Chapter- Iii Selected Inscriptions of the Deccan and Its Neighbourhood 69

Home , Amoghavarsha, Govinda III, Kirtivarman II, Solar dynasty, Vikramaditya I, Vikramaditya II

CHAPTER- III SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS OF THE DECCAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD 69

• *> CHAPTER 3 Selected Inscriptions

Third Chapter is formulated on the materials from the original texts of the Inscriptions. a) Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Deccan and its Neighbourhood b) Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Far South

> THE DECCAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Deccan and its Neighbourhood • The Chalukyas of BMami The Chalukyas were a great power in the southern India between the 6* and 8* century A.D. and again from the 10^ to the 12^ century A.D. Pulakesin-I the first great ruler of this dynasty, ascended the throne in .540 A.D. and having made many splendid victories, established a mighty empire. His son, Kirtivarman who succeeded him in 607 A.D. also made extensive conquests. However, Pulakesin-II (608-642 A.D.), son and successor of Kirtivarman, is regarded as the greatest ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Apart from his many conquests over the Kadambas of Vanavasi, the Gangas of Mysore, the Mauryas of Konkan, his most outstanding achievement was to defeat king Harshavardhana and thus preventing the extension of his empire beyond Narmada. 70

Nevertheless, Pulakesin-II was defeated and killed in the battle with the Pallava king Narsimhvarman-I who had attacked the Chalukya territory. Genealogy Mentioned in the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period ...In the Chalukya family was bom Jayasimhavallabha. To him was bom Ra^araga. His son Pulakesin-I established himself at Vatapipurl and performed the horse-sacrifice. His son Kirtivarman, the night of death to the Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas, broke up the confederacy of the Kadambas. His younger brother Mangalesa who had succeeded him, vanquished the Matangas and the Kalachchhuris'^"* and captured the island of Revati-d vipa'". When Mangalesa was attempting to secure the sovereignty for his own son, his elder brother's son Pulakesin-II alias Satyasraya killed his uncle.

Vikramaditya-I, son of Pulakesin-II, renewed his stmggle against the Pallavas and inflicted crushing defeats on three Pallava kings in succession, Narsimliavarman, Mahendravarman-II, and Panneshwaravarman. He also defeated the kings of Pandyas, Keralas, and Cholas and thus restored the Old Glory of the Chalukya dynasty. He died in 681 A.D. His son Vinayaditya continued his stmggle against Pallavas and the other contemporary powers and became a mighty mler who established diplomatic relations with Persia and Ceylon. Vijayaditya, son and successor of Vinayaditya, was a peace-loving king who did not embark upon many aggressions except for his expedition against Pallavas towards the close of his reign.

^^^ Idem , pp. 443 (No. 1). See also Fleet, Ind Am, V, pp. 67 ff. VIII, pp 237 ff.; Arch. Surv., W. Ind, II, pp. 129 ff, Kielhorn, Ep. Individual, VI, pp 4 fT Kalachuris. Reddi promontory Genealogy Mentioned in the Vakkaleri Copperplate Inscription of KIrtivarman-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period 130 ...The king's genealogy is traced from Pulakesin-I, perfonner of the horse- sacrifice; his son Klrttivarman-I was succeeded by Pulakesin-ll who obtained the designation Paramesvara after vanquishing Harshavardhana. the lord of the entire UttarSpatha^^^; his son Vikramaditya-I subdued the Pa^Clya, Chola and Kerala kings as well as the [Pallava] lord of KanchI; his son Vinayaditya defeated the forces of the lord of KaiichT allied with the three kingdoms, and levied tribute from the Kavera, Parasika, Simhala''^ and other dvTpas; his son Vijayaditya defeated the enemies when his grand father was fighting in the South, obtained for his father banners, drums, wealth, elephants, etc., after overpowering the enemies in the presence of his father when the latter was trying to conquer Uttarapatha'^^, and was captured by the retreating enemies, but succeeded in returning to his paternal country and in eradicating anarchy prevailing there;...

Vijayaditya's son, Vikramaditya-II who ruled from 733 A.D. to 747 A.D. continued the struggle against Pallavas and captured their capital Kanchi. He, however, did not go in for any plunder; rather he gave handsome donations to temples and religious places. He defeated the contemporary powers of Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras and threw back the Arabs who had invaded the northern parts of the Chalukya Empire. His son and successor, Kirtivarman-II, was, however, a weak king who was overtlirown by his own feudatory chief Dantidurga, who founded a new dynasty called the Rashfrakufas. The find-spot of the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period being Aihole, Hungund Taluk, Bijapur Disrict, Kamataka. The scribe made copies of writings in Early Telugu-Kannada

'^^ Idem., pp 451 (No. 2). See also L. Rice, Ind Ant., VIII, pp 23 ff Cf E Hultzsch. SII, I,pp. 146 fF. Aryavarta Sri Lanka Aryavarta 72 Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date; Kali Year 3735, Saka Year 556 (c. 634 A.D.)'^^" The date given is 30-3000-700-5, i.e. Kaliyuga year 3735=634-35 AD. ... 3735 years having elapsed since the Bharata war in the Kah age,...

Date Mentioned in the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period '^^ Lines 15-16, Stanza 32, SardulaMkridita.

^TTFTW - qg - T?^ - ^m - frflH ^ffH-HHfdl f^

^^HKN - ^ - ^ - Wm 5FF^Tra^ 5TR7B II

The date given is Saka 50-6+500, i.e. 556=634-35 AD. ...556 years of the Saka kings having also elapsed (i.e. in 634-35 A.D.),...

