kidev erT Following Guguli Magradze, TSU Master’s students buli iyvnen: sxva TanamSrom- tradiciazec saubrobs: “media- were assigned to different parts of Georgia to lebi (17.4%), konfliqtis toruli samsaxuris SemoRebas study the cultural-historical basis of the institute of gadawyvetis specialistebi kidev imitom aqvs didi mniS- mediation. The historical-ethnographical resources (15.2%), arasamTavroboebi (13%), vneloba, rom es gamoricxavs da proved that ‘mediatory courts’ used to function Semdeg naTesavebi, adgilobri- Caanacvlebs qurdul garCevebs, everywhere in Georgia. Mediator judges who were vi xelisufleba, policia da rac iyo, faqtobrivad, media- in charge of these courts and dealt with contentious a.S. skolaSi, universitetSi toruli sasamarTlos tipi. issues were authoritative figures in the village. Their konfliqtisas mediatorad da- kanonieri qurdi, romelsac saxeldnen: policia (21%), aras- word was final. This custom remained after the hqonda avtoriteti, arCevda amTavroboebi (18.9%), naTesave- establishment of the official court and even judges saqmeebs mxareebs Soris, magram bi (15.6%), konfliqtis gadaWris often addressed mediators. The study showed that is ufro arbitris funqcias as- specialistebi (11.1%), maswav- ‘mediatory courts’ still exist in almost every village rulebda da ara mediatoris. Mme- leblebi (8.9%), sazogadoebaSi of Svaneti. In such ‘mediatory courts’ judges are the diatori ar ereva da ar akeTebs cnobili xalxi (6.7%), sasamarT- daskvnebs. mediatori mxolod village elders. Despite the court decision, the issue lo (4.4%), kriminaluri avto- exmareba mxareebs, mividnen gad- will not be deemed finally settled if the mediator riteti (4.4%). gamokiTxulTa awyvetilebmde. amitom am sam- does not reach an agreement between the two 14.4% ganacxada, rom univer- saxuris danergva Zalian mniS- parties. In this case, the mediator has the function sitetSi, skolaSi konfliqtSi vnelovania,” _ ambobs igi. of an executor. mediatori CarTuli ar aris. misive informaciiT, saqarT- Guguli Pkhakadze talks about the importance of Sesabamisad, kvlevis dros gam- oikveTa, rom saqarTveloSi veloSi jerjerobiT media- mediation and states that: ‘’adopting mediation konfliqtebis araformaluri ciis Sesaxeb kanoni miRebuli services is very important as it will eliminate and daregulirebis, erTgvari “saxar aris. Tumca, Tsu-Si ukve replace “criminal discussions’’ which previously were alxo mediaciis” kultura sak- meore welia arsebobs sauni- deemed a ‘mediatory court’. A “Thief by law” who maod maRalia, rac mediaciis versiteto mediaciis klinika.A had an authority would discuss the disagreement institutis amoqmedebisTvis mas ZiriTadad sami funqcia between the parties. However, the thief by law was aqvs: treningebis Catareba; me- xelsayrel niadags qmnis. more of an arbitrator than mediator. A mediator diaciis Sesaxeb informaciis proeqtis xelmZRvanelis, pro- does not get involved in the argument or draw gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi da fesor guguli maRraZis in- conclusions. The mediator simply helps the parties konkretuli davebis mogvareba. formaciiT, kvlevis farglebSi to reach an agreement, so establishing this type of aseve Tsu-is magistrebi wavid- Aam ori wlis manZilze, klinikam service is very important for our society.’’ nen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva re- 7 konkretuli dava ganixila. Guguli Magradze states that currently there is gionebSi, raTa mediaciis insti- treningebSi monawileobda 200 tutis kulturul-istoriuli adamiani: studentebi, Tsu-is no law on mediation in Georgia. However, the safuZvlebi SeeswavlaT. isto- TanamSromlebi, arasamTavrobo Mediation Clinic has been functioning at TSU riul-eTnografiuli masalebi organizaciebis da biznes wree- for two years. It has three objectives: to train, to mowmobda, rom Tavis droze bis warmomadgenlebi. disseminate information about mediation to the istoriuli mediatoruli sasa- kvlevis Sedegebi Tsu-is mec- public, and to settle specific disputes. During the marTloebi iyo mTel saqarT- nierebma waradgines 2011 wels two year period, the Mediation Clinic has discussed veloSi. maT xelmZRvanelobdnen stambolSi konfliqtis gad- seven disputes and has provided trainings to 200 momrigebeli mosamarTleebi _ aWris saerTaSoriso asociaciis people. TSU scientists presented the results of the sofelSi avtoritetuli ada- 24-e konferenciasa da politi- research at the 24th Conference of the International mianebi, romlebic agvarebdnen kuri fsiqologiis me-14 saer- Association for Conflict Management and at the sadao sakiTxebs. maTi sityva iyo TaSoriso konferenciaze. 14th conference on political psychology in Istanbul.

2011 December Tsu science 62 eTnikuri identobebi da samoqalaqo integracia saqarTveloSi

Ethnic Identities and Civil Integration in Georgia

saqarTvelo - GGGGGeorgia qarTvelebi Georgians - 3661173; afxazebi Abkhazians - 3527; osebi Ossetians - 38028; somxebi Armenians - 248929; rusebi Russians - 67671; azerbaijanelebi Azerbaijanis -284761; berZnebi Greeks - 15166; ukrainelebi Ukrainians - 7039; qistebi Kists - 7110; iezidebi Yezids - 18329; 2001 wlis aRwera, statistikis departamentis monacemebiT; 2001 Census Courtesy of Department of Statistics wyaro: Sourse: www.Diversity.ge

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 63

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba sakuTar eTnikur identobas warmomavlobiT gansazRvravs; qveynis eTnikuri mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, Zalze dabalia integrirebis maCvenebeli; amasTan, yvela eTnikur-konfesiuri jgufi saqarTvelos upirobod sakuTar samSoblod miiCnevs. _ aseTia im kvlevis Sedegebis nawili, romelic

Tsu-is asocirebulma profesorma salome zviad abaSiZe – Tsu-is socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis politikuri mec- dunduam da asistent-profesorma zviad abaSiZem nierebis mimarTulebis asistent-profesori, mecnierebaTa doqtori; samecniero inter- rusTavelis saxelobis fondis grantis farglebSi esebis ZiriTadi sferoebia: nacionalizmi da eTnikurobis kvlevebi, demokratizaciis ganaxorcieles. kvleva saxelwodebiT “eTnikuri sakiTxebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aR- mosavleT-centralur evropaSi, evropis Se- identobebi da samoqalaqo integracis sakiTxi darebiTi politika da politikuri Teoriebi. aris samecniero statiebis avtori. aqvs mop- saqarTveloSi” 2009-2010 wlebSi Catarda da misi ovebuli saswavlo da samecniero grantebi. mizani iyo warmoeCina is socialuri da politikuri Zviad Abashidze – Assistant Professor of the direction of safuZvlebi, romelTa mixedviTac warmoiSoba eTno- political sciences at the TSU Faculty of Social and Political Sciences; PH.D. in Sciences; major spheres religiuri identobebi saqarTveloSi; aseve _ ra of scientific interests: nationalism and ethnicity researches, democratization issues in former procesebi mimdinareobs SemdgomSi maTi sajaro- Soviet Union and Eastern-Central Europe, Europe’s Comparative Politics and Political Theories. He is politikur sivrceSi daaxloebis da integraciis the author of scientific articles and has obtained education and science grants. TvalsazrisiT.

Most Georgians determine their own ethnic identity on the basis of their origin-- and despite the country’s ethnic diversity, the level of integration between groups is extremely low. All ethnic and confessional groups unconditionally consider Georgia their motherland – this is a part of the results of research carried out by Salome Dundua, Associate Professor at Tbilisi State University (TSU) and Assistant Professor Zviad Abashidze, within the frameworkof salome dundua _ Tsu-is socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis politikuri mecnierebis mimarTulebis asocirebuli a grant from the Rustaveli National Science Foundation. The profesori; mecnierebaTa doqtori; politikuri mecnierebis mimarTulebaze kiTxulobs research entitled “Ethnic Identities and Civil Integration Issues leqciebs: “Sesavali politikaSi”, “politikur moZRvrebaTa istoria”, “politikuri ideolo- in Georgia” was conducted in 2009-2010. Its major goal was to giebi”, “saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba, ideolo- giebi.” aris samecniero statiebis avtori. aqvs uncover the social and political foundations of ethnic and religious mopovebuli saswavlo da samecniero grantebi. identities that have originated in Georgia, and show what specific Salome Dundua – Associate Professor of the direction processes are taking place to draw them together, in order to of political sciences at the TSU Faculty of Social and Political Sciences; PH.D. in Sciences; delivers produce greater integration into the public-political spheres. the following lectures on the direction of political sciences: A Preface to Politics; History of Political Doctrines; Political Ideologies; State, Society, Ideologies. She is the author of scientific articles and has obtained education and science grants.

2011 December Tsu science 64 proeqtis farglebSi, ganmaxor- am monacemebs mkvlevarebi org- mZlavri eTnikuri stigmatizacia cielebeli jgufis mier, 2009 wels var axsnas aZleven: pirveli is, rom moaxdina da romlis daZlevac friad Catarda raodenobrivi sociolo- qveyanaSi qarTvelebi dominireba- gauWirda yvela eTnikurad mraval- giuri kvleva. am mizniT moxda sxva- di eTnikuri jgufia da mis xelSia wevrian post-komunistur qveyanas. dasxva teritoriuli erTeulebis qveynis resursebis praqtikulad saqarTvelo ki maT Soris sakuTari mixedviT respodentTa dayofa. sam- udidesi nawili. Sesabamisad, saja- eTno-kulturuli mravalwevriano- cxe-javaxeTis, marneuli-bolnisis, ro saqmianobis procesSi sxvadasxva bis problemebis gadaulaxaobiT da mcxeTa-Tbilisis regionebSi, eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelebs gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva. aseve _ aWaris regionSi gamoikiTxa urTierToba uwevT qarTvelebTan. kvlevis avtorebi amboben, rom xSir- 600 moqalaqe. meore mxriv, qarTveli respodent- ad eTnikur umciresobaTa gaucxoe- kvlevis sakmaod saintereso Sede- ebis didi nawilis iSviaTi kontaqti baSi enobriv bariers ufro adana- gebidan gansakuTrebiT ramden- araqarTvel moqalaqeebTan Sesa- Sauleben xolme. Kkvlevis avtorTa ime aqcentis gamoyofa SeiZleba: Zlebelia imiTac iyos ganpirobebu- TqmiT, ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad, gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis umravle- li, rom gamokiTxul qarTvelebTan enis codna marTlac rom social- soba sakuTar jgufobriv identobas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar Tanacx- uri komunikaciis da daaxloebis eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze ovreben sxva kompaqturad dasaxle- udidesi instrumenti da saSuale- gansazRvravs. am mxriv erTaderT buli eTnikuri umciresobebi. xolo baa, Tumca mxolod enis codna nam- gamonakliss warmoadgenen qvemo rac Seexeba sajaro-politikur da dvilad ar kmara eTno izolacion- qarTlSi gamokiTxuli azerbai- sxva tipis saqmianobas, aq mas (eT- izmis gasaqrobad. janeli respodentebi, romelTa nikur qarTvelebs) sxva eTnikur “eTnikur umciresobebs upirvele- didi nawili upiratesobas religi- jgufebTan Sexeba sakuTari dominan- sad albaT stimuli unda mieceT, ur faqtors aniWebs. turi mdgomareobis gamo arc uwevs. raTa maTi mxridanac mZlavri iyos mkvlevarebi ganmartaven, rom am rac Seexeba sxvadasxva eTnikuri um- moTxovna samoqalaqo integraciisa SemTxvevaSi Cans, Tu rogor Sei- ciresobebis warmomadgenlebis erT- da es mxolod saxelmwifos cen- Zleba religiam gansazRvros eT- maneTTan urTierTobebis xasiaTs: tralizebuli politikis warmarT- nikuri identoba. azerbaijanul yvela respodentTan, CamoTvlil vis produqti ar unda gaxldeT. mosaxleobaSi islamuri tradiciebi urTierTobaTa tipebidan sWarbobs eTnikur qarTvelebs da araqarTve- aSkarad Zlieria. mezoblur-megobrul urTierTo- lebs Soris urTierTobebi Ziri- saintereso maCveneblebia kiTxvaze: bebi - 70% da meti.. yvelaze nakle- Tadad mainc araformalur mego- _ “ras niSnavs TqvenTvis saqarT- bi procentuli maCvenebeli modis brul-mezobluri urTierTobebis velos moqalaqeoba?” mocemul kiTx- ojaxur urTierTobebze. am SemTx- survilebiT Tu Semoifargleba. es vaze pasuxiT: “cxovrobde samSob- vevaSi mocemuli tipis urTierToba eTnikuri daaxloebis xelSemwyob loSi. mkveTrad maRalia dadebiTi yvelaze xSirad somxebs aqvT - 5,9%. faqtorad unda CaiTvalos, magram pasuxis procentuli maCveneblebi proeqtis farglebSi ganxorciele- ver iqneba maTi sajaro-politikur TiTqmis samive eTnikuri jgufis war- buli kvlevis safuZvelze misi av- doneze integraciis da saerTo momadgenlebTan - azerbaijanelebT- torebi askvnian, rom eTnikuri umci- erovnuli interesebis warmoqmnis an (83,6%), somxebTan (87,3%) da mar- resobebi, formalur doneze mainc, safuZveli,” - aRniSnulia naSromSi. Tlmadidebel qarTvelebTanac, rac saqarTvelos sakuTar samSoblod kvleva aseve gviCvenebs, rom kom- imis damadasturebelia, rom yvela miiCneven da ar arian gaucxoebulni paqturad dasaxlebuli msxvili eT- eTno-konfesiuri jgufi saqarT- zogadad qarTuli saxelmwifoe- nikuri umciresobebi upiratesad velos upirobod sakuTar samSob- briobis ideasTan. amave dros isini sakuTar eTno-kapitalis warmoebas lod miiCnevs. Zalze sustad arian aRWurvilni ewevian da gare socialuri impulse- `aqtiurad viyo CarTuli qveynis sajaro-politikur sivrceSi inte- bisgan umetesad gandgomil viTare- saxelmwifoebriv-politikur cx- graciis da samoqalaqo daaxloebis baSi imyofebian. es gansakuTrebiT ovrebaSi~ – am kiTxvaze yvelaze instrumentebiT. im umciresobebs exebaT, romelTa dabali maCvenebeli - 0,7 % aqvT mkvlevarTa azriT, zogadad, eT- eTnikuri identobis TviTgansaz- azerbaijanelebs. amis mizezad, nosebis daaxloebas qveynis urTu- RvraSi gadamwyveti faqtori reli- kvlevis avtorTa azriT, SesaZle- lesi sagareo politikuri pirobebi gias eniWeba. belia miviCnioT is, rom eTnikur da mZime social-ekonomikuri vi- mkvlevarTa azriT, proeqtis Sede- azerbaijanelTa Temi Caketili Tareba. samoqalaqo integracias gebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTq- Temia da, Sesabamisad, maTTvis xels uSlis agreTve mosaxleobis vaT, rom gaucxoeba da gaxleCiloba damaxasiaTebelia izolacionizmi. umravlesobis warmodgenebSi fesv- upirvelesad socialuri TanamSrom- gamokiTxvis mixedviT, azerbai- gadgmuli eTnonacionalisturi te- lobis da daaxloebis doneze arse- janeli da somexi erovnebis respo- ndenciebi da miTologiebi. kvlevis bobs da swored misi Sedegia samo- dentTa did umravlesobas (64,4 % Tanaxmad, eTnonacionalisturi te- qalaqo-politikuri integraciis da 86,4%) yoveldRiuri Sexeba aqvs ndenciebi Zlieria ara mxolod eT- nakleboba. Aamitom, eTnikur umcir- sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebTan nikur qarTvelebSi, aramed eTnikur eobaTa integraciis procesi up- (savaraudod qarTvelebTan); rac Se- umciresobebSic (umciresobebSi irvelesad socialuri integraciis exebaT qarTvelebs, maT yvelaze nak- SeiZleba kidev ufro meti doziT). xelSewyobiT unda warimarTos da lebad, mxolod 37,2%-s aqvs xSiri an arsebuli viTarebis erT-erT miz- maszed unda aigos SemdgomSi maTi yoveldRiuri Sexeba sxva erovnebis ezad ki maT sabWoTa memkvidreoba sajaro-politikur sivrceSi inte- warmomadgenlebTan. miaCniaT, romelmac sociumis metad graciis strategia.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 65 In 2009 the project implementation team centage (0.7%) and the researchers explain conclude that ethnic minorities, at least at a conducted quantitative sociological research, this by the fact that the ethnic Azerbaijani formal level, consider Georgia their mother- dividing respondents into territorial units. Six community is a relatively closed community land and are not alienated from the idea of hundred citizens were interviewed in the re- and isolationism is characteristic. Georgian statehood. However, at a practical gions of Samtskhe-Javakheti, Marneuli-Bolnisi According to the survey, the majority of level they are weakly equipped with the in- and Mtskheta-Tbilisi, as well as in Adjara. respondents of Azerbaijani and Armenian struments of integration into public-political The research results were very interesting, ethnic groups (64.4% and 86.4%, respectively) space and civil proximity. and we focus here on some details. have everyday relations with other ethnic The researchers conclude that generally the The majority of respondents determine their groups (apparently with Georgians), however difficult foreign political situation and grave group identity on the basis of their ethnic as far as the Georgians are concerned, only social-economic conditions significantly ham- origin, with the exception of the Azerbaijani 37.2% of them have frequent or everyday per ethno-cultural integration. Furthermore, respondents interviewed in Kvemo Kartli, who relations with other ethnic groups. ethno-nationalist tendencies and mytholo- put a greater accent on the religious factor. The researchers give a double explanation to gies also impede civil integration. According The researchers explain that this also dem- these data: first, the Georgian group is a dom- to the study, ethno-nationalist tendencies are onstrates how religion can determine ethnic inant ethnicity and holds the greatest part of strong not only among ethnic Georgians, but identity. At the same time, according to them, the resources available in the country. This is also among minorities, likely caused by the one should take into consideration a tradition- why, in the process of public activities other Soviet legacy which produced powerful stig- al Islamic doctrine which does not separate ethnic groups have to deal with the Georgian matizations of social groups so that ethnically the secular and ecclesiastic spheres and ethnic group . On the other hand, the rare diverse post-communist countries now find tries to establish a social or political group/ contacts between the majority of Georgian the impacts quite difficult to overcome. Geor- community on the basis of faith. It appeared respondents and non-Georgian ethnic groups gia especially has many unsettled problems that Islamic traditions are strong among the can be explained by the fact that other ethnic of ethno-cultural minorities. interviewed Azerbaijani population. minorities do not interact regularly with the The authors of the research claim that most There are also interesting results in respect to Georgians interviewed. As for public-political frequently the language barrier is blamed for and other types of activities, ethnic Georgians the question: “What does Georgian citizen- the alienation of ethnic minorities. They found rarely deal with other ethnic groups, because ship mean to you?” The percentage of positive that a good command of a common language of their dominating position. answers to “Living in a motherland” is very high is an important tool and a good means for so- Concerning the nature of interrelations for the representatives of all three ethnic groups cial communication and closeness. However between the representatives of various ethnic – Azerbaijanis (83.6%), Armenians (87.3%) and language is not enough to eradicate ethno- minorities, neighborly-friendly relations Orthodox Georgians, which confirms that all isolationism. The world has witnessed many prevail over other types of relations – more ethno-confessional groups unconditionally examples where a common language failed than 70%. Family relations have the lowest consider Georgia their motherland. to eradicate tensions between ethnic groups. percentage. In this case, mostly Armenians To the question, “To be actively involved in “First and foremost, ethnic minorities should have family relationships ( 5.9%). the country’s public and political life” – the be given the motivation to ensure that their On the basis of the research the authors Azerbaijani respondents have the lowest per- demand for civil integration becomes more powerful. This should not be only the result of a centralized policy dictated by the state.

Orthodox Georgian, Mtskheta The relations between ethnic Georgians and Armenian, Samtskhe-Javakheti non-Georgian ethnic groups are mostly moti- Azerbaijan, Kvemo Kartli Muslim Georgian, Adjara vated by their wish to have informal friendly- neighborly relations. This should be considered a supportive factor for ethnic closeness, but cannot become the only basis for their public-political integration and origination of yes common national interests,” the study says. The research revealed that large groups of compactly residing ethnic minorities mostly more no than yes produce their own “ethno-capital”, or identity, and basically distance themselves from external social impulses. This mostly concerns

more yes than no minorities where religion plays a decisive role in self-determination of ethnic identity. In the researchers’ opinion, it can be concluded that alienation and splitting actually exist even No where there is social cooperation and closeness, therefore, the process of integration of ethnic minorities should, first and foremost, pass through promoting social integration,

I do not know, it is then strategies for their integration into public- hard to answer. political spheres should be built on this.

