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The Slugs of Bulgaria (Arionidae, Milacidae, Agriolimacidae
POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII ANNALES ZOOLOGICI Tom 37 Warszawa, 20 X 1983 Nr 3 A n d rzej W ik t o r The slugs of Bulgaria (A rionidae , M ilacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae — G astropoda , Stylommatophora) [With 118 text-figures and 31 maps] Abstract. All previously known Bulgarian slugs from the Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae and Agriolimacidae families have been discussed in this paper. It is based on many years of individual field research, examination of all accessible private and museum collections as well as on critical analysis of the published data. The taxa from families to species are sup plied with synonymy, descriptions of external morphology, anatomy, bionomics, distribution and all records from Bulgaria. It also includes the original key to all species. The illustrative material comprises 118 drawings, including 116 made by the author, and maps of localities on UTM grid. The occurrence of 37 slug species was ascertained, including 1 species (Tandonia pirinia- na) which is quite new for scientists. The occurrence of other 4 species known from publications could not bo established. Basing on the variety of slug fauna two zoogeographical limits were indicated. One separating the Stara Pianina Mountains from south-western massifs (Pirin, Rila, Rodopi, Vitosha. Mountains), the other running across the range of Stara Pianina in the^area of Shipka pass. INTRODUCTION Like other Balkan countries, Bulgaria is an area of Palearctic especially interesting in respect to malacofauna. So far little investigation has been carried out on molluscs of that country and very few papers on slugs (mostly contributions) were published. The papers by B a b o r (1898) and J u r in ić (1906) are the oldest ones. -
Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats
CARPATHIAN RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS AND SPECIES CARPATHIAN LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (DRAFT) PUBLISHED BY THE STATE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 2014 zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 1 227.8.20147.8.2014 222:36:052:36:05 © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, 2014 Editor: Ján Kadlečík Available from: Štátna ochrana prírody SR Tajovského 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia ISBN 978-80-89310-81-4 Program švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika This publication was elaborated within BioREGIO Carpathians project supported by South East Europe Programme and was fi nanced by a Swiss-Slovak project supported by the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and Carpathian Wetlands Initiative. zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 2 115.9.20145.9.2014 223:10:123:10:12 Table of contents Draft Red Lists of Threatened Carpathian Habitats and Species and Carpathian List of Invasive Alien Species . 5 Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats . 20 Red List of Vascular Plants of the Carpathians . 44 Draft Carpathian Red List of Molluscs (Mollusca) . 106 Red List of Spiders (Araneae) of the Carpathian Mts. 118 Draft Red List of Dragonfl ies (Odonata) of the Carpathians . 172 Red List of Grasshoppers, Bush-crickets and Crickets (Orthoptera) of the Carpathian Mountains . 186 Draft Red List of Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Carpathian Mts. 200 Draft Carpathian Red List of Fish and Lamprey Species . 203 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Amphibians (Lissamphibia) . 209 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Reptiles (Reptilia) . 214 Draft Carpathian Red List of Birds (Aves). 217 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Mammals (Mammalia) . -
Folk Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Medicinal and Other Uses, Folklore, and Nature Conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3
Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies. -
Malakológiai Tájékoztató 11. (Eger, 1992.)