Date Mentioned in the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period ""' Line 16, Stanzas 33-34, Anustubh (Sloka). f^RTr^ ^ - fr^ ^KdKI^«^lRd: I

•HklK - 5M - 5% ^Id'^^^ q^ II

M^liilr^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ - 5B1^=^

W^ flHdldl^ iil^HIHIM ^^^m^ II

''^" Idem , pp. 443 (No 1) See also Fleet. Ind Ant, V. pp 67 ff . \'I1I. pp 237 ff.. Arch. Sun.. W. Ind., II. pp 129 ff. Kielhorn. Ep. Individual, VI. pp 4 tY ""' //'/J.pp, 448 Read . orvim imam Idem , pp 448 73

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words (Manga/a Sloka or Mangalavachana) by Namaskriya which invoke (Ahhimantranani) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. Jayati bhagavah=Jmendro... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Aihole Stone Jn.scription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period '^''' Line 1, Stanza I, Arya. 3f!# ^FI^TFJI^ #T - ITU - 17^ - ^3P^ ^TFT I

The find-spot of the Vakkaleri Copperplate Inscription of Kirtivarman-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period being Vakkaleri, Kolar Dist., Kamataka The scribe made copies of writings in Early Telugu-Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 679 (c. 757 A.D.)"^' ...In the expired Saka year 679 (757 A.D.) in the eleventh year of his reign, on the full moon tithi of the month of Bhadrapada, king Klrttivarman-II issued the charter from the victorious camp at BhaqCl araga vitfage.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words (Kiahgala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. Svasti I Moreover, followed by Namaskriya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Jayatyavi:§k^tam vi§novrvaraham k^obhitarnavam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Vakkaleri Copperplate Inscription of Kirtivarman-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period

Ibid, pp. 444. '^^ Ibid., pp. 451 (No. 2) See also L. Rice, Ind Ant, VIU, pp 23 ff. Cf E Hultzsch, SIl, I,pp 146 ff. '^^ Ibid., pp. 452 74 Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate.

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incenti\e for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ...bahuhhirvasudha bhukta rajabhissagaradihhih I ... In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at die end of the Inscriptions i.e. ,..sva-daltam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharani I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Vakkaleri Copperplate Inscription of Kirtivarman-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period''' Lines 72-76, Stanzas 2-4, Anustubh (Sloka), Fifth Plate.

<7FT ^?FT ^ HIHfdf^ HFT ^ '^I^ II

^ ^ qi^ ^ r^HI^^S^MWHH. II f=i

• The Eastern Chalukyas of VengT Genealogy Mentioned in the Yelivarru Copperplate Inscription of Amma-II Vijayaditya, of the Eastern Chalukyas of Veiigi Period

""'^/A/cy. pp. 455 75 ...Kubja Vishnuvardhana, brother of Satyasraya Vallabhendra'^'^ of the Chalukya family, ruled over VengI for 18 years. His son Jayasimha-I ruled for 33 years; his son Mangi-yuvaraja for 25 years; his son Jayasimha-II for 13 years; his younger brother Kokkili for 6 months. Kokkili was expelled by his elder brother Vishnuvardhana who ruled for 37 years His son Vijayaditya-bhattaraka ruled for 18 years; his son Vijayaditya-narendrann-igaraja for 48 years; his son Kali- vish^uvardhana for 1/4 years; his son Gupaga-vijayaditya for 44 years. His successor Bhima, the son of his younger brother Vikramaditya, for 30 years; his son Kollabhigapda-vijayaditya, for 6 months; his son Amma-I for 7 years; having expelled his son, the child Vijayaditya, Talapa ruled for one month; having subdued him, Vikramaditya, son of BhIma, ruled for 11 months; then Yuddhamalla, son of Talapa, ruled for 7 years; then BhIma, the son of KoUabhigaQda-vijayaditya, reigned for 12 years. His son, by his wife LokamahadevI, was Amma-II Vijayaditya.

The find-spot of the Yehvarru Copperplate Inscription of Amma-Il Vijayaditya, of the Eastern Chalukyas of Veiigl Period being Yelivarru, Repalle Taluk, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh. The scribe made copies of writings in Telugu-Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: c. 945-70 A.D.'^° The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Marigala Sloka or Mangalavachand) with Namaskriya which invoke {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. Sri-tribhuvanamkusa II under Seal and followed by Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. Svasti II... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Yelivarru Copperplate Inscription of Amma-II Vijayaditya, of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vehgi Period '^' Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate.

'^^ Ibid., pp. 516 (No, 9). See also J.F. Fleet, hid Am., XII, 1883, pp. 91 ff Pulakesin-II '^*^ The first year of Amma-II Vijayaditya's reign falls in Saka 867 (945-46 AD). '''' Idem., pp. 517 (No. 9), See also J.F. Fleet, hid. Ant., XII, 1883, pp 91 ff 76

^^f^ II

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ... bahiibhirvasudha datta hahuhhischamipalita i ... In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-datlam para-dattam vd yo hareta vasimdhardm I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the YeUvarru Copperplate Inscription of Amma-Il Vijayaditya, of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi Period Lines 57-59, Stanzas 15-16, Anustubh (Sloka). Fifth Plate : First Side, and Second Side.

^ - ^m - ^^^^^^J^TOH, I

• The ChSlukyas of MSnyakhetta and Kafydpa Genealogy Mentioned in the Nilgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period Fifty-nine kings of the family are said to have reigned in Ayodhya and sixteen of them later ruled in the South.