2011 December Tsu science 66 urad moqmedi faqtorebi da SemTxveviTi faqtorebi. mecnieruli "receptebi" zogadad, mecnierTa TqmiT, biznesmenma unda icodes, rom garkveuli parametris gauTvaliswinebloba di- biznesmenebisTvis dad daazianebs mis bizness. esenia: miwodeba, bazris proporciuloba, bazris ryevadoba, ganviTarebis ten- denciebi, kanonzomierebani, mdgradoba da cikluroba, SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi saqmiani aqtivoba, komerciuli riski, bazarze arsebu- adamianis mudmivad mzard moTxovnilebaTa li monopoliisa da konkurenciis xarisxis done, zogadad biznesgaremo da sxva. dasakmayofileblad saWiro raodenobisa da Tumca imisTvis, rom yvela am faqtoris gaanalizeba xarisxis produqciis (saqonlis da momsaxurebis) moxerxdes, aucilebelia srulyofili, swori da saime- warmoebis aucilebloba kacobriobis ganviTarebis do statistikuri monacemebi. kvlevis Tanaavtoris simon gelaSvilis TqmiT, moTxovnis arsebobis miuxe- sxvadasxva etapze mudmivad warmoSobda davad, dRes biznesis yvela sferoSi statistikuri in- mecnierTa da praqtikos biznesmenTa Tavsatexs. formaciis deficitia. es problemebi kidev ufro met simZimes iZens miuxedavad problemebisa, saqarTvelos statistikis sabazro stiqiis pirobebSi, sadac movlenebisa da erovnuli samsaxuris mier tardeba biznesis sferoSi garkveuli kvlevebi da analizi. kvlevam, romelic procesebis ganviTareba mniSvnelovanwilad aris statistikis samsaxuris informacias da biznesmenTa ganusazRvrelobasTan dakavSirebuli. gamokiTxvas daeyrdno, aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi mimz- idveli biznesgaremoa. kvlevis masalebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi moqmed sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis niu-iorkeli profesori, nobelis premiis pirveli 96 procenti ekonomikis arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi saqmi- amerikeli laureati, j. kenedis mrCeveli ekonomikur anobs. amasTan, sawarmoTa brunvis maCveneblis 93 pro- sakiTxebSi p. e. samuelsoni mianiSnebs, rom: “bazris Ses- cents arasaxelmwifo seqtoris sawarmoebi ayalibeben. axeb gamokvlevebi emyareba imis winaswarmetyvelebas, amave statistikiT, saqarTvelos samewarmeo sferoSi rom danaxarjebi da moTxovna Tavidanve cnobilia da gamomuSavebuli produqciis moculoba wlebis ganmav- TiToeul sawarmos SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos sxva sawar- lobaSi izrdeba. magaliTad, 2005 wels gamomuSavebuli moebis, e.i. konkurentebis qmedebani, magram ganusaz- produqciis moculoba Tu 5838,3 milioni lari iyo, Rvreloba da riski – biznesis samyaros ganuyofeli 2006 wels gaizarda - 7412, 6-mde, 2007 wels - 9645,4-mde, nawilia.” xolo 2008 wels - 10248,4 milionamde. Tanxobrivad, ki problemis sirTules isic iwvevs, rom gansxvavebiT biznesis yvela sferoSi mTlianad gamomuSavebuli sabunebismetyvelo movlenebisa da procesebisagan produqciis odenoba 2004 wels Tu 4,4 miliardi lari (sadac dinamikuri ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis Zal- iyo, 2010 wels es ricxvi 13, 3 miliardamde gaizarda. iT, mizezobrivi movlenebis cvalebadoba yovelTvis Sesabamisad, gaizarda dasaqmebulTa raodenoba - 2004 warmoSobs saSedego movlenebis calsaxad gansazRru- wels saqarTveloSi 323 aTasi adamiani iyo dasaqmebu- lobas), ekonomikis ganviTareba warimarTeba statisti- li, 2010 wels ki 398 aTasi. xolo dasaqmebulis saSualo kuri, stoxastiuri, albaTuri kanonzomierebis bazaze. xelfasi 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Tu 62 lari iyo, 2010 es ki imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikaSi sazogadoebisTvis wels Tanxa gaizarda 593 laramde. sasurveli Sedegi dadgeba ara yovelTvis, aramed saSua- miuxedavad warmatebebisa, qarTveli mecnierebi Tv- lod _ es mxolod dakvirvebiT didi ricxvis pirobebSi lian, rom dRes saqarTvelo gardamavali ekonomikis SeiZleba gamovlindes. esaa swored ekonomikaSi movle- kriziss ganicdis da am dros gansakuTrebiT mniS- naTa ganviTarebaSi arsebuli ganusazRvrelobis Sede- vnelovania riskebis swori analizi. ra biznesriskebi gi, romlis marTva metad rTulia. igi socialur-ekono- arsebobs saqarTveloSi da rogoria maTi koniunq- mikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. samwuxarod, turuli Sefasebebi? - am Temaze Tsu-is ekonomikuri ganusazRvrelobis ekonomika da misi marTva rogorc statistikis kaTedraze Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi mecnierulad, ise praqtikuli ganviTarebis Tvalsaz- (kvleva vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis analizs isaxavda risiT jer kidev araa saTanadod damuSavebuli. miznad) aseTia:1. moTxovnis ganviTarebis tendencia da swored aman ganapiroba Tsu-is ekonomikuri statisti- misi mdgradoba - koniunqturuli SefasebiT, es krite- kis kaTedraze profesor bikenti gabiZaSvilis xelmZR- riumi Sefasebulia aramdgradad da, amitom 10-balian vanelobiT mecnierTa erTi jgufis gaerTianeba. jgufma sistemaSi es riski 5 baliT aris Sefasebuli. 2. miwode- rusTavelis fondis sagranto dafinansebiT Seasrula bis ganviTrebis tendencia da misi mdgradoba - saSual- samecniero proeqti Temaze ,,biznesmenTa qcevis taq- odaa Sefasebuli, xolo riski 6 bals Seadgens. 3. bazris tika da strategia ekonomikuri ganusazRvrelobis pi- tevadoba anu saqonlis miRebisa da realizaciisTvis robebSi” da mis farglebSi gamosca sami mniSvnelovani saWiro pirobebis erToblioba - koniunqturuli Se- monografiuli kvleva: “ekonomikuri ganusazRvrelo- fasebiT mniSvnelovnad iTvleba da riskic mcirdeba - 3 ba da riskebi biznesmenTa saqmianobaSi”, “biznesmenTa balia. 4. saqonlis konkurentunarianoba - maRalia, ami- qcevis taqtika da strategia ekonomikurad ganusaz- tom riski 2 bals Seadgens. 5. konkurenciis done da Rvrelobis pirobebSi” da “statistikuri analizisa da intensiuroba -koniunqturuli SefasebiT saSualoa, ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodebi”. riski ki 4 balia. 6. safinanso mdgradoba da kreditu- imisaTvis, rom ekonomikuri ganusazRvrelobani da narianoba - kargia, Tumca risks mainc 4 bali aqvs miniWe- riskebi sworad Sefasdes, qarTvelma mecnierebma buli. 7. firmis momaragebis mdgradoba - warmatebulia gaaanalizes iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa sistemat- da riski 2 balamde Camodis. 8. firmis imiji - Sefasebu-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 67 Scientific ‘Recipes’ for Business People

Throughout the history of human economic development, in order to meet the growing demand in the absence of sufficient resources, scientists and

business people have puzzled over how to obtain bikenti gabiZaSvili - Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori. – Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis statis- quality goods and services. These difficulties become tikis kaTedris gamge; mecnierebaTa doqtori; aso- more problematic during market disasters when the cirebuli profesori. aris 19 monografiis, 19 damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtori da Tanaavtori; development of events and procedures are vague. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 31 samecniero statia. miRe- buli aqvs aqtiuri monawileoba 50-ze met regionul, erovnul da saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis muSaobaSi. dajildoebulia Rirsebis ordeniT da iv. According to P A Samuelson--American economist and first Noble javaxiSvilis medliT. Prize winner in Economics, and Economic Advisor to John F. Kennedy- -research on markets relies on the prediction of costs and demands Bikenti Gabidzashvili – Full Professor at TSU; Head of the Statistics Department at the TSU Faculty of Economics and Business; and each enterprise should consider the activities of other enterprises, PR.D. in economics; Associate Professor; author and co-author i.e. its competitors, in advance. However, uncertainty and risk are and of 19 monographs and 19 additional textbooks; published 31 scientific articles. He has actively participated in the work inseparable parts of the business world. of over 50 regional, national and international scientific Unlike events explained in the natural sciences (where the dynamics conferences; awarded with the Order of Merit and Ivane of causal events enable us to predict resulting events), economic Javakhishvili Prize. development advances on the bases of statistical, probability and random regularities, which make the case even more complicated. This means that society will rarely get the desired economic outcome and this rare positive outcome can only be detected when big numbers can be analyzed. Thus there is a continual uncertainty in economic events, which is very hard to control. Unfortunately, the economics of uncertainty and its management have not been properly studied in terms of their scientific and practical development. Due to this insufficient investigation of the economics of uncertainty, a group of academics gathered at Tbilisi State University, under the supervision of Professor Bikenti Gabidzashvili, to conduct further research on the issue. With financial support from the simon gelaSvili _ iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili- Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, the group conducted a sis saxelmwifo universiteti, sruli profesori; ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori; ekonomikuri da project on ‘’Business Tactics and Strategies in Conditions of Economic socialuri statistikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli; Uncertainty’’ and published three monographs, including Economic saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevri; CIESR- is direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare; 6 monografiis, Uncertainty and Risks;, Business Tactics and Strategies in Conditions 4 saxelmZRvanelos, 63 naSromis avtori, romlebic of Economic Uncertainty; and Statistical Analysis and Methods for gamocemulia saqarTveloSi da sazRvargareT Sem- Economic Decision Making. deg Temebze: ekonomikuri da socialuri statistika; saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi; In order to evaluate business risks and economic uncertainties makroekonomika da sabanko sistemebi; modelireba da the Georgian academics analyzed systematically occuring factors prognozireba, droiTi sivrcis analizi; mopovebuli aqvs 5 saerTaSoriso granti; aris saerTaSoriso and random factors. According to these academics, in general a statistikis institutis (holandia); branderburg- businessperson should know that neglecting certain parameters saqarTvelos sazogadoebis (gfr) wevri; saerTa- Soriso samecniero Jurnalis "ukrainis statistika” might cause significant damage to his/her business. These parameters redkolegiis wevri. include supply, proportionality of the market, market fluctuation, Simon Gelashvili - Tbilisi State University, Full Professor, head tendencies of development, regularities, sustainability and sequence, of Department of Economic and Social Statistics; Ph.D. business activity, commercial risk, the degree of monopoly and in Economics; member of the Board of National Bank competitiveness in the market and the general business environment. of Georgia; chairman of the Board of directors of CIESR; author of 6 monographs, 4 textbooks and 63 articles However, analysing these parameters can only be done through published in Georgian and international journals on the careful and detailed statistical analysis. According to the co-author of following issues - economic and social Statistics, foreign economic relations, macroeconomics and banking system, the research, Simon Gelashvili, despite great demand there is a serious modeling and forecasting, and time series analysis; lack of statistical information in every business field. beneficiary of five international grants; member of To address these difficulties, the National Statistics Office of Georgia International Statistical Institute; Brandenburg-Georgian Society; member of Editors Board of International Science is undertaking several studies in the business field. These studies Journal "Statistics of Ukraine", (2004).

2011 December Tsu science 68 lia “maRaliT” da am SemTxvevaSi riski minimum- show there is an attractive business environment in Georgia. According amde - 1 balamde mcirdeba. 9. distributorebis to their research, 96 per cent of the functioning enterprises in Georgia saimedoba da savaWro servisi - Sefaseba sakmari- operate in the non-governmental sector and 93 percent of enterprise si, riski ki 3 balia. 10. politikuri situaciis turnover is accounted for by the non-government sector. The study shows mdgradoba da mewarmeobis daculobis xarisxi that production output is gradually increasing. For instance, production - eqspertebis azriT, igi koniuqtoruli Sefase- output in 2005 was 5,838.3 million GEL, but rose to 7,412,6 million GEL in biT cudia, amitom riskis TiTqmis maqsimumamde 2006, 9,645,4 million GEL in 2007 and 10,248,4 million GEL in 2008. - 8 balamde izrdeba. garda imisa, rom msoflios nebismieri qveynis bi- Production output in all fields together was worth 4.4 billion GEL in zness saerTo niSnebi da problemebi aerTianebs, 2004, and rose to 13.3 billion GEL by 2010. Consequently, there has been qveynis cxovrebis Sida Tu gare faqtorebidan a significant increase in employment. In 2004, 323,000 people were gamomdinare, isini garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba. employed but in 2010 it rose by 75,000 to 398,000. In 2004 the average Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli specifika aqvs qarTul salary in Georgia was 62 GEL a month, while in 2010 it is 593 GEL. biznessac. rogorc profesori simon gelaSvi- Notwithstanding these successes for the Georgian economy, academics li aRniSnavs, biznesisTvis mniSvnelovania sta- believe that today Georgia is undergoing a crisis typical of a transitional biluri rogorc Sida, aseve gare politika. am economy, and in times like these, correct risk analysis is of immense ukanasknelis mxriv saqarTvelo arc Tu saxar- importance. What business risks exist in Georgia and how can they be bielo mdgomareobaSia. okupirebuli terito- evaluated? – The results of research undertaken at the TSU Department of riebi mniSvnelovan uaryofiT gavlenas axdens Economic Statistics (designed to provide trade and service analysis) were biznesze, radgan es aferxebs qveyanaSi inves- ticiebis mozidvas. arada, biznesis ganviTare- evaluated on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 the measure of extremely high bisTvis mxolod Sida resursebi sakmarisi ar risk: aris. 1. Development of demand and its sustainability is deemed unstable, and saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebaSi arsebiTi is given 5 points out of 10. 2. Development of supply and its sustainability mniSvneloba aqvs socialur faqtorebsac. aq is deemed average: 6 points, 3. Market capacity, i.e. the set of conditions pirvel rigSi unda vigulisxmoT dasaqmeba da necessary for receiving and selling goods is considered significant, and umuSevroba. rodesac biznesi viTardeba, iz- carries a low risk. 4. Competitivity of goods is considered to be high: 2 rdeba dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, es iwvevs mosax- points in terms of risk, 5. Level and intensity of competition is average, leobaSi Semosavlis zrdas, amis gamo izrdeba a 4 point risk, 6. Financial sustainability and creditworthiness are good mosaxleobis cxovrebis done. mosaxleobaSi with only 4 points. 7. Sustainability of supply is good, only a 2 point risk. msyidvelobis maRali unari ki aris biznesis 8. Commercial image is high, with a minimal risk of 1 point. 9. Reliability keTebis damatebiTi stimuli. magram, rodesac mosaxleoba umuSevaria, socialuri daZabulo- of distributors and trade services is considered sufficient: 3 points 10. bis didi riski arsebobs. socialurad arastabi- Stability of the political situation and level of enterprise protection lur qveyanaSi ki biznesi ver viTardeba. biznesi are poor, receiving 8 points on the risk evaluation scale. Although mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia demografiul all countries have common business characteristics and problems faqtorzec. imisaTvis rom ganviTardes bizne- stemming from internal and external factors, these characteristics differ si, qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili unda iyos from place to place. Georgian business likewise has its own specifics. ekonomikurad aqtiuri. amasTan, qveyanaSi unda As Professor Gelashvili points out, it is essential for business to have a iyos kvalificiuri kadrebi. stable internal and external political environment for business. Georgia’s profesori bikenti gabiZaSvili qarTuli bizne- external political situation is not favorable, due to the occupation of sis ganviTarebis sxva problemebTan erTad or Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which has a negative impact on Georgia’s mTavar faqtors gamoyofs. monopolia, romelic business perspectives for foreign investment. Obviously, only internal qarTuli biznesis bevr saxeobaSi naTlad Cans da maRali sabanko saprocento ganakveTebi. mecni- resources are not enough to ensure the proper development of the eris mtkicebiT, Tu biznesSi ar arsebobs jan- country. Social factors are also very important for Georgian business, saRi konkurencia, maSin biznesi ar viTardeba, especially the employment/unemployment levels. When business xolo Tu ar iarsebebs adekvaturi procenti sa- develops, employment levels increase, which naturally improves the banko kreditze, adamiani ver SeZlebs biznesis living conditions. High purchasing power gives extra stimulus to starting dawyebas, es ki pirdapir uaryofiTad aisaxeba businesses. However, when the unemployment rate is high, there is a qveynis ekonomikaze. potential threat of social unrest which impedes the feasibility of business da bolos, qarTveli mecnierebi Tanxmdebian im- development. Business success also depends on demographic factors. In azec, rom saqarTveloSi biznesi ganicdis saWiro order for businesses to succeed, the majority of the population should be informaciis da codnis naklebobas. „amitomac economically active and qualified human resources should be available. qveyanaSi dRes ZiriTadad qaosuri biznesia. magram mova dro, rodesac biznesmenebi mixvdebian, Finally, Georgian academics agree that there is a lack of necessary rom ganaTleba da codna biznesis warmatebis information and knowledge in Georgia. “That is why today the business mTavari pirobaa, “- ambobs bikenti gabiZaSvili. climate is chaotic. However, the time will come when business people am dros biznesmenebs namdvilad daexmareba Tsu- realize that proper education and knowledge is a main prerequisite for is mecnierTa naSromi, romelic maT biznesis war- success” said Professor Bikenti Gabidzashvili. Business professionals moebisTvis saintereso „mecnierul receptebs” will thus find the ‘scientific recipes’ for doing business offered by TSU miawvdis. academics very useful.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 69 sistemuri sabanko krizisebis gamokvleva: gakveTilebi momavlisaTvis

Systemic Banking Crises Research: Lessons Learned for Future

irakli kovzanaZe - Tsu-is ekonomikisa Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikur literaturaSi safuZvlianad da biznesis fakultetis finanse- damkvidrda mosazreba, rom globaluri ekonomikis bis da sabanko saqmis kaTedris gamge, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa stabilurobisTvis yvelaze seriozuli riskebi warmoiqneba doqtori, sruli profesori. 50- misi finansuri segmentebidan. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ze meti Sroma aqvs ekonomikaSi, imsaxurebs sabanko sistema, romelic uaRresad mgrZnobiarea maTi didi nawili sazRvargareTaa gamoqveynebuli. 2004–2008 ww. iyo cvlilebebis mimarT. globaluri arastabiluroba nebismier saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri, SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas moaxdens calkeuli safinanso–sabiujeto komitetis Tavmjdomare. 2007–2009 ww. gaxl- qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis daT evrobankis (EBRD) da evropis manZilze aprobirebulma ekonomikuri zrdis modelma, romelic ekonomikuri ganviTarebis orga- dakreditebis mudmiv gafarToebas emyareboda, msoflio nizaciis (OECD) erToblivi komisiis Tavmjdomare sabanko korporaci- ekonomika globalur krizisamde miiyvana da didi kiTxvis qveS uli marTvis sakiTxebSi evraziis daayena am modelis Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba. qveynebSi. aqvs sabanko sistemaSi swored am globalur konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli prof. 20-wliani muSaobis gamocdileba, rogorc mmarTvel direqtors irakli kovzanaZis monografia ~Systemic and Borderline Banking saqarTveloSi da ramdenime wamy- Crises-Lessons learned for Future Prevention” (sistemuri da mosazRvre vani sabanko da safinanso institu- sabanko krizisebi-gakveTilebi momavali prevenciisTvis). mono- tis sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrs postsabWoTa qveynebSi. grafia 2011 wels aSS-Si gamoica inglisur enaze, gamomcemloba Universe, Inc (New York, Bloomington)-is mier.

Irakli Kovzanadze – Chairman of the Finance and Banking Department of the Faculty A well-founded belief established in modern economic literature of Economics and Business at the Tbilisi State University (TSU); PR.D> states that most serious risks to global economic stability emerge in Economics; Full Professor; over 50 works in economics with most of them from the financial sector. Consequently, so the theory goes, special published abroad; 2004-2008 – member attention should be paid to the banking system, which is extremely of the Parliament of Georgia; Chairman of Finance and Budget Committee of vulnerable to change. the Parliament of Georgia; 2007-2009 - Chairman of Task Force of EBRD/OECD Global instability will have a significant impact on the economic on Corporative Governance of Banks in situations of individual countries. The economic growth model Eurasia. Irakli Kovzanadze has more than twenty years of professional experience developed in recent decades was based on the continued in the banking system as an Executive Director in Georgia and member of the expansion of access to credit, but this has led the economy into Supervisory Board of several leading global crisis and questioned the expediency of continuing to use banking and financial institutions in post-Soviet countries. this model. The monograph by Prof. Irakli Kovzanadze Systemic and Borderline Banking Crises - Lessons Learned for Future Prevention should be discussed within this global context. The monograph was published by Universe, Inc (New York, Bloomington) in English in 2011.

2011 December Tsu science 70

„vfiqrob, rom es aris samagido wigni yvela gadaw- sakiTxebTan erTad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas kv- yvetilebis mimRebisaTvis sabanko seqtorSi – fu- levis avtori or instituciur faqtorze amaxvi- lad-sakredito politikis SemmuSaveblebisTvis, lebs, esenia: depozitebis dazRvevis ganviTarebuli kanonebis SemqmnelebisTvis. esaa erTgvari saxelmZ- da efeqtiani sistemis aucilebloba (romlis de- Rvanelo bankebis pirveli pirebisaTvis, regula- taluri ganxilvac mocemulia naSromis me–5 TavSi) torebisTvis, parlamentarebisTvis, saintereso da efeqtiani sasamarTlo da sagadasaxado sisteme- iqneba profesor-maswavlebelTa da studentebisaT- bis roli gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saWiroa kredi- vis,“ – ambobs Tsu-is profesori irakli kovzanaZe. torebisa da investorebis uflebebis dacva. inglisurenovan gamocemas win uZRoda rusuli ver- kvlevis Tanaxmad, kovzanaZe miiCnevs, rom krizisis sia, romelic 2003 wels TbilisSi gamoica. avtoris daZlevisa da myari da dinamiuri sabanko seqtoris TqmiT, monografia mTlianad emsaxureba imas, rom Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari meqanizmi sabanko sistemis ama Tu im qveyanaSi ar ganviTardes sabanko krizisi restruqturizaciaa. sabanko sistemis restruq- da daisaxos prevenciis gzebi mis aRsakveTad. turizaciaSi ki avtori mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs monografia 6 Tavisgan Sedgeba. naSromSi daxasiaTe- saxelmwifos. amis dasadastureblad prof. kov- bulia sistemuri sabanko krizisis tipebi da maTi zanaZes cifrobrivi da faqtobrivi masala mohyavs gamovlenis formebi. avtori askvnis, rom krizisis msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani aris sabanko aqtivebis restruqturizaciis praqtikidan. wignSi aRwerilia uswrafesi da masStaburi gaufasureba makroekono- yvela qveyana, sadac msgavsi movlenebi iyo, dawye- mikuri, instituciuri da regulatoruli xasiaTis buli amerikis kontinentidan (maT Soris laTinuri mqone araxelsayreli faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sed- amerika, argentina) dasrulebuli postsabWoTa egad. kovzanaZis Tanaxmad, sistemuri sabanko kriz- sivrciT. isi dakavSirebulia sistemuri sabanko riskebis re- irakli kovzanaZe, kvlevis sxva Sedegebis paralelu- alizaciasTan. avtori gvTavazobs sistemur sabanko rad askvnis, rom aucilebelia komerciul bankebSi krizisebis klasifikacias da ganixilavs sistemur riskebis marTvis efeqtiani sistemis Seqmna, rogorc sabanko kriziss, rogorc sistemuri sabanko riske- sabanko krizisis Tavidan acilebis erT–erTi se- bis integrirebuli zemoqmedebis rezultats. irak- riozuli piroba. kovzanaZe Catarebuli analizis li kovzanaZe wers: „sistemuri sabanko krizisi aris safuZvelze ayalibebs Sida kontrolisa da risk– mravali makroekonomikuri, struqturuli da in- menejmentis efeqtianobis amaRlebis, sabanko riske- stituciuri faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegi.“ sxva bis marTvis sistemis Seqmnis konkretul winadade-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 71 bebs da rekomendaciebs, maT Soris - “aucilebelia, “I think that this is a handbook for all decision makers in the rom yovelma bankma ganaviTaros sabanko riskebis banking sector – monetary policy makers, law makers, etc. kompleqsuri marTvis sistema...am procesSi gansa- This is a kind of guidebook for top bank officials, regulators, parliamentarians; it will also be interesting for professors, kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba Seu- lecturers and students,” Irakli Kovzanadze wrote. He said that the Zlia centralur banks. aseTi efeqtiani sisteme- key goal of the monograph is to help countries avoid banking bis arseboba makro da mikro doneebze seriozuli crises and find ways to prevent them. The English-language wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba sistemuri sabazro edition was preceded by the Russian version, published in Tbilisi krizisebis Tavidan asacileblad,“ - ambobs irakli in 2003. kovzanaZe. The monograph consists of six chapters and describes the kvlevis Catarebis dros profesori kovzanaZe ak- types of systemic banking crises and the different forms they virdeboda uaxloes globalur-ekonomikur kriz- take. The author concludes that the key sign of a crisis is a rapid and massive devaluation of bank assets, which stems iss da mis zemoqmedebas saqarTvelos ekonomikaze. from unfavorable macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory aanalizebs ra saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi arse- conditions. Kovzanadze offers a categorization of systemic bul problemebs, irakli kovzanaZe askvnis: banking crises and claims they are the result of the aggregated „saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi seriozulma prob- influence of systemic banking risks. Irakli Kovzanadze writes: lemebma Tavi iCina jer kidev globaluri finansuri “A systemic banking crisis is the result of the influence of krizisis dawyebamde da ruseT–saqarTvelos omamde. multiple macroeconomic, structural and institutional factors.” krizisma da omma ki xeli Seuwyo am problemis kidev Along with other issues, the author focuses on two institutional factors: the necessity of a developed and effective system of ufro gaRrmavebas“. deposit insurance and the role of an effective judiciary and tax kiTxvaze, Tu ram gamoiwvia bolo msoflio safin- system, especially when it is necessary to protect creditors’ and anso krizisi, kovzanaZis pasuxi aseTia - araadeqva- investors’ rights. turma safinanso (sabanko) zedamxedvelobam da nak- His research convinced Kovzanadze that restructuring the lebefeqtianma korporaciulma marTvam. banking system is one of the key mechanisms for overcoming irakli kovzanaZis meore naSromi, aseve aSS-Si gamo- the present crisis and establishing a new, solid and dynamic cemuli monografia, saxelwodebiT, „ekonomikebisa banking sector. The author ascribes a significant role to the State da sabanko sistemebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebe- in the restructuring of the banking system. To support this, Prof. Kovzanadze quotes figures and facts gleaned from restructuring bi da perspeqtivebi transformaciul qveynebSi“, practices carried out in various countries. The book examines mTlianad agebulia transformaciuli qveynebis all states which have experienced such developments, from the socialur–ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesis American continent (including Latin America, i.e. Argentina) to kompleqsur analizze da eyrdnoba mniSvnelovan the post-Soviet countries. statistikur monacemebs. In parallel with other findings Kovzanadze concludes that it „naSromSi ganxilulia sabazro ekonomikis formire- is essential to create an efficient system of risk management baze finansuri globalizaciis gavlenis sakiTxebi, in commercial banks, as this is one of the serious measures needed to prevent banking crises. Kovzanadze makes concrete centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ev- proposals and recommendations on how to increase internal rokavSirTan integrirebis Sedegebi da problemebi“ controls and risk management efficiency and put better risk – acxadebs kvlevis avtori. monografiaze muSaoba management systems in place. “It is urgent for all banks to 3 weli mimdinareobda. am xnis manZilze irakli kov- develop systems of complex banking risk management… zanaZem aRmosavleT evropis, centraluri evro- the central bank can play an especially important role in this pisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis ekono- process. The introduction of such an efficient system at macro mikebi da sabanko sistemebi gamoikvlia. Seiswavla and micro levels will be a serious step ahead to avert systemic aseve yvela am qveynis ekonomikisa da sabanko siste- market crises. The question arises on whether there will be a market or a banking crisis, says Kovzandze. mebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, mTavari tenden- He closely observed the most recent global economic crisis and ciebi, arsebuli miRwevebi da problemebi. naSromSi its influence on Georgia’s economy during his research. While saqarTvelos SemTxveva sagangebod aris ganxiluli. analyzing the problems of the banking system of Georgia, he mocemulia xedva, Tu ra unda gakeTdes qveyanaSi, concluded: “Serious problems emerged in the banking system rom sabanko sistema iyos mdgradi da uzrunvelyo- of Georgia just before the global financial crisis and Russia- fili iqnas misi permanentuli zrda. Georgia war. The crisis and war have further deepened this rogorc monografiebis avtori acxadebs, msgavs problem.” When asked the reason for the most recent world financial crisis, Tematikaze kvlevebis CatarebiT ZiriTadad msof- he responded: “It was caused by inadequate financial (banking) lio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi ar- supervision and less than effective corporate management.” ian dainteresebuli. mniSvnelovania aseve bazelis The second monograph by Irakli Kovzanadze Economic and sazedamxedvelo komitetis daintereseba msgav- Banking System Development Trends and Prospects for Countries si kvlevebiT. rac Seexeba qarTveli profesoris in Transition, also published in the United States, is entirely monografias transformaciuli qveynebis Sesaxeb, built on a complex analysis of social-economic development of rogorc Tavad avtori acxadebs, is ZiriTadad reg- countries in transition and is based on important statistical data. “The work discusses the influence of financial globalization on ulatorebisa da zedamxedvelebisTvisaa gankuTv- the formation of a market economy, as well as the results and nili. problems of the integration of Central and Eastern European prof. irakli kovzanaZis monografiis “Sistemic and countries into the European Union,” the author says. Borderline Banking Crises-Lessons learned for Future Preven- Work on this monograph took three years. During this period tion” ( sistemuri da mosazRvre sabanko krizisebi_ Kovzanadze researched the economies and banking systems of

