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Missionaries to the Wilderness: A History of Land, Identity, and Moral Geography in

Jill M. Fraley Washington and Lee University School of Law, [email protected]

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Recommended Citation Jill M. Fraley, Missionaries in the Wilderness: A History of Land, Identity, and Moral Geography in Appalachia, 17 J. Appalachian Stud. 28 (2011).

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MISSIONARIES TO THE WILDERNESS:AHISTORY OF LAND, IDENTITY, AND MORAL GEOGRAPHY IN APPALACHIA

By Jill Fraley

This article revisits the relationship between missionaries and Appalachian stereotypes, bringing to the discussion new developments in geographical theory and the intellectual history of ideas of wilderness. The article argues that missionary activities during the early twentieth century are best understood through their beliefs about wilderness and particularly about the moral climate of man within it. In this way the missionaries also contributed to the process of intermingling ideas about the land and the people and thereby contributed to the formation of a quasi-ethnic regional identity in the American public consciousness—and also substantially changed Appalachia by applying a set of hierarchical land values that stemmed from ideas about wilderness.

Introduction 'XULQJ WKHHDUO\ VPLVVLRQDULHVIURPGR]HQVRIGHQRPLQDWLRQV DQGUHOLJLRXVJURXSVWUDYHOHGWR$SSDODFKLD³WRDQDUHDWKDWZDVYLUWXDOO\ KRPRJHQRXVO\&KULVWLDQDQGSURFHHGHGWRSURVHO\WL]HDQGEXLOGFKXUFKHV 6FKRODUV KDYH H[SODLQHG WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ E\ GHVFULELQJ D ´V\PELRWLF UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ PLVVLRQDULHV DQG SULYDWH GHYHORSHUVµ :KLVQDQW  [Y  7KLV DUWLFOH VHHNV WR FRPSOHPHQW WKH H[LVWLQJ VWRU\ E\ XVLQJ UHFHQWZRUNLQWKHÀHOGVRILQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGJHRJUDSKLFDOWKHRU\ WRH[SODLQKRZDSDUWLFXODUPRUDOJHRJUDSK\PRWLYDWHGPLVVLRQDULHVZKR WUDYHOHGWR$SSDODFKLDGXULQJWKHHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\7KHLQWHQWLRQ LVQRWWRUHSODFHDUJXPHQWVUHJDUGLQJHFRQRPLFPRWLYDWLRQVEXWUDWKHUWR demonstrate how economic motivations were buttressed by a particular intellectual inheritance with respect to wilderness. %\ VKRZLQJ WKH VRFLDO KLVWRU\ RI LGHDV RI ZLOGHUQHVV WKLV DUWLFOH GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW ORQJ EHIRUH PLVVLRQDULHV VHW RXW IRU $SSDODFKLD WKH $PHULFDQ SXEOLF FRQVFLRXVQHVV FRQWDLQHG VSHFLÀF QRWLRQV DERXW WKH wilderness and the moral state of humans when they found themselves WKHUH 1DVK :KLOHWKHVHQRWLRQVDERXWZLOGHUQHVVSHUVHYHUHGDVD

Jill Fraley is currently Tutor in Law at Yale Law School where she is completing her J.S.D. She is joining the faculty of Washington & Lee University School of Law during the summer of 2011. FRALEY:MISSIONARIES TO THE WILDERNESS 29

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References %DWWHDX$OOHQThe invention of Appalachia7XFVRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD3UHVV %HQWRQ/DXUHQA search for sovereignty: Law and geography in European empires, 1400 - 1900&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %ORPOH\1LFKRODV/DQGVFDSHVRISURSHUW\Law & Society Review   BBBBBBBBBBB/DZSURSHUW\DQGWKHJHRJUDSK\RIYLROHQFH7KHIURQWLHUWKHVXUYH\ DQGWKHJULGAnnals of the Assocation of American Geographers   %RUURZV-RKQ/LYLQJEHWZHHQZDWHUDQGURFNV)LUVW1DWLRQVHQYLURQPHQWDOSODQQLQJ and democracy. The University of Toronto Law Journal   &RPDURII-RKQ/&RORQLDOLVPFXOWXUHDQGWKHODZ$IRUZDUGLaw & Social Inquiry    &RVJURYH'HQLVSocial formation and symbolic landscape/RQGRQ&URRP+HOP &URQRQ:LOOLDPUncommon ground: Rethinking the human place in nature1HZ

)LW]VLPPRQV0DUJDUHW7KHPDWWHURIQDWXUHAntipode   )RUG5LFKDUG7KRPSVRQ7KHERXQGDULHVRIUDFH3ROLWLFDOJHRJUDSK\LQOHJDODQDO\VLV Harvard Law Review   )UH\IRJOH(ULF72ZQLQJWKHODQG)RXUFRQWHPSRUDU\QDUUDWLYHVJournal of Land Use and Environmental Planning *HH-RVKXDThe trade and navigation of Great-Britain considered/RQGRQ(DUO\$PHULFDQ %RRNV2QOLQH *LQQ)UDQNOLQDQG'DYLG'HPHULWW1DWXUH$FRQWHVWHGFRQFHSW,QKey concepts in geography HGLWHG E\ *LOO 9DOHQWLQH 1LFKRODV &OLIIRUG 6DUDK +ROORZD\ DQG 6WHSKHQ 5LFH7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV +DUELVRQ -RKQ 6  7KH EURNHQ SURPLVH ODQG $Q HVVD\ RQ 1DWLYH $PHULFDQ WULEDO VRYHUHLJQW\RYHUUHVHUYDWLRQUHVRXUFHVStanford Environmental Law Journal +DUOH\-%0DSVNQRZOHGJHDQGSRZHU,QThe iconography of landscape: Essays on the symbolic representation, design and use of past environmentsHGLWHGE\'HQLV&RVJURYHDQG 6WHSKHQ'DQLHOV&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV BBBBBBBBBBB'HFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHPDSCartographica   +HQGHUVRQ$UFKLEDOGThe conquest of the old Southwest1HZ

0LWFKHOO7LPRWK\The present state of Great Britain and /RQGRQ(DUO\ $PHULFDQ%RRNV2QOLQH 1DVK5RGHULFN)UD]LHUWilderness and the American mind1HZ+DYHQ