^^^ /hid, pp 521 '^^ Ihld., pp. 523 (No 10) See also L D. Barnett. /•./;. hid, XIl, pp. 142 tT. 77 ... After a temporary obstruction, Jayasimha-I who overcame Rashtrakuta Indra, son of Knshna, restored the family's fortunes. His son was Raâraga his son Pulakesin his son Kirtivarman-I his younger brother Mangallsa who ruled during the minority of his brother's son Satyasraya'^^. Then came Satyasraya's son Niclamari' ^; his son Adityavarman; his son Vikramaditya-I; his son Yuddhamalla; his son Vijayaditya; his son Vikramaditya-II; his son Kirtivarman-II under whom the family eclipsed. His brother""; his son Kirtivarman-III; his son Taila-I; his son Vikramaditya-III his son Bhlma-II his son Ayyana-I who married a daughter of Rdshfrakufa Ki-isâ-III. His son Vikramaditya-IV who married Chedi Lakshmaâ's daughter; his son Taila-II who conquered Karkara and Raâstambha; his son Satyasraya-II; his younger brother Dasavarman'^^ his son Vikramaditya-V; his younger brother Jayasimha- II; his son Ahavamalla who fought with the Malava, Chola and Kanaui kings; his son Bhuvanaikamalla ; his younger brother Vikraraaditya-VI Tribhuvanamalla.

The find-spot of the Nllgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period being Nllgunda, Bellary District, Kamataka. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern Nagarl Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Chalukya-Vikrama Yeais 12 = Prabhava (c. 1087 A.D.), and Chalukya-Vikrama Years 48 - Sobhakrit (c. 1123 A.D.)'*' ...The grant was made in the Chalukya-Vikrama year 12=Prabhava of Jupiter's cycle, Pushya-badi 13, Saterday, uttaraya^a sankranti. In the

Pulakesin-ll Nedamari Bhima '^^ Kakka-II 178 Yasovarman 179 Somesvara-I Somesvara-II '^' Idem., pp. 523 (No. 10). See also L D. Barnett, Ep. Ind, Xll, pp 142 ff 78 Chalukya-V^ikrama year 48, Sobhakrit, Bhadrapada-sudi'^^ 12, Monday,...

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) i.e. Om II this is written by O surmounted by anusvara. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Nilgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and

1 0-3 Kalyana Period Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate. 3^ II

In addition, followed by Namaskriya which invoke (Ahhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Jayatyavi^krtam vi^novrvaraham k^ohhUanmavam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Nilgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period' Line 1, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka), First Plate.

^uj)cHd - t^m - ^^ - ^ ^•. II

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ...hahuhhirvvasudha datia rajabhih sagaradihhih I ... The sin caused by taking away (the land) has also been said by him.

182 ' - _ Sravapa-dvadasT Idem., pp. 525. Idem , pp 525

'^i>tt*^r* • 79 apaharaiTieapi cha do§astenaivoktah I In addition. Imprecatory verses are used i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Nllgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period Lines 80-81, Stanzas 49-50, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate. q^ q^ ^ ^fHfd^ rTFT c!^ ''^^^ II

^ - ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ii«-y

It has been said even by Ramabhadra. Ramabhadrei)apyuktam I samanyo ayam dharma-setum^par}am kale kale palaniyo bhavadbhih I ... (This is the common bridge of Dharma of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the fiiture kings in all the times. Ramabhadra begs (to say) again.] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Nllgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period

^^^ Ibid, pp. 533. 80 Lines 83-84, Stanza 53, Salinl, Third Plate.

fIclPdkHIMH: MlRR^I -

Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Nilgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period Lines 84-85, Stanza 54, Vasantatilaka, Third Plate.

MNK^d - w^ ^-^m--^' I

%vq\ T^ N

Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word that might carry the suggestion of Mangala at the end e.g. the word :- ... Subham II. In addition, followed by Namaskhya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. Sn-Saradayai namah II. Suggestion of Marigala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Nilgunda Copperplate Inscription of Vikramaditya-VI, of the Chalukyas of _ _ • 1 189 Manyakhetta and Kalyana Period

'*^^/A/i/.,pp. 534. Idem., pp 534 Vastunirddesa 8! Line 87, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate. ^»^ II # - ^ll«i^ JW: II

• The Rdshtrakutas Genealogy Mentioned in the Kandhar Stone-pillar Inscription of Krsna-IIl, of the Rashtrakutas Period '^ ... In the Yadu family, which sprang from the moon, was bom the Primeval Male. His descendants, owing to their eminence in fame and valour, became known in the world as the Tungas. In that lineage known as the Rashfrakufa-kula was bom Dantidurga. After him, his paternal uncle Kfish^araja-I became the mler of the earth.