2011 December Tsu science 72 gakveTilebi momavali prevenciisaTvis). mniS- Eastern Europe, Central Europe and former Soviet countries. He also studied vnelobaze metyvelebs recenzia romelic, the economic and banking system development in all these countries-- the saqarTvelos sabanko asociaciis prezident- key trends, existing achievements and problems. The work specially focuses on Georgia. It offers a vision about what should be done in the country to ma zurab gvasaliam da ekonomikis mecniere- provide sustainability to the banking system and ensure its continuous baTa doqtorma prof.elguja meqvabiSvilma growth. daweres. maT naSromSi vkiTxulobT: As the author says, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund „prof. irakli kovzanaZis sarecenzio are interested in conducting research on this issue. The interest of Basel monografiis saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs funda- Committee on Banking Supervision to conduct similar research is also mentur finansur–ekonomikur gamokvlevas- very important. The Georgian Professor’s monograph about countries in Tan, romelSic kompleqsuradaa Seswavlili transition is mainly designed for regulators and supervisors. The significance of his monograph Systemic and Borderline Banking Crises sistemuri da mosazRvre sabanko krizise- - Lessons Learned for Future Prevention was reviewed by Zurab Gvasalia, bis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Teoriul– President of the Association of Banks of Georgia, and Doctor of Economic meTodologiuri aspeqtebi. gansakuTrebiT Sciences Prof. Elguja Mekvabishvili. The review reads: mniSnelovania is faqti, rom naSromi dawer- “We have a body of fundamental financial-economic research which ilia momavali krizisebis prognozirebisa provides a complex survey of the theoretical and methodological aspects of da prevenciis suliskveTebiT.... imis gaT- the emergence and development of systemic and borderline banking crises valiswinebiT, rom naSromSi garkveuli yura- in the form of this monograph by Prof. Irakli Kovzanadze. Most important is that the work is written in the spirit of predicting and preventing future dReba eTmoba saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis crises … Since the work pays particular attention to the prospects for the ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs finansuri glo- development of the Georgian banking system against the background of balizaciis fonze, sasurvelad migvaCnia financial globalization, we consider it desirable to publish this work in the aRniSnuli naSromis qarTul enaze gamocema“. Georgian language.” 73 idealuri sagadasaxado tvirTi - ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis The Ideal Tax Burden for Economic Development

iuri ananiaSvili – Tsu-is ekono- qarTveli mecnierebi arsebuli ekonomikuri modelebis mikisa da biznesis fakultetis srulyofze saubroben ekonomikis mimarTulebis sruli profesori, ekonometrikis kaT- edris xelmZRvaneli.; ekonomikis ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado tvirTi biujetis mecnierebaTa doqtori; gamo- Semosavlebze, ekonomikisa da warmoebis zrdaze? qveynebuli aqvs 70-amde samecnie rogoria optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTi? ra ro Sroma ekonomikis maTemati- kuri modelirebis, makroekono- modelebi arsebobs am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad mikis da mikroekonomikis prob- da aris Tu ara es modelebi universaluri? - es lemebze. aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis laureati Temebia ganxiluli profesor iuri ananiaSvilisa mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi da profesor lado papavas samecniero statiaSi (2004 w.). – `gadasaxadebi, warmoebis teqnologia da ekonomikuri zrda’’. statia mecnierebis Iuri Ananiashvili - PhD in Economics, Professor, mravalwliani kvlevis erT-erTi Sedegia. kvlevis Head of the Econometrics Department mizania imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor SeuZlia at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), has published about saxelmwifos fiskaluri politikis saSualebiT 70 academic works on the problems of ekonomikis stimulireba. statia avtorTa mathematical modeling in economics, macroeconomics and microeconomics. iniciativiTaa momzadebuli da gamoqveynebulia -Ananiashvili won the State Prize in the saerTaSoriso samecniero da sazogadoebriv- Field of Science and Technology (2004) and has been Full Professor of Economics politikur JurnalSi: Общество и экономика, № 4-5, at the TSU Faculty of Economics and 2011 (moskovi). Business since 2006.

Georgian Academics Discuss the Improvement of Existing Economic Models

What is the influence of tax on budgetary revenues, the growth of economics and production? What does an optimal revenue tax look like? What models exist to answer these questions and are they universal? - These are the major issues discussed in an article by Profs. Iuri Ananiashvili and Lado Papava entitled “Taxes, Production Technology and Economic Growth.” This article is a result of several years of research, which aims to define how the State can stimulate economics through its fiscal policy. It was prepared at the initiative of the authors and published in the international academic and socio- political journal Society and Economics (Общество и экономика), № 4-5, 2011, Moscow.

2011 December Tsu science 74 „Cven SevqmeniT modeli, romelic sainteresoa lobasa da biujetis Semosavlebze sagadasaxado rogorc wminda Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli Tval- tvirTis zemoqmedebis mxolod erT aspeqts asax- sazrisiT - nebismiers SeuZlia igi gamoiyenos Tav- avs, romelic ukavSirdeba warmoebis teqnologias isi interesebidan gamomdinare, dawyebuli rigiTi da masSi monawile resursebis efeqtian gamoyen- ekonomistiT, damTavrebuli Tavad xelisuflebiT“ ebas, maSin, roca sagadasaxado tvirTis cvlileba, – acxadebs iuri ananiaSvili. teqnologiis garda, zemoqmedebs, agreTve, ekono- „aseTi tipis Sedegebi ar arsebobda – ambobs lado mikuri resursebis gamoyenebis moculobaze da papava – praqtikulad Cven SevZeliT is, rom erT ganapirobebs warmoebisa da biujetis Semosavlebis CarCoSi mogveqcia ori urTierTdapirispirebuli zrdas, an Semcirebas resursebis warmoebaSi CarTu- Teoria – sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebiT moTx- lobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. es ukanaskneli gare- ovnis stimulirebis, anu keinzis Teoria da gadasax- moeba gacilebiT mniSvnelovania makroekonomikuri adis ganakveTis regulirebiT miwodebis stimulire- TvalsazrisiT. amitom, fiskaluri wertilebis bis, anu miwodebis Teoria. Cven vaCveneT, rom orive gansazRvrisa da sagadasaxado tvirTis rolis Ses- es Teoria ki ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs, rogorc wavlis procesSi mTavari yuradReba mas unda daeT- aqamde iyo aRiarebuli, aramed avsebs erTi-meores mos. da Tanaarsebobs. Cven SevZeliT maTi erToblivad iuri ananiaSvili da lado papava Tvlian, rom maT aRwera – maTematikuri modelis saSualebiT da mier SemuSavebuli modeli sakmarisi sisruliT Semdeg SeviswavleT misi Tvisebebic“. – ase afase- asaxavs laferis koncefcias, radganac igi laferis ben Tsu-is mecnierebi ramdenimewliani muSaobis da pirveli da meore gvaris fiskalur wertilebTan ganxorcielebuli kvlevis mniSvnelobas. erTad ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebis mocu- Tsu-is profesorebis kvlevaSi SemoTavazebulia lobis gansazRvris saSualebasac iZleva. am Sedegs laferis Teoriis axleburi xedva. amisTvis ki masSi mecnierebma ori momentis gaTvaliswinebiT miaR- gaanalizebulia laferis Teoria (artur laferi, wies. pirveli, balackis e. w. gardaqmnis modelisgan amerikeli ekonomisti, aSS-is prezident ronald gansxvavebiT, maT aages qcevis modeli, romelSic reiganis ekonomikuri mrCeveli, e.w „miwodebis sagadasaxado tvirTis mimarT samewarmeo seqtoris Teoriis“ erT-erTi avtori) da, ZiriTadad, rusi qcevis modelireba entropiuli funqciis modi- mkvlevaris evgeni balackis mier am Teoriis safuZ- ficirebuli variantiT aRiwereba da, meore, saga- velze agebuli modeli, romelic avtorma gamoiyena dasaxado tvirTi daukavSires gamoSvebis potenci- sagadasaxado tvirTTan dakavSirebuli problemis ur moculobas, anu gamoSvebis moculobas, romlic Sesaswavlad 4 qveynis magaliTze (aSS, inglisi, Sve- sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobas Seesabameba. model- deTi, ruseTi). Si Cadebuli pirobis Tanaxmad, gamoSvebis potenci- laferis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiis Tanax- uri donis miRwevis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvre- mad biujetis Semosavlebi da ekonomikis mTliani lia optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis arseboba. gamoSvebis moculoba damokidebulia saSualo aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli mkvlevarebis mier Se- sagadasaxado ganakveTis (sagadasaxado tvirTis) muSavebuli modelis upiratesobas TviT evgeni sidideze. garkveul donemde am ukanasknelis zrda balackic daeTanxma da Tavis gamoxmaurebaSi wers: dadebiTad, raRac donis Semdeg ki uaryofiTad „geTanxmebiT, Cemi wertilebi zegavlenas axdenen aisaxeba orive maTganze. amave dros, arsebobs saga- resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze, Tqveni ki – dasaxado ganakveTis, rogorc wesi, ori erTmaneTis- maTi gamoyenebis masStabze, Zalian swori mignebaa gan gasxvavebuli iseTi mniSvneloba, rom erTi maT- – yvelaferi Zalian martivi da, amasTan, mniSvnelo- gani uzrunvelyofs maqsimaluri sawarmoo efeqtis, vania“. meore ki – biujetis maqsimaluri sagadasaxado Se- SemuSavebuli modelis safuZvelze mecnierebma gaan- mosavlebis miRwevas. sagadasaxado ganakveTis am alizes 1970-2008 wlebSi aSS-is ekonomikaSi moqmedi mniSvnelobebs balackim laferis pirveli da meore dabegvris sistemis efeqtianoba. analizs safuZv- gvaris fiskaluri wertilebi uwoda, maTi gansaz- lad daudes aSS-is ekonomikuri analizis biuros RvrisTvis aago da gamoiyena sawarmoo funqciis oficialuri monacemebi mTliani Sida produqtis, ganzogadebiT miRebuli modeli. saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis, samuSao Zalis, Tsu-is mecnierebma Tavis gamokvlevaSi aCvenes, rom dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevarTa raodenobis modelis es modeli viwro WrilSi warmoaCens gadasaxadebis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegebis Tanaxmad, saanali- rols ekonomikaSi, bolomde ar jdeba im CarCoebSi, zo periodSi, aSS-is ekonomika araoptimaluri sa- rasac laferis Teoria gulisxmobs da, Sesabamisad, gadasaxado tvirTis pirobebSi funqcionirebda. am mis safuZvelze gansazRvrul pirveli da meore mizeziT yovelwliurad mTliani Sida produqtis gvaris fiskalur wertilebs mxolod pirobiTad danakargi saSualod 0,7%-s Seadgenda. mecnierebi SeiZleba ewodos laferis wertilebi. amis miz- aRniSnaven, rom msgavsi analizis Catareba aseTive ezad isini Tvlian, rom modeli gamoSvebis mocu- warmatebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvisac SeiZle-

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 75 “We have created a model that is interesting both from the theoretical purposes to tax rates, one if which is to achieve the maximum and practical points of view – anyone, from an ordinary economist industrial effect, while the other is to acquire the maximum tax to the authorities, can use it in line with their own interests,” Iuri revenues. Balatsky described these meanings of tax rates as the ‘first Ananiashvili says. “No such results have been found previously,” Lado and second type Laffer fiscal points’, built and used a model created Papava says. “Actually, we have managed to put two controversial through the generalization of industrial function for their definition. theories into one framework – the theory of stimulation of demand The TSU academics illustrated in their research that this model through changing tax rates, i.e. a Keynesian theory, and the theory demonstrates the role of taxes in economics in a framework that is too of stimulation of supply through regulation of tax rates, which is a narrow and not lying within the limits envisaged by the Laffer theory. supply-side theory. We have demonstrated that the two theories do Respectively the first and second type Laffer fiscal points defined on not exclude each other as was believed previously, but complement the basis of this can be called Laffer points only conditionally. They each other and coexist. We managed to describe them jointly, through explain that the model reflects only one aspect of the influence of a mathematical model, and then studied their characteristics”. taxation, and output volume and budgetary revenues, connected with This research offers a new vision of the Laffer theory (Arthur Laffer, production technology and effective use of the resources involved American economist, former U.S. President Ronald Reagan’s economic are also important. The change of taxation and technology together adviser, was co-author of the so called “supply-side theory”). It also have an influence on the volume of economic resource consumption analyses the Laffer theory (see illustration) and the model built by and stimulate the growth or reduction of production and budgetary Russian researcher Evgeny Balatsky, which he used to study the revenues while changing the involvement of resources in production. This latter issue is more important from a macroeconomic point problems related to taxation using the examples of four countries of view. Therefore, one should focus on this while defining fiscal (USA, UK, Sweden and Russia). According to a modern version of the points and studying the role of taxation. Iuri Ananiashvili and Lado Laffer theory, both budgetary revenues and the overall volume of Papava believe that the model developed by them fully reflects economic production depend on the level of the average tax rate. the Laffer concept, because along with the first and second type of At a certain level, the growth of the tax rate has a positive influence Laffer fiscal points it helps define the volume of economic resource on both of them, but this is followed by a negative influence after consumption. They achieved this result through taking two factors a certain point. At the same time, there are two absolutely different into consideration. First, unlike the so called transformation model of Balatsky, they built a model of behavior wherein the The Laffer curve modeling of entrepreneurial behavior in relation to taxation Dependence of joint output and budgetary revenues on tax rates. Explanation of the chart: is described by a modified The horizontal axis measures the size of the average tax rate t, which option of the entropy function. acquires significance from 0 to 1; The vertical axis measures Secondly, they linked the tax the significance of gross domestic product (Y) and tax burden to potential output revenues (T); The Y(t) curve illustrates how the level, i.e. output volume in significance of gross domestic product changes situations of full employment. upon the changing of the average tax rate: According to the model, one this latter initially increases, reaches its maximum at t* (this point is called the of the key determinants for optimal tax rate) and then decreases: The reaching output potential T(t) curve illustrates how the significance output is the existence of the of tax revenues changes upon changing optimal tax burden. the average tax rate. t** represents It is worth noting that the tax rate, at which the budgetary even Evgeny Balatsky has revenues reach a maximum. The problem acknowledged the validity is to ascertain points t* and t** and the Georgian academics’ research aims to of the model developed by resolve this problem. the Georgian researchers. He writes: “I agree with you that my points have an influence on the efficiency of resource consumption, while yours influence the scales of resource use; this is an absolutely correct

e.w. laferis mrudi: finding – everything is quite simple and simultaneously very erToblivi gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis damokidebuleba sagadasaxado ganakveTze. important.” naxazis ganmarteba: On the basis of this model, horizontalur RerZeze azomilia saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis sidide t , romelic Rebulobs mniSvnelobas 0–dan 1–mde; the academics analyzed the vertikalur RerZze azomilia mTliani Siga produqtis da biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mniSvneloba; (t) mrudi gviCvenebs rogor icvleba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebisas mTliani Siga produqtis mniSvneloba: es efficiency of the U.S. taxation ukanaskneli jer izrdeba, maqsimums aRwevs sagadasaxado ganakveTis t* mniSvnelobaze (am mniSvnelobas optimaluri sagadasaxado systems from 1970 and 2008, ganakveTi ewodeba), Semdeg ki klebulobs; basing their analysis on the T(t) mrudi gviCvenebs rogor icvleba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebisas biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis official data provided by the U.S. mniSvneloba. t** gamoxatavs sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romelzec biujetis Semosavlebi maqsimums aRwevs. problema t* da t** wertilebis dadgenaa da qarTveli mecnierebis kvlevac am problemis gadawyvetis mcdelobas warmoadgens. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) concerning the volume

2011 December Tsu science 76 boda, rom yofiliyo Sesabamisi saimedo monacemebi, of GDP, average tax rate, labour force size and employment Tundac bolo 15 wlisaTvis. samwuxarod, saqarT- and unemployment rates. According to the results during the velos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri srulfa- reporting period the U.S. economy had a non-optimal taxation sovani informaciis miRebis saSualebas ver iZleva. system and for this reason it experienced a loss of gross domestic product of about 0.7% per year. The academics note lado papava da iuri ananiaSvili ar gamoricxaven, that a similar analysis could have been conducted successfully rom maT kvlevas seriozuli praqtikuli faseuloba in respect of Georgia’s economy if there had been reliable data hqondes am modeliT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mTav- for the past 15 years. Unfortunately, the National Statistics robas SeuZlia gaTvalos, ra Sedegs miiRebs ekono- Office of Georgia does not provide any such information. mika Tuki igi Seecdeba biujetis Semosavlebis maqsi- However Papava and Ananiashvili do not rule out the possibility mizirebas sagadasaxado ganakveTis gazrdis gziT. that their research may have serious practical value for Georgia aSS-Si gamodis Jurnali `gardamavali ekonomikis as well. With this model the government can, if needed, problemebi~, romlis redkolegiis wevria lado forecast economic results if it seeks to maximise budget papava. misi TqmiT, 2012 wlis aprilis nomeri mieZ- revenues through increasing the tax rates. Rvneba uSualod sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da mak- Lado Papava is a member of the editorial board of the journal Problems of Economic Transition, published in the United roekonomikuri stabilurobis Temas da swored aq States. According to him, the April edition will be dedicated to daibeWdeba inglisur enaze ananiaSvilisa da papavas the issue of tax rates and macroeconomic stability and three sami samecniero statia, aseve balackis ori stati- articles by Ananiashvili and Papava, as well as two articles ac. qarTveli ekonomistebis kvlevis Sedegebi sul by Balatsky, will be published. So, the results of the Georgian male inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisTvisac xel-mis- economists’ research will soon become available for English awvdomi iqneba. language readers too.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 77 Tavis tvinis pirveladi simsivneebis epidemiologia saqarTveloSi Epidemiology of Primary Brain Tumors in Georgia

ganviTarebul qveynebSi, miokardiumis infarqtis Semdeg, onkologiuri daavadebebi mozrdilTa sikvdilianobis mizezebs Soris meore adgilzea (wyaro: WHO, The global burden of disease: 2004 update). Tavis mxriv, onkologiur daavadebebSi Tavis tvinis simsivneebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. specialistebis ganmartebiT, es simsivneebi, anatomiuri Taviseburebis gamo, ufro swrafi progresirebiT da ZiriTadad fataluri SedegiT xasiaTdeba.

In developed countries oncological diseases come second place only after myocardial attacks as a cause of adult mortality (source: WHO, The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update). Among oncological disorders, brain tumors are threatening notably because of their anatomical features, and by their exceptionally rapid progression and mostly fatal consequences.

2008 wels Tsu-is nevrologiisa da neiroqirurgiis In 2008 the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at Tbilisi departamentma saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero State University (TSU) submitted a grant project to the National fondis winaSe waradgina sagranto proeqti, saxel- Science Foundation titled “Epidemiology of Primary Brain Tumors wodebiT, “Tavis tvinis pirveladi simsivneebis epide- in Georgia: Prospective Population Study.” Such research has miologia saqarTveloSi: prospeqtuli populaciuri not been conducted in post-Soviet countries or even in Turkey kvleva”. msgavsi saxis kvleva aqamde, arc postsabWoTa before. Indeed TSU won its first international level scientific qveynebsa da arc TurqeTSi Catarebula. garda amisa, project under the scientific leadership of Roman Shakarishvili, igi pirveli saerTaSoriso donis samedicino proeqtia, the head of the TSU Neurology Department and working with romelic Tsu-m moigo. masSi Tsu-is nevrologiis kaT- colleagues-practitioners, Professors Davit Gigineishvili and edris xelmZRvanel roman SaqariSvilis garda kidev Alexander Tsiskaridzeare. Epidemiologist Sabine Rohrman works ramdenime praqtikosi-TanamSromeli _ profesorebi as a scientist at the German Cancer Research Center and also daviT gigineiSvili da aleqsandre ciskariZe arian participates in the Georgian project without any remuneration, CarTuli. maT garda, proeqtSi monawileobs germaniis as an expert in research methods and analysis. kibos kvleviTi centris mecnier-TanamSromeli, epide- Davit Gigineishvili, the Project Manager, works at the Sarajish- miologi sabina rormani. germaneli mecnieri proeqt- vili Institute of Neurology and is Professor at the TSU Faculty of Si yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe monawileobs Medicine. He explained that the project envisages the creation kvlevis meTodikis, analizis eqspertis statusiT. proeqtis menejeris, sarajiSvilis sax. nevrologi- of a database of people diagnosed with brain tumors from 2008. is institutis TanamSromlis, iv.javaxiSvilis sax. In other countries databases of these illnesses are kept by a na- saxelmwifo universitetis medicinis fakultetis tional registry of cancer. “Despite the Institute of Neurology and profesoris, daviT gigineiSvilis informaciiT: es Neurosurgery’s great need for this data, we haven’t yet been able proeqti 2008 wlidan Tavis tvinis simsivniT diag- to create such an agency in Georgia, thus we took the initiative nostirebulTa Sesaxeb monacemTa bazis Seqmnas gu- to collect existing data in the sphere of neurology. The research lisxmobs. amgvari baza sazRvargareT, rogorc wesi, will last for three years. In the framework of the project, all cases simsivnis erovnul saagentoSi, reestrSi inaxeba da of primary brain tumor diagnosed at Georgian neurosurgery jamdeba. „saqarTveloSi msgavsi saagentos Seqmna clinics, diagnostic centers or hospitals that are equipped with Cveni (nevrologiisa da neiroqirurgiis institutis) computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, will be didi survilis miuxedavad, jerjerobiT ver mox- registered and studied prospectively.”