M ALAKOLÓGI AI TÁJÉKOZTATÓ 11. MALACOLOGICAL NEWSLETTER • Kiadja a MÁTRA MÚZEUM TERMÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI OSZTÁLYA Published by THE NATURAL SCIENCE SECTION OF MÁTRA MUSEUM Szerkesztő (Editor) Dr. FÜKÖH LEVENTE HU - ISSN 0230-0648 Distribution of Molluscs of the Molluscan Clay of Two Localities According to Habitats and Feeding Habits (Wind Brickyard, Eger and Nyárjas Hill. Novaj; Hungary) A. Dávid Abstract: Among the Egerian Age exposures of North-east Hungary the Molluscan Clay of Wind Brickyard (Eger) and Nyárjas Hill (Novaj) contain fossils in exceptional richness. Distribution of molluscs of the Molluscan Clay of these two outcrops according to habitats and feeding habits is examined and compared. There are definite differences between the two localities. Introduction Among the several Upper-Oligocene outrops of North-Hungary the Molluscan Clay layers «f _Wind Brickyard, Eger and Nyárjas Hill, Novaj is compared (Fig.l.). These layers contain well-preserved „micro-mollusc" fossils abudantly. The bivalves, gastropods and schaphopods which were living here during the Egerian stage have belonged into the Hinia — Cadulus fossil community. It refers to similar paleoenvironments in case of both localities. The sea was deeper than 120 metres and the bottom was covered by fine-gra ined, clayey sediments. The aim of the investigation was to examine the distribution of the molluscs according to habitats and feeding habits in the collected materials. Methods Fifteen kilograms of clay was taken from both localities. After drying the samples were treated with hot water and peroxide of hydrogen. This material was washed out through a 0,5 nun sieve. At the end the molluscan remains were assorted from among the other fossils (e.gJ^oraminifera, Decapoda, Echinoidea, Osteichthyes). -
Celé Číslo V
ARAGONIT vedecký a odborný časopis Správy slovenských jaskýň Časopis uverejňuje: • pôvodné vedecké príspevky z geologického, geomorfologického, klimatologického, hydrologického, biologického, archeologického a historického výskumu krasu a jaskýň, najmä z územia Slovenska • odborné príspevky zo speleologického prieskumu, dokumentácie a ochrany jaskýň • informatívne články zo speleologických podujatí • recenzie vybraných publikácií Vydavateľ: Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Tajovského ul. 28B, 974 01 Banská Bystrica IČO 17 058 520 Adresa redakcie: Správa slovenských jaskýň, Hodžova 11, 031 01 Liptovský Mikuláš; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Zodpovedný redaktor: RNDr. Ján Zuskin Hlavný editor: doc. RNDr. Pavel Bella, PhD. Výkonný redaktor: RNDr. Ján Zelinka Redakčná rada: prof. RNDr. Pavel Bosák, DrSc., RNDr. Ľudovít Gaál, PhD., Ing. Peter Gažík, Dr. hab. Michał Gradziński, Mgr. Dagmar Haviarová, PhD., doc. RNDr. Jozef Jakál, DrSc., doc. RNDr. Ľubomír Kováč, CSc., Ing. Ľubica Nudzíková, doc. Mgr. Martin Sabol, PhD. Časopis vychádza dvakrát ročne Evidenčné číslo: EV 3569/09 ISSN 1335-213X http://www.ssj.sk/edicna-cinnost/aragonit/ ARAGONIT ročník 20, číslo 2/ december 2015 Recenzenti vedeckých príspevkov z výskumu krasu a jaskýň: doc. RNDr. Pavel Bella, PhD., RNDr. Ľudovít Gaál, PhD., Mgr. Dagmar Haviarová, PhD., RNDr. Vladimír Košel, CSc., RNDr. Peter Malík, CSc., RNDr. Alena Nováková, CSc., RNDr. Dana Papajová, PhD. © Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Správa slovenských jaskýň, Liptovský Mikuláš Redaktor: Mgr. Bohuslav Kortman Grafická úprava a sadzba: Ing. Ján Kasák Tlač: Obrázky na obálke: (1) Klenotnica, Demänovská jaskyňa slobody. Foto: P. Staník (2) Krásnohorská jaskyňa. Foto: P. Staník (3) Mapa prehliadkového okruhu Demänovskej jaskyne mieru a nadväzujúcej časti Demänovskej jaskyne slobody. Spracoval: P. Herich (4) Priepasť v Pustej jaskyni, Demänovský jaskynný systém. -