Dantidurga who overthrew the Chalukya in the middle of the 8^' centmy- A.D. founded the Rashtrakutas dynasty, which mled over Deccan of the time when Palas and the Pratiharas were mling over the northern and western India. Genealogy Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakiitas Period '^^ ...In the lineage of Yadu'^^ was bom Pnchchhakaraja. His son was Govinda. To him was bom Karkaraf. His son IndrarSja, who married, according to the Rakshasa form of marriage at the time of the battle of Khetaka, the daughter of the Chalukya king. His son Dantidurga humbled the circle of proud kings from the Himalayas to the Setu and made the Gurjara Lord and others the door-keepers when, at UjjjayanI, the Hiratjyagarbha^^^ was performed by his subordinates. Then, on the battlefield Subhatungavallabha' "* cmshed the Chalukyas

^^'^ Idem., pp. 534 (No, 10). See also L.D. Barnett, Ep. Ind, XE, pp. 142 ff '^" Ibid, pp. 510 (No. 8). See also D.C. Sircar and G. Bhattacharya, Ep. Ind, XXXV, pp 105 ff. ''^^ Ibid., pp 478 (No. 5). See also SR Bhandarkar, J.B.B.R.A.S., XXIII, pp 116 ff, DR. Bhandarkar, Ep. Ind., XVHI, pp. 243 ff. i.e. the Rashtrakutas dynasty rnahaddna ceremony Kfishpa-I 82 Akalavarsha , a destroyer of kings, was a royal sage. His successor was [his son] Prabhutavarsha''^^. His successor'*^^ Dharavarsha-Nirupama'^^ seized the white umbrellas of the Cauda king as the latter was fleeing through the territory between Ganga and the Yamuna. His son Tribhuvanadhavala'^^ released the imprisoned Ganga king and reinstated all wicked vassals, their spirit of defection evaporating before his valour. However, the ungrateful Ganga had to be again imprisoned.

It was a remarkable dynasty, which produced a number of able administrators and brave warriors. Tliree of its rulers Dhruvaraja, Govinda-III and Indraraja-III, carried their victorious armies into the heart of North India and inflicted crushing defeats on most powerful rulers of that region. Genealogy Mentioned in the Paithan Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^ ...In the family of the Rashtrakutas, was bom Govinda-I; from him sprang Karkaraja; his son was Indraraja-11; his son was Dantidurga Vallabharaja; his successor was Karkaraja's son K^shparaja Subhatunga Akalavarsha; meditating on his feet was his son Govindraja-II Vallabha. His younger brother Dhruvaraja ousted Govinda-II in spite of the latter being allied with the ruler of Malava and others who were again joined by the lord of KanchT and the Ganga and VengT rulers.

They also fought constantly with the Chalukya of Vengi in the east, the Pallava of Kanchi, and the Pandyas of Madurai in the south. Genealogy Mentioned in the Patan (Nesarika) Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-m, of the RashtrakiJtas Period ^^'

K5;ishtja-1 Govinda-II 197 younger brother Dhruva 199 Idem.,i e Govinda-II pp. 457 I(No . 3), See also Kielhorn, Ep. Ind, III, pp 105 ff 200 ...Govinda-III was at first appointed Yuvaraja and invested with the kat}thika by his father Dharavarsha^^^. Then, becoming king, he subdued twelve rulers who had combined against him.

Among the greatest Rashtrakutas kings was Krishnaraja-III (939-965 A.D.), who crushed the power of all his opponents in the south and is believed to have led glorious expedition to the northern India wherein he gained the occupation of Ujjain. Genealogy Mentioned in the Chinchani Copperplate Inscription of the time of Krsna-in, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^°^ ...In the family of the Rashfrakutas, which belonged to the Yadava dynasty, Kfishnaraja-I Govindaraja-II, Nirupama^^'', Jagattuhga^*^^, Amoghavarsha-I, Akalavarsha^°^, Indraraja-III, Amoghavarsha-II, Govindraraja-IV sumamed Suvarnavarsha, and Amoghavarsha-III. Kfishnaraja-III, the son and successor of Amoghavarsha-III received the submission of the Pa^clyas, Oclras, Simhalas, Cholas and ParasTkas, the Andhra king, the Draviclas, Varvaras and Tajjikas and the Vamklnas, Hupas, Khasas, Gurjaras and Malavlyas.

The Rashtrakiitas Empire began disintegrating following the death of this mighty king. Genealogy Mentioned in the Sahgll Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IV, of the Rashtrakutas Period .. .In the lineage of Yadu^°^ was bom Dantidurga. His uncle Kfish^araja-I, who was his successor, subdued the Chalukyas. From him sprang

^°' Ibid., pp. 469 (No. 4). See also G.H. Khare, Sour, Med., Hist. Dec, I, pp 15 fF., P.L. Gupta, Ep. Ind., XXXIV, pp. 123 ff.; D.C. Sircar, ibid., pp. 137 ff. Dhruva '^^^ Idem., pp. 503 (No. 7). See also D.C. Sircar, Ep. hid., XXXII, pp. 55 ff. Dhruva Govinda-III Kfishpa-II ^^^^ Idem., pp. 495 (No. 6). See also Ceorge le Grand Jacob, J.B.B.R.A.S, IV, pp 100 ff., J.F. Fleet, Ind. Ant., XII, pp. 249 ff. 208 _ _ i.e. the Rashtrakutas dynasty 84

Govinda-II whose successor was his younger brother Nirupama^"'^. To him was bora Jagattunga^'". His son Amoghavarsha defeated the [Eastern] Chalukyas at Viiigavalli. His son was Akalavarsha^''. His son bom of his wife who was the daughter of Kokkalla of the Sahasrarjuna^'^ lineage, was Jagattunga. His son bom of his wife Lakshmi, who was the daughter of Ranavigraha and grand-daughter of Kokkalla, was Indraraja-III. ... In the family of the Haihayas, which destroyed the pride of Dasakantha, was bom Kokkalla. His son was Arjuna. His son was Amma^adeva. His daughter Dvijamba was married to Indraraja-III. Their son was Govinda- IV who was better than Sahasanka because he did not display any cmelty towards his elder brother, incur disgrace by cohabiting with the wives of his brother^^'^ and other civil actions.