2011 December Tsu science 78 erxda. amdenad, Cven ukve sakuTar Tavze aviReT ini- qveyanaSi arsebobs simsivnis reestris samsaxuri. yve- ciativa monacemebi nevrologiis sferoSi arsebuli laze srulyofili saxiT igi aSS-ia. evropis qveynebis TvalsazrisiT Segvegrovebina. kvleva samwliania. reestrebi aSS-isas informaciis sisrulis Tvalsaz- mis farglebSi prospeqtulad dafiqsirdeba da Seis- risiT CamorCeba, radgan informaciis reestrisTvis wavleba, saqarTvelos masStabiT, neiroqirurgiuli miwodeba ZiriTadad saavadmyofoebis keTil nebazea mimarTulebis mqone klinikebSi, kompiuteruli an damokidebuli. am mxriv arsebul problemaze proeqtis magnitur-birTvuli tomografebiT aRWurvil diag- qarTvel monawileTa germaneli partniori heidelber- nostikur centrebsa da stacionarebSi gamovlenili gis universitetis onkologiis centridanac saubrob- Tavis tvinis pirveladi simsivnis yvela SemTxveva“. _ da. rogorc proeqtis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semsrule- ambobs daviT gigineiSvili. beli, daviT gigineiSvili aRniSnavs, saqarTveloSi kvlevis mizania, Tavis tvinis pirveladi simsivneebiT msgavsi problema ar yofila. saqarTveloSi arsebuli avadobis (morbidobis), recidivirebis (ganmeoreba- klinikebis 90 procenti kvlevis Tanamonawile gaxda. doba), komorbidobis (ori an ramdenime damoukidebeli kargi kavSirebidan gamomdinare, arc erTi klinikis aq- daavadebis, an sindromis urTierTSerwyma, romelTagan tiuri neiroqirurgiuli ganyofilebidan informaciis arc erTi ar warmoadgens meoris garTulebas, Tuki am miReba problema ar yofila. Serwymis sixSire aRemateba SemTxveviTi damTxvevis al- kvlevis saboloo mizani publikaciaa, romelic jan- baTobas) da gadarCenis maCveneblebis Seswavla saqarT- dacvis reformisTvis unda gamoqveyndes. es konkre- velos populaciaSi. aseve, Tavis tvinis simsivneebiT tuli kvleva saSualebas iZleva postsabWoTa sivrceSi adreuli da mogvianebiTi sikvdilobis prediqtorebis pirvelad Sefasdes Tavis tvinis simsivneebis ZiriTadi (winaswari maCvenebeli) gamovlena. epidemiologiuri parametrebi. kvlevis prospeqtulma kvleva detalur histologiur analizs, anu am tipis xasiaTma minimumamde unda Seamciros e.w. sistemuri simsivneebis saxeobaTa mikroskopul doneze gansaz- Secdomis (bias) SesaZlebloba. mecnierTa azriT, miRe- Rvras gulisxmobs. amisTvis adamianis Tavis tvinis buli Sedegebi is obieqturi safuZveli gaxdeba, raze- garkveuli ubnis biopsiuri masalis arsebobaa aucile- dac aigeba saqarTvelos jandacvis politika Tavis beli, romelic laboratoriaSi Seiswavleba. Tumca, tvinis onkologiuri daavadebebis mimarT. dReisTvis Tsu-is samedicino fakultetis TanamSromelTa kvl- arsebuli monacemebiT, imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom sim- evaSi moxvda aseve yvela is pacienti, romelsac bolo sivnis dafiqsirebuli saxeebi dasavleTSi arsebulis sami wlis manZilze arahistologiuri saSualebiT msgavsia, rac swori diagnostirebis maCvenebelia. daudginda simsivne. rogorc daviT gigineiSvili gan- aSS-Si neiroonkologTa Zalze avtoritetul Sekrebaze martavs, dasavluri medicinis standartebiT, his- (16th SMO meeting, Garden Grove, CA) axlaxans daido sagan- tologiuri gamokvlevebis maRali done samedicino gaSo daskvna. mis Tanaxmad, Tavis tvinis keTilTvisebi- samsaxuris maRal standartebze metyvelebs. Tu qveya- ani simsivnis SemTxvevaSic ki sicocxlis xangrZlivoba naSi am meTodiT simsivniT diagnostirebul pacientTa saSualod mxolod 6 welia. faqtia, rom aseTi daskvnis odenoba 75 procents aRwevs, qveyana Tavisi samedicino Semdeg, am daavadebisadmi kidev ufro meti yuradRebis sferoTi Zalze unda amayobdes. proeqtis monawileTa mimarTvaa saWiro. savaraudod, unda Seicvalos aqamde mier moZiebuli ori wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli politika. „Cven SegviZlia viamayoT, rom rames raodenoba 45 procents ar aRemateba. denime klinika TbilisSi aRWurvilia radioTerapiuli kvlevis farglebSi pacientis, daavadebis gamomwvevi teqnologiiT. Tumca, raRac standartificirebuli, savaraudo mizezebis Sesaxeb maqsimaluri informaci- masStaburi midgoma am mxriv ar arsebobs“ - miiiCnevs is misaRebad Tsu-is nevrologiis da neiroqirurgiis proeqtis menejeri daviT gigineiSvili. departamentma specialurad am kvlevisTvis SeimuSava kvleva jer ar dasrulebula, amitom ufro xelCasa- anketa, romelic mis brendul nawarms warmoadgens. Wid daskvnebze saubari naadrevia. miuxedavad amisa, gamocdilebis mxriv Zalze sasargeblo aRmoCnda p. sara- gasuli wlis zafxulSi heidelbergis centrSi proeq- jiSvilis saxelobis nevrologiisa da neiroqirurgiis tis arsisa da mimdinareobis Sesaxeb moxsenebisas ucx- institutSi Catarebuli piloturi epidemiologiuri oel kolegebs proeqtisadmi seriozuli SeniSvna ar kvleva cerebruli simsivneebis tipebis, morbidobis da gamouTqvamT. kvlevis pirveladi monacemebis Sesaxeb gadarCenis maCveneblebis Sesaxeb. romelic institu- saqarTvelos saxeliT pirvelad Tsu-is nevrologiis tis neiroqirurgiuli klinikis xuTwlian (1996-2000w) kaTedram wels waradgina moxseneba stokholmSi evro- masalaze dayrdnobiT SemuSavda. TiTqmis yvela wamyvan pis kibos kongreszec (ECCO 16). 79 The key goal of the research is to study the rates of primary brain tumor morbidity, relapse (recurrence of the symptoms of the disease), co-morbidity (the co-existence of two or more independent diseases or syn- dromes, when none of them complicates the other) and survival rates of the patients. It will seek to reveal the predictors of early and late mortality (preliminary rates) of brain tumor. The research envisages detailed histological analysis and requires biopsy samples of the brain tissue. However, the research conducted by the TSU scientists will also include all patients diagnosed with tumors through non- histological analysis. Davit Gigineishvili explains that under western medical standards, the high level of histological analysis points to high standards of medical service. If 75% of patients are diagnosed with tumors through histological methods, the country can be proud of its medical sphere. However, according to the data for the two years collected by the project participants, in Georgia the rate does not exceed 45%. In order to obtain as much information as possible about the patients and possible causes of diseases, the TSU Neurology and Neurosurgery Depart- ment developed a questionnaire. The pilot epidemiological research carried out at the Sarajishvili Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery on cerebral tumor types, morbidity and survival rates, has proven very useful for gain- daviT gigineiSvili – nev- ing experience and knowledge. The research was conducted on the basis of rologi, neirofsiqiatri. materials collected by the Institute of Neurosurgery over five years (1996- medicinis mecnierebaTa 2000). doqtori. Tsu medicinis Tumor registry services exist in almost all developed countries, and are es- fakultetis profesori, pecially well-developed in the United States. European registries lag behind p. sarajiSvilis sax. nevro- the U.S. in terms of the comprehensiveness of information, as such informa- logiis institutis Tanam- tion depends on the hospitals’ goodwill to deliver data to the registry. The Sromeli. misi naSromebia: German partner from the Cancer Research Center at Heidelberg University `panikuri aSliloba~, `so- raised this issue. Gigineishvili noted that Georgia does not face this issue, as matoformuli (nevrozuli) 90% of the clinics existing in Georgia have become co-participants in the aSlilobebi nevrologiur research. Owing to good connections, the scientists faced no problems in klinikaSi~, `depresia~. receiving the relevant information from the active neurosurgical departments of Georgian clinics. Davit Gigineishvili – Neurologist, The final goal of the research is to publish recommendations for healthcare Neuro-Psychiatrist; PR.D. in reform. This research gives an opportunity for the first time to assess key Medical Sciences; Professor at the epidemiological parameters of brain tumors in a post-Soviet country. The TSU Faculty of Medicine; works prospective nature of the research should minimize systemic errors. In the at the P. Sarajishvili Institute of scientists’ opinion, the results will become the objective basis on which Neurology; he has published the Georgian healthcare policy on brain tumor diagnosis and treatment will following works: Panic Disorder; be built. According to existing data, it appears that the types of tumors Somatoform (Nervous) Disorders revealed in our country are similar to those of western countries, which at Neurology Clinic; Depression. indicates correct diagnoses. American neuro-oncology specialists unveiled an alarming conclusion quite recently at a medical conference in Garden Grove, CA. According to their conclusions, even in case of a benign tumor life expectancy is only six years on average. Considering such a conclusion it is essential to pay more attention to this disease and previous medical practices should be changed. “We can be proud that several clinics in Tbilisi are equipped with radiotherapy technology. However, there is no standardized, coordinated approach yet,” stated Gigineishvili. Although the research is not yet over, and it is early to present any tangible results, when the Georgian team reported on the project at the Heidelberg Center last summer, their foreign colleagues did not make any serious re- marks for changes in the project. The TSU Neurology Department submitted its report on the primary data of the research on behalf of Georgia to the Congress of the European Cancer Organization in Stockholm this year.

2011 December Tsu science 80 Sidsis epidemiasTan brZola: saqarTvelos gamocdileba Fight Against AIDS Epidemic: Georgia’s Experience saqarTveloSi infeqciuri paTologiis, aiv infeqcia/Sidsis da klinikuri imunologiis centrSi, 2011 wlis 1 dekembris monacemebiT, registrirebulia Sidsis virusiT inficirebis 3080 SemTxveva. Sidsi ganuviTarda 1891 pacients, 680 ki gardaicvala. amJamad qveyanaSi antiretrovirusul mkurnalobas itarebs 1066 pacienti, maTgan 39 bavSvi. bolo wlebSi aiv infeqciis axal SemTxvevaTaA analizma aCvena, rom qveyanaSi SidsiT dainficirebis axal SemTxvevaTa neli, magram stabiluri zrdis tendencia aRiniSneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yofil sabWoTa qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelom SesZlo Tavidan aecilebina epidemiis afeTqeba da igi dResac miekuTvneba daavadebis dabali gavrcelebis qveynebs. mizezs qarTveli mecnierebi da saerTaSoriso eqspertebi saqarTveloSi aiv infeqciis winaaRmdeg droulad dawyebuli praqtikuli samecniero muSaobiT xsnian, ramac safuZveli Cauyara Sidsis dargSi mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove tipis samedicino samsaxuris Seqmnas.

As of December 1, 2011 a total of 3080 cases of HIV infection have been registered at the Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center. 1891 patients have developed AIDS, while 680 patients have died. Presently, 1066 patients, including 39 children are on antiretroviral therapy in the country. The analysis of new HIV cases for past years has shown the tendency of slow, but stable growth of new HIV/AIDS cases. It is worth noting that unlike former Soviet countries, Georgia managed to avoid the explosive spread of the epidemic and today it belongs to low HIV prevalence countries. Georgian scientists and international experts explain it by timely initiation of HIV/AIDS-related practical and scientific activities in the country that laid the foundation for the creation of evidence-based modern medical service in the filed of HIV/AIDS. 81 saqarTveloSi Sidsis problemaze muSaoba, profesor The work over the HIV/AIDS problem started in Georgia in 1985 Tengiz cercvaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1985 wels dai- under the guidance of Professor Tengiz Tsertsvadze. In this respect, wyo. am mxriv saqarTvelo erT-erTi pirveli iyo msof- Georgia was one of the first countries throughout the world and lioSi da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi. 1990 wels ki the first in Eastern European countries. In 1990, for the first time pirvelad, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, Seiqmna in former Soviet countries, the AIDS and Clinical Immunology aiv infeqciis/Sidsis da klinikuri imunologiis cen- Center was established; later the Infectious Disease and Clinical tri, romlis bazazec SemodgomSi daarsda iv. javax- Immunology Department was set up on its basis at the Medical iSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite- Faculty of the Tbilisi State University (TSU). tis medicinis fakultetis infeqciur davadebaTa da Research activities, which generated much needed evidence, klinikuri imunologiis departamenti. significantly contributed to the establishment of an effective AIDS saqarTveloSi SidsTan brZolis efeqtiani samsax- control services. For over two decades these activities are being uris Camoyalibebas didad Seuwyo xeli samecniero led by Tengiz Tsertsvadze, the head of the Infectious Disease and saqmianobam, romlis meSveobiTac mopovebuli iqna Clinical Immunology Department at TSU, and his team. This team metad saWiro mtkicebulebebi. am saqmianobas ukve or implemented over 10 research projects in the field of HIV/AIDS and aTeul welze metia saTaveSi udgas infeqciur daa- the findings were published in prestigious scientific journals. It is vadebaTa da klinikuri imunologiis departamentis worth noting that besides leading specialists of the Department (T. xelmZRvaneli, profesori Tengiz cercvaZe da misi Tsertsvadze, L. Sharvadze), the following PhD candidates are also gundi, romlis mier Sidsis dargSi ganxorcielebu- actively involved in the scientific activities: M. Karchava, N. Dvali, N. lia 10-ze meti samecniero proeqti, xolo Sedegebi Chkhartishvili, A. Abutidze, N. Badridze, E. Dolmazashvili, L. Gatserelia gamoqveynebulia prestiJul samecniero JurnalebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom departamentis wamyvani special- and M. Svanidze. istebis (T. cercvaZe, l. SarvaZe) garda samecniero What are the peculiarities of the spread of HIV infection in Georgia saqmianobaSi aqtiurad arian CarTulni departamen- and how does the epidemic develop in the country – important tis doqtorantebi – m. qarCava, n. dvali, n. CxartiS- researches have already been carried out in this respect. Among vili, a. abuTiZe, n. badriZe, e. dolmazaSvili, l. gaw- them the cohort study carried out in 1997-2001, involving 2 400 erelia, m. svaniZe. high risk persons, deserves particular attention. This was one of ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs Sidsis gavrcelebas the first longitudinal studies among former Soviet Union countries saqarTveloSi da rogor viTardeba epidemia qveya- that prospectively assessed the prevalence and incidence of HIV naSi? amis dadgenis mizniT ukve Catarebulia mniS- infection, and related risky behaviors among injection drug users, vnelovani kvlevebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia 1997-2001 commercial sex workers, persons having sexually transmitted wlebSi aiv infeqciaze maRali riskis jgufebis 2 400 infections, tuberculosis patients, blood donors, internally displaced piris kohortuli kvleva, romelic am tipis erTi- persons and students. The work had an important scientific and erTi pirveli kvleva iyo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris practical value. HIV/AIDS prevalence and incidence in these qveynebSi. prospeqtulad Sefasda aiv infeqciis groups was identified through scientifically reliable methods; gavrceleba, incidentoba da dakavSirebuli sarisko the peculiarities of spread of HIV infection were described and a qcevebi ineqciuri narkotikebis momxmareblebSi, ko- dominant role of injection drug users in the spread of epidemic merciul seqs muSakebSi, sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi was revealed. infeqciebis mqone pirebSi, tuberkuloziT daavade- While studying the peculiarities of HIV epidemic, it is important bulebSi, sisxlis donorebSi, iZulebiT gadaadgile- to describe the distribution of HIV genetic variants (subtypes). For bul pirebSi da studentebSi. Sromas didi samecnie- the first time, Georgian scientists carried out full-length genome ro da praqtikuli Rirebuleba hqonda. mecnierulad of viral strains circulating in countries of the former Soviet Union. sarwmuno meTodebiT dadgenil iqna aiv infeqcia/Sid- The research showed that in Georgia HIV epidemic is represented sis prevalentoba da incidentoba aRniSnul jgufeb- by mixture of subtype A (imported from former Soviet countries) Si, aRweril iqna aiv infeqciis gavrcelebis Tavise- and subtype B (imported apparently from Western Europe). burebebi da gamovlenil iqna qveyanaSi narkotikebis Subsequent HIV molecular epidemiology studies confirmed a ineqciuri momxmareblebis dominanturi roli epi- genetic link between the viral strains circulating among injection demiis gavrcelebaSi. drug users and women infected through heterosexual contacts. It aiv epidemiis Taviseburebebis Seswavlisas mniSvnelo- means that injection drug users and their sexual partners are the vania aiv genetikuri variantebis (subtipebis) gavr- main targets of AIDS response measures. celebis aRwera. qarTveli mecnierebis mier pirvelad Currently, there are two major modes of HIV transmission in ganxorcielda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze gamoyofili virusis Stamebis genomis sruli analizi. Georgia: injection drug use (55.6% of registered cases) and kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom aiv epidemia saqarT- heterosexual contacts (37.5% of registered cases). (Chart) veloSi warmodgenilia subtipiA-A, (yofili sabWoTa And still, how Georgia avoided explosive outbreak of HIV, when kavSiris qveynebidan aris Semotanili) da subtipiB-B in the former Soviet countries, the epidemic reached alarming (savaraudod dasavleT evropidan Semotanili) nare- magnitude? There was hypothesis that this might be linked to viT. SemdgomSi Catarebuli aiv molekuluri epide- high prevalence of genetic marker (particularly CCR5∆32) in the miologiis kvlevebiT dadasturda genetikuri kav- Georgian population, which protects a person against infections. Siri ineqciur narkomanebsa da heteroseqsualuri Based on the conducted research, it was finally concluded that low gziT dainficirebul qalebSi mocirkulire virusis prevalence of HIV infection in Georgia is not determined by the Stamebs Soris, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom ineqciuri frequency of this mutation, while in some patients slow disease narkomanebi da maTi sqesobrivi partniorebi warmoad- progression can be linked with another genetic marker - SDF1 genen Sidsis sapasuxo RonisZiebebis mTavar samiznes. polymorphism.

2011 December Tsu science 82 dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi aiv gada- miRweul warmatebebTan erTad kv- swored am miRwevebisTvis, jandacvis cemis or mTavar gzas warmoadgens levebis dros warmoCinda problema- msoflio organziaciis formuli- narkotikebis ineqciuri moxmareba turi sakiTxebic, romelTa gadaw- rebiT aiv infeqcia/Sidsis da vi- (registrirebul SemTxvevaTa 55.6%) yveta mniSvnelovania aiv daavadebis rusuli hepatitebis dargSi pioner- da heteroseqsualuri kontaqte- gamosavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. uli kvlevebisTvis da aiv infeqcia/ bi (registrirebuli SemTxvevebis magaliTad, kvlevaSi warmoCinda Sidsis da sxva infeqciuri daavade- 37.5%). (diagrama). tuberkuloziTa da C hepatitiT bebis dargSi gansakuTrebuli miR- da mainc, ratom ar moxda saqarT- adreuli sikvdilobis maRali maCve- wevebisTvis, 2009 wels infeqciuri veloSi aiv infeqciis afeTqeba, ma- nebeli. am problemis gadasaWrelad, paTologiis, Sidsisa da klinikuri Sin, roca yofil sabWoTa qveynebSi 2011 wlidan aiv inficirebuli pire- imunologiis centrma Tengiz cer- am infeqciam katastroful zRvars bi arv TerapiasTan erTad ufasod cvaZis xelmZRvanelobiT miiRo jan- miaRwia? arsebobda varaudi, rom miiReben C hepatitis sawinaaRmdego mrTelobis msoflio organizaciis es SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli mkurnalobas, dainerga tuberku- umaRlesi jildo – DR.LEEJong-wook- yofiliyo saqarTvelos mosax- lozis diagnostikis uaxlesi me- is premia. aseTi jildo aRmosav- leobaSi garkveuli genetikuri Todebi (GeneExpert MTB/RIF, T-SPOT. leT evropis qveynebis arcerT sxva markeris (kerZod CCR5∆32) farTo TB, QuantiFerron-Gold in Tube), gavrcelebiT, romelic icavs adami- da a.S. ans dainficirebisgan. Catarebuli Tengiz cercvaZis da misi kvlevis safuZvelze sabolood ga- gundis erT-erTi mTavari keTda daskvna, rom saqarTveloSi damsaxurebaa isic, rom aiv infeqciis gavrcelebis dabali saqarTveloSi vertika- done ar aris ganpirobebuli am mu- luri gziT, anu orsuli de- taciis sixSiriT, xolo calkeul didan Svilze aiv virusis avadmyofebSi daavadebis neli pro- gadacema minumamdea dayva- gresireba SeiZleba kavSirSi iyos nili. qarTvelma mecniereb- meore genetikur markerTan - SDF1 ma aCvenes, rom aiv dadebiTi polimorfizmTan. orsuli profilaqtikuri Tengiz cercvaZis, lali SarvaZis da arv mkurnaloba sami medika- maT kolegebis damsaxurebiT qveya- mentis kombinaciiT da Sem- naSi warmatebiT dainerga Sidsis dgomSi axalSobilis pro- sawinaaRmdego e.w. aniretrovirusu- filaqtikuri mkurnaloba li (arv) mkurnaloba. saqarTvelom 4 kviris manZilze yvelaze pirvelma da jerjerobiT erTad- efeqtiania aiv gadacemis erTma aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi- riskis Semcirebis kuTxiT. dan 2004 wlidan uzrunvelyo Sid- aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wli- siT daavadebuli avadmyofebis arv dan am sqemiT namkurnaleb mkurnalobis universaluri (100%- orsulebSi dedidan bavS- iani) xelmisawvdomoba saerTa- vze aiv infeqciis gadace- Soriso standartebis Sesabamisad. mis arc erTi SemTxveva ar amasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebulma dafiqsirebula. msxvilma kohortulma analizma erTi sityviT, infeqciuri aCvena arv mkurnalobis programis paTologiis, Sidsisa da efeqtianoba saqarTveloSi SidsTan klinikuri imunologiis dakavSirebuli avadobisa da sikv- centris da Tsu-is medi- dilobis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. cinis fakultetis in- amasTan kvlevam naTlad aCvena, rom feqciur davadebaTa da mkurnalobis monitoringis Taname- klinikuri imunologi- drove meTodebisa da damyolobis is departamentis mier zedamxedvelobis midgomebis gamoy- Catarebuli kvlevebi sa- enebiT arv mkurnaloba Tanabrad fuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi aiv samedicino dawesebulebas ara aqvs efeqtiania, rogorc narkotikebis infeqciasTan brZolis Tanamedrove miRebuli. 2011 wels ki Tengiz cer- momxmareblebSi, ise ara momxmareb- maRalefeqturi samsaxuris Seqmnas cvaZes da misi gundis wevrebs (lali lebSi. es Sedegi erTi-erTia msof- da Sidsis sawinaaRmdego strategi- SarvaZe, qeTevan stvilia da nikoloz lioSi gamoqveynebul mcire raode- is SemuSavebas. amiT qveyanam SesZlo CxartiSvili) naSromTa ciklisTvis nobis SromaTagan, romelmac eWvqveS Tavidan aecilebina aiv infeqciis Temaze “saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia daayena gavrcelebuli mosazreba, SemTxvevebis swrafi mateba da far- Sidsis gavrcelebis Taviseburebeb- rom arv mkurnaloba naklebad efeq- TomasStabiani epidemia. Sesabamisad, is Seswavla da mkurnalobisa da pre- tiania ineqciur narkomanebSi maTi qveyanam Tavidan aicila aramarto venciis RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba” cxovrebis wesis gamo. rogorc cen- didi adamianuri msxverpli, aramed mieniWaT medicinis dargSi erovnu- tris warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven, seriozuli ekonomikuri zaralic. li premia.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 83 Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was successfully to tuberculosis and hepatitis C. To address introduced in the country owing to Tengiz these issues, starting from 2011 HIV infected Tsertsvadze, Lali Sharvadze and their persons are receiving free anti-hepatitis C colleagues. Since 2004 Georgia remains the treatment along with antiretroviral therapy; only Eastern European country to ensure also, modern methods of tuberculosis universal (100%) access to ART for all HIV/ diagnosis (GeneExpert MTB/RIF, T-SPOT. AIDS patients in line with international TB, QuantiFerron-Gold in Tube) were standards. The large cohort study showed implemented, etc. One of the important the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment accomplishments of Tengiz Tsertsvadze program in terms of reduction of AIDS- and his team is the significant reduction in related morbidity and mortality in Georgia. vertical transmission of HIV in Georgia, also Moreover, the study showed that with the use known as mother-to-child transmission. of modern methods of treatment monitoring Georgian scientists have shown that and surveillance of treatment adherence, prophylactic antiretroviral treatment ART is equally effective for both drug users of an HIV positive pregnant woman by Tengiz cercvaZe _ Tsu-is infeqci- combination of three medicines ur daavadebaTa da klinikuri and then prophylactic imunologiis departamentis xelmZRvaneli; sruli profe treatment of a newborn during sori; medicinis mecnierebaTa four weeks is most effective doqtoria s.s. infeqciuri pa- in terms of reduction of HIV Tologiis, Sidsis da klini- transmission risks. It should be kuri imunologiis samecniero noted that not a single case of praqtikuli centris general- mother-to-child transmission uri direqtori. qarTul-fran- has been observed since 2005 guli hepatologiuri klinikis among the pregnant women ”hepa” samedicino direqtori da treated under this scheme. To sarezidento programis ”infe- summarize, the research studies qciuri sneulebani” xelmZRva- conducted by the Infectious neli. aris niu-iorkis (aSS) mec- nierebaTa akademiis da araerTi Disease, AIDS and Clinical sxva saerTaSoriso samecniero Immunology Research Center organizaciis wevri; aris 3 mo- and the Infectious Disease nografiis da 67 mniSvnelovani and Clinical Immunology samecniero statiis avtori. Department of the TSU Medical Faculty served as the basis for creating a modern, effective AIDS Control and developing Tengiz Tsertsvadze – Head of the TSU Department of Infectious Diseases anti-AIDS strategy. As a result, and Clinical Immunology; Full the country managed to Professor; PH.D. in Medical Scienes; avoid rapid increase in the Director General of the Scientific number of new HIV cases Practical Center for Infectious and large scale epidemic. Pathology, Aids and Clinical Consequently, the country was Immunology; Medical Director of able to averted not only heavy Georgian-French Joint Hepatology toll on human lives, but also Clinic HEPA; head of a postgraduate serious economic impact. For program “Infectious Diseases”; these achievement, namely member of the New York Academy as described by World Health of Sciences and a number of other international scientific organizations; and non-users. This finding is among the Organization for “pioneering work on author of 3 monographs and 67 few published reports, which questioned AIDS and viral hepatitis, and outstanding important scientific articles. a widespread opinion that antiretroviral contribution to the fields of HIV/AIDS and treatment is less effective among injection other communicable disease”, in 2009 drug users because of the their lifestyle. As the Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical In 2011 Tengiz Tsertsvadze and his team the representatives of the center mentioned, Immunology Research Center led by Tengiz members (Lali Sharvadze, Ketevan Stvilia and along with the achievements, studies Tsertsvadze was awarded with the World Nikoloz Chkhartishvili) were awarded the identified problematic issues that need Health Organization’s Dr LEE Jong-wook National Prize in Medicine for their works on to be resolved in order to improve HIV Memorial Prize for Public Health. Not a single “Study of the peculiarities of the spread of disease outcomes. For example, the research medical institution in Eastern European HIV/AIDS in Georgia and design of treatment identified high rates of early mortality due countries has received this prize so far. and prevention interventions.”

