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De Første Kirkene I Norge De første kirkene i Norge Kirkebyggingen og kirkebyggere før 1100-tallet Steinar Magnell Masteroppgave i arkeologi Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2009 Forsideillustrasjon: Plantegning av et utvalg stolpekirker (fra Christie 1978b:201) i Innhold Figurliste .................................................................................................................................................. iv Tabelliste ................................................................................................................................................. iv Forord ....................................................................................................................................................... v 1 Bakgrunn............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Innledning ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problemstilling ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Metode .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Arbeidets oppbygning ................................................................................................................... 4 2 Forskningen på kristningen av Norge og den tidligste kirkebyggingen ................................................ 4 2.1 Forskningen på kristningsprosessen i Norge ................................................................................. 4 2.2 Forskningen på den tidligste kirkebyggingen i Norge ................................................................... 5 3 Kilder til kristningen .............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Innledning ...................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Skriftlige kilder som omhandler perioden før år 1100 .................................................................. 7 3.3 Arkeologiske kilder til kristningen før kirkebyggene ................................................................... 10 3.3.1 Gjenstandsmaterialet ........................................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Graver ................................................................................................................................... 11 4 Kirkematerialet ................................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Stolpebyggene under middelalderkirkene – de tidligste kirkene i Norge? ................................. 13 4.2.1 Lom ....................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2 Høre ...................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.3 Kaupanger............................................................................................................................. 21 4.2.4 Urnes .................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.5 Mære .................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.6 Mariakirken i Oslo ................................................................................................................ 29 4.2.7 Bø .......................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.8 Ringebu ................................................................................................................................. 33 4.2.9 Kinsarvik ............................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.10 Veøy .................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.11 Clemenskirken i Oslo .......................................................................................................... 40 4.3 En sammenligning av stolpekirkene ............................................................................................ 42 4.3.1 Hva er en kirke? .................................................................................................................... 42 ii 4.3.2 Var stolpebyggene tidlige kirker? ......................................................................................... 42 4.3.3 Byggeteknikk og planformer ................................................................................................ 43 4.3.4 Plassering av stolpekirkene .................................................................................................. 46 4.3.5 Størrelsen på stolpekirkene .................................................................................................. 47 4.3.6 Datering av stolpekirkene..................................................................................................... 47 5 Den tidligste kirkebyggingen .............................................................................................................. 50 5.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Den tidligste kirkebyggingen ut fra de skriftlige kildene ............................................................. 50 5.3 Det liturgiske arbeidet og kirkebygget i den tidlige kristningsfasen ........................................... 51 5.4 Hva forteller restene etter stolpekirkene? .................................................................................. 53 5.4.1 Stolpekirkenes plassering ..................................................................................................... 53 5.4.2 Stolpekirkenes størrelse ....................................................................................................... 56 5.5 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................................ 59 6 Kristningen og den politiske situasjonen i Norge ............................................................................... 59 6.1 Er det en forskjell på kirkene i den tidligste kirkebyggefasen? ................................................... 59 6.1.1 Kongemakten og forholdet til kristendommen .................................................................... 60 6.1.2 Samfunnsendringer som resultat av kristendommen .......................................................... 62 6.2 Kirkebygg som politiske symboler? ............................................................................................. 64 6.3 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................................ 66 7 Kirkeorganisasjonen etableres og stolpekirkene erstattes ................................................................ 67 8 Avslutning og konklusjon .................................................................................................................... 71 Litteraturliste: ........................................................................................................................................ 74 iii Figurliste Fig. 1: Plantegning over Lom (Fra Christie 1978a:109). 15 Fig. 2: Plantegning over Høre (Fra Jensenius 1980:3). 18 Fig. 3: Plantegning over Høre (med Høre II) (Fra Hauglid 1989:172). 19 Fig. 4: Plantegning over Kaupanger (Fra Lidén 1969a:19). 21 Fig. 5: Plantegning over Urnes (Fra Christie 1959:53). 24 Fig. 6: Plantegning over Mære (Fra Lidén 1999:31). 27 Fig. 7: Plantegning over Mariakirken (Fra Jensenius 2001:131). 29 Fig. 8: Plantegning over ulike stadier av Mariakirken (Fra Christie 1963a:255). 30 Fig. 9: Plantegning over stolpekirken i Bø (Fra Skre 1986:11). 31 Fig. 10: Bygningsfase i Bø (Fra Skre 1986:15). 32 Fig. 11: Plantegning over Ringebu (Fra Jensenius og Skre 1983:15). 33 Fig. 12: Plantegning over Kinsarvik (Fra Christie 1963b:13). 35 Fig. 13: Plantegning over de avgrensede gravplassene på Veøy (Fra Solli 1995:37). 37 Fig. 14: Plantegning over eldre graver under Clemenskirken (Fra Norseng 2000:15). 40 Fig. 15: Ulike planformer for stolpekirker i Norge (Fra Jensenius 2001:88). 45 Tabelliste Tab. 1: Oversikt over stolpekirkenes størrelse, mulige datering og plassering ved tidligere graver. 49 Ta. 2: Oversikt over stolpekirkene og kirkene som erstattet dem. Tidspunkt for utskiftning og størrelsesforhold. 70 iv Forord Arbeidet med masteroppgaven har vært en lærerik prosess på godt og vondt. Når arbeidet mitt nå er ferdig er det flere personer som fortjener en takk. Først vil jeg takke Øivind Lunde for samtalen vi hadde da jeg var i startfasen med å definere prosjektet. Det har riktignok endret seg en del siden den gang, men
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