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War Trauma, History and Narrative: Analysis of Selected Afghan Fiction in English

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War Trauma, History and Narrative: Analysis of Selected Afghan Fiction in English WAR TRAUMA, HISTORY AND NARRATIVE: ANALYSIS OF SELECTED AFGHAN FICTION IN ENGLISH INAYAT ULLAH (Reg No. 120947) DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics and Literature DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD July 2016 WAR TRAUMA, HISTORY AND NARRATIVE: ANALYSIS OF SELECTED AFGHAN FICTION IN ENGLISH INAYAT ULLAH (Reg # 120947) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics and Literature TO DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD July 2016 iv CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM I, Inayat Ullah Son of Habib Ullah Registration No: 120947 Discipline: Linguistics and Literature Candidate of Doctor of Philosophy at Air University, hereby declare that the thesis entitled WAR TRAUMA, HISTORY AND NARRATIVE: ANALYSIS OF SELECTED AFGHAN FICTION IN ENGLISH submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis at any stage, even after the award of degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. ________________________ Signature of Candidate _____________ Date Inayat Ullah Name of Candidate vi DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my father, who wanted to see me complete my doctorate degree, but unfortunately, could not live to see his dream come true! vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this research study has been no less than a dream come true; and along the way, I have incurred many debts. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Professor Dr Rubina Kamran for her insightful guidance, invaluable patience and highly rewarding support. Without her encouragement, timely reviews of my work and patient consideration to my queries, this study could not have been completed. Her meticulousness in checking the drafts as well as her skill in theoretical underpinning for the study made this endeavour very enriching for my overall understanding of the project. I owe the timely completion of this study to the respected professor. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to Professor Dr Wasima Shehzad, dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the university, and Professor Farzana Masroor, MPhil and PhD thesis coordinator, for arranging a pre-defense seminar before sending my thesis for foreign evaluation. While defending my thesis at the seminar, I noticed a number of areas where I could bring further improvements. Their enriching feedback and enlightening suggestions helped me a great deal to revisit the work and further strengthen it by removing the weaknesses. I stand indebted to them for organizing this trendsetting pre-defense seminar for me. viii I am also obliged to Professor Dr Stef Craps, director of Cultural Memory Studies Initiative (CMSI), formerly known as the Center for Literature and Trauma (LITRA), Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Belgium, for his generous support throughout this study. Being a well-known critic and writer in the field of trauma literary theory, the advice and guidance by Dr Craps has been priceless in completing this project. I am thankful to Dr Craps for accepting my application and officially inviting me to work, for a period of six months, under his supervision at Ghent University, under the International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP), offered by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Unfortunately, I could not avail this offer; yet the guidance through electronic mails and access to his publications did not cease. I feel humbled by his timely replies to my queries through electronic mails. I would also take this opportunity to thank Dr Muhammad Safeer Awan, adjunct faculty at the department and professor/Dean at the Faculty of English Studies at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, for helping me know about the basics of trauma literary theory at the very start of this project. His lectures on the recent trends in world literature and research thereof played a decisive role in my decision to take this project. I stand obliged to the professor for his guidance at the start of this research endeavor. I am, once again, grateful to Professor Dr Wasima Shehzad, dean of the Faculty of Humanities, at Air University, Islamabad, for her practical advice and support throughout ix this study. Her proactive steps to facilitate me at various stages of the study have been highly rewarding. My heartfelt gratitude also goes out to Professor Dr Riaz Hassan for his encouraging remarks at the start of this PhD study. Many thanks are also due to Dr Sikandar Ali and Dr Ismat Jabeen for compiling a comprehensive document on the intricacies of how to write and format a dissertation. Dr Sikandar Ali’s meticulous format check of the draft and his supportive guidance in this regard has been helpful in fine- tuning the final shape of the document. I am also thankful to Ms Urooj Zaib, assistant program coordinator, and Mr Nadeem Ahmad, former academic coordinator at the Department of Humanities, Air University, Islamabad, for being so helpful and patient in maintaining the record of my work and providing me with any document that I needed. I am also grateful to the faculty of Social Sciences and the administration of Air University, Islamabad, for providing me with all the necessary facilities required for an environment that is conducive for learning and research. My heartfelt thanks go out to Mr Abdul Qayoom, librarian at the National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, for listening to my queries and providing me with all the relevant material for the study. The soft copies of many Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and trauma related books, provided to me by Mr Qayoom have been very helpful in carrying out the study. I am immensely grateful to my family and loved ones for their invaluable patience when I had to work day in and day out, for their support when the going had become tough quite often, and for their encouragement when I needed it so desperately. I stand indebted to x my father whose wish to see me complete the doctorate degree kept me going at every stage of this study; however, he, unfortunately, passed away before he could see his dream come true. May his soul rest in peace; amin! I am and will always remain obliged to my mother who is unschooled yet highly educated in terms of how she made me learn to work through the traumas of life. Finally, I would appreciate the unflinching love of my wife, who stood by me in every hour of trials and tribulations. Her support in helping me act out the overwhelming nature of the work as well as her invaluable patience and encouragement has been phenomenal in completing this study. I am also thankful to Dr Arif Khattak, associate professor at Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan, for his continuous encouragement and guidance in this whole period. My gratitude goes out to my friends Inamullah Jan, lecturer at International Islamic University, Islamabad, and Muhammad Noman, a committed professional (sic), for being there for me and boosting my ambitions by tagging me as an ambitious man. xi ABSTRACT This study uses trauma literary theory to analyze selected Afghan fiction in English. Following trauma theories by Cathy Caruth and Dominic LaCapra, according to whom literature serves as a site for a belated enactment and witnessing of what can be referred to as an unclaimed moment of trauma, the study analyzes novels by Afghan writers, Atiq Rahimi and Khaled Hosseini, to see how the trauma-hit characters narrate the ravages of war in Afghanistan, and if these flashbacks and hauntings of the past are in accordance with the tenets of trauma theory. As Caruth uses the image of the wound that cries out and addresses us in an attempt to tell us of a reality or truth that is not otherwise available, to indicate that trauma can only be understood through literary or symbolic language, this study investigates Rahimi’s Earth and Ashes (2002) and Hosseini’s The Kite Runner (2003) to show that the Afghan fiction in English works against a collective amnesia by representing traumatic experiences and their impact on individuals and communities in the war-ravaged Afghanistan, thus dealing with, and bringing forth, the traumatic history that many people believe to be a matter of a long forgotten past. The study analyzes the protagonists’ experience of trauma, as portrayed by the novelists, its effects and the process of working through. This endeavor is in place as unlike the Holocaust, the 9/11, the Vietnam War and other traumatic episodes of certain bigger and technologically as well as publishing-wise advanced nations, hardly any work has been done by researchers on trauma fiction by Afghan writers in English. To start with, this qualitative study outlines the major trauma-related works of Caruth, LaCapra, Felman, Tal, and Whitehead, and then, keeping in view the tenets of trauma theory, it goes on to trace the accounts of the characters in the selected novels to study their reaction to the trauma of war in the light of coping with trauma mechanisms by Erikson (1994) as well as LaCapra’s (2001) theory of Working Through to see how their flashbacks present the records of history.
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