2011 December Tsu science 84 Tsu-is SoTa rusTavelis dRes institutis umTavres miRwevad unda miviCnioT samec- qarTuli literaturis niero kvlevebis internacionalizacia da orientacia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso filologiur standar- instituti tze. SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis (adre – rusTavelis fondis) daarsebidan dRemde dafinansda kulturuli dialogi institutis mier wardgenili 10 proeqti. saqarTvelosTvis aris instituts am wlebSi miRebuli aqvs fond ”Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos”, UNESCO-s, saqarTvelos kulturis umniSvnelovanesi berketi imisa, saministros, aleqsandre diumas saxelobis franguli kulturis centris, merab mamardaSvilis saxelobis rom igi msoflio kulturuli sagamomcemlo daxmarebis programis, germanuli gamomcemloba `Surbang ferlag~- is, ungruli literaturis procesebis Tanamonawile gaxdes. mxardamWeri fondis, amerikuli gamomcemlobis “Ppeo- SeuZlebelia kavkasiis regionisa da ple World Cthering”-is dafinanseba, romlis farglebSic gamocemulia mniSvnelovani wignebi. evropis kulturuli rukis Sedgena instituti did Zalisxmevas axmars qarTuli literaturis da mecnierebis popularizacias ucxoeTSi. in- qarTul literaturul procesebSi stitutis xelSewyobiT amerikaSi mTavrdeba oTar gaTviTcnobierebis gareSe. WilaZis romanis `gzaze erTi kaci midioda” Targmna da a.S. 2012 wels ki kembrijis gamomcemloba inglisur ra misca qarTulma literaturam enaze gamoscems literaturis institutSi momzade- bul krebuls: `totalitarizmi da literaturuli saerTaSoriso literaturul sivrces diskursi~ da sxv.

da piriqiT? ratomaa es procesi amJamad, dafinansebis mosapoveblad erovnul sagranto ormxrivad mniSvnelovani? instituti fondSi wardgenilia 9, xolo saerTaSoriso fondebSi – 3 proeqti. misi moRvaweobiT cdilobs pasuxi ukanasknel wlebSi institutSi ganxorcielebul samecniero-sagamomcemlo proeqtebs Soris gansakuTrebu- gasces amgvar SekiTxvebs. li aRniSvnis Rirsia akademiuri gamocemebi, romlebsac garda literaturuli misiisa, saxelmwifoebrivi misi- ac akisriaT. dasasruls uaxlovdeba ilia WavWavaZis Tx- saTaveebTan zulebaTa akademiuri octomeulis gamocema; gamosacemad momzadda akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri 1941 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia. octomeulis pirveli aTi tomi; dasrulda muSaoba 1942 wlis 13 agvistos saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka- vaJa-fSavelas rCeul TxzulebaTa samtomeulze. sa- demiis sistemaSi daarsda SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis granto dafinansebis farglebSi, institutis folk- qarTuli literaturis istoriis instituti, romlis loris ganyofilebam moamzada da gamosca unikaluri amocana, mravalsaukunovani qarTuli literaturisa krebuli „antisabWouri sityviereba“. da folkloristikis kvlevis centrad Camoyalibeba ukanasknel ramdenime weliwadSi literaturis insti- iyo. tutma iTava saswavlo–saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis institutis samecniero muSaobis mizans folklor- momzadeba da gamocema studentebisa da farTo mkiTx- isa da qarTuli literaturis naklebad Seswavlili veli sazogadoebisTvis. maT Sorisaa, adrian marinos sakiTxebis kvleva da gamoqveyneba, mimdinare litera- wigni, saxelmZRvanelos samecniero Targmani komenta turuli procesebis Seswavla, samecniero literatu- rebiT – “SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba”, rom- ruli memkvidreobis kritikulad ganxilva, qarTuli lisTvisac literaturis institutma premia daimsax- literaturis istoriis srulyofili samecniero ura. kursis Sedgena warmoadgenda. 2008 wlidan institutis bazaze warmatebiT funq- institutis pirveli direqtori iyo korneli kekeliZe cionirebs mudmivmoqmedi proeqti – samecniero semi- (1942–1949); dRes institutis direqtoria mecniereba- nari (TveSi orjer) “diskursis horizontebi”, muSaobs Ta doqtori irma ratiani. agreTve, proeqti “avtoris xma”, romelic uzrunvely- 2006 wels institutSi ganxorcielda restruqturiza- ofs kritikosebisa da literaturaTmcodneebis mud- cia. SemuSavda institutis axali samecniero-kvleviTi miv, aqtiur kontaqts Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis strategia, gamoikveTa kvlevis axali, Tanamedrove ti- warmomadgenlebTan. pis Sesabamisi mimarTulebebi da miznebi. Seiqmna insti- institutSi muSaobs specialuri trening–programa tutis sainformacio-sagamomcemlo samsaxuri, sadac pedagogebisaTvis saxelwodebiT – `mecniereba momav- pirvelad saqarTveloSi damuSavda evro-amerikuli lisaTvis _ maswavlebelTa profesiuli gadamzadeba~, standartebis Sesabamisi citirebis stili, romelic romlis mizanic aris daexmaros maswavleblebs pro- dRes citirebis `literaturis institutis stili”–s fesiuli ganviTarebis srulyofasa da saserTifikato saxeliTaa cnobili. gamocdebisTvis momzadebaSi.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 85 Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature at TSU

Cultural dialogue is ae major lever for Georgia to become a participant in the course of the world’s cultural processes. It is impossible to create a cultural map of the Caucasus region and Europe without familiarizing oneself with Georgian literary development. What has Georgian literature given to the international literary world and vice versa? Why is it important that the process take place in both directions? Through its activities the Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature brings answers to these questions.

Background

The Academy of Sciences of Georgia was set up in 1941 and on August 13, 1942 the Shota Rustaveli Institute of the History of Georgian Literature was established within that institution, with the aim of becoming a center of research for Georgian literature and folklore studies. The main goal of the Institute’s scientific work was to study and publish the lesser-known issues of folklore and Georgian literature as well as the ongoing literary processes. The Institute was founded to critically discuss scientific literary heritage and prepare a rigorous course of the history of Georgian literature of the highest standards. The first Director of the Institute was Korneli Kekelidze (1942- 1949). Today that position is held by Dr. Irma Ratiani. The Institute was restructured in 2006, and a new scientifically- oriented research strategy was developed. An agency for publishing was created to match European and American standards, and the system is known today as the citing style of the Institute of Literature.

Today

The internationalization of scientific research and an orientation towards modern international philological standards can be considered the Institute’s key achievement. Ten projects submitted to national and international funders by the Institute have been financed since the establishment of

2011 December Tsu science 86 2007 wels literaturis institutSi safuZveli Caeyara yovelwliur saerTaSoriso simpoziums “literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi”, romelic TandaTan iZens Tematur xa- siaTs. Tu pirveli sami simpoziumi zogad literaturaTmcodneo- biT problemebs eTmoboda, 2010 wels akaki wereTlis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT, misi Tema iyo: `klasikuri realizmis epoqa“; 2011 wels simpoziumi mieZRvna vaJa-fSavelas 150 wlisaT- avs, xolo Temad gamocxadda: „vaJa-fSavela 150. miTologiuri azrovneba, folklori da literatura. evropuli da kavkasiuri gamocdileba“. simpoziumis stumrebis ricxvi wlidan wlamde izrdeba – wels man 59 ucxoel stumars umaspinZla 19 qveynidan (aSS-is, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniis, bulgareTis, rumineTis, CexeTis, iranis, somxeTis, azerbaijanis, yirgizeTis, yazaxeTis, litvis, latviis, estoneTis, ruseTis, ukrainis da sxva qveynebis mecnierebs). paralelurad, 2007 da 2008 wlebSi, institutSi momzadda da ganxorcielda kidev ori saerTaSoriso konferencia: `ilia WavWavaZe. epoqa da Semoqmedi” da `totalitarizmi da literaturuli diskursi. XX saukunis gamocdileba”. am ukanasknels uzarmazari saerTaSoriso rezonansi hqonda, ormocze meti mecnieri ewvia, xolo masalebi inglisur enaze ibeWdeba kembrijis gamomcem- lobaSi (gamoicema 2012 wels). irma ratiani _ SoTa rusTavelis qar- garda amisa, institutSi yovelwliurad tardeba lokaluri kon- Tuli literaturis institutis ferenciebi da samecniero sesiebi. direqtori; iv. javaxiSvilis sax- damatebiTi informacia ixileT institutis veb-gverdze: elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul me- www.litinstituti.ge cnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori; filologiis mec- misia da gamowveva nierebaTa doqtori; erovnuli sagranto konkursis gamarjvebuli; SedarebiTi literaturis qarTuli literaturis institutis umTavres misias qarT- swavlebaTa evropuli qselis velologiis umniSvnelovanesi dargis dacva, SenarCuneba da wevri; saqarTvelos SedarebiTi Semdgomi ganviTareba warmoadgens. swored am mizniT, kvlevebi literaturis asociaciis pr- warmoebs yvela strategiuli filologiuri mimarTulebiT: ezidenti; SedarebiTi litera- qarTuli literturis istoria, literaturis Toria da Sedare- turis saerTaSoriso asociaciis wevri; yovelwliuri literatu- biTi literaturaTmcodneoba, folkloristika, rusTvelolo- rulTeoriuli samecniero Jur- gia, galaktionologia, teqstologia. nalebis „sjani“ da „litinfo“ institutis pozicia aseTia: kulturuli dialogi saqarTvelosT- mTavari redaqtori; araerTi vis aris umniSvnelovanesi berketi imisa, rom igi msoflio kul- lokaluri da saerTaSoriso sa- turuli procesebis Tanamonawile gaxdes. SeuZlebelia kavkasiis granto proeqtis xelmZRvaneli; regionisa da evropis kulturuli rukis Sedgena qarTul liter- saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi konferenciisa da simpoziumis aturul procesebSi gaTvicnobierebis gareSe. ra misca qarTulma monawile; 8 wignisa da 70-ze meti literturam saerTaSoriso literaturul sivrces da piriqiT? naSromis avtori. ratomaa es procesi ormxrivad mniSvnelovani? instituti Tavisi moRvaweobiT cdilobs pasuxi gasces amgvar SekiTxvebs. Irma Ratiani - Director of Shota Rustaveli institutis xelmZRvanelis TqmiT, „sul ramdenime Tvea, rac Institute of Georgian Literature; samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- Full Professor at the faculty of sitetTan integracia ganxorcielda. saboloo Sedegebze saubari Humanities of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi jer naadrevia, Tumca, erTi ram amTaviTve cxadia: qarTuli lit- State University; Ph.D.in Philological Sciences; winner of national grant eraturis istoriis instituti dRes sakmaod Zlieri struqturaa competition; member of European saimisod, rom ar davuSvaT misi dasusteba da, miT umetes, ,,gan- Network for Comparative Literary leva”. es aris Zalian kargad gamarTuli organizacia, romelic Studies; President of Georgian profesiuli keTilsindisierebiT, xarisxianad emsaxureba saqvey- Comparative Literature Association; no saqmes – qarTuli literaturisa da literaturaTmcodneo- member of International Comparative Literature Association; Chief Editor of bis problemebis kvlevas da am kvlevebis internacionalizacias. scientific literary journals “Sjani” and Tsu–sTan literaturis istoriis institutis integraciis erTa- “LitInfo”; winner of several local and derTi perspeqtiva misi Semdgomi gaZliereba da kvlevebis maqsi- international grant projects; participant maluri xelSewyoba unda iyos“. of several international and local scientific conferences and symposiums; author of 8 books and more than 70 masala momzadebulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis published scholarly articles. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutis mier mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 87 the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (previously, Rustaveli with the theme “The Epoch of Classical Realism”. In 2011 the Foundation). These include the Open Society–Georgia Foundation, symposium “Vazha-Pshavela 150: Mythological Thinking, Folklore and UNESCO, the Ministry of Culture of Georgia, M. Mamardashvili Literature, the European and Caucasian Experience” was dedicated to publications assistance program at the Alexandre Dumas French Vazha Pshavela’s 150th anniversary. Attendance at the symposium Cultural Center, German Publisher Schürbang Verlag, the Hungarian is increasing yearly and in 2011 it hosted 59 foreign guests from 19 Literature Support Center and the U.S. publisher People World countries including the US, UK, France, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Cthering. Czech Republic, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, At the present time nine projects have been submitted to the National Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Ukraine and others. Science Foundation and three to international funders. The Institute In 2007 and 2008 the Institute held two other international spares no effort to popularize Georgian literature and science abroad: conferences: “Ilia Chavchavadze: Epoch and Creator” and “Totalitarism through the support of the Institute, the translation of a novel by Otar and Literary Discourse. Experience of the 20th Century.” The latter Chiladze A Man Went Down the Road is nearing completion in the USA had a wide echo internationally, with over 40 scientists attending. and in 2012 a Cambridge UK publisher will issue a collection prepared The materials will be published in the UK in 2012. In addition at the Institute of Literature, Totalitarism and Literary Discourse. to international conferences, the Institute annually holds local Among scientific publishing projects implemented at the Institute conferences and scientific sessions. over recent years, a special place is accorded to academic works, For more information, visit the Institute’s website at: www.litinstituti.ge which--besides their literary value-- have a cultural mission. The publication of the academic works of Ilia Chavchavadze in twenty Mission and Challenges volumes is being finalized; the first ten volumes (of twenty) of the academic works of Akaki Tsereteli are ready for publishing; Vazha The key mission of the Institute of Georgian Literature is to protect, Pshavela’s selected works in three volumes is also completed. Within maintain and further develop the most important branch of Georgian the framework of a grant the Institute’s Folklore Department has studies. To fulfill this mission studies are being conducted in the prepared and published a unique collection, Anti-Soviet Narratives. main philological directions: history of Georgian literature, theory The Institute of Literature has undertaken the publication of of literature and comparative literary criticism, folklore studies, educational projects for students and other readers of literature, Rustvelology, Galaktionology, textology, etc. for example the book by Adrian Marino, which is a translation of a The Institute maintains the following philosophy—that cultural textbook with comments, Comparative Literary Criticism, for which dialogue is a major lever for Georgia to become a participant in the the Institute of Literature won an award. Since 2008 a seminar held world’s cultural development. Dr. Ratiani, Director of the Institute, said, twice a month entitled “Discourse Horizons” has been successfully “Only a few months have passed since the scientific-research institutes functioning at the Institute, which also implements a project called integrated into Tbilisi State University so it is early to talk about final “Author’s Voice” that provides constant, active contacts with literary results, but one thing is quite clear: the Institute of Georgian Literature critics and contemporary Georgian literary figures. The Institute is also is strong. It is a well-organized institution that serves the country’s carrying out a training program for teachers entitled “Science for the interests qualitatively and with professional honesty by studying the Future – Teachers’ Professional Retraining” to assist teachers improve issues of Georgian literature and literary studies and by making these their professional development and prepare for certification exams. issues known internationally. The future of the integration of the In 2007 the Institute of Literature laid the foundation for an annual Institute of Literature into TSU will see the further strengthening of our international symposium called “Contemporary Issues of Literary mission and a strong promotion of research.” Criticism” which is gradually acquiring a thematic nature. The first three symposiums were dedicated to general issues of literary Article prepared with information provided by the criticism, and in 2010 it was dedicated to Akaki Tsereteli’s anniversary Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature at TSU

2011 December Tsu science 88 à. razmaZis maTematikis institutis Sromebi~ (Pro- Tsu-is andria razmaZis ceedings of A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute) da `memuarebi diferencialur gantolebebsa da maTematikur fizika- maTematikis instituti Si~ (Memoirs on Differential Equations and Mathematical Phys- ics) samecniero gacvlis wesiT igzavneba msoflios 37 „axla, rodesac instituti Tsu- qveynis 140 samecniero centrSi. 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi institutSi muSavdeboda 9 is SemadgenlobaSia, iqmneba sabiujeto programa da SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli SesaZlebloba, rom instituti samecniero fondis 12 sagranto proeqti. amas garda, institutis TanamSromlebi monawileobdnen kidev iyos Tsu-is ara marto sadoqtoro 2 sagranto proeqtSi saqarTvelos sxva samecniero programebis centri maTematikasa dawesebulebebTan erTad. amave 2010 wels institutis TanamSromlebi monawileobdnen ucxouri grantebiT da Teoriul fizikaSi, aramed dafinansebul 4 proeqtSi. analogiuri statistikaa samecniero kvalifikaciis amaRlebis wina 2-3 wlebSic. centri sxvadasxva universitetis sul erovnuli samecniero fondis arsebobis 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi instituts aqvs miRebuli am fondis 23 profesorebisTvis“ granti. 1993 wlidan dRemde institutis TanamSromle- bi monawileobdnen 70–ze met saerTaSoriso sagranto proeqtSi, maTi nusxa gamoqveynebulia institutis veb- saTaveebTan gverdze. instituti xSirad aris organizatori an Tanaorgani- maTematikuri kvlevebi saqarTveloSi Tbilisis saxelm- zatori warmomadgenlobiTi saerTaSoriso samecni- wifo universitetis daarsebisTanave (1918 w.) daiwyo. ero konferenciebisa. mxold 2011 wels instituti iyo kvlevebis iniciatorebi pirveli qarTveli maTematiko- Tanaorganizatori Semdegi saerTaSoriso konferncie- sebi a. razmaZe, n. musxeliSvili, a. xaraZe da g. nikolaZe bisa: iyvnen. `Continuum Mechanics and Related Problems of Analysis” dedicated 1933 wlis 8 oqtombers Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer- to the 120-th birthday anniversary of academician N. Muskhelishvili sitetTan n. musxeliSvilis direqtorobiT maTemati- (9-14 seqtemberi, 2011 w., Tbilisi). kis, fizikis da meqanikis samecniero-kvleviTi insti- òdern Algebra and Its Applications” (19-25 seqtemberi, 2011 w., tuti daarsda. institutis pirveli direqtori iyo baTumi). v. kupraZe (1935-1941 ww.). 1941-1976 wlebSi instituts "Recent Advances in Quantum Field and String Theory" (26-30 TiTqmis uwyvetad n. musxeliSvili xelmZRvanelobda. seqtemberi, 2011 w, Tbilisi). institutis TanamSromelTa fundamenturma Sedegebma 2010 wels institutis TanamSromlebma gamoaqveynes 74 drekadobis maTematikur TeoriaSi, singularul in- samecniero statia, maTgan 31 impaqt-faqtoris mqone tegralur gantolebebSi, kompleqsur da namdvili JurnalebSi. 2009 wels 92 statia, maTgan 37 impaqt- cvladis analizSi, diferencialur gantolebebsa da faqtorian JurnalebSi. institutis TanamSromlebis maTematikur fizikaSi, topologiaSi, ricxvTa Teoria- mier bolo 10 wlis manZilze gamoqveynebuli samec- Si da gamoyenebiT maTematikaSi instituts msoflioSi niero naSromebis sruli sia ganTavsebulia institu- maRali samecniero reputacia daumkvidra. tis veb-gverdze. amave veb-gverdzea sia institutis TanamSromelTa 128 monografiisa, romelTagan bevri dRes gamoqveynebulia msoflios wamyvan samecniero gamom- cemlobebSi, rogoricaa North-Holland Publ. Co., Nauka, Pit- 2010 wlis seqtembridan instituti Tsu-is Semadgen- man, P. Noordhoff-Groninger-Holland, Addison Wesley Longman, lobaSia. Birkhauser, Kluwer Academic, World Scientific, Cambridge Univer- 2006 wlis ivnisidan 2008 wlis aprilamde institutis sity Press, da sxva. direqtoris movaleobis Semsrulebeli iyo n. farcva- saerTaSoriso aRiarebaze metyvelebs agreTve ase- nia, xolo 2008 wlis aprilidan igi aris institutis Ti monacemebic: institutis TanamSromlebi arian 14 direqtori. ucxouri samecniero gamocemis saredaqcio kolegiis amJamad institutSi aris 9 samecniero ganyofileba. wevrebi, 5 TanamSromeli sxvadasxva dros iyo humbold- instituti oTxjer – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 wlebSi – tis fondis (gfr) stipendianti, xolo erTi – humbold- gamocxadda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli tis premiis laureati, eqvsi TanamSromeli sxvadasxva akademiis mier wlis saukeTeso samecniero-kvleviT wlebSi iyo Teoriuli fizikis saerTaSoriso centris dawesebulebad fizikisa da maTematikis dargSi. (trieste, italia) asocirebuli wevri. garda amisa, in- 1937 wlidan institutSi ibeWdeba samecniero Jurnali stitutis TanamSromelTa Soris arian ucxouri samec- à. razmaZis maTematikis institutis Sromebi~ (Proceed- niero sazogadoebebis wevrebi da saerTaSoriso samec- ings of A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute). niero premiebis laureatebi. instituti agreTve aris ori saerTaSoriso samecniero institutis yofili, amJamad ki sapatio, TanamSromlebi Jurnalis damaarsebeli: `saqarTvelos maTematikuri moRvaweoben evropisa da amerikis cnobil samecniero Jurnali" 2008 wlidan Setanilia impaqt-faqtoris dawesebulebebSi. mqone samecniero JurnalTa siaSi. ufro detaluri informacia zemoT CamoTvlili mo- Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 89 Andria Razmadze Mathematical Institute at TSU

“Now, as the Institute has been transferred to Tbilisi State University (TSU), it opens up new opportunities for turning TSU not only into the center of doctoral programs in mathematics and theoretical physics, but also for raising the scientific qualifications for professors from other universities” .

