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Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland – Knowns and Unknowns

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A N N A L E S Z O O L O G I C I (Warszawa), 2008, 58(4): 857-880 LIFE CYCLES OF CLAUSILIIDS OF POLAND – KNOWNS AND UNKNOWNS TOMASZ K. MALTZ1 and ANNA SULIKOWSKA-DROZD2 1Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.— Among the 24 native clausiliids, 15 were subject to laboratory observations. Eleven of them were found to be oviparous, three – egg retainers and one – ovoviviparous. Batches, containing most often one to about a dozen of partly calcified, ellipsoidal or spherical eggs, appeared usually in the spring and autumn (in non-hibernating individuals throughout the year). Probably the main factors determining the onset of reproduction are humidity and temperature while the photoperiod has no significant effect. The incubation period is ca. two weeks (room temperature), the hatching is synchronous or asynchronous. Cases of intra-batch and inter-batch cannibalism were observed. The minimum time from hatching/birth till adult size is ca. 3–9 months and after further 5–8 months the snails start producing eggs/babies. Clausiliids are iteroparous. Anatomical studies on the development of the reproductive system show that just before lip completion the reproductive system is still incompletely developed. Penis, epiphallus and spermatheca develop within the first month after growth completion (which would indicate attainment of ability to copulate), and the reproductive system becomes wholly mature only after a few months. The clausiliid development strategy is probably the following: the quickest possible growth and attainment of adult size, then development of the reproductive system and attainment of sexual maturity. ± Key words.— Terrestrial snails, Clausiliidae, life cycle, reproduction strategy, reproductive season, development, growth, maturity. INTRODUCTION by one species (4.1%) (Riedel 1988). A detailed classifi- cation is presented in Table 2. The European group Recent terrestrial malacofauna of Poland includes includes widely distributed species found in the whole 174 species (Wiktor 2004) classified in 27 families. country (8 species), and some with regional ranges: Besides the Helicidae (19% species) and the Zonitidae Clausilia bidentata (lowlands of north-western (11.5%), one of the numerously represented families Poland), C. cruciata and C. parvula (uplands and are clausiliids with their 24 species (13.8%) assigned to mountains) and Balea perversa (a few sites in the nine genera in three subfamilies (Table 1) (Kerney et Sudetes and one in the Eastern Beskidy Mts). Alpine al. 1983, Riedel 1988, Wiktor 2004). clausiliids: Cochlodina costata, Charpentieria Zoogeographically, European clausiliids constitute ornata and Macrogastra badia, have only single the biggest group (54.2%), followed by Carpathian spe- sites in the Sudetes, whereas Carpathian species occur cies (29.2%), while the Alpine component is represent- most of all in the south-eastern part of the country, ed by three (12.5%), and the boreo-montane component though the range of some of them is not confined to the PL ISSN 0003-4541 © Fundacja Natura optima dux doi: 10.3161/000345408X396783 858 T. K. MALTZ and A. SULIKOWSKA-DROZD Table 1. Systematic index of clausiliids of Poland (Riedel 1988, Wiktor 2004). Family Subfamily Genus Subgenus Species Clausiliidae Alopiinae Cochlodina Cochlodina C. costata (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) C. laminata (Montagu, 1803) Paracochlodina C. orthostoma (Menke, 1828) Charpentieria Itala Ch. ornata (Rossmässler, 1836) Clausiliinae Ruthenica R. filograna (Rossmässler, 1836) Macrogastra M. badia (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) M. latestriata (A. Schmidt, 1857) M. plicatula (Draparnaud, 1801) M. tumida (Rossmässler, 1836) M. ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801) Clausilia C. bidentata (Ström, 1765) C. cruciata (Studer, 1820) C. dubia Draparnaud, 1805 C. parvula Férussac, 1807 C. pumila C. Pfeiffer, 1828 Baleinae Laciniaria L. plicata (Draparnaud, 1801) Alinda A. biplicata (Montagu, 1803) Balea Balea B. perversa (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudalinda B. fallax (Rossmässler, 1836) B. stabilis (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) Vestia Vestia V. elata (Rossmässler, 1836) V. gulo (E. A. Bielz, 1859) V. turgida (Rossmässler, 1836) Bulgarica Strigilecula B. cana (Held, 1836) Carpathians: Macrogastra tumida has a few locali- habitats, 13 clausiliids (54.2%) are regarded as threat- ties in the Eastern Sudetes, and M. latestriata in- ened in Poland: seven are low risk species while six are habits also the lowlands of north-eastern Poland. The endangered, of these as many as five critically (Wiktor region holds also two European species typical of up- and Riedel 2002) (Table 3). land and mountainous areas: Cochlodina orthosto- Literature information on clausiliid life cycles is ma and Clausilia dubia (Riedel 1988, Wiktor 2004) usually fragmentary and pertains only to 11 among the (Fig. 1). 24 species (Table 4). Complete data based on field Most clausiliids (91.7%) live in natural forest habi- observations exist only for Vestia elata (Piechocki tats, some (among others Laciniaria plicata, Alinda 1982), the life cycle of Balea perversa has been part- biplicata) are found also in forest-like habitats (den- ly studied (Baur 1990, Baur and Baur 1992). In the re- se, shaded shrubs, neglected parks etc.). Only Char- maining cases the data pertain either to a selected pentieria ornata and Balea perversa prefer more aspect of clausiliid biology, e.g. copulation (Nordsieck open habitats. With respect to humidity requirements 2005), or are fragmentary and/or problematic (Fröm- only Vestia gulo is a typical higrophile while the re- ming 1954 – literature review, Likharev 1962, Hudec maining ones live in mesic habitats with moderate 1963, Tompa 1979a – literature review, Bulman 1996, humidity fluctuations during the vegetation season Kuźnik-Kowalska 1998), and thus require verification. (mesophile species). Cochlodina costata, Charpen- The objective of this paper is to present and discuss tieria ornata and Clausilia parvula require a high laboratory-based data on 15 species of clausiliids, and calcium content in the substratum. The last two spe- pertaining, among other things, to the mode and period cies and Balea perversa are petrophiles (Maltz and of reproduction (oviparity: time of egg-laying, number Pokryszko 2007) (Fig. 2). of eggs per batch, hatching, cannibalism; egg reten- Because of the largely man-induced environment- tion, and ovoviviparity; reproductive season in the lab- al changes, and the resulting disappearance of natural oratory), growth and maturation, which are crucial to LIFE CYCLES OF CLAUSILIIDS OF POLAND 859 Table 2. Zoogeographic composition of clausiliids of Poland (Riedel 1988). General division Detailed division Species Boreo-Alpine Boreo-Alpine Clausilia cruciata Alpine s. lato E Alpine-Dinaric Cochlodina costata E Alpine Charpentieria ornata Macrogastra badia Carpathian s. lato Carpathian s. stricto Macrogastra latestriata Macrogastra tumida Balea stabilis Vestia gulo Vestia turgida E Carpathian Vestia elata Carpathian-Balkan Balea fallax European s. lato European s. stricto Cochlodina laminata E European Ruthenica filograna C European Macrogastra plicatula Macrogastra ventricosa Clausilia dubia Clausilia parvula Alinda biplicata E and C European Clausilia pumila Laciniaria plicata C and E European Cochlodina orthostoma W European Balea perversa N and NW European Clausilia bidentata E and SE European Bulgarica cana protection of endangered species and at the same time Tilia sp, Fagus sp.), fragments of limestone and tufts make it possible to rectify problematic information pre- of mosses (Ceratodon sp., Atrichum sp., Funaria sp., sented in earlier publications. Hypnum sp., Dicranum sp., Trichostomum sp.). Calcium was provided in the form of writing chalk or dolomite tablets. The snails were fed leaves of lettuce, MATERIAL AND METHODS Pekingese lettuce, sometimes Italian or headed cab- bage, pieces of carrot, cucumber and mushroom The studies were carried out in two institutions: (champignon, chanterelle). Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University [1] Humidity in the containers was practically constant and the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hy- and close to 100% as a result of regular spraying of drobiology, University of Łódź [2]. Fifteen species the tissue, stones, bark and moss. The culture was observed in the laboratory were subject to the studies checked every 2–3 days (when necessary daily), while (Table 5). total cleaning (exchange of tissue paper, container Adults were kept in plastic containers of 300, 500, cleaning) took place twice a month. In Wrocław the 700 and 1200 cm3 volume, single snails or pairs were culture containers were kept at room tempera- kept in smaller containers, while other containers held ture (18–22°C) and natural light regime throughout groups of 5–10 individuals. Apart from the species the year; in Łódź the snails hibernated in a cool which were introduced into the culture later (C. ortho- room: preparing for hibernation (half of October till stoma, C. pumila, C. dubia), detailed observations half of November – 8–12°C), hibernation (half of No- involved five pairs of each C. laminata and L. plicata vember till the end of February – 3°C) and prepar- and 10–15 pairs of each of the remaining species. ing for activity (March – 8–12°C). During that time Each tissue-lined box contained pieces of deciduous the photoperiod
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    Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies.
  • Husbandry of the Carnivorous Land Snail, Powelliphanta Augusta (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Rhytdidae)

    Husbandry of the Carnivorous Land Snail, Powelliphanta Augusta (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Rhytdidae)

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Husbandry of the Carnivorous Land Snail, Powelliphanta augusta (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Rhytdidae) By Thomas Edward Allan A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecological Restoration Victoria University of Wellington 2010 1 Abstract Key aspects of the captive husbandry of Powelliphanta augusta, a newly-described New Zealand land snail are investigated: how they should be managed and fed to provide individuals for release, and how a long-term captive population can be maintained as an insurance against extinction in the wild. This project arises from almost all members of this species having been brought into captivity due to their displacement in the wild by an opencast coalmine. Powelliphanta (F: Rhytididae) is a genus of endemic carnivorous snails, which includes 10 species, 27 subspecies and numerous undescribed taxa. As well as its diversity, Powelliphanta is renowned for the large size of its members (up to 90mm diameter) and their attractively-patterned shells. Most taxa are threatened due to habitat loss and predation by introduced mammalian predators. The study commences with a literature review to refine husbandry methods and to assess requirements for captive breeding of snails. From this review investigations are made into stocking densities, substrate, reproductive biology, body condition and growth of the P. augusta captive population. To determine an appropriate stocking density for P. augusta groups of six snails were kept at two densities; with either 720cm2, or 1440cm2 per group.
  • CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria)

    CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria)

    CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria) Phylum Mollusca C UVIER 1795 Classis Gastropoda C UVIER 1795 Subclassis Orthogastropoda P ONDER & L INDBERG 1995 Superordo Neritaemorphi K OKEN 1896 Ordo Neritopsina C OX & K NIGHT 1960 Superfamilia Neritoidea L AMARCK 1809 Familia Neritidae L AMARCK 1809 Subfamilia Neritinae L AMARCK 1809 Genus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Subgenus Theodoxus M ONTFORT 1810 Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) fluviatilis fluviatilis (L INNAEUS 1758) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) transversalis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis danubialis (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) danubialis stragulatus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Theodoxus ( Theodoxus ) prevostianus (C. P FEIFFER 1828) Superordo Caenogastropoda C OX 1960 Ordo Architaenioglossa H ALLER 1890 Superfamilia Cyclophoroidea J. E. G RAY 1847 Familia Cochlostomatidae K OBELT 1902 Genus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Subgenus Cochlostoma J AN 1830 Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale septemspirale (R AZOUMOWSKY 1789) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) septemspirale heydenianum (C LESSIN 1879) Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae henricae (S TROBEL 1851) - 1 / 36 - CLECOM-Liste Österreich (Austria), mit Änderungen Cochlostoma ( Cochlostoma ) henricae huettneri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Subgenus Turritus W ESTERLUND 1883 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) tergestinum (W ESTERLUND 1878) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) waldemari (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) nanum (W ESTERLUND 1879) Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) anomphale B OECKEL 1939 Cochlostoma ( Turritus ) gracile stussineri (A. J. W AGNER 1897) Familia Aciculidae J. E. G RAY 1850 Genus Acicula W. H ARTMANN 1821 Acicula lineata lineata (DRAPARNAUD 1801) Acicula lineolata banki B OETERS , E. G ITTENBERGER & S UBAI 1993 Genus Platyla M OQUIN -TANDON 1856 Platyla polita polita (W. H ARTMANN 1840) Platyla gracilis (C LESSIN 1877) Genus Renea G.