The Rashtrakutas kings were great patrons of art and literature. They were also tolerant in their religious views and patronised Saivism, Vaisnavism as well as Jainism. They also allowed the Muslim traders to settle down in their empire and permitted them to preach Islam. The find-spot of the Chinchani Copperplate Inscription of the time of Krsna- in, of the Rashtrakiitas Period being Chinchani, Thana District, Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern Nagari Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: c. 939-67 A.D.^'' r The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachand) with Blessing or Benediction {As'ih) i.e. Om... which is expressed by symbol moreover, followed by Namaskriya, this salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. the words :- ...bhagavatyai namah I

Dnruva Govinda-III Kfishpa-II 212 Haihaya = Kalachuri Vikramaditya Sakari or relative ^'^/c/ew., pp. 503(No. 7). See also DC Sircar, Ep. In J., XXXII, pp 55 ff. 85 Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Chinchani Copperplate Inscription of the time of Krsna-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^'^ Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose.

In addition, invocation stanza {Abhimantranam) i.e. BhagavatT bhavatam bhava-bhJ-bhide bhavatu sumbha-nisumbha-vinasam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Chinchani Copperplate Inscription of the time of Krsna-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^'^ Lines 1-2, Stanza 1, Drutavilambita. vprot ^^^ >^ - ^ - pq^

^<^<\^< - f%:^ - ^m^ -

5PiklHW«idl ^T^PW II

Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word^'^ that might carry the suggestion of Mahgala at the end e.g. the word :- .. .Mangalamiti II. Suggestion of Marigala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Chinchani Copperplate Inscription of the time of Krsna-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period 219

Line 50, Stanzas -, Prose.

^^^' I hi J, pp. 504, Idem, pp 504. 218 VastiinirJJesa ^''^ Idem, pp 508 (No. 7). See also D.C. Sircar, Ep. Ind., XXXII, pp. 55 fF. 86

The find-spot of the Kandhar Stone-pillar Inscription of Krsna-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period being Kandhar, Nanded District, Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Early Southern NagarT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: c. 939-67 A.D.^^" The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words (Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) i.e. // Om... which is expressed symbolically moreover, followed by Namaskriya this invokes {Ahhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. the words :- ...namah SivayaII. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Kandhar Stone-pillar Inscription of Krsna-UI, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^^' Line I, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side.

The find-spot of the Paithan Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period being Paithan, Aurangabad District, Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern NagarT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 716 (c. 794 A.D.)^^^ ...on the occasion of the solar eclipse, on the new moon tithi of the dark half of Vaisakha in the Saka year 716...... The date corresponds to Sunday, the 4 May 794 A.D., the month being Amanta.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) i.e. symbol indicating siddam, Om siddhih or siddhlr^astu.

^^" IhiJ, pp. 510 (No. 8). See also DC. Sircar and G Bhattacharya, Ep. InJ^ XXXV, pp 105 ff ^^^ Ibid, pp 511. ^^^ Ibid, pp. 457 (No. 3). See also Kielhorn, Ep. Ind, III, pp 105 ff 87 In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes (Abhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Sa voavayaddhedhasadhamyannabhi-kamalam krtam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Paithan Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the RashtrakQtas Period Line I, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka), First Plate.

^?:5^ '^^ +l-r)«^ - ^5^^ ^5T7c5 ^cTH. II

There are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. i^a0m var§a-sahastrai}i svargge ti^fhati bhumidah / ... [A giver of land, (on the contrary), rejoices in the heaven for 60,000 years. Furthermore, a person who (first) grants (land as gift) and then takes away or one who agrees with him, or aids and abets, dwells in hell for same numbers of years.] Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ...hahuhhirvvasudhadatta rajabhih sagaradibhih I ... In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yantadrak§a naradhipa I ... (A person who takes away ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Paithan Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the Rashtrakiitas Period Lines 68-71, Stanzas 29-32, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate.

'^^ Ibid, pp. 458. ^^''//)/c/.,pp. 464. Read ^a^tim 88

^111

qpT ^?FT ^ ^2^" ^^df^ H^ 'TJ^^ II

Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Paithan Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IIl, of the Rashtrakutas Period"^' Lines 71-73, Stanza 33, Pushpitagra, Third Plate.

?ii|HdNr^^^^ ^^ - M\r\^ I

Read atwmania. 227 Read va^ye/. 228 Read...tavi^u ato .. Read hhiikta Read hhumis. Read para-dattdm 232 Read iiaradhipa. Read mahimatdm. Read ddndcchre.. ^^^ Idem., pp 464 (No. 3). See also Kielhorn, A/;. 7/7^/, III, pp 105 ff Read iti. 237 Read kamalo. 238 n , Read ami. . Read a// 89

The find-spot of the Patan (Nesarika)^^^ Copperplate Inscription of Govinda- III, of the Rashtrakutas Period being Patan, North Satara Distrsict, Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern NagaiT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 727 (c. 805 A.D.)^'*'' ...From the camp at Suguturu on the occasion oisankranti on the IS^** day of the dark half of the month of Pausha in the Cyclic year Tarana and the expired Saka year 727, Govinda granted the village.... The date of the record is Monday, the 22"** December, 805 A.D., falling in the southern cyclic year named Tarawa corresponding to the expired Saka year 726.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) i.e. symbol indicating siddam, Om siddhih or siddhir=^^astu. In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Sa voavayaddhedhasadhamyannabhi-kamalam k^tam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Patan (Nesarika) Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IH, of the Rashtrakutas Period Line 1, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka), First Side.