Influence of Slug Defence Mechanisms on the Prey Preferences of the Carabid Predator Pterostichus Melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 359–364, 2004 ISSN 1210-5759 Influence of slug defence mechanisms on the prey preferences of the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) PAVEL FOLTAN Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 ýeské BudČjovice, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Slug, defence, food preference, prey preference, prey-choice, Limacidae, Arionidae, Agriolimacidae, Deroceras reticulatum, Limax, Arion, Carabidae, Pterostichus melanarius Abstract. Two-choice experiments on prey preferences of a generalist predator Pterostichus melanarius, and five species of slug prey, were conducted in the laboratory. Different preferences of P. melanarius for each of the slug species are described. They are interpreted as the outcome of differing slug species-specific defence mechanisms. The influence of hunger level, temperature, day/light period, condition of slugs and beetles, weight of slugs and beetles, and the sex of beetles were controlled experimentally or statistically. The order of slug species preference for predation by P. melanarius was: Deroceras reticulatum (Agriolimacidae), Malacolimax tenellus, Lehmania marginata (Limacidae), Arion distinctus and A. subfuscus (Arionidae). Efficiency of slugs’ species- specific defence mechanisms reflected their phylogeny. Defence mechanisms of slugs from the superfamily Arionoidea were signifi- cantly more effective at deterring an attack of non-specialised ground beetles than the defence mechanisms of slugs from Limacoidea superfamily. P. melanarius significantly preferred Agriolimacidae to Limacidae, and Limacidae to Arionidae. Slug spe- cies was the strongest factor influencing prey preferences of P. melanarius amongst slug prey. Surprisingly, this preference was much more significant than the slug weight. Weight and sex of P. -
Terrestrial Molluscs of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
13 4 277 Maunder et al NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 13 (4): 277–284 https://doi.org/10.15560/13.4.277 Terrestrial molluscs of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Part 1: Boettgerillidae John E. Maunder,1 Ronald G. Noseworthy,2 John M. C. Hutchinson,3 Heike Reise3 1 P.O. Box 250, Pouch Cove NL A0A 3L0, Canada. 2 School of Marine Biomedical Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehankno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea. 3 Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany. Corresponding author: John E. Maunder, [email protected] Abstract The family Boettgerillidae, represented by the Eurasian slug Boettgerilla pallens Simroth, 1912, is first recorded for Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada—a range extension of almost exactly 5000 km within the Americas. Compiled, within an appendix, to provide a national perspective for the Newfoundland and Labrador record, are 13 previously unpublished B. pallens records from British Columbia, Canada. Incidentally recorded is the second eastern Canadian outdoor occurrence of the European slug Deroceras invadens. This paper is the first in a series that will treat all of the terrestrial molluscs of Newfoundland and Labrador. Key words Boettgerilla pallens; Deroceras invadens; distribution; first record; history of collecting; North America; British Columbia. Academic editor: Rodrigo B. Salvador | Received 11 March 2017 | Accepted 30 May 2017 | Published 14 August 2017 Citation: Maunder, JE, Noseworthy RG, Hutchinson JMC, Reise H (2017) Terrestrial molluscs of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Part 1: Boettgerillidae. Check List 13 (4): 277–284. https://doi.org/10.15560/13.4.277 Introduction However, sometime apparently within the last century, B. -
Tesis Carlos Garrido Babosas
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL (ZOOLOGÍA) Estudio Taxonómico de la Fauna de Pulmonados Desnudos Ibéricos (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Tesis del Doctorando Carlos Garrido Rodríguez Santiago de Compostela, Diciembre de 1995 JOSÉ CASTILLEJO MURILLO, PROFESOR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL DE LA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA CERTIFICA: Que la presente Memoria, titulada «Estudio Taxonómico de la Fauna Ibérica de Pulmonados Desnudos (Mollusca: Gastropoda)», que para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biología presenta D. CARLOS GARRIDO RODRÍGUEZ, ha sido realizada en el Departamento de Biología Animal de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela bajo su dirección. Y considerando que representa trabajo de Tesis, autoriza su presentación ante la Junta de Facultad. Y para que conste y surta los efectos oportunos, firma el presente Certificado en Santiago