Background

Mathematical research was launched in Georgia when Tbilisi State University was nino farcvania _ iv. javaxiSvilis founded in 1918, initiated by the first Georgian mathematicians A. Razmadze, N. saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo Muskhelishvili, A. Kharadze and G. Nikoladze. universitetis andria razmaZis maTematikis institutis direq- On October 8, 1933 a Scientific-Research Institute of Mathematics, Physics and tori da amave institutis Mechanics was set up under Tbilisi State University with N. Muskhelishvili as Diector. diferencialuri gantolebebis Later V. Kupradze became Diector of the Institute (1935-1941) and between 1941and ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier- 1976 the Institute was led by N. Muskhelishvili. TanamSromeli; Savi zRvis saer- As a result of fundamental results achieved by the Institute staff in the mathematical TaSoriso universitetis bizne- theory of elasticity, singular integral equations, complex and real variable analysis, sis marTvis fakultetis sruli differential equations and mathematical physics, topology, numbers theory and profesori; fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori (Ph.D.); computational mathematics, the Institute gained a high scientific reputation saqarTvelos prezidentTan ar- throughout the world. sebuli samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis sabWos wevri; Today Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetis akademiuri sabWos Since September 2010 the Institute has been functioning again under Tbilisi State wevri; Jurnalis “Memoirs on Dif- University and from June 2006 to April 2008, N. Partsvania was Acting Director and is now ferential Equations and Mathematical Physics” asocirebuli redaq- Director. Presently the Institute is comprised of nine scientific departments. The National tori; saerTaSoriso Jurnalis Academy of Sciences of Georgia has awarded the Institute four times as the Best Scientific- “Miskolc Mathematical Notes” red- Research Institute in the fields of physics and mathematics – in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. kolegiis wevri; mopovebuli Since 1937 the Institute has published a scientific journal entitled “Proceedings of aqvs 14 saerTaSoriso da adgi- the A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute.” The Institute founded another international lobrivi granti da stipendia; scientific journal in 2008, the “Georgian Mathematical Journal”, and it entered the list araerTi saerTaSoriso konfer- of scientific journals with an impact factor. The journal “Proceedings of A. Razmadze enciis monawile; 42 samecniero naSromis avtori; Mathematical Institute” and “Memoirs on Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics” are regularly sent to 140 scientific institutions in 37 countries throughout the world within programs of scientific publications exchange. Nino Partsvania - Director of Andrea Razmadze Mathematical Institute of During 2010 the Institute developed nine budgetary programs and Shota Rustaveli I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and National Science Foundation’s 12 grant projects. The Institute staff participated in Senior Researcher at the department two grant projects along with other Georgian scientific institutions. During the same of Differential Equations of the year, employees of the Institute participated in four projects funded by foreign grants, same Institute; Full Professor at the faculty of Business Management of which was the case for the preceding three years. International Black Sea University; Ph.D. The Institute received 23 grants from the National Science Foundation and since 1993 in Physics-Mathematics; member of the the Institute staff has participated in over 70 international grant projects. This list is Research and Development Council posted on the Institute’s website. at President of Georgia; member of Frequently the Institute organizes or co-organizes international scientific conferences. the Academic Council of International Black Sea University; Associate Editor Ib 2011 the Institute was co-organizer of the following international conferences: of “Memoirs on Differential Equations “Continuum Mechanics and Related Problems of Analysis” dedicated to the 120th and Mathematical Physics” and birthday anniversary of academician N. Muskhelishvili (September 9-14, 2011, Tbilisi). member of Board of Editors of “Miskolc ”Modern Algebra and Its Applications” (September 19-25, 2011, Batumi). Mathematical Notes”; winner of 14 local and international grant projects and “Recent Advances in Quantum Field and String Theory” (September 26-30, 2011, scholarships; participant of number of Tbilisi). international and local conferences; In 2010 the Institute staff published 74 scientific articles, 31 of which were published author of 42 published scholarly articles. in journals with peer reviews; in 2009 – 92 articles with 37 in peer review journals. The full list of scientific works published by the Institute staff during last 10 years is available on the Institute’s website. The same website offers the list of 128 2011 December Tsu science 90 nacemebis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ixiloT institutis monographs prepared by the Institute, many of which have been veb-gverdze: http://www.rmi.ge. published by leading scientific publishers such as North-Holland Publ. Co., Nauka, Pitman, P. Noordhoff-Groninger - Holland, Addison Wesley institutis misia da gamowveva Longman, Birkhauser, Kluwer Academic, World Scientific, Cambridge University Press, etc. The following data also illustrate the Institute’s international institutis xelmZRvanelobis TqmiT, zemoT moyvani- recognition: scientists from the Institute are members of the editorial li ricxvebi adasturebs, rom instituti aris qveynis boards of 14 foreign scientific editions; five employees have been erT-erTi wamyvani samecniero dawesebuleba: Fellows of the Humboldt Foundation, while one of them is a Humboldt „aseT samecniero centrs seriozuli mxardaWera Prize Winner. Moreover, six scientists from the Institute have been esaWiroeba. amas garda, uaRresad mniSvnelovania, associate members of the International Center of Theoretical Physics rom aseTi potencialis mqone instituti srulfa- (Trieste, Italy) in various years. Among the employees of the Institute sovnad iyos gamoyenebuli mecnierTa axali Taobe- there are also members of the foreign scientific community and the bis aRzrdis saqmeSi. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi winners of international scientific prizes. Former, and now honorary, collaborators of the Institute work in famous scientific institutions axali kadrebi maTematikaSi ZiriTadad izrdebod- of Europe and the United States. Detailed information about the nen institutis aspiranturaSi. cnobili reformis Institute can be found at its website: http:/www.rmi.ge. Semdeg, roca akademiur institutebs CamoerTvaT aspirantebis (doqtorantebis) momzadebis ufle- Institute’s Mission and Challenges ba, axali Zalebis mosvla mecnierebaSi, da kerZod maTematikaSi, mkveTrad Semcirda, rac udavod sa- According to the Institute’s leadership, the above information confirms frTxes uqmnis saqarTveloSi maTematikuri sko- that the Institute is one of the leading scientific institutions of the lis ganviTarebas da arsebobasac ki. axla, rodesac country. “Such scientific centers need serious support. Moreover, instituti Tsu-is SemadgenlobaSia, iqmneba Sesa- it is extremely important that the Institute with such potential be used comprehensively in the affairs of educating new generations of Zlebloba, rom instituti iyos Tsu-is ara marto scientists. For decades new staff was mostly educated in mathematics sadoqtoro programebis centri maTematikasa in courses of post-graduate studies. After the well-known reform, da Teoriul fizikaSi, aramed samecniero kvali- when the academic institutions were deprived of the right to prepare fikaciis amaRlebis centri sxvadasxva universite- post-graduate students (doctorates), the arrival of new forces to these tis profesorebisTvis: aq droebiT poziciebze sciences, and particularly to mathematics, has sharply decreased. That imuSavebdnen universitetebidan mosuli axali undoubtedly poses a threat to the development and even existence of doqtorebi (postdoqtorebis poziciebi) da uni- a mathematical school in Georgia. Now as the Institute is under Tbilisi versitetebis leqtorebi leqciebisgan ramdenime State University, a new opportunity has arisen to turn the Institute not TviT gaTavisuflebul periodSi (sabatikalebis only into a center of doctoral programs in mathematics and theoretical praqtika). swored aseTia samecniero sistema ev- physics, but also into a center for raising scientific qualifications for professors from other universities. Temporary positions will be held by ropaSi“. new PhDs from various universities (postdoctoral positions) as well as university lecturers on sabbatical leave. This is what Europe’s scientific masala momzadebulia Tbilisis system looks like.” saxelmwifo universitetis andria razmaZis saxelobis maTematikis institutis mier Article prepared with information provided by the mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze Andria Razmadze Mathematical Institute at TSU 91 mecniereba - bavSvebisTvis Science and Humanities for Children

Tsu-is auditoriebSi skolis moswavleebis naxva dRes aRaravis ukvirs. mecnierebasTan ziarebis saSualeba aq saqarTvelos yvela skolis moswavles aqvs. qimiis an fizikis leqciaze gagonilisa da naswavlis “Semowmeba” maT Tsu-is laboratoriebSi SeuZliaT; saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb ufro mets arqeologiuri gaTxrebis obieqtebze gasvlisas SesZleben; Ggeografiaze eqskursiebze isaubreben; varskvlavian cas Tsu-is astrologiis gakveTilebze Seiswavlian, ucxo enebs _ norC humanitarTa skolebSi... ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis “sabavSvo universitetSi” yvela bavSvs SeuZlia misTvis saintereso sagnis moZieba da codnis gaRrmaveba. Tsu-is “sabavSvo universiteti” unikaluri proeqtia saqarTveloSi. Mmisi Camoyalibeba saxelmwifo universitetis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis departamentis farglebSi 2007 wels daiwyo.

It comes as no surprise to anyone to see schoolchildren in the classrooms of Tbilisi State University (TSU). Today any pupil from Georgian schools has an opportunity to learn about science. They can “test” their knowledge of chemistry or physics in TSU laboratories; they can learn more about Georgian history by visiting archaeological sites and can talk about geography during excursions. They can explore the starry sky during TSU astrology lessons and learn foreign languages in courses for young humanities students… Children can choose any subject of interest and expand their knowledge at the Unijunior at TSU of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The Unijunior at TSU is a unique project in Georgia, established in 2007 within the framework of the Research and Development Department of Tbilisi State University.

2011 December Tsu science 92 Tsu-is yvela fakultetze e.w. norCTa skolebi Seiqmna. xsnis, xSirad ukve vici razec ilaparakebs. Ujer ar mim- maTi raodenoba dRes 19-ia. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli iRia, magram ucileblad miviReb monawileobas sabavS- profilisa da specialobisa, yvela am skolas erTi mi- vo konferenciebSi, romelic geografiis Temaze gaim- sia aqvs _ umaRlesi saswavleblisTvis motivirebuli arTeba”. _ gangvicxada 51-e skolis 11 wlis moswavlem da ganaTlebuli studentis momzadeba, jer kidev sko- erekle baRaSvilma, romelic ramdenimejer maswavleb- lis periodidan. aq mozardebi me-6-dan me-12 klasamde els “Sataloze” skolidan universitetSi, leqciaze swavloben. “sabavSvo universiteti” momaval studen- gamoepara. tebs sauniversiteto programis daZlevaSi, Tavisi in- Tsu-is sabavSvo universitetis mier organizebul teresisa da niWis farglebSi Sesabamisi specialobis konferenciebsa da viqtorinebSi monawileobas sxva- SerCevaSi, mecnierebisadmi interesis gaRvivebaSi ex- dasxva regionis skolebic aqtiurad iReben. magali- mareba. Tsu-is reqtoris mrCevlis, “sabavSvo univer- Tad, isev geografTa skolis mier 2010 wlis organize- istetis” koordinatoris marina lomouris azriT, es bul norC geografTa konferenciaze iyalTos skolis warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi winapirobaa. meaTe klasis moswavlem SoTa SiSmaniSvilma gaimarjva, 2011 wlis Semodgomidan `Tsu-is sabavSvo universite- romelsac Tema: “vazis naJuri-kacobriobis cocxali ti” evropis sabavSvo universitetebis qselis srulu- mematiane” hqonda da es naSromi universitetis mier flebiani wevri gaxda. qseli evropuli qveynebis (ger- gamocemul krebulSic Sevida. mania, avstria, didi britaneTi, Sveicaria, holandia, zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis fakulte- poloneTi, da sxv) 130-ze meti mowinave universitetis tze sabavSvo univeristetis egidiT biologiis da bazaze arsebul sabavSvo universitets aerTianebs. sa- medicinis sakiTxebze gamarTul mexuTe konferen- bavSvo univerisitetisTvis es mniSvnelovani aRiareba ciaSi “guSin, dRes, xval” Tbilisis, xaSuris, sagare- da axali etapia. jos, rusTavis da sxva sajaro skolis moswavleebi ”ekonomika Cemi usayvarlesi sagania. Tsu-Si Catare- monawileobden. Awminda eqvTime da giorgi mTawmind- bul leqciebze bevri saintereso gavige da aviTvise. elebis saxelobis skolis me-9 klasis moswavle daviT leqtorebi ekonomikis sxvadasxva sakiTxze sakmaod meqoSvili, am konferenciaSi monawileobis misaRebad mravlismomcvelad gviyvebodnen. Aam leqciebidan ara sakuTari surviliT Caewera, miuxedavad imisa, rom marto Cveni qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri mx- `sabavSvo universitetis” msmeneli ar yofila. Kradgan are “Seviswavle”, aramed ekonomikur sakiTxebSi gadaw- adamianis fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yvetilebis miRebac viswavle.”_ irma kekelia, Tbili- ainteresebda, konferenciaze Temad “eiforia” war- sis @#87-e sajaro skolis moswavle. adgina. eqvswuTiani prezentaciisTvis 2 kvira emzade- “norC ekonomistTa skolaSi imitom movedi, rom ekono- boda. mikis fakultets jer zedapirulad, xolo SemdgomSi Tsu-is TanamSromlobis memorandumi ukve gaforme- Rrmad gavcnobodi, radgan am universitetSi msurs gav- buli aqvs Tbilisis rva, rusTavis or sajaro da kerZo agrZelo swavla. yvelaze metad qalbaton eTer xaraiS- skolasTan. “sabavSvo universitetis” koordinato- vilis mier Catarebuli leqcia momewona, romelic ris marina lomouris TqmiT, Mes SeTanxmeba erToblivi makroekonomikaze gvesaubra”. _ Tiko kupraZe, 182-e saganmanaTleblo aqtivobebis ganxorcielebasa da sajaro skola. xelSewyobas iTvaliswinebs. regionebSi TanamSromlo- moswavleTa es gamoxmaurebebi norC ekonomistTa veb- bisTvis SerCeulia e.w. “sayrdeni skolebi”, romleb- gverdze jer kidev 2008 wels daido. Ppirvelive wels sac Tsu-is akademiuri personalis mier momzadebuli Tsu-is maRliv korpusSi leqciebze ekonomikiT dain- leqciaTa kursi gadaecemaT, romelic imave raionis teresebuli asamde moswavle dadioda 20 sajaro skol- yvela skolis dainteresebuli moswavlisTvisaa gan- idan. droTa ganmavlobaSi maTma ricxvma sagrZnoblad kuTvnili. imata. axali saswavlo wlidan `sabavSvo univeristetis” “imedi maqvs, rom “norC geografTa” skolis RonisZie- bazaze muSaoba daiwyo astronomTa skolam. mecadi- bebi stimuls iZleva meti codnis misaRebad, argu- neoba kviraSi samjer tardeba. am etapze leqciebs as- mentirebuli msjelobis da prezentaciis unaris gan- tronomTa axladgaxsnil viTarebis kargi saSualebaa. garda amisa, sxvadasxva skolaSi Tbilisis ori da skolis moswavleebis damegobrebasac uwyobs xels. rusTavis erTi skolis vfiqrob, inteleqtualuri Sejibrebis meSveobiT Cven asamde moswavle eswreba. gansakuTrebuli niWiTa da unariT dajildoebul sabavSvo universitetSi moswavleTa gamovlena SegviZlia”. – miiCnevs Tsu- swavleba ufasoa. gakveTi is geografiis departamentis asocirebuli profe- lebs aq Tsu-is profesor- sori, norC geografTa skolis koordinatori dali maswavleblebi atareben. nikolaSvili. cnobisTvis: geografebTan 2009-2010 msmeneli nebismieri sko- saswavlo wels skolaSi 450 msmeneli iyo registrire- lis dainteresebuli mo- buli. swavle SeiZleba gaxdes _ “rTuli Lleqciebi ar yofila. gasagebi eniT xsnid- yovelgvari gamocdis ga- nen yvelafers. kiTxvas leqciis bolos vsvamdi. yve- reSe. saswavlo sagnebisa laze metad marika elizbaraSvilisa da jumber leJa- da ganrigis gageba “Ria vas leqciebi damamaxsovrda, Lleqciebi bermudis karis dReze” an Tsu-is samkuTxedze da udabnoSi WianWvelebis Semosevaze. Aax- veb-gverdze www.tsu.edu.ge la, roca skolaSi geografiis maswavlebeli gakveTils SeiZleba.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 93 The Youth schools were created within all faculties of TSU. Today “The lectures are not difficult. The lecturers explained everything in there are 19, and despite their different profiles and specialties, all the simplest terms. At the end of each lecture I asked questions. I es- have a single mission – to prepare motivated and educated students pecially like the lectures delivered by Marika Elizbarashvili and Jum- for higher educational institutions. Young people in grades 6-12 can ber Lezhava on the Bermuda Triangle and ant invasions in the desert. take lessons at the Unijunior at TSU, which assists would-be students Now when our geography teacher is explaining a lesson at school, I to cope with the university curriculum, selecting various specialties sometimes already know what she is talking about. I had never par- relevant to their interests and skills, and awakens their interest in sci- ticipated in children’s conferences/competitions on geography, but ence and other subjects. Marina Lomouri, Adviser to the TSU Rector will definitely take part in future,” said Erekle Bagashvili, a grade 11 and Coordinator of the Unijunior at TSU, believes that this is one of pupil in Tbilisi’s public school No51. He left his public school several the preconditions for a successful university career. times to attend lectures at the University. Since autumn 2011 TSU’s Unijunior at TSU has become a full member Schools from other regions of Georgia are also actively involved in of the European Children’s Universities Network. The latter unites the competitions and quizzes organized by the Unijunior at TSU. For Children’s Universities existing within more than 130 leading Euro- example, Shota Shishmanishvili won the prize at the Conference of pean universities , for example in Germany, Austria, Great Britain, Young Geographers organized by the School of Geographers in 2010. Switzerland, Holland and Poland. For the Georgian Children’s Univer- His theme, “Grape Juice – A Vivid Chronicler of Mankind” became sity this is an important recognition of its importance. part of a University publication. Pupils from public schools in Tbilisi, “Economics is my favorite subject. I have learned and studied a lot Khashuri, Sagarejo and Rustavi participated in the 5th Conference on during the lectures at the Tbilisi State University. Lecturers told us Biology and Medicine entitled “Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow”, held at interesting things about economic issues. I “studied” not only the the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences under the auspices of the political and economic aspects of our country, but also learned how Unijunior at TSU. Davit Mekoshvili, who is in grade 9 at St. George to make decisions on economic issues,” said Irma Kekelia from Tbilisi’s and Ekvtime Mtatsmideli Gymnasium, entered the competition at his public school No 87. own initiative, though he had never been an auditor at the Unijunior “I came to the School of Young Economists to get acquainted with at TSU. Since he was interested in issues related to human psychol- the Faculty of Economics superficially at first, and then comprehen- ogy he submitted a theme “Euphoria” for the competition and for sively, because I want to continue my studies at this university. Most two weeks he prepared his six-minute presentation. of all, I liked the lecture delivered by Ms. Eter Kharaishvili.” - said Tiko TSU has already signed cooperation memorandums with eight Kupradze from public school No 182. schools in Tbilisi and two in Rustavi, both public and private. Marina Such comments by schoolchildren were posted on the Young Lomouri, Coordinator , says the agreement regulates the implemen- Economists’ website as far back as 2008. During the very first year tation and promotion of joint educational activities. “Base schools” 100 pupils with an interest in economics from 20 public schools were selected in other regions for cooperation. They will receive attended lectures in TSU’s Maglivi Building. Since then, the number a course of lectures prepared by TSU academic personnel and of pupils has significantly increased. “I hope that events arranged designed for any interested pupil from any school throughout the by the School of Young Geographers will serve as a good incentive region. to acquire more knowledge; it is a good means to debate issues Beginning with the 2010-2011 academic year, the School of Astrono- and develop presentation skills. Moreover, it promotes friendship mers began functioning in the Unijunior at TSU. Lectures are now between schoolchildren from different schools. I think we can reveal held three times per week, with about 100 pupils from two Tbilisi especially talented and skillful schoolchildren through intellectual schools and one from Rustavi attending the lectures. competitions,” says Dali Nikolashvili, Associate Professor at the TSU Studies at the Unijunior at TSU are free. TSU professors and lecturers Department of Geography and Coordinator at the School of Young deliver lectures, and interested pupils from any school can attend Geographers. During the 2009-2010 academic year 450 auditors without passing examinations. For information on relevant subjects were registered in this School. and schedules, see www.tsu.edu.ge 94

erazm roterdamelis "saubrebi", amsterdami, 1526 w. Erasmus Roterdamus, ‘Dialogues’ Amsterdam, 1526

1917 wlis 19 dekembers universitetis profesorTa sabWos winaswar sxdomaze momavali universitetis saswavlo gegma da universitetSi miRebis pirobebi ganixileboda. ivane javaxiSvilma kolegebs aq gamoCenili qarTveli publicistis kita abaSiZis anderZi gaacno. anderZis Tanaxmad, misi biblioTeka universitets gadaecemoda. ase, pirveli qarTuli universitetis oficialurad daarsebamde TiTqmis TvenaxevriT adre, daiwyo Tsu-is bibilioTekis Seqmnis istoria.