Read puru^aih Read para. 1 A"} The record has sometimes been called 'Nesarika Grant' after the name of the gift village. ^"^^ Idem., pp 469 (No. 4). See also G H Khare, Sour, Med , Hi.st. Dec, \, pp 15 fF, PL Gupta, Ep. Ind., XXXIV, pp. 123 ff., D.C. Sircar, ibid., pp 137 ff ^'*'* Ihid., pp. 470 90

There are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. â^tim varâ-sahastrani svargge ti.^thafi hhumidah I ... [A giver of land, (on the contrary), rejoices in the heaven for 60,000 years. Furthermore, a person who (first) grants (land as gift) and then takes away or one who agrees with him, or aids and abets, dwells in hell for same numbers of years.] Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for fiiture good deeds accomplished by verses as - ...bahubhirvvasudha datta rajabhih sagaradihhih I... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Patan (Nesarika) Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period Lines 64-67, Stanzas 27-29, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate : First Side. W - ^ - HA^m ^ fcTSSfrT îp^: I

f^^|d4)'^d)'Mlti ^^ - ^13^ - ^m^' I ^jWJIi^ij) H im^ ^ - ^ f^ ^ II

;!:R:^ q^ q^ ^^JHfd^M H^ ^ "^^^^ II

In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yatnadrak§a naradhipa I ... (A person who takes awa\' ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Patan (Nesarika) Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-III, of the Rashtrakutas Period

Ibid, pp. 476 ^^^ Ibid., pp. 476-477. 91

Lines 68-69, Stanza 31, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate : First Side. ^ - ^ q?: - 2[Tft ^ ^Hi^j^ ^mm i

Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Patan (Nesarika) Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-HI, of the Rashtrakutas PeriodI 247 Lines 69-71, Stanza 32, Pushpitagra, Third Plate : First Side, ira ^51^ - ^^ - % - ^to

^iji^H^NrM ^^ - VHIMH*-^ I

31HNHc4 - HH^HiirHnfi -

^ 3^: - q^ - #cr!Tr Nr^i^l: II

The find-spot of the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the RashtrakOtas Period being Sanjan, Thana Dist., Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern NagarT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 793 (c. 871 A.D.)^^^ ... on the occasion of the Uttarayana in the month of Pausha in the Saka^"*^ year 793,...

The Inscription begins with Title, or Seal Legend SrTmadamoghavar^adevasya : Of His Majesty the Glorious Amoghavar^a Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakutas Period Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate.

^"'' Ihiii. pp. 477 ^"*** Ibid. pp. 478 (No 5) See also S.R Bhandarkar, J.B.B.R.A.S, XXIII, pp. 116 ff.; D R Bhandarkar, Kp. Ind^ XVIll, pp 243 ff ^871-72 A.D. Idem . pp. 480. Ql

^^t^^^;{^f^j^^

Then the Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words iXfangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction (Aslh) i.e symbol for siddham, Om siddhih or siddhir^astu. In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Sa voavayaddhedhasadhamyannabhi-kamalam krtam I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakiitas Period ^^' Line 1, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka), First Plate.

There are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. §a§tim var§a-sahastrat)i svargge ti^thati bhumidah / ... [A giver of land, (on the contrary), rejoices in the heaven for 60,000 years. Furthermore, a person who (first) grants (land as gift) and then takes away or one who agrees \s ith him, or aids and abets, dwells in hell for same numbers of years.] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakiitas Period Lines 72-74, Stanzas 54-55, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate. ^ ^' - i:\iMm ^^ frl^ W^' I

3Trs^ -^l^H^l =^ rTF^ ^ ^^ II

^'' Ibid, pp. 480 ^^^ Ibid., pp. 489. 93

^^TRT^ ft ITFP^ ^ - ^ 5^ ^^^ 11

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ,..bahuhhirvvasudha datta rajahhih sagaradihhih I ... In addition, Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yantadrak^a naradhipa I ... (A person who takes away ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakutas Period '^^^ Lines 74-75, Stanzas 57-58, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate.

^ - ^-dlHi^-dl ^ 'MHIl*^ ^m^ I

TTff HljHdi WZ ^Rf^Tt^'^Sgqi^RH^ II

Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakutas Period Line 76, Stanza 59, Pushpitagra, Third Plate. # ^51^ - ^r5T3^ - R^ - ^fet

"^' Read yc ''•^ /c/m , pp 490 (No 5) See also SR Bhandarkar, J.B.B.R.A.S., XXIII, pp. 116 ff.; D R Bhandarkar, Ep. Ind., XVIIl, pp 243 ff Read c/7m'o Idem , pp. 490 94

Lastly, the Inscription ends with Namaskriya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. ... Mangalam Mahasrlh II. In addition, followed by a particular word^^^ that might carry the suggestion of Maiigala at the end e.g. the word :- Siddham symbol //. Suggestion of Mangala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Sanjan Copperplate Inscription of Amoghavarsha-I, of the Rashtrakutas Period "^^^ Line 78, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate. JFFJ?l^?f|: II [Siddham symbol] //

The find-spot of the Safigll Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IV, of the Rashtrakutas Period being Sangll, Kolhapur District, Maharashtra. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern NagarT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Suvarnavarsha, Saka Year 855 (c. 933 A.D.)^^^ ... The grant was made on Thursday, the full moon tithi of Srava^a in the cyclic year Vijaya in Saka 855 corresponding to the S*** August, 933 A.D.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) i.e. symbol for siddham, Om siddhih or siddhir=astu.

Read ^aih. I 'astiinlrddesa ^''^ idem., pp 478 (No. 5). See also S.R Bhandarkar, J.B.B.R.A.S., XXIU, pp. 116 ff. D R Bhandarkar, Ep. hid., XVIII, pp. 243 ff. ^'^'" /hid, pp. 495 (No 6), See also Ceorge le Grand Jacob, J.B.B.RA.S., IV, pp 100 ff, J.F Fleet, Ind Ant, XII, pp. 249 fF 95 In addition, followed by Nama.skriya this invokes {Ahhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Jayanti brahmanah sar^ga-nn^paiu-muditatmanah I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Safigll Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IV, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^^' Line 1, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka), First Side.

So has said Ramacandra : .. .samanyo ayam dharma-setumrpanam kale kale palaniyo bhavadhhih i ... [This is the common bridge of Dharma of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the fliture kings in all the times. Ramacandra begs (to say) again.] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Sangli Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IV, of the Rashtrakiitas Period Lines 56-58, Stanza 27, Salinl, Second Plate : Second Side.

^n^ ^JI^ MIcWi'Ml >M^: I fl«il^c| ^Tlf^: Ml[r^^^l<

Then there are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. ^a^tim-var^a-sahastrani .svargge (i^thati bhumidah i ... [A giver of land, (on the contrary), rejoices in the heaven for 60,000 years. Furthermore, a person

^^'^ Ihid., pp. 496 ^^^ Ibid, pp. 501. 96 who (first) grants (land as gift) and then takes away or one who agrees with him, or aids and abets, dwells in hell for same numbers of years] In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo harettu vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Safigli Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-FV, of the Rashtrakutas Period ^^^ Lines 58-63, Stanzas 28-31, Anustubh (Sloka), Second Plate ; Second Side. ^264 _^_ ^^^ifO, ^^ ^^ y^. I

^ - W«^Wi #r>|c^ N^fvFFf^ M^^iid^^^ II

IFIT - 5PJ% ?7^ drHc4 PjW+ic* ^1^ II

^jcq - ^ - fi^^piii^i +^+lid - wm =^ I Rg^^pJTT ^ ^ - ^ ^^ ^: II

Lastly, the Inscription ends with Namaskriya this invokes (Abhimantranam) and salute (Ahhlvandanam) to the Deity i.e. ... Sivamastu sarvva-Jagatah II.

^''^ Ibid, pp. 501 Read ^cif^lim Read pacyate 97 In addition, followed by a particular word""" that might carry the suggestion of Mangala at the end e.g. the word :- Om namah Sivaya II. Suggestion of Mangala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Sahgli Copperplate Inscription of Govinda-IV, of the Rashtrakiitas Period ^^'^ Line 63, Stanzas -, Prose, Second Plate : Second Side.

RwHf4 ^ - WT^' II ^ iwr: ^m^ i

• TheSevuifa YQdavas Genealogy Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V, of the Sevuna Yadavas Period ''^'^ ...In the lineage of Vishnu was bom Sevanadeva. His son was the prince Mallugideva. From him sprang the prince Amaragahga. Meditating on his feet was his younger brother Karnadeva^"^. Meditating on the latter's feet was his son Bhillamadeva.

The find-spot of the Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V, of the Sevuna Yadavas Period being Trikutesvara (Siva) Temple, Gadag, Dharwar District, Kamataka. The scribe made copies of writings in Southern NagarT Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 1113 (c. 1191 A.D.)^^*' ... The grant was executed on the occasion of a solar eclipse on Sunday the new moon tithi of Jyeshtha of the year Virodhakrit in Saka 1113, i.e. the 23"^** of June, 1191 A.D., the month being Amanta Nija-Jyeshtha.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mahgalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) i.e.

' Vastunirddesa ^^'^ Idem , pp. 501 (No. 6). See also Ceorge le Grand Jacob, J.B.B.R.A.S., IV, pp 100 ff J F Fleet, Ind Ant., Xll, pp 249 ff ^^^ Ibid., pp. 536 (No. 11). See also Kielhorn, Ep. Ind, 111, pp. 219 f 269 Wrong Sanskritization of Kannaradeva-Krishqadeva Idem , pp. 536 98 Om... which it is the symbol indicating siddham, Om siddhih or siddhir=astu moreover, followed by Namaskhya, this salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity e.g. the words :- ...Om svasii II. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V, of the Sevuna Yadavas Period "^^^ Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose. ^^=^R^ II

In addition, invocation stanza {Abhimantrafiam) i.e. Avaiu sa vah kansarih kumud-ruchirbhatiyatkare sankhah I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V, of the Sevuna Yadavas Period ~ Lines 1-2, Stanza 1, Arya. See page 537, Skt. 177

3T^ ^ ^: ^j^: ig2[ - ^fwfcT ^:ic^ 5ri3: I

#115^ - H^ - H^R - ^^^JPrT: ^ - JH I^ II

There, one part is for the god Trikutesvara ... latraiko bhagastasyaiva bhagavatastrikutesvaradevasya ... (This) ordinance must be protected by Kings and their other descendants. dharmastadvamsyairanyaischa bhumipalaih palanlyah I uktam cha pa lane ... [It has been said regarding the observance (of the ordinance).] Then there are praises recorded by verses as .- ..bahubhirvvasudha datta rajabhih sagaradibhih I ...

271 /hid., pp 537. 27'' fhid, pp 537. 99

According to Sircar (Fn.7, P.539), this may be the end of the record, or there might have been another verse {Shashtim varsha-sahasratii, etc.) after it. Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas^^' at the End of Inscriptions"^'' Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V, of the Sevuna Yadavas Period Lines 19-22, Stanza 10, Anustubh (Sloka).

?:R:q IR:^ ^ ^^TTHTFT cTFT H^ "^^^^ II

• The Hoysala Yadavas Genealogy Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Viraballala-II, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period ... In the lineage of Yadu, there was a king called Sala. Once there lived at Sasakapura an ascetic who, while engaged in performing his rites, was attacked by a tiger. He called Sala for assistance with the words: Hoy Salc?^^, 'Slay, O Sala'. Sa}a killed the tiger and thus acqmred for himself and his descendants the name of Hoysaja, tiger being the emblem of their banner. ...After some rulers, Vinayaditya became king. His son was E^-eyanga, who again had three sons, Ballala, Vishnuvardhana, and Udayaditya.

27? Since each Une of the record contains about 28 aksharas, some 11 or 12 aksharas are lost at the commencement of line20 The lost portion may conjecturally be restored as devasy=a\}'atavasya hhagna-samskar-drtham=e.sha] dharmas=tad=vam Some 14 or 15 aksharas are lost at the commencement of line 21 The beginning of it may be conjecturally restored as dharma-gauravam=iti. ^^^ Idem., pp. 538 (No 11) See also Kielhorn, Kp. hid. III, pp 219 f ^^" Ibid., pp. 540 (No. 12). See also Fleet, hid Am, IL pp 298 ff.; H Luders, l-:p. hid, VI, pp. 94 ff. in Kannada 100 After the elder of them, who attacked Jagaddeva and took away the latter's sevenfold sovereignty, had ruled the kingdom, his younger brother, Vishnuvardhana also reigned for a long time, his son and successor was Narasimha whose wife was EchaladevI; their son was Viraballala-II.

The find-spot of the Gadag Stone Inscription of Vlraballala-Il, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period being Trikutesvara (Siva) Temple, Gadag, Dharwar District, Kamataka. The scribe made copies of writings in Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 1114 (c. 1192 A.D.)^^^ ...on the occasion of a lunar eclipse on Saturday, the day of the full moon in the month of Margaslrsha of the year Paridhavin in the Saka year 1114 ...The date corresponds to the 21*' November, 1192 A.D., though the full moon"" occurred really on the previous day (Friday).

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction (Asih) i.e. Svasti / [Siddham Symbo\.] Th ^^-f &S In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes (Ahhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Traihkyampalyate yenasadayam sattva-vrttinaI ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Vlraballala-11, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period '^'^^^ Lines 1-2, Stanzas 1-2, Anustubh (Sloka). F^f^ II

^^^ Idem , pp 540 (No 12) See also Fleet, Ind. Ant., II, pp. 298 fif, H, Luders, Ep. Ind, VI, pp 94 ff. 27') with lunar eclipse ' Idem , pp. 542 101

^: WW<^ - ^TFFH - ^^x^ - ^^W<\ - ^\WR:

^,f^ •v

There are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds. asya cha dharmniasya samrak^ne phalamida-mudaharanti sama tapo- mahima-sak^atk^ta-dharmmasthitayo manvadayo mahar^ayah II ... [He declares this fruit for the protection of this dhrama (ordinance, statute), viz., tapas, greatness, personal realisation of Dharma, and firmness (like) great R§is such as Manu, etc.] accomplished by verses as - ...bahuhhirvasudha hhukta rajahhih sagaradrhh/h I ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned m the Gadag Stone Inscription of Viraballala-il, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period Lines 46-48, Stanzas 48-49, Anustubh (Sloka) 3^^ ^ W^W^ WWt 'TJ^^m^ - *i

^fW%^ ^[TRT ^J^' WK^^'

^^IFT ^:iFT ^ ^ipFcR=^ cTFT H^'TJ^

^*^' Jhid., pp. 547. 102

By them has been declared the opposite result for a man who takes away (the gifted land) and also for the man who is indifferent (to prevent) even though he is able (to do so). Apaharatah samartthasyapyudasmasya taireva viparltamapi phalamudah^tam I ... [For the one who takes away (the donated land) and for the one who is indifferent (in preventing such act) even though able to do so, the reverse fruit has been enjoined.] Moreover, accomplished by the Slokas (verses) as > ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Viraballala-II, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period ^^^ Lines 48-53, Stanzas 50-55, Anustubh (Sloka).

W ^ - -H^^lfui WtiWf ^3TTq^ ^: II

^*^37\^sg^ Ihid,: Mld^^-dpp. 547-548l fR. T ?7^ =g ?7^ =^ II Read haddho 103

f^^ld4)«^dl^lti ^^ - ^^ - 5TT%T: I

^jyjH^-Mi fl ^n^ ^ - t^ciim^Kc^i: n

So has said Ramacandra : This is the common bridge of Dharma of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the future kings in all the times. Ramacadra begs (to say) again. ata evaha Ramachandrah II ... samanyo ayam dharmma-setumr panam kale kalepalamyo hhavadhhih I ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Viraballala-II, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period Lines 53-54, Stanza 56, SalinT. 3Trr q^mi ^JTT^: II

^ ^ MIcWl^l ^R^- I ficciHdkHiMH: qrfr^r'^^ -

Idem , pp 548. KQ?iA part hive n 104

Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Gadag Stone Inscription of Viraballala-II, of the Hoysala Yadavas Period ^^^^ Lines 54-56, Stanza 57, Vasantatilaka. HiiiMU m - H^MH - ^5F5TT ^

MNK^d - Wmt gf% ^ - