Fra Tradizione E Riforma: Il Telemaco Di Coltellini E Gluck

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Fra Tradizione E Riforma: Il Telemaco Di Coltellini E Gluck Opera Fra tradizione e riforma: il Telemaco di Coltellini e Gluck Lucia Moratto Degli eventi viennesi, quando si tratta di teatro musi- La Vienna di Gluck e Calzabigi era uno dei centri cale italiano del Settecento, si sottolinea di solito europei più attivi e vitali, sensibile al gusto e al pen- l’importanza della cosiddetta ‘riforma’ del melodram- siero francesi, che trovavano in Durazzo un influente ma. La discussione sull’opera vide concretizzarsi nella promotore. Il retourn à la nature russoviano si tradu- Vienna degli anni 1760-70 quella palingenesi teatrale ceva artisticamente in ricerca di naturalezza e sponta- da tempo sollecitata nelle critiche e nelle satire degli neità, nel tentativo di affermare l’immediatezza intellettuali. Una lunga serie di scritti e firma di lette- espressiva dei sentimenti liberandoli dalle artificiose rati come Francesco Algarotti, Antonio Planelli — convenzioni del gioco arcadico. tanto per citarne alcuni —, ma anche di musicisti Il teatro inglese fu tra i primi ad accogliere questa come Benedetto Marcello, avevano denunciato le nuova sensibilità. Fin dal 1741 David Garrick rivolu- ridicole e paradossali abitudini di mezzo secolo di zionava le tecniche e il modo di recitare: non più teatro musicale. Contro gli abusi virtuosistici dei can- immobili declamazioni in pose convenzionali, bensì tanti e le goffe invenzioni degli scenografi, si era sca- un atteggiamento naturale, più espressivo nel gesto e gliato anche lo stesso Metastasio, lamentando il dete- nei toni di voce, libertà di movimento e possibilità di rioramento drammatico dell’opera seria.1 A v a l l a t o cambiare costume a seconda del personaggio e della dalla prestigiosa denuncia di Metastasio, il dissenso situazione. Illuminazione, scenografie, musiche di della critica acquistò nuovo vigore sotto l’influsso scena, tutto doveva sostenere la recitazione e contri- della cultura illuminista. Questa nuova coscienza buire a mantenere alta la tensione e l’illusione dram- estetica e i conseguenti fermenti riformatori trovarono m a t i c a .3 L’innovativa recitazione di Garrick, non nell’opera congiunta del musicista Christoph disgiunta dalla conoscenza del pensiero e delle opere Willibald Gluck e del librettista Ranieri Calzabigi una di Diderot, ispirò certamente la metamorfosi del bal- via originale e coerente per un nuovo ordine lettera- letto. Nel 1760 Noverre darà alle stampe le Lettres sur rio, drammatico e musicale dell’opera metastasiana. la danse et les ballets4 dove il balletto — liberato nel Tuttavia, senza voler far velo sull’importanza della gesto e rinnovato nei contenuti — aumentava la sua celebre coppia, non possiamo ignorare la fitta rete di forza drammatica, rifiutando un ruolo puramente legami ed eventi che contribuì in modo determinante decorativo. alla stesura di un manifesto teorico-programmatico Le istanze riformistiche metteranno ben presto in della riforma come la prefazione all’Alceste. Di conse- discussione anche l’opera in musica. In Italia un guenza, osservando il mondo del teatro musicale un primo segnale di rinnovamento. Intorno al 1759-60 po’ più da vicino, la nostra attenzione si sposta su nel Granducato di Parma — culturalmente legato al altri personaggi che, come Gluck e Calzabigi, tentaro- riformismo illuminista — l’allora ministro e intenden- no di superare l’i m p a s s e segnalato dallo stesso te Guillaume Du Tillot voleva imitare lo sfarzo e lo Metastasio. L’attiva collaborazione dell’intendente splendore della corte parigina ospitando compagnie Giacomo Durazzo, le esperienze artistiche del com- comiche e di balletto francesi. Du Tillot si spinse positore Tommaso Traetta e del librettista Marco ancora oltre e incoraggiò il progetto pionieristico del Coltellini, avvalorano la tesi di un’ampia e articolata poeta Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni e del compositore volontà rigenerativa: la ‘riforma’ deve dunque la sua Tommaso Traetta: si trattava di realizzare un tipo piena maturazione teorico-musicale anche a lavori di d’opera che introducesse nello schema metastasiano secondo piano — e il Te l e m a c o è tra questi — in cui episodi corali, coreografici e sorprendenti effetti sce- gli elementi “retrospettivi” si intrecciano strettamente a nici.5 Il successo parmense di Traetta fu tale che, nel quelli progressivi.2 1760, il compositore fu invitato nella capitale austria- ca. A Vienna i venti di riforma arrivarono da più stra- Nel tentativo di precisare al meglio gli intenti e il ruolo de: dall’Opéra comique, dalla farsa di Favart, dalla di un lavoro ‘minore’ come il Te l e m a c o , giova ricorda- Tragédie lirique, dal balletto pantomimo, dall’opera re brevemente in quale clima culturale germogliò la giocosa. A partire dal 