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Forvandling Transformation Forvandling | Transformation Forvandling Kirker er rom der to verdener møtes: den ufullkomne jordiske og den fullendte himmelske. I middelalderen var kirken et rom mettet av en særlig intensitet. Malerier, skulpturer og tak var smykket i sterke farger. Strimer av dagslys og blafrende talglys ble reflektert i forgylte overflater og utsøkte tekstiler, mens røkelse spredte skarpe og hellige dufter. Her kunne møter mellom Gud og mennesker skje. Denne boken viser gjenstander fra utstillingen Forvandling – tro og hellige gjenstander i middelalderen som kan ses i Historisk museum i Oslo fra 2019. Disse gjenstandene sto sentralt i forvandlingen mellom den menneskelige og den guddommelige verden. Churches are spaces where two worlds meet: the imperfect earthly world and the perfect heavenly realm. Medieval church interiors were saturated with a special intensity. Paintings, sculptures and ceilings were embellished with strong colours. Rays of daylight and flickering candlelight reflected off gilded surfaces and exquisite textiles, while burning incense infused the air with a holy fragrance. It was here that encounters between God and mankind could take place. Forvandling This book presents objects from the exhibition Transformation – Faith and Sacred Objects in the Middle Ages Tro og hellige gjenstander i middelalderen on display in the Historical Museum in Oslo from 2019. All these objects were central in the transformation between the human and divine spheres. ISBN9788283050615 Transformation Faith and Sacred Objects in the Middle Ages Universitetet i Oslo www.museumsforlaget.no Forvandling Tro og hellige gjenstander i middelalderen Transformation Faith and Sacred Objects in the Middle Ages Redaktør | Editor Peter Bjerregaard Oversettelse | Translation Arlyne Moi Tanja Christiansen © MUSEUMSFORLAGET Trondheim Norway 2019 ISBN 9788283050615 Grafisk formgivning | Layout Johnny Kreutz Omslagsdesign | Cover layout Johnny Kreutz Foto | Photo Ellen C. Holte, Kirsten Jensen Helgeland Omslagsillustrasjon | Cover illustration Forside: Detalj av krusifiks, Tretten, Øyer, Oppland. C 3013 Front page: Detail from crucifix, Tretten, Øyer, Oppland. C 3013 Bakside: Nattverden, utsnitt av kortaket, Ål kirke, Hallingdal, Buskerud. C 11707 Back page: Eucharist, detail from the chancel ceiling, Ål Church, Hallingdal, Buskerud. C 11707 Forside, innbrett: St. Michael, Skjervøy, Troms. C 2999 Front page, flap: St Michael, Skjervøy, Troms. C 2999 Bakside, innbrett: Anna Selv Tredje, Skjervøy, Troms, C 2998 Back page, flap: Virgin and child with St Anne, Skjervøy, Troms, C 2998 Forside, oppslag: Jomfru Maria, skulptur fra alterskap, Skjervøy, Troms. C 3000 Front page, inside: Virginsculpture from altarpiece, Skjervøy, Troms. C 3000 Bakside, oppslag: Nådestolen, skulptur fra alterskap, Skjervøy, Troms. C 3000 Back page, inside: Throne of Mercy, sculpture from altarpiece, Skjervøy, Troms. C 3000 Forlagsredaktør | Publishing editor [email protected] Papir | Paper 130 g Hello fat matt Boka er satt med | Font Questor 9/14 Trykk og innbinding | Printing and binding GPS group Idé | Concept Peter Bjerregaard, Johnny Kreutz, Alexandra Europa Perez-Seoane, Ellen C. Holte Redaktør | Editor Peter Bjerregaard Redaksjonell assistanse| Editorial assistance Katherine Elliott, Martin Hager-Saltnes, Tine Frøysaker Museumsforlaget Kjøpmannsgata 13 NO-7013 Trondheim Norway Phone +47 47 47 87 47 [email protected] www.museumsforlaget.no Denne boka er beskyttet av lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk, og avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor. Ta kontakt med forlaget om du ønsker å gjengi deler av boka, i medieuavhengig form. This book is protected by copyright laws and copying agreements signed with Kopinor. Please contact the publishing companyif you wish to summarize parts of the book in a media-independent form. Boka er støttet av Kulturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo. This publication is financially supported by Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo. Innhold Contents Innledning: Forvandling s. 4 Introduction: Transformation p. 4 Med helgenen som guide s. 6 Guided by the Saint p. 6 Et menneskebarn s. 10 A Human Child p. 10 En biskop s. 14 A Bishop p. 14 Tre generasjoner s. 18 Three Generations p. 18 Mens far hjelper til s. 22 While Father Helps p. 22 Anna selv tredje s. 26 Virgin and Child with St Anne p. 26 Tapte relasjoner? s. 30 Long-lost Relations? p. 30 Tilstede og tilgjengelig s. 44 Present and Available p. 44 En pilegrimsreise s. 48 A Pilgrimage p. 48 I Guds hus s. 52 In God´s House p. 52 Møtet med Gud s. 56 A Meeting with God p. 56 Forvandlingens brød s. 60 The Sacred Bread p. 60 Årshjulet s. 64 The Circular Calendar p. 64 Mellom himmel og jord s. 68 Between Heaven and Earth p. 68 Mistet eller gjemt? s. 72 Lost or Hidden? p. 72 Frelsens økonomi s. 76 The Economies of Salvation p. 76 Runeinnskrifter i kirken s. 82 Runic Inscriptions in the Church p. 82 Beskyttelse i liv og død s. 86 Protection in Life and Death p. 86 Folketro i kirken s. 90 Folk Belief in the Church p. 90 Kledt til den siste reise s. 94 Dressed for the Final Journey p. 94 Forfattere s. 98 The Authors p. 98 Bildeliste s. 100 List of illustrations p. 100 Innledning: Forvandling Peter Bjerregaard Introduction: Transformation Martin Hager-Saltnes Utstillingen FORVANDLING som åpner i HIstorisk mu- The exhibition TRANSFORMATION that opens at the seum, Oslo januar 2019, handler om overganger mel- Historical Museum in Oslo January 2019 is about lom det menneskelige og det guddommelige i middel- transitions between the human and the divine alderens Norge. Den avslører også den forvandlingen sphere in medieval Norway. It also reveals the trans- som gjenstander har gjennomgått siden de havnet formation, which objects have undergone since they innenfor dørene eller under gulvplankene i en kirke. were placed inside churches or, for one reason or another, ended up under their floorboards. Kirker er rom der to verdener møtes: den ufull- komne jordiske og den fullendte himmelske. I middel- Churches are spaces where two worlds meet: the alderen var kirken et rom mettet av en særlig inten- imperfect earthly world and the perfect heavenly sitet. Malerier, skulpturer og tak var smykket i sterke realm. Medieval church interiors were saturated with farger. Strimer av dagslys og blafrende talglys ble a special intensity. Paintings, sculptures and ceilings reflektert i forgylte overflater og utsøkte tekstiler, were embellished with strong colours. Rays of daylight mens røkelse spredte skarpe og hellige dufter. Her and flickering candlelight reflected off gilded surfaces kunne møter mellom Gud og mennesker skje. Presten and exquisite textiles, while burning incense infused forkynte Guds ord og ga formaninger om hvordan the air with a holy fragrance. It was here that encoun- man skulle leve som kristen. Samtidig kunne kirke- ters between God and mankind could take place. The gjengeren påvirke sin evige skjebne ved å bøye kne priest proclaimed the Word of God and exhorted his og ofre gaver og mynter til kirkens arbeid. Om man listeners on how to live as Christians. At the same hadde vært en god kristen, kunne man bli frelst. time, churchgoers could influence their own destiny Hadde man gjort mye godt, ble oppholdet i skjærs- by kneeling down, giving gifts or offering money to ilden kortere før man kunne tre inn i paradis. the church’s work. A good Christian would be saved, and good deeds could reduce the time needed for Den største museumsgjenstanden i FORVANDLING purification in Purgatory before entering Paradise. er takmaleriet fra Ål stavkirke. Det over 700 år gamle tretaketr e en fortelling med 23 episoder fra Bibelen, The largest museum object in TRANSFORMATION is innrammet av to store skildringer av den første the painted ceiling from Ål Stave Church. This wooden nattverden og korsfestelsen. En gang var hvelvingen ceiling, over 700 years old, depicts 23 episodes from et himmelrike på jord i en liten fjellbygd. Som andre the Bible. The two sides of the vaulted ceiling show kirker var kirken i Ål et rom for forvandling mellom the Last Supper and the Crucifixion. Once, this roof det menneskelige og det guddommelige, mellom det was a “Heaven on Earth” in a small medieval moun- materielle og det åndelige og mellom den daglige tain village. As other churches, the church in Ål was praksisg o de hellige handlingenes kraft. Det tyde- a space of transition and transformation between ligste eksemplet på denne forvandlingen er kanskje the human and the divine sphere, between the nattverden. Her mottar mennesker Jesu Kristi blod og material and the spiritual world, and between 4 legeme i form av vin og brød – for folk flest i middel- everyday activities and the efficacy of holy actions and alderens Norge bare i form av nattverdsoblater for- rituals. This transformative power probably stands met som mynter. Motsatt vei kunne småmynt påvirke out most clearly in the celebration of the Eucharist. den evige frelse, slik de mange myntene vi finner By taking part in Communion, the believer receives under middelalderens kirkegulv, vitner om. the body and blood of Jesus in the form of bread and wine. Most people in the Middle Ages did not receive Denne boken viser noen gjenstander som sto wine, however, but a Communion host (wafer) shaped sentralt i denne forvandlingen og som har overlevd til like a coin. It was believed that actual small coins i e dag. D har hatt et langt liv og gått gjennom en rekke could ultimately translate into less time in Purgatory. fysiske forvandlinger siden middelalderen. Deler av This belief is testified to by the many coins we find demr e tapt, overflater er nedbrutt, fargepigmenter under medieval church floors. har bleknet, bindemidler har mørknet, og metallfolie har korrodert. Vi ser dem ikke lenger med den intense This book presents selected objects that were fargeprakten som menneskene i middelalderen opp- central in the transformation between the human levde. Mange av senmiddelalderens helgenskulpturer and the divine sphere. Having survived to our own og altertavler har også blitt forandret bevisst av times, they have lived a long life and undergone a menneskehender; deler har blitt fjernet, flyttet på seriesf o physical transformations since the Middle eller tilføyd.
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