Long ago, on December 19, 1917, when the establishment of an educational program for Tbilisi State University was being discussed, the Board of Professors also heard the reading of Kita Abashidze’s will by Ivane Javakhisvili. In his will, Abashidze--a prominent Georgian publisher-- presented his private book collection to the university. It became the cornerstone of the Tbilisi State University library.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 95 Tsu-is biblioTekis saganZuridan... From the TSU Library Treasury …

kita abaSiZis koleqcias mohyva Tbilisis sasuliero Following Kita Abashidze’s donation, the Tbilisi Theological seminariis, Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWos, kavkasiis yofili Seminary, the Black Stone Industry Council, the former Caucasian sacenzuro komitetis, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis Censorship Committee, the Society for the Expanding Literacy gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, saTavadaznauro gimnazi- among Georgians, the Tiflis School for the Nobility, and other is wignTsacavebi. mas gadaeca didi mTavris biblioTekac, institutions, presented their books to the university library romelic likanSi inaxeboda, ris gamoc dRes Tsu-Si dac- collection. Furthermore, the custodians of the Great Prince’s library ulia unikaluri rusuli wignebi. universitets Seemata that was kept in Likani, Georgia, bestowed a collection of unique daviT sarajiSvilis, svimon kldiaSvilis, petre meli- Russian books. The library also received private book collections qiSvilis, eqvTime TayaiSvilis, aleqsandre cagarelis, from Davit Sarajishvili, Svimon Kldiashvili, Petre Melikishvili, dimitri baqraZis, Tedo Jordanias, vasil petriaSvilis Ekvtime Takaishvili, Alexandre Tsagareli, Dimitri Bakradze, Tedo piradi koleqciebic. daarsebidan or weliwadSi univer- Zhordania, and Vasil Petriashvili. Predictably, within two years sitetis bibliTekaSi ukve 100 aTasze meti wigni iyo dac- of the university’s establishment, a unique collection of more uli. am gziT moxvda universitetis koleqciaSi qarTuli than 100,000 Georgian and foreign books were acquired by the Tu ucxouri unikaluri wignebi. university library. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekaSi dacu- One of the rare books preserved in the university library is li raritetuli wignebidan erT-erTia vaxtang VI-is stam- Sakhareba (The Gospel) published in Tbilisi by the printing house baSi dabeWdili “saxareba”. wigni 1709 wels TbilisSia gamo- of Vakhtang VI in 1709. Its cover is decorated with double etching cemuli. misi Tavfurceli Semkulia ormagi ornamentiT da and iconic paintings of the Blessed Virgin, Jesus Christ, and John RvTismSobelis, qristes da naTlismcemlis suraTebiT. aqve the Baptist. Other rare religious books, published by the same inaxeba amave stambaSi dabeWdili “samociqulo”, “daviTni”. printing house, include Samotsikulo (Apostles) and Davitni sxvaTa Soris, “daviTnis” es gamocema mxolod universite- (Psalms). This edition of Davitni exists only in the Tbilisi State tis biblioTekaSia daculi. 1710 wliT aris daTariRebu- library. The books Kondaki, Locvani (Prayers) and Zhamni (Times) li vaxtangis stambaSi dabeWdili “kondaki”, “locvani” da published in the printing house of Vakhtang VI date back to 1710. “Jamni”. analogiuri gamocemebi saqarTveloSi momdevno Similar publications printed in Georgia in the following years, now wlebSic ibeWdeboda da es egzemplarebic universitetis are included in the university’s Rare Book Fund and are just a part biblioTekis iSviaT gamocemaTa fondSi Sedis. of the treasury preserved in the university library for the future vaxtangis stambaSi gamocemuli wignebi mxolod nawilia generations. im simdidrisa, romelic Tsu-is biblioTekam STamomav- The university library is the repository of the most famous and lobas Semounaxa. oldest works in the Georgian language. The most noteworthy universitetSi daculi saganZuridan gansakuTrebuli liturgical texts include: ‘Tskhovreba Tsminda Ieronimesi’ (Life aRniSvnis Rirsia 1484 wels gutenbergis gamogonebiT of Saint Jeronomy) printed according to the Incunabula style dabeWdili “inkunabula” - “cxovreba wminda ieronimesi” invented by Guttenberg in 1484, Colloquium by Eraz Roderdamel da 1526 wels amsterdamSi gamocemuli eraz roterdame- published in Amsterdam in 1526, Georgian Alphabet with Prayers lis “kolokviumi”; aseve 1629 wels romSi dabeWdili “qarTuli anbani locvebiTurT” da 1705 wels moskovSi published in Rome in 1629 and Davitni (Psalm-book) published in gamocemuli “daviTni”. moskovSive daibeWda “zatiki”, Moscow in 1705. The following books: Zatiki, Markhvani (Fasting), M”marxvani”, “paraklisi”, “saxareba gamokrebuli” da sxva. Paraklis (church service) and Sakhareba Gamokrebuli (Selected 1741-1797 wlebSi romSi daibeWda “saqristiano moZRvre- Gospel) were also published in Moscow. In 1741-1797, two bis” ori gamocema. publications of Sakristiano Modzgvreba (Christian Doctrine) were univeristetis biblioTekis kartoTekidan vigebT imasac, published in Rome. rom marTalia, XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad Along with the liturgical books, the library’s index catalogue saeklesio wignebi ibeWdeboda, magram TandaTan Cndeba includes famous secular texts such as The Knight in the Panther saero wignebic. kerZod, 1712 wels tfilisSi dastambula Skin published in Tbilisi in 1712 and Kitaiis Sibrdzne (Kitai Wisdom) “vefxistyaosani”, 1784 wels - “kitaiis sibrZne”. published in 1784. XIX saukune kidev ufro mravalferovnad aris warmodge- The university library has an extensive collection of nineteenth nili Tsu-is wignsacavSi. tfilisisa da moskovis stambe- century books printed in Moscow, Tbilisi, Kutaisi and Sachkhere. bis paralelulad Cndeba quTaisis da saCxeris stambaSi The sole edition of Sakhareba Matesi (Mate’s Gospel), published in dabeWdili wignebic, rogorc saeklesio, aseve saero. the Sachkhere printing house in 1817, is preserved in the university 1817 wels saCxereSi dabeWdili “saxareba maTesi” mxolod library. Another noteworthy book is “Shekreba Rusulta Ubnobata, universitetis biblioTekaSia daculi, iqvea 1819 wels Sazogadod Tskhovrebasa Shina Sakhmarebelta, Dartva Kartulisa gamocemuli “Sekreba rusulTa ubnobaTa, sazogadod cx- Targmnisasata, Sasargeblos Ketilshobilta Krmata” (a Georgian ovrebasa Sina saxmarebelTa, darvTa qarTulisa Targm- translation of the general rules of life for noble youngsters) nisasaTa, sasargeblos keTilSobilTa yrmaTa”. published in 1819.

2011 December Tsu science 96 msurvels SeuZlia am biblioTekaSi moiZios 1818 wels In addition to these texts visitors to the library can find the sankt-peterburgSi dabeWdili “aristotele”, 1823 following manuscripts: ‘Aristotle’ published in St. Petersburg in wels gamocemuli “enciklopedia anu Sekrebiloba zneo- 1818, Entsiklopedia anu Shekrebiloba Zneobata Stsavlata Hazrttani baTTa swavlaTa hazrTTani”, daviT Cubinovis “qarTuli (Encyclopedia, 1823), Kartuli Krestomatia (Georgian Text-book) by qresTomatia”, Teimuraz batoniSvilis “istoria dawye- Davit Chubinov, Istoria Datskebitgan Iveriisa, ese igi Giorgisa, Romel biTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgisa, romel ars sruliad Ars Sruliad Sakartveloisa (History of Georgia since the establishment saqarTveloisa”, Teimuraz I-is “vard-bulbuliani naTq- of Iberia) by Teimuraz Batonishvili, Vard-Bulbuliani Natkvami Pirvelis vami pirvelis mefis Teimurazisgan”, dimitri bagratio- Mepis Teimurazisgan (Kind words of Teimurav I) by Teimurav I, and nis “wameba wmindisa qeTevan dedoflisa” da a.S. Tsameba Tsmindisa Ketevan Dedoflisa (St. Queen Ketevan’s Torment) Tsu biblioTeka unikaluria imiTac, rom aq daculi wignebis Zalian didi nawili saqarTvelos sxva bib- by Dimitri Bagrationi. lioTekebSi ar moiZebneba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba XX Most books preserved at the TSU library cannot be found in any saukunis dasawyisSi gamocemul wignebs. universite- other Georgian libraries, making ita unique repository of rare tis biblioTekaSi inaxeba 1900 wels gamocemuli akaki nineteenth and twentieth century texts. Part of this unique wereTlis “baSi-aCuki”, Sio aragvispirelis wigni I. mari collection are the twentieth century texts by famous Georgian broses “saqarTvelos istoria”, sevasti gaCeCilaZis authors including: Bashi-Achuki (Bashi-Achuk, a historical novel) “xalxuri zRaprebi”, “qarTuli enis programa tfilisis by Akaki Tseretli published in 1900, Tsigni I (Book I) by Shio qarTuli saTavad-aznauro gimnaziisTvis”, leo qiaCe- Aragvispireli, Sakartvelos Istoria (Georgian History) by Marie Brosset, lis “natvrisTvali”, petre meliqiSvilis “Cveni Rvinis Khalkhuri Zgaprebi (Folk Fairy-tales) by Sevasti Gachechiladze, qimiuri Semadgneloba” da sxv. yvela wignis CamoTvla Kartuli Enis Programa Tpilisis Kartuli Satavad-aznauro Gimnaziistvis namdvilad SeuZlebelia, radgan, rogorc universite- (Georgian language textbook for the Tiflis School for Nobility), tis biblioTekis xelmZRvanelma zurab gaiparaSvilma Natvristvali (Wishing Stone) by Leo Kiacheli, and Chveni Gvinis gviTxra, biblioTekis sacavSi dRes ukve ramdenime Kimiuri Shemadgenloba (The Chemical Composition of our Wine) milioni wignia daculi. mTavari axla biblioTekis Senobisa da sacavebis re- by Petre Melikishvili. Although it is not possible to list all the abilitaciaa _ unikalur wignebs saTanado mopyroba, books, Zurab Gaiparashvili, Director of the TSU Library, indicates specialuri klimati da temperatura sWirdeba. 21-e there are several million books, many of which are very oldand in saukune am TvalsazrisiT axal moTxovnebs ayenebs. Tsu need of special preservation, as well as to be kept in a temperature- am moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisTvis emzadeba. controlledenvironment for the researchers of future generations.

saxareba, 1709 New Testament, 1709

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 97 Tsu - saerTaSoriso konferenciebi: 2011 Semodgoma-zamTari TSU – International Conferences: Fall-Winter 2011

“konferencia ganzogadebul analizur funqciebsa wlis 25-27 seqtemberi. organizatorebi - iv. javaxiS- da maT gamoyenebebSi” (Conference on Generealized Analytic vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite- Functions and Their Appli¬ca-tions); TariRi: 2011 wlis 12-14 ti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti da saqarT- seqtemberi; mxardamWeri: SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli velos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia.Tanamonawile samecniero fondi; monawileebi: poloneTi, ruseTi, organizacia `saqarTvelos profesional qimikosTa somxeTi. asociacia; mxardamWerebi: rusTavelis fondi, sastum- Conference on Generealized Analytic Functions and Their Applica roebi „didube plaza“ da „prestiJi“, „World scientific tions; Date: 12-14 September 2011 publishing”, Jurnali „Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds” Supporter(s): Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation; Partici- da “cifruli beWdvis centri „ESPO“. monawileebi: azerbaijani, aSS, belorusia, germania, TurqeTi, indo- pants: Poland, Russia, Armenia. eTi, irani, italia, latvia, pakistani, ruseTi, saberZne- Ti, somxeTi, saqarTvelo, singapuri, ukraina, uzbekeTi, “saqarTvelos meqanikosTa kavSiris II yovel wli- Sveicaria da CineTi. uri konferencia“ (II Annual Meeting of the Georgian Second international conference on organic chemistry - Mechanical Union); TariRi: 2011 wlis 15-17 seqtem- ‘’Achievement in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds’’; beri; organizatorebi: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; i. vekuas Date: 25-27 September 2011; Organiser(s): Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi saxelobis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis institu- State University; Georgia Technical University and Georgian National ti; zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa academy of Sciences. Co-participant organization – Association fakultetis maTematikis departamentis meqanikis of Professional Chemists of Georgia.; Supporter(s): Shota Rustaveli mimarTuleba; maTematikisa da informatikis Tbili- National Science Foundation, Hotel ‘’Didube Plaza’’ and ‘’Prestige’’, sis saerTaSoriso centri; Teoriuli da gamoyen- „World scientific publishing”, journal- Chemistry of Heterocyclic ebiTi meqanikis saqarTvelos erovnuli komiteti. Compounds” and digital printing center –‘’ESPO”. Participants: monawileebi: germania, TurqeTi, kanada, somxeTi. Azerbaijan, the United States, Belarus, Germany, Turkey, India, Iran, II Annual Meeting of the Georgian Mechanical Union; Italy, Latvia, Pakistan, Russia, Greece, Armenia, Georgia, Singapore, Date: 15-17 September 2011 Organizer(s): Iv. Javakhishvili the Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Switzerland, and China. Tbilisi State University; I. Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics; direction of Mechanics at the department nikoloz musxeliSvilis 120 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili of Mathematics (faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences); saerTaSoriso konferencia; TariRi: 2011 wlis seqtem- Tbilisi International Centre of Mathematics and Informatics; beri; organizatorebi: ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis Georgian National Committee of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; saministro, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka- Participants: Germany, Turkey, Canada, Armenia. demia, saqarTvelos teqnikuri univesiteti, Tsu. Tsu- is i. vekuas saxelobis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis institute; saqarTvelos maTematikosTa kavSiri. Aa.razmaZis saerTaSoriso konferencia Temaze: `garemo da maTematikis instituti; monawileebi: avstria, azer- globaluri daTboba~ miZRvnili akad. Teofane da- baijani, aSS, germania, didi britaneTi, espaneTi, viTaias dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi; TariRi: 15- TurqeTi, iaponia, irlandia, israeli, italia, kanada, 17 seqtemberi; organizatorebi: ivane javaxiSvilis poloneTi, portugalia, ruseTi, somxeTi, ukraina. saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis International Conference Dedicated to 120th Anniversary of Nikoloz vaxuSti bagrationis geografiis instituti; saqarT- Muskhishvili; Date: September 2011; velos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia; aleqsandre Organizer(s): Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia; Georgian javaxiSvilis sax. saqarTvelos geografiuli sazoga- National Academy of Sciences; Georgian Technical University; I. doeba. Tematika: klimatologia; fizikuri geografia da sazogadoebrivi geografia. konferencias eswre- Vekua Institute of Applied Mathematics; Georgian Mathematical boda saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiris prezi- Union; A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute. denti, prof. ronald ableri Participant(s): Austria, Azerbaijan, the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Canada, Poland, International conference on ‘’Environment and Global Heating’’ Portugal, Russia, Armenia, Ukraine. dedicated to 100th Anniversary of Academician Teopane Davitaia; Date: 15-17 September 2011; Organizer(s): Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography (TSU); Georgian National Academy of Sciences; Alexandre samedicino-samecniero konferencia “salpetrieris Javakhshvili Geographical Society of Georgia; Issues: Climatology, dReebi TbilisSi: klinikuri neiromecnierebis Taname- physical geography and human geography; Attendees: President of drove miRwevebi”; TariRi: 1-2 oqtomberi monawileebi: saqarTvelo, safrangeTi. organizatori: Tsu medi- Internatioanl Geographical Union, Prof. Ronald Abler. cinis fakulteti, akademikos petre sarajiSvilis saxelobis nevrologiis instituti, saqarTvelos nev- II saerTaSoriso konferencia organul qimiaSi “het- rologTa da neiroqirurgTa asociacia, saqarTvelos erociklur naerTTa qimiis miRwevebi”; TariRi: 2011 insultis asociacia.

2011 December Tsu science 98 Medical-scientific conference ‘’Salpêtrière Days in Tbilisi: Modern ia, germania, espaneTi, portugalia, brazilia, bulga- Achievements in Clinical Neuroscience’’; Date: 1-2 October 2011 reTi, israeli, palestina, iordania, iaponia, saqarT- Organiser(s): TSU faculty of Medicine; Georgian Association of velo. Neurologists and Neurosurgeons; Georgian Association of Stroke. International symposium - ‘’Family and Marriage Problems in three Participants: France, Georgia. Monotheistic Religions of the World’’; Date: 20-23 October 2011 Organizer(s): Ovidius University (Romania); Toulouse University saerTaSoriso konferencia: „berZnuli civilizacia (France); Institute of Philosophy at TSU faculty of Humanities. da kulturaTa dialogi“. TariRi: 2011 wlis 5-6 oq- Participant(s): Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, tomberi. organizatori: Tsu humanitarul mecniere- Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Bulgaria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Japan, baTa fakultetis klasikuri filologiis, bizan- Georgia. tinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti, Trakiis demokrites universiteti. monawileebi: saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, germania. lingvist-kavkasiologTa mesame saerTaSoriso simpoziumi; TariRi: 2011 wlis 27-29 oqtomberi; organiza- International conference - ‘’Greek Civilization and Dialogue tori: Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis between Cultures’’ kavkasiologiis instituti, arnold Ciqobavas enaT- Date: 5-6 October 2011; Organizer(s): TSU Institute of Classical mecnierebis instituti; monawileebi: saqarTvelo, aSS, Philology, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies; Democritus germania, safrangeTi, ruseTi, poloneTi, TurqeTi, University of Thrace; Participant(s): Georgia, Greece, Germany. saudis arabeTi, israeli. Third International Symposium of Linguist-Caucasiologists; saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia Temaze: ,,XX Date: 27-29 October 2011 saukunis inglisuri literatura: inglisuri modern- Organizer(s): Institute Of Caucasiology at TSU faculty of Humanities; izmi da postmodernizmi’’. TariRi: 2011 wlis 8-9 oq- Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics. tomberi. organizatori: Tsu humanitaruli fakulte- Participants: Georgia, the United States, Germany, France, Russia, tis dasavleTevropuli filologiis institutis Poland, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel. inglisuri filologiis departamenti. monawileebi: Tsu, baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti. Ddidi bri- taneTi (oqsfordi); saerTaSoriso konferencia: ,,lingvistika, literatu- International scientific conference -‘’English Literature of XX century: ra, didaqtika – Tanamedrove midgomebi da strategie- bi“. TariRi: 2011 wlis 28-29 oqtomberi organizatori: English Modernism and Postmodernism’’ ; Date: 8-9 October 2011; Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo uni- Organizer(s): department of English Philology at TSU Institute versitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, of Western-Europian Philology; Participants: TSU, Batumi State romanuli filologiis departamenti; frankofoniis University, Great Britain (Oxford). sauniversiteto saagento. mxardamWerebi: frankofoniis sauniversiteto saagento; Tsu humanitarul saerTaSoriso konferencia `fizika didi adronu- mecnierebaTa fakulteti. monawileebi: msoflios 20 li kolaideris epoqaSi“; TariRi: 17-21 oqtomber- umaRlesi saswavleblis warmomadgenlebi is; organizatori: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis International conference - ‘’Linguistics, Literature, Didactics – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; mxardamWeri: Modern Approaches and Strategies’; saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminis- Date: 28-29 October 2011; trosa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis mx- Organizer(s): Faculty of Humanities at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State ardaWeriT imarTeba; konferenciaSi monawileoba University; Department of Roman Philology; the Francophone Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis warmomadgen- lebTan erTad CERN-Si moRvawe ucxoelma da qarT- University Agency (AUF). veli mecnierebma miiRes. Supporter(s): AUF; faculty of Humanities. Participants: Representatives of 20 higher educational centers International conference - ‘’Physics in the Age of the Large Hadron Collider’’ Date: 17-21 October 2011 I saerTSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia Organizer(s): Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University `soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis prior- Supporter(s): Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia; Georgian itetebi~. TariRi: 2011 wlis 28-29 oqtomberi. or- National Academy of Sciences. ganizatori: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Participants: Representatives of TSU and CERN (European saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti. mxardamWerebi: saqarTvelos soflis Organization for Nuclear Research). meurneobis saministro; ciurixis (Sveicaria) teqnikuri universiteti; inglisuri wigni saqarTveloSi. saerTaSoriso simpoziumi ,,ojaxisa da qorwinebis monawileebi: Sveicaria, inglisi, ukraina problemebi sam msoflio monoTeistur religiaSi“; TariRi: 2011 wlis 20-23 oqtomberi; organizatori: International scientific-practical conference - ‘’Priorities of “ovidiusis” universiteti (rumineTi); tuluzis uni- Sustainable Development of Agriculture’’. Date: 28-29 October 2011; versiteti (safrangeTi); ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Organizer(s): faculty of Economics and Business at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul Tbilisi State University; Supporter(s): Ministry of Agriculture of mecnierebaTa fakultetis filosofiis instituti; Georgia; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; English Book monawileebi: didi britaneTi, aSS, safrangeTi, ital- in Georgia; Participants: Switzerland, England, Ukraine

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 99 barburgis filipsis universitetTan erToblivi University (Kutaisi), Shota Rustaveli Instiute of Georgian Literature, simpoziumi somxeTSi, azerbaijansa da saqrTvelo- National Center of Manuscripts, public school ‘’Fazisi’’. Si konfliqtebis antropologiasa da prevenciaze: “kavkasia, konfliqti, kultura”; TariRi: 2011 wlis saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia: “ganaTleba 31 oqtomberi – 5 noemberi; organizatori: Tsu hu- globalizaciis epoqaSi - 21-e saukunis gamowvevebi”; manitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, eTnologiis in- TariRi: 2011 wlis 9-10 dekemberi; organizatori: Tsu stituti; mxardamWeri: germaniis akademiuri gacvlis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis pedagogikis programa. monawileebi: saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azer- instituti; monawileebi: saqarTvelo, inglisi, bul- baijanisa da germaniis universitetTa da institutTa gareTi, CexeTi. wamomadgenlebi. D International scientific conference - ‘’Education in the Era of Joint symposium with Philipps-Universität Marburg on the Globalization – Challenges of the 21st Century’’; anthropology and prevention of conflicts in Georgia and Azerbaijan Date: 9-10 December 2011 - ‘’Caucasus, Conflict, Culture’; Date: 31 October-5 November 2011 Organizer(s): Institute of Pedagogy at TSU faculty of Humanities Organizer(s): TSU faculty of Humanities; TSU Institute of History and Participants: Georgia, England, Bulgaria, Czech Republic. Ethnology Supporter(s): the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Participants: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and representatives of German and Azerbaijani universities. saerTaSoriso konferencia: „fundamenturi mecnierebebis winsvlebi, warmatebebi da perspeqtivebi kavkasi- isa da centraluri aziis regionSi“; TariRi: 2011 wlis 1-3 noemberi; organizatori: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, abdus salamis Teoriuli fizikis saerTaSoriso centri (Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Trieste, Italy); mxardamWeri: abdus salamis Teoriuli fizikis saerTaSoriso centri; monawileebi: saqarT- velo, italia, Sveicaria, didi britaneTi, TurqeTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi, yirgizeTi, yazaxeTi. International conference - ‘’Advances in Fundamental Sciences, Successes and Perspectives in Caucasus and Regions of Central Asia’’ ; Date: 1-3 November 2011; Organizer(s): Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Trieste, Italy). Supporter(s): Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Participants: Georgia, Italy, Switzerland, Great Britain, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kirgizstan, Kazakhstan. meeqvse saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpoziumi. TariRi: 2011 wlis 14-18 noemberi; organizatori: Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, qarTvelologiuri skolis centri; mxardamWeri: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, qarTvelologiuri skolis centri; monawileebi: safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi, israeli, iaponia. Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti, ilias universiteti, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTu- li literaturis instituti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, saero akademia ”fazisi”. Sixth International Symposium in Kartvelian Studies; Date: 14-18 Novermber, 2011; Organizer(s): TSU faculty of Humanities; Center for Kartvelian Studies ; Supporter(s): Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; TSU faculty of Humanities; Center for Kartvelian Studies; Particpants: France, Germany, Russia, Israel, Japan; Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ilia State University, Shota Rustaveli State University (Batumi), Sokhumi State University, Akaki Tsereteli State