1755 anche Gluck si trova a riforma e quali furono i suoi principali obiettivi. Vienna, assunto in qualità di arrangiatore di o p é r a s 30 Opera c o m i q u e. Pur continuando a musicare libretti meta- La prima affermazione importante fu Ifigenia in stasiani il nostro compositore avrà la possibilità di T a u r i d e (Vienna 1763) per la musica di Tommaso avventurarsi in generi e stili diversi tra cui il vaudevil - Traetta. Coltellini si dimostrò all’altezza della situazio- le francese. Decisivo si rivelerà l’incontro con il libret- ne tanto da meritare le lodi di Calzabigi e l’invito a tista Calzabigi nel 1761. Insieme al coreografo Vienna come poeta dei Teatri Imperiali. Il Lami nelle Angiolini, la celebre coppia realizzerà a Vienna il sue “Novelle Letterarie” del 1763 ricorda che primo ballet d’action: Don Juan.6 Il 5 ottobre Coltellini partì per Vienna alla fine di quell’anno.1 2 dell’anno seguente la stessa compagine, con l’aggiun- Durante il soggiorno austriaco, il nostro, oltre al ta del castrato Gaetano Guadagni, metterà in scena T e l e m a c o, scriverà anche A r m i d a (musica di Orfeo ed Euridice. L’Orfeo rivoluzionò profondamente Giuseppe Scarlatti, 1766), Amore e Psiche ( F l o r i a n o le leggi che avevano governato l’opera metastasiana. Gassmann, 1767) e Piramo e Tisbe (Adolf Hasse, L’eliminazione del tagliente divario tra recitativo e 1768). Caduto in disgrazia alla corte austriaca, sem- aria, l’essenzialità dell’intreccio narrativo, la funziona- bra a causa di una sua pungente satira in cui l’impe- le integrazione dei cori e dei balli nell’azione dram- ratrice si era riconosciuta, accettò di buon grado la matica arginarono la straripante supremazia della proposta dei Teatri di Pietroburgo. Qui lavorò agli musica sulla poesia, indicando al compositore nuove ultimi libretti per Traetta (A n t i g o n a, 1772) e per vie: uno stile più semplice e rapido, sobrietà nelle Paisiello (Lucinda e Armidoro, 1777). ostentazioni virtuosistiche e nelle ripetizioni. Il recita- La morte lo colse improvvisamente proprio a tivo diventa un elemento costitutivo del dramma: di Pietroburgo nel 1777, non senza qualche mistero. preferenza accompagnato, valorizzerà il portato fono- Secondo alcuni il poeta morì avvelenato per ordine semantico della parola senza soluzione di continuità della zarina offesa dall’ennesima satira stilata dalla con la pateticità delle arie.7 Il cammino di Gluck e pungente e provocatoria penna del livornese. Calzabigi continuerà con Alceste nel 1767 e si conclu- Un’ipotesi, questa, drasticamente smentita dal Mooser derà con Paride ed Elena nel 1770.8 L’impegno sul che la giudicò completamente infondata.13 fronte riformato non impedirà però a Gluck di conti- nuare a lavorare ad opere di ambito diverso, come il La prima esecuzione del Telemaco14 ebbe luogo il 30 metastasiano Trionfo di Clelia (1763) o l’opéra comi - gennaio 1765 al Burgtheater di Vienna, in occasione que La rencotre imprévue (1763).9 Non mi dilungherò dei festeggiamenti nuziali di Giuseppe II d’Austria e oltre sulla figura e l’opera di Gluck — su cui esiste Maria Gioseffa di Baviera. L’opera siglò il breve soda- un’ampia bibliografia —, preferendo spendere qual- lizio artistico tra Gluck e Coltellini. La collaborazione che riga su Marco Coltellini, il librettista del tra i due iniziò — secondo Hortschansky1 5 — al T e l e m a c o, personaggio sicuramente meno noto al ritorno da un viaggio in Francia, dove si erano recati grande pubblico. con Durazzo per la pubblicazione dell’O r f e o. Nonostante la partecipazione di famosi cantanti come Metastasiano nei suoi libretti giovanili, Marco Gaetano Guadagni (già Orfeo nel 1762), Giuseppe Coltellini fu tra i poeti del tempo quello che meglio Tibaldi (futuro Admeto in Alceste), Rosa Tartaglini e seguì l’esempio di Calzabigi, avvicinandosi già con Elisabeth Teyber, il Telemaco non ebbe un grande Ifigenia in Tauride al clima della drammaturgia rifor- successo. La scelta degli interpreti mostra comunque mata. Ma chi era Coltellini e come arrivò a Vienna? una particolare cura nell’allestimento dell’opera da “Marco Agostino Baldassarre, figlio del capitano di parte degli artefici, che vollero tutte persone aperte Giustizia Gio. Domenico Coltellini e di Rosa Felice di alle nuove correnti di pensiero. Infatti, il Telemaco di Ludovico Cornacchini, nacque il dì 4 maggio 1724”10 Coltellini, pur non essendo ancora un libretto “rifor- a Montepulciano, nei pressi di Siena. Carattere opero- mato”, offriva a Gluck molte occasioni per allonta- so, ma anche irrequieto e bizzarro, non certo privo di narsi dal solco della tradizione.16 spirito polemico, Coltellini diventerà un coraggioso Sul piano dei contenuti il libretto è ancora vincolato protagonista delle scene editoriali stampando nella a Metastasio. La tendenza riformata pretendeva, infat- sua tipografia livornese opere
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