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CR: A user’s guide to the technology A guide to the technology and technical parameters of community radio in India N. Ramakrishnan CR: A user's guide to the technology (2007) © UNESCO (2007) ISBN 81-89218-12-3 This publication may be produced in any media appropriately acknowledging UNESCO Published by : The United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UNESCO House B-5/29, Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi - 110019, India Phone: +91-11-26713000 Fax: +91-11-26713001/2 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unesco.org/newdelhi Author, Researcher: N.Ramakrishnan (Ideosync Media Combine) Editorial Team: Seema Nair, Sajan Venniyoor, Gitanjali Sah Cover & Binder Design: Inverted Commas, New Delhi Inside page design and graphics: Mensa Computers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Photo credits : N.Ramakrishnan:Pages 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 48, 57, 61, 73, 92-94, 96, 101,103, 104, 165-171, 204 Choy Arnaldo: Pages 14, 25, 26 UNESCO: Pages 11, 38, 76, 90, 100 All others images are courtesy the respective manufacturing companies Photographs of CR groups in action appear with permission of Samudayik Radio Mandakini Ki Awaaz and Hevalvaani Samudayik Radio, Uttarakhand Please send in comments and your experiences with this manual to [email protected] and: N. Ramakrishnan Ideosync Media Combine 177, Ashoka Enclave III Sector 35, Faridabad - 121 003 Haryana - INDIA Tel: +91-0129-4131883/6510156 Email: [email protected] Disclaimer: The author is responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this news piece and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organisation. The designations employed and the presentation of materials throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers(ii) or boundaries. ABOUT THE AUTHOR N.Ramakrishnan is a development communications professional, trainer and author with more than a decade of experience in the development sector. He is also a cinematographer, editor, director, and technology enthusiast; and conducts workshops on community radio, developmental filmmaking and low cost radio and video technology. With extensive experience in developing community-derived and community-oriented behaviour change materials, Ramakrishnan has worked on a number of behaviour change communication tools, including the National Award winning film Nirankush, on female infanticide in the Indian state of Rajasthan; and the acclaimed Growing Up/Badhte Hum/Time of Our Lives video module series on reproductive and sexual health for young people. Ramakrishnan works with Ideosync Media Combine, a communication for development organization based in the NCR of Delhi, India,. He is currently engaged on several community radio and radio for development initiatives, including a cross border radio programme series on safe migration and HIV for Nepali, Garhwali and Kumaoni migrants. (iii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manual is the outcome of a number of years of practical field work, and the inputs of a vast number of communication and audio/video professionals that its has been my pleasure and privilege to work with over the last several years. Their advice, tips and generosity in sharing their own experiences and learning has been central to the compilation of the information contained in these pages. This manual has also been through an extensive process of review on the Solution Exchange and CR India e-discussion lists. Mr.Arvind Kumar, Director (Broadcasting Policy & Legislation), Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India, participated in this discussion by placing the use of this manual in the current context. The members of both lists have been more than generous with their time, and in sharing their vast experience and understanding of community radio technology and audio equipment for the betterment of this manual. Their combined knowledge is a wonderfully rich resource which I have made extensive use of in this volume. In particular – and without in any way reducing the value of the contributions by the other members of both lists – I would like to extend my gratitude and thanks to the following community members who volunteered their time and energy : Ashish Bhatnagar, Prasar Bharati (Akashvani and Doordarshan), New Delhi Ramnath Bhatt, VOICES, Bangalore Benjamin Grubb, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Douglas Bell, Education Development Center, Bangalore Aaditeshwar Seth, University of Waterloo, Canada Jayalakshmi Chittoor, Centre for Science, Development and Media Studies (CSDMS), New Delhi Michelle Chawla, Nomad India Network, Dahanu (Maharashtra) Frederick Noronha, BytesForAll, Panaji (Goa) My thanks also to Shri D.Singaravelu, Dy.Advisor (Wireless), WPC, Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, for his key inputs on the technical aspects of the guidelines governing CR policy in India; and to Choy Arnaldo, who has provided several photographs in this manual illustrating CR experiences from around the world. (iv) A special word of thanks to UNESCO, for understanding and responding to the need for this manual; and specifically to Seema Nair at UNESCO, and Sajan Venniyoor and Gitanjali Sah at Solution Exchange who jointly constituted the editorial team for this manual. I thank them all for their enthusiasm and hard work in rearranging, clipping and pruning this manual into its final shape. Last – but not least – my thanks and appreciation to my colleagues at Ideosync Media Combine, who helped organize a vast number of resources into something that I could use to write this manual; and to the members of Hevalvaani and Mandaakini Ki Awaaz CR groups in Uttarakhand, who provided valuable feedback on the kind of information that would make this manual usable and accessible to its users. NRK New Delhi November 2007 (v) TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword................................................................................................... ix What they said ........................................................................................ x Introduction: Who is this manual for, and how should it be used?............ xii Section A: Community Radio: An overview Chapter 1: So what is radio, and how does it work? ...............................3 Radio broadcasting: The Process – and some terms .................................3 Radio waves: A brief look at some important concepts ............................8 Linking the technology to the production ..............................................10 Chapter 2: Technology I: Setting up a studio space ...............................15 Section A: Siting the CR station..............................................................15 Section B: Defining the spaces ...............................................................17 Section C: Important considerations while setting up the spaces ............20 Chapter 3: Technology II: Studio Equipment.........................................39 Section A: The Broadcast Studio ............................................................39 Section B: The Production Studio .......................................................... 49 Chapter4: Technology III: Field recording equipment ...........................61 Why do we need field recording equipment? ........................................61 What are the main considerations in selecting field recording equipment? ....................................................................62 What should a field recording kit consist of? ..........................................63 Chapter 5: Technology IV: Transmission equipment .............................69 Chapter 6: Telecommunications & other ancillary equipment ..............77 Section A: Telecommunications & Telephony ........................................77 Section B: Other office equipment .........................................................86 Chapter 7: Planning for maintenance & management ........................... 91 Setting rules & regulations in the studio .................................................91 Planning for maintenance ......................................................................92 Maintaining the documentation & plans ................................................93 Maintaining inventories of equipment ...................................................94 Assessing (and investing in) maintenance skills ......................................95 Assessing maintenance costs ..................................................................95 Annual Maintenance Contracts (AMCs) .................................................96 (vii) Chapter 8: Assessing training requirements.........................................101 Assessing training needs ......................................................................102 Training resources ...............................................................................104 Chapter 9: CR guidelines in India and their implications ....................105 Section B: Detailed notes on equipment & audio concepts ................. 121 (See table of contents at beginning of Section B) Section C: Appendices ........................................................................231 Appendix 1: Suggested setups for CR stations ......................................232 Appendix 2: Audio & Radio equipment manufacturers (Global list) .....245 Appendix 3: Index of advisory organizations & individuals
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