2011 December Tsu science 100 Abashidze Zviadi - Doctoral thesis: Ethnical Minorities and the Issue of Civil Tsu-is fakultetebze 2011 wels Integration in Georgia. Zviad Abashidze was granted Doctor’s degree in political daculi disertaciebi sciences; kankia nargiza - sadisertacio naSromi: ”mxatvruli kinematografi satele vizio programis struqturaSi da misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi”. mieniWa Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. The Dissertations Defended at TSU Kankia Nargiza - Doctoral thesis: Cinematography in the Structure of Television Program and its Main Aspects of Functioning. Nargiza Kankia was granted Doctor’s Faculties in 2011 degree in journalism; burZeniZe marine - sadisertacio naSromi: “kvlevis saxeebis klasifikacia I. socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti da specifika empiriul sociologiaSi.” mieniWa sociologiis doqtoris I. The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences akademiuri xarisxi. Burdzenidze Marine - Doctoral thesis: Classification of Research Methods and Specifics beriZe qeTevan - sadisertacio naSromi: “kiTxvis unaris gaumjobeseba in Empirical Sociology. Marine Burdzenidze was granted Doctor’s degree in sociology. 6 wlian bavSvebTan (1 klasi) specialuri savarjiSoebis saSualebiT”. mieniWa fsiqologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. Beridze Ketevan – Doctoral thesis: Improving Reading Skills of 6-Year-Old Children II. ekonomikis da biznesis fakulteti (1 form) through Special Exercises. Ketevan Beridze was granted Doctor’s degree in II. The Faculty of Economics and Business psychology; gelitaSvili nona _ sadisertacio naSromi; „evrokavSirTan Tavsebadi keWaymaZe rusudan _ sadisertacio naSromi : “genderuli stereoti- socialuri dacvis modeli saqarTveloSi“. mieniWa ekonomikis doqto- pebi qristian da muslim studentebTan”. mieniWa fsiqologiis doqtoris ris akademiuri xarisxi; akademiuri xarisxi. Gelitashvili Nona - Doctoral thesis: Georgian Model of Social Protection compatible Kechakmadze Rusudani - Doctoral thesis: Gender Stereotypes of Christian and Muslim with the European Union. Nona Gelitashvili was granted Doctor’s degree in economy; Students. Rusudan Kechakmadze was granted Doctor’s degree in psychology; benaSvili inga _ sadisertacio naSromi :saqarTvelos erovnuli Se- kortava Sorena - sadisertacio naSromi : “sazogadoebis Zalauflebri- mosavlis statistikuri Seswavlis meTodologia da misi srulyofis vi Teoriebi.” mieniWa sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. gzebi. mieniWa ekonomikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Benashvili Inga - Doctoral thesis: Methodology of Statistical Study of National Revenue Kortava Shorena - Doctoral thesis: Theories of Power of Society. of Georgia and Ways of Refining it. Inga Benashvili was granted Doctor’s degree in Shorena Kortava was granted Doctor’s degree in sociology; economy; afTaraSvili ia - sadisertacio naSromi :”qarTulis, rogorc meore grigalaSvili nino _ sadisertacio naSromo: ,,sabanko dakreditebis enis, formalur garemoSi Seswavlis fsiqologiuri faqtorebi“. sistemis srulyofis gzebi saqarTveloSi“. mieniWa fsiqologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. mieniWa biznesis administrirebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Aptarashvili Ia - Doctoral thesis: Psychological Factors of Learning Georgian Grigalashvili Nino - Doctoral thesis: Ways of Refining Bank Lending System in Georgia. Language as a Second Language in a Formal Environment. Nino Grigalashvili was granted Doctor’s degree in business administration; Ia Aptarashvili was granted Doctor’s degree in psychology; gegeSiZe eka – sadisertacio naSromi: ,,mTliani Sida produqti da lomiZe elza - sadisertacio naSromi: “simbolo sakomunikacio sivrce- ekonomikuri zrda“. mieniWa ekonomikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. Si”. mieniWa Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. Gegeshidze Eka - doctoral thesis: Gross Domestic Product and Economic Growth. Lomidze Elza - Doctoral thesis: Symbol in Communication Space. Eka Gegeshidze was granted Doctor’s degree in economy. Elza Lomidze was granted Doctor’s degree in journalism; III. humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti Carkviani xaTuna - sadisertacio naSromi : “PR-is roli post-sabWoTa III. The Faculty of Humanities saqarTvelos demokratiuli institutebis CamoyalibebaSi”. mieniWa Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. beWvaia manana - sadisertacio naSromi: „jon faulzis gmirebis lingvo- Charkviani Khatuna - Doctoral thesis: Role of PR in the establishment of Democratic personologia“. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Institutions in Post-Soviet Georgia. Bechvaia Manana - Doctoral thesis: Linguistic Personology of John Fowles’s Heroes. Khatuna Charkviani was granted Doctor’s degree in journalism; Manana Bechvaia was granted Doctoral degree in philology;

esebua flora - sadisertacio naSromi: “pier burdies nacionalizmi: jobava rusudan - sadisertacio naSromi: memuarul-istoriuli teqs- energoseqtori - politikis velisa da Jurnalistikis velis gadakveTis tis semio–lingvisturi da fsiqoanalitikuri aspeqtebi (m. iursenaris wertili qarTul presaSi”. mieniWa sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri „adrianes mogonebebis“ safuZvelze). mieniWa filologiis doqtoris xarisxi. akademiuri xarisxi; Esebua Flora - Doctoral thesis: Pierre Bourdieu’s Nationalism: the Power Sector – Jobava Rusudani - Doctoral thesis: Semiolinguistic and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Cross-point of the fields of Politics and Journalism in the Georgian Press. Memoir and historical Texts. Rusudan Jobava was granted Doctoral degree in philology; Flora Esebua was granted Doctor’s degree in sociology; eleonora Saria - sadisertacio naSromi: „nominatiur–informatiuli donaZe naTela - sadisertacio naSromi: “qalTa socialuri xasiaTis teqstebis gramatikuli struqtura inglisur da rusul enebSi“. mieniWa tipebi gardamaval sazogadoebaSi (Tanamedrove saqarTvelos filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; magaliTze)” - mieniWa sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. Sharia Eleonora - Doctoral thesis: Grammatical Structure of Nominative-informative Donadze Natela - Doctoral thesis: Types of Women’s Social Character in Transitional Texts in English and Russian Languages. Eleonora Sharia was granted Doctoral degree Society (example of modern Georgia). in philology; Natela Donadze was granted Doctor’s degree in sociology; fetelava Tea _ sadisertacio naSromi: „naratiuli teqstis interpre- dolbaia Tamar - sadisertacio naSromi: “saqarTvelos saporto taciis Sidaenobrivi da gareenobrivi aspeqtebi“. mieniWa filologiis sistemebis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis geografiuli doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; kanonzomierebebi”. mieniWa sazogadoebrivi geografiis doqtoris Petelava Tea - Doctoral thesis: Linguistic and Extralinguistic Aspects of Narrative Text akademiuri xarisxi. Interpretation. Tea Petelava was granted Doctoral degree in philology; Dolbaia Tamar - Doctoral thesis: The Functioning of Georgia’s Port Systems and Geographical Regularities of Development. Tamar Dolbaia was granted Doctor’s leTodiani ana - sadisertacio naSromi: „simbolos Teoriuli gaazreba degree in geography; da Tamar mefis eikonuri saxe Zvel qarTul literaturaSi“ („istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“, „cxovreba mefeT–mefisa Tamarisi“, „Tam- memaniSvili magda - sadisertacio naSromi: “erovnul-demokratiuli ariani“, „abdulmesiani“).mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri gazeTi „saqarTvelo“ 1915-21 w.w. (afxazeTis, saingilosa da samaCablos xarisxi; problematika).” mieniWa Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi Letodiani Ana - Doctoral thesis: Theoretical Analysis of the Symbol and Iconic Face Memanishvili Magda - Doctoral thesis: National-Democratic Newspaper ‘’Sakartvelo’’, of Queen Tamar in Old Georgian Literature (Istoriani da Azmani Sharavandedtani, 1915-21 (Problems of Apkhazia, Saingilo, and Samachablo). Magda Memanishvili was Tskhovreba Mepisa Tamarisi (Life if Queen Tamar), Tamariani, Abdulmesiani). Ana granted Doctor’s degree in journalism; Letodiani was granted Doctoral degree in philology;

abaSiZe zviad _ sadisertacio naSromi: ”eTnikuri umciresobebi da RambaSiZe manana _ sadisertacio naSromi: „postnominaluri atributu- samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi.” mieniWa politikur li zedsarTavi saxelis semantikuri struqtura nominalur sintagmaSi“. mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi;

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 101 Gambashidze Manana - Doctoral thesis: Semantic Structure of Post-nominal Attributive V. samedicino fakultetis sadisertacio naSromebi Adjective in Nominative Syntagma. Manana Gambashidze was granted Doctoral degree V. The Faculty of Medicine in philology; lomitaSvili nana - sadisertacio naSromi: “ioddeficiti – nayofis iamze mirazanaSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: „politikuri diskursis ganviTarebis paTologiis SesaZlo mizezi (placentis morfologiuri zogierTi pragmatikuli maxasiaTebeli (inglisur da qarTul enaTa Taviseburebebi pirveladi hipoTireozis pirobebSi)”. mieniWa medicinis masalaze)“. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Mirazanashvili Iamze - Doctoral thesis: Some Pragmatic Characteristics of Political Lomitashvili Nana - Doctoral thesis: Iodine Deficiency – Possible Cause of Fetal Discourse (on English and Georgian Languages). Iamze Mirazanashvili was granted Pathologies (Morphological Characteristics of Placenta at primary Hypothyreosis). Doctoral degree in philology; Nana Lomitashvili was granted Doctoral degree in medicine; maia SuxoSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: „platonis „sofisti“ (filolo- qebaZe natalia - sadisertacio naSromi: “estrogen–receptorebi da giuri analizi)“. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; aTerogenuli statusi–ZuZus kibos morfologiuri Taviseburebebisa Shukhoshvili Maia - Doctoral thesis: ‘Sophist’ by Plato (Philological analysis). da prognozis biomarkerebi”. mieniWa medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtoris Maia Shukhoshvili was granted Doctoral degree in philology; akademiuri xarisxi; Kebadze Natalia – Doctoral thesis: Estrogen-receptors and Atherogenic Status – nestan egetaSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: „miTopoeturi modele- Morphological Characteristics of Prognostic Biomarkers. Natalia Kebadze was bi da saxe-simboloebi nonos panopoliselis „dionisiakaSi“. mieniWa granted Doctoral degree in medicine; filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Egetashvili Nestan – Doctoral thesis: Mythopoetic Models and Iconic Symbols in asitaSvili naTia - “sadisertacio naSromi: endoTeliumis funqciuri “Dionysiaca” By Nonnus of Panopolis. Nestan Egetashvili was granted Doctoral mdgomareobis gavlena postinfarqtuli pacientebis prognozze da misi degree in philology; koreqciis SesaZleblobebi”. MmieniWa medicnis mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; qeTevan goderZiSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: „polemika warmarTo- Asitashvili Natia – Doctoral thesis: The Influence of Endothelium Functioning on the basTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi“. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Prognosis of Post-infarct Patients and Possibilities of its correction. Goderdzishvili Ketevan - Doctoral thesis: Polemics with Paganism in Old Natia Asitashvili was granted Doctoral degree in medicine; Hagiographical Literature. Ketevan Goderdzishvili was granted Doctoral degree in philology; gabunia nino - “sadisertacio naSromi: eriTricitebis struqturuli da ultrastruqturuli cvlilebebis prognozuli mniSvneloba da ste- nino ivaniaZe - sadisertacio naSromi:„pirovnebis sulieri transfor- roiduli hormonebis raodenobrivi cvlilebebi prostatis simsivnee- maciis problema vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi“. mieniWa filologiis doqto- biT daavadebul mamakacebSi”. mieniWa medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtoris ris akademiuri xarisxi; akademiuri xarisxi; Ivaniadze Nino - Doctoral thesis: Problem of Soul Transformation of an Individual in Gabunia Nino – Doctoral thesis: Prognostic Importance of Structural and Ultra Vaja Pshavela’s Poems. Nino Ivaniadze was granted Doctoral degree in philology; Structural Changes in Erythrocytes and Qualitative Changes in Steroid Hormones in Men Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer. Nino Gabunia was granted Doctoral TinaTin wereTeli - sadisertacio naSromi: „rusuli mebrZoli dis- degree in medicine. kursi (v. maiakovskis Semoqmedebis magaliTze)“. mieniWa filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Tsereteli Tinatin - Doctoral thesis: - Warrior Discourse in Russian Literature (Example VI. zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakulteti; of Mayakovsky’s Work). Tinatin Tsereteli was granted Doctoral degree in philology; VI. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences bela xabeiSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: „komunikaciis problema mixeil priSvini - sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: `susti da dialogis metamorfoza 50–iani wlebis frangul TeatrSi“. mieniWa eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis zemoqmedebis Seswavla adamianis real- filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; istur modelze~. mieniWa fizikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Khabeishvili Bella - Doctoral thesis: Problem of Communication and Metamorphosis Prishvini Mikheili – Doctoral thesis: Study of Weak Electromagnetic Radiation of Dialogue in the French theatre of the Fifties. Bella Khabeishvili was granted Doctoral on the Realistic Human Model. Mikheil Prishvini was granted Doctoral degree in degree in philology; physics; medea Cuxua - sadisertacio naSromi: „jon lokis pedagogiuri memkvi- mixeil SuSaniani - sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: `eleqtronul- dreoba da Tanamedroveoba“ . mieniWa ganaTlebis mecnierebebis doqto- konformaciul urTierTqmedebaTa meqanizmi rigi globularuli ris akademiuri xarisxi. cilebis funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi~. mieniWa fizikis doqtoris akade- Chukhua Medea - Doctoral thesis: Pedagogic Inheritance and Contemporarity of John miuri xarisxi; Locke. Medea Chukhua was granted Doctoral degree in educational sciences. Shushaniani Mikheili – Doctoral thesis: Mechanism of Electronic-conformational Interaction in case of the Globular Protein Functioning. Mikheil Shushaniani was IV. iuridiuli fakultetis sadisertacio naSromebi granted Doctoral degree in physics; IV. The Faculty of Law beqa boWoriSvili - sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: kvanturi lali abramiSvili – sadisertacio naSromi: “qrTami Zvel qarTul sa- wertilebis eleqtronuli mdgomareobebisa da da zonaTaSorisi gad- marTalSi”. mieniWa samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; asvlebis Sesabamisi oscilatoruli Zalebis kvleva sasrul elementTa Abramishvili Lali – Doctoral thesis: Bribe in Old Georgian Law. Lali Abramishvili was meTodiT. mieniWa fizikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; granted Doctoral degree in law; Bochorishvili Beka – Doctoral thesis: Study of Electronic Location of Quantum Dots and Oscillator Forces with the Method of Finite Elements. Beka Bochorishvili was giorgi goraSvili - sadisertacio naSromi: “terorizmis kriminologi- granted doctoral degree in physics; uri daxasiaTeba”. mieniWa samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Gorashvili Giorgi - Doctoral thesis: Criminal Description of Terrorism. sofiko facacia - sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: `funqciuri Giorgi Gorashvili was granted Doctoral degree in law; jgufebis Semcveli savarcxliseburi aRnagobis siliciumorganuli Teimuraz Todria - sadisertacio naSromi: “faqtobrivi garemoebebis oligomerebis sinTazi da kvleva~. mieniWa qimiis doqtoris akademiuri mniSvneloba sakasacio sasamarTloSi. mieniWa samarTlis doqtoris aka- xarisxi; demiuri xarisxi; Patsatsia Sofiko – Doctoral thesis: Synthesis and investigations of functional groups Todria Teimurazi - Doctoral thesis: Importance of Factual Circumstances in Court of containing siliconorganic oligomers. Sofiko Patsatsia was granted doctoral degree in Cassation. Teimuraz Todria was granted Doctoral degree in law; chemistry; nona kalandaZe - sadisertacio naSromi: “SromiTi migracia, SromiTi aleqsandre tyeSelaSvili _ sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: migrantebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebi da samarTlebrivi mdgo- SemTxveviTi zomebis zogierTi Tvisebis kvleva da gamoyeneba. mareoba. mieniWa samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; mieniWa maTematikis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; Kalandadze Nona – Doctoral thesis: Labor Migration, Migrant Workers, and the Rights Tkeshelashvili Aleksandre – Doctoral thesis: Investigation of some properties of random and Legal Situation of their Family members. Nona Kalandadze was granted Doctoral measures and applications. Aleksandre Tkeshelashvili was granted doctoral degree in degree in law; mathematics; miranda axvlediani – sadisertacio naSromi: “janmrTelobis dacvis ana stamateli _ sadisertacio naSromis saxelwodeba: `dorsaluri uflebis konstituciuri garantiebi saqarTveloSi”. mieniWa samarTlis hipokampis koagulaciis gavlena TeTr virTagvaTa qcevebze~. doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi; mieniWa biologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxi. Akhvlediani Miranda - Doctoral thesis: Constitutional Guarantees of the right to Health Stamateli Ana – Doctoral thesis: The Influence of Dorsal Hypocamp Coagulation on the Protection in Georgia. Miranda Akhvlediani was granted Doctoral degree in law. Behavior of White Rats. Ana Stamateli was granted Doctoral degree in biology.

2011 December Tsu science 102 Tsu-is gamomcemlobis 2011 wlis gamocemebidan From editions of TSU Press 2011

Zalian mokled - yvelafris Sesaxeb

oqsfordis universitetis mier gamocemuli wignebis seria – `Zalian mokle Sesavali~ – mraval saintereso samecniero Tu kulturul aspeqts moicavs, Zveli egvip- tisa da induri filosofiiT dawyebuli da konceptualuri xelovnebiTa da kosmologiiT damTavrebuli. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba gamosacemad amzadebs am seriis 12 wigns.

’’Very Short Introduction’’

The series of books published by the Oxford University – ‘’Very Short Introduction’’ – covers number of interesting scientific and cultural aspects from Egyptian and Indian philosophy to conceptual arts and cosmology. Tbilisi State University Press works on publishing 12 books from this series.

"makroekonomika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisTvis" olivie blanSaris wigni “makroekonomika” erT ZiriTad models emyareba, romelic aRwers wonasworobas sami saxis bazarze: saqonlis, finansur da Sromis bazrebze. sakvlevi problemidan gamomdinare, modelis zogierTi nawili ufro detaluradaa ganvrcobili, maSin rodesac sxva nawilebi ufro gamartivebulia an ukana planzea gadaweuli. Tumca, ZiriTadi modeli yovelTvis igive rCeba. amgvarad, Tqven makroekonomikas ganixilavT, rogorc Tanmimdevruls da mTlians, da ara, rogorc modelebis koleqcias.

“MAcroeconomics – Textbook for Students” The book Microeconomics by Olivier Blanchard is based on one core model which describes the equilibrium on three types of market: goods, financial and labor markets. According to the complexity of the research topics, some parts of the model are explained in detail while the rest of the parts are more simplified or not emphasized. However, the core model always stays the same. Thus, student is given a chance to study microeconomics as a whole and not as a collection of models.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 103 "sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, danaSauli da misi agebuleba" iohanes veselsisa da verner boilkes saxelmZRvanelos - “sisxlis samarT- lis zogadi nawili, danaSauli da misi agebuleba” qarTuli Targmani iuridiuli ganaTlebis msurveli qarTulenovani mkiTxvelisTvis mniSvnelovani da saintereso literaturuli wyaroa. saxelmZRvanelos mTavari Rireb- uleba aris is, rom masSi yurdaReba gamaxvilebulia didaqtikur aspeqtze, advilad aTvisebad Tvisebebze, radgan saxelmZRvaneloebi, upirveles yovlisa, gaTvlilia studentebze, romlebic cdiloben `Tavi daaRwion samecniero labirinTebs.~ mniSvnelovania saxelmZRvanelos samecniero Ri- rebulebac. rogorc wignis mTargmneli irakli dvaliZe aRniSnavs, swored am ori umTavresi Tvisebis matarebelia iohanes veselsisa da verner boilkes mier Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo - germanuli sisxlis samarTlis zogad nawilSi (38-e gamocema), romelic aramarto germanel, aramed ucxoel stu- dentebsa da profesor-maswavleblebs Soris didi popularobiT sarge- blobs. albaT, amis gamo saxelmZRvanelo Targmnilia sxvadasxva enebze. maT Soris portugaliur, espanur, koreul da rusul enebze. qarTuli samarTlebrivi sistemis romanul-germanuli ojaxisadmi kuTv- nileba, kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisT- vis, upirveles yovlisa, am ojaxSi Semavali qveynebis samecniero miRwevebis gacnobisa da gaziarebis sakiTxs. 38-e gamocemis Targmnis ideis ganxorcielebaSi, irakli dvaliZis TqmiT, gansakuTrebuli roli mouZRvis iurist zurab arseniSvils, romlis dauRa- lavi Sromis safuZvelze iTargmna saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi nawili. aAsvee baton giorgi TumaniSvils (berlinis Tavisufali universitetis samar- Tlis magistri (LL.M.), samarTlis doqtori), romelic CaerTo am saqmianobaSi. misi uSualo monawileobiT moxda germaniaSi `miuleris~ gamomcemlobasTan dakavSireba, saidanac miviReT wignis qarTulad Targmnis Tanxmoba, rac sa- fuZvlad daedo `miuleris~ gamomcemlobasa da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwofo universitets Soris xelSekrulebis dadebas. iohanes veselsisa da verner boilkes saxelmZRvanelo germanuli sisxlis samarTlis zogad nawilSi, did daxmarebas gauwevs iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebsa da studentebs, romlebmac ukve gaiares sisxlis samarTlis mTliani kursi, kidev ufro srulyon sisxlis samarTalSi miRe- buli codna. saxelmZRvanelo sainteresoa SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis kuTxiTac.

Basic Issues of Criminal Justice: Crime and its Structure

The Georgian translation of the textbook Basic Issues of Criminal Justice: Crime and its Structure (Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil: Die Straftat and ihr Aufbau) by Johannes Wessels and Werner Beulke is interesting literature for Georgian law students. Since textbooks are mainly intended for students trying ‘to escape from the labyrinths of science’, their main priority must be an emphasis on didactic aspects of teaching and easily mastered skills. The textbook’s scientific value is also noteworthy. According to the translator of the book, Irakli Dvalidze, the textbook basic German criminal justice (38th edition) possesses those two qualities and is very popular with German as well as international students and professors. The textbook has been translated into many different languages including Portuguese, Spanish, Korean, and Russian. The relevance of Georgian justice to Romano-German law practices makes it vitally important for the development of Georgian science to become familiar with the scientific achievements of the countries that share the same law practice. Translating the 38th edition of the textbook became possible thanks to the contribution of Jurist Zurab Arsenishvili who translated most of it with real enthusiasm. The contribution of Giorgi Tumanishvili (LL.M at Freie Universität Berlin and Doctor of Law) also deserves attention. Thanks to his direct involvement, Müller Publishing granted the rights for a Georgian translation and an agreement was signed between Müller Publishing and Tbilisi State University. The textbook The Basics of Criminal Justice: Crime and its Structure will be very useful for Georgian students and professors of the Faculty of law. It will be particularly beneficial for those who have already undertaken studies in criminality and wish to further their knowledge in the field. The textbook is also interesting in terms of comparative legal studies.

2011 December Tsu science 104 "omebiada"

wignis avtoria jemal SaraSeniZe. wignSi, pirvelwyaroebisa da vrceli samecniero literaturis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiTaa ganxiluli evraziisa da afrikis kontinentebze uZvelesi droidan gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebamde gamarTu- li omebis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. naSroms, garkveulwilad, saleqcio kursis daniSnulebac aqvs. amdenad, mas SeuZlia damxmare saxelmZRvane- los rolic Seasrulos omebisa da samxedro xe- lovnebis istoriis SemswavlelTaTvis. wigni, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvisac.

“Omebiada”

The author of the book is Jemal Sharashenidze. According to the first sources and data from vast scientific literature, the book chronologically discusses the main issues of the wars in Eurasian and African continents from ancient times to the fifties of the last century. To some point, the book may have the purpose of a course book and may also be used as an additional material for the students of the history of war and military science. The book is thought to be interesting for wide range of public sectors.

"lingvistikis istoria evropaSi: platonidan 1600 wlamde"

avtori _ vivien lo. kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba. avtoris informaciiT, wigni mogiTxrobT dasavluri enaTmecnierebis istorias misi dasabami- dan – Zv. w. V s-dan – 1600 wlamde; igi ambobs rom mraval sxva kulturaSi – magaliTad, indoeTSi, iudea-arabul samyaroSi, CineTSi da sxv. enaTmec- niereba iseTive maRalganviTarebuli da rTulia, rogoric evropasa da mis kulturul ganStoebaSi – amerikaSi, Tumca am wignSi yuradReba mxolod ev- ropazea gamaxvilebuli. wigni lingvistikis saxelmZRvaneloa.

“The history of linguistics in Europe: from Plato to 1600”

The author – Vivien Law, Cambridge publishing. According to the author, the book discusses the history of the European linguistics from its beginning – V century BC to 1600. However, there is phenomenon of linguistics in other cultures as well such as India, Judaea-Arabic world, China, etc. Furthermore, linguistics is as developed and complex in America as in Europe and its cultural dimensions. This book puts main emphasis on Europe only and is a linguistics textbook.

Tsu mecniereba dekemberi 2011 brinjaos qandakeba, awyuri. Zv.w.aR. IV s. Tsu-is muzeumis eqsponatebidan Tbilisis gimnaziis Senoba, romelSic 1918 wels gaixsna pirveli qarTuli universiteti Bronze monument, Atskuri, IV century BC, Tbilisi Gymnasium (Tbilisi School for Nobility) where the first Georgian university was established in 1918. from the exhibits of TSU Museum Tsu mecniereba