de Compostela, a 20 de diciembre de 1995. Fdo.: Dr. José Castillejo Murillo Por que razão escolhemos o género Cerion? Sim, por que razão despender tanto tempo com um qualquer detalhe particular, quando as vertiginosas generalidades da teoria da evolução imploram que as estudem e quando uma vida inteira é curta para estudar apenas algumas delas? Por muito iconoclasta que seja, não abandonaria a sabedoria basilar da história natural desde a sua origem os conceitos que não se baseiam em percepções são vazios (tal como o afirmou Kant) e nenhum cientista poderá desenvolver um «sentir» adequado da natureza (aquele pré-requisito indefinível da verdadeira compreensão) sem se embrenhar profundamente nos diminutos detalhes empíricos de alguns grupos de organismos bem escolhidos. Deste modo, Aristóteles dissecou lulas e proclamou a eternidade do mundo, enquanto Darwin escreveu quatro volumes sobre cracas e um sobre a origem das espécies. -
Molecular Approach to Identifying Three Closely Related Slug Species of the Genus Deroceras (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Agriolimacidae)
Zoological Studies 59:55 (2020) doi:10.6620/ZS.2020.59-55 Open Access Molecular Approach to Identifying Three Closely Related Slug Species of the genus Deroceras (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Agriolimacidae) Kamila S. Zając1,* and Daniel Stec2 1Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. *Correspondence: [email protected] (Zając) 2Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] (Stec) Received 27 July 2020 / Accepted 6 September 2020 / Published 12 November 2020 Communicated by Benny K.K. Chan Some species of slugs belonging to the genus Deroceras are invasive and cause severe agricultural damage. Despite extensive knowledge about their invasiveness, data on the molecular differentiation of these morphologically similar species are lacking. Here we present a molecular approach to identifying three closely related species of the genus Deroceras—D. agreste (L., 1758), D. reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) and D. turcicum (Simroth, 1894) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Agriolimacidae)—based on sequences of multiple molecular markers: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (cyt-b), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) and 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA). We also provide detailed photomicrographs of the penis and penial gland of the three species, as it is the latter that holds the most important phenotypic characters for distinguishing between these taxa. Since identification of the studied species based solely on morphology is considered challenging, contributing a means of molecular differentiation will aid further ecological and biodiversity surveys of these important pests. Key words: Taxonomy, Deroceras, Barcoding, Gastropods, Slugs. -
Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and Little Known Gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar
1 Reference (Explanations see mollusca-database.eu) Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and little known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar. AF01 http://www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/ForschungImadagaskar.htm (11.03.2007, abstract) Bandel K. 2003, Cretaceous volutid Neogastropoda from the Western Desert of Egypt and their place within the noegastropoda AF02 (Mollusca). Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 87, p 73-98, 49 figs., Hamburg (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Kiel S. & Bandel K. 2003, New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Uzamba Formation (Santonian-Campanian, South AF03 Africa) based on newly collected material. Cretaceous research 24, p. 449-475, 10 figs., Elsevier (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Emberton K.C. 2002, Owengriffithsius , a new genus of cyclophorid land snails endemic to northern Madagascar. The Veliger 45 (3) : AF04 203-217. http://www.theveliger.org/index.html Emberton K.C. 2002, Ankoravaratra , a new genus of landsnails endemic to northern Madagascar (Cyclophoroidea: Maizaniidae?). AF05 The Veliger 45 (4) : 278-289. http://www.theveliger.org/volume45(4).html Blaison & Bourquin 1966, Révision des "Collotia sensu lato": un nouveau sous-genre "Tintanticeras". Ann. sci. univ. Besancon, 3ème AF06 série, geologie. fasc.2 :69-77 (Abstract). www.fossile.org/pages-web/bibliographie_consacree_au_ammon.htp (20.7.2005) Bensalah M., Adaci M., Mahboubi M. & Kazi-Tani O., 2005, Les sediments continentaux d'age tertiaire dans les Hautes Plaines AF07 Oranaises et le Tell Tlemcenien (Algerie occidentale). -
Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Limacidae and Milacidae) from Montenegro
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 2013, 6: 55-64. Received 12 Sep 2009; Accepted 15 Jan 2013. DOI: 10.5937/bnhmb1306055T UDC: 594.3(497.16) CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SLUGS (GASTROPODA: STYLOMMATOPHORA: LIMACIDAE AND MILACIDAE) FROM MONTENEGRO BILJANA TELEBAK1, MILOJE BRAJKOVIĆ2†, SREĆKO ĆURČIĆ2 ¹ Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, IV Proleterske 19, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro ² Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] In this paper we have recorded five slug species of the genera Limax Linnaeus, Limacus Lehmann, and Tandonia Lessona & Pollonera for the first time in Montenegro: Limax graecus Simroth, 1889, Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758), Tandonia kusceri (Wagner, 1931), T. budapestensis (Hazay, 1880), and T. lagos- tana (Wagner, 1940). Representatives of the genus Limacus are registered for the first time for the country. The slug material was collected from northern, central, and southern Montenegro. Key words: Gastropoda, slugs, new species, Limax, Limacus, Tandonia, Montenegro INTRODUCTION Among snails (gastropods), slugs are the least studied group in Montenegro. Therefore, it is expected that some novelties will appear in the systematic investigations into this group from the region. Slugs are very sensitive animals with no special protection against external factors, espe- cially heat, unlike snails with their shells. They have special need for humi- dity and hidden places during sunny periods. 56 TELEBAK, B. ET AL.: GASTROPODA (STYLOMMATOPHORA) FROM MONTENEGRO The first information on slug fauna in Montenegro was given by well- -known malacologist Wohlberedt (1907). However, these data were rather scarce since the author cited studies given by previous scientists that had gathered the slugs. -
Ssiaměkkýši (Mollusca) AOPK ČR AOPK Měkkýši (Mollusca) Žďárských Vrchů
MĚKKÝŠI (Mollusca) ŽĎÁRSKÝCH VRCHŮ AOPK ČR PARNASSIA Měkkýši (Mollusca) Žďárských vrchů. Molluscs (Mollusca) of the Žďárské vrchy Mts. Autoři / Authors: Magda Drvotová, Jaroslav Č. Hlaváč, Michal Horsák, Luboš Beran, Libor Dvořák, Lucie Juřičková, Petr Mückstein Edice PARNASSIA Svazek / Volume: 3 Redakce / Executive editors: Jaromír Čejka, Petr Mückstein, Bohumil Hanus Fotografie / Photos: Michal Horsák, Petr Mückstein, Bohumil Hanus, Lucie Juřičková, Luboš Beran, Lubomír Dajč, Jaroslav Brabenec, Jana Dvořáková Technická spolupráce / Technical support: Bohumil Hanus Vydal / Published by: AOPK ČR, Správa CHKO Žďárské vrchy, Žďár nad Sázavou Tisk / Printed by: Grafies, a.s., Hlinsko Náklad / Number of copies: 500 Doporučená citace / Recommended citation: Drvotová M. a kol., 2008: Měkkýši (Mollusca) Žďárských vrchů. (Molluscs (Mollusca) of the Žďárské vrchy Mts.). - Parnassia, č. 3., 79 pp., 16 tab. Key words: Mollusca, Žďárské vrchy Mts., Czech Republic © Magda Drvotová, Jaroslav Č. Hlaváč, Michal Horsák, Luboš Beran, Libor Dvořák, Lucie Juřičková & Petr Mückstein © AOPK ČR, Správa CHKO Žďárské vrchy ISBN: 978-80-87051-49-8 MĚKKÝŠI (MOLLUSCA) ŽĎÁRSKÝCH VRCHŮ MOLLUSCOUS (MOLLUSCA) OF THE ŽĎÁRSKÉ VRCHY MTS Magda drvotová, Jaroslav Č. HlaváČ, MicHal Horsák, luboš beran, libor dvořák, lucie JuřiČková, Petr Mückstein Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny České republiky Správa Chráněné krajinné oblasti Žďárské vrchy 2008 edice Parnassia ÚVOD Měkkýši představují velmi cennou bioindikační skupinu živočichů (Ložek 1981). Jejich úzký vztah k prostředí ve kterém žijí je již léta dobře znám a studován, zejména co se týče suchozemských plžů (viz Juřičková et al. 2008). Malakozoologický průzkum proto může napovědět mnoho o přírodních i lidských vlivech v krajině (Mácha 1971, Ložek 1988, Frest 2002). Snad nejznámější je, díky jejich schránkám, vazba měkkýšů na obsah vápníku v prostředí (Wäreborn 1970, Waldén 1981, Horsák 2006).