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Aus Dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Und Dem Institut Für Parasitologie Und Tropenveterinärmedizin Der Freien Universität Berlin

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Aus Dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Und Dem Institut Für Parasitologie Und Tropenveterinärmedizin Der Freien Universität Berlin Aus dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, und dem Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens in the Semi-arid and the Arid Agro-ecological Zones in Pakistan Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Abdul REHMAN Tierarzt aus Multan, Pakistan Berlin 2016 Journal-Nr.: 3932 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Wissenschaftliche Betreuung: Prof. Dr. Franz J. Conraths Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Franz J. Conraths Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter-Henning Clausen Dritter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marcus G. Doherr Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): Ticks; tick-borne pathogens; anaplasmoses; ehrlichioses; rickettsial diseases; babesiosis; theileriosis; risk factors; livestock; Pakistan; epidemiology Tag der Promotion: 14.12.2016 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-86387-781-1 Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2016 Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin D 188 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, auch die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes und der Vervielfältigung des Buches, oder Teilen daraus, vorbehalten. Kein Teil des Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen, usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürfen. This document is protected by copyright law. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of the publisher. Alle Rechte vorbehalten | all rights reserved © Mensch und Buch Verlag 2016 Choriner Str. 85 - 10119 Berlin [email protected] – www.menschundbuch.de Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald – Insel Riems, and Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens in the Semi-arid and the Arid Agro-ecological Zones in Pakistan Thesis submitted for the fulfillment of a doctoral degree in Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin Submitted by Abdul REHMAN Veterinarian, from Multan, Pakistan Berlin 2016 Journal-Nr.: 3932 This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved mother, father, brothers and sisters and to my beloved wife Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... I List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... VI List of Figures...................................................................................................................... VIII Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Facts about Pakistan ......................................................................................................1 1.2 Geography and climate..................................................................................................4 1.3 Livestock sector in Pakistan ..........................................................................................6 1.4 Dairy sector in Pakistan.................................................................................................6 1.5 Tick species ..................................................................................................................7 1.6 Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) ........................................................................................7 1.7 Risk factors associated with tick infestation and TBDs ..................................................8 1.8 Tick species in Pakistan ................................................................................................8 1.9 Tick-borne pathogens in Pakistan ..................................................................................9 1.10 Investigation of risk factors in Pakistan .........................................................................9 1.11 Rationale of the study.................................................................................................. 10 2 Review of literature .......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Ticks ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Taxonomic classification ............................................................................................. 11 2.3 Geographic distribution ............................................................................................... 12 2.4 Diet and feeding behaviors .......................................................................................... 12 2.5 Life cycle .................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.1 Ixodidae ............................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Argasidae ............................................................................................................. 14 2.6 Important ticks of domestic animals ............................................................................ 14 I Table of contents 2.6.1 Boophilus species ................................................................................................. 14 2.6.2 Hyalomma species ............................................................................................... 15 2.6.3 Rhipicephalus species .......................................................................................... 15 2.6.4 Amblyomma species ............................................................................................. 16 2.6.5 Other genera of ticks ............................................................................................ 16 2.7 Collection of ticks ....................................................................................................... 17 2.8 Tick counting methods ................................................................................................ 17 2.9 Preservation of ticks .................................................................................................... 18 2.10 Current knowledge of tick species in Pakistan ............................................................. 19 2.11 Direct harms to domestic animals ................................................................................ 21 2.11.1 Biting stress and production losses ....................................................................... 21 2.11.2 Tick poisoning ..................................................................................................... 21 2.11.3 Physical damage .................................................................................................. 21 2.11.4 Other problems .................................................................................................... 22 2.12 Indirect harms to domestic animals via transmission of tick-borne diseases ................. 22 2.12.1 Viral diseases ....................................................................................................... 22 2.12.2 Bacterial diseases ................................................................................................. 23 2.12.2.1 Anaplasmosis ................................................................................................ 23 2.12.2.2 Ehrlichiosis ................................................................................................... 24 2.12.3 Protozoal diseases ................................................................................................ 24 2.12.3.1 Babesiosis ..................................................................................................... 24 2.12.3.2 Theileriosis ................................................................................................... 25 2.13 Public health significance ............................................................................................ 26 2.14 Economic significance of ticks and TBDs ................................................................... 26 2.15 Current status of TBDs in Pakistan .............................................................................. 27 2.16 Diagnostic methods for TBDs ..................................................................................... 32 2.17 Tick control methods .................................................................................................. 33 2.17.1 Use of acaricides .................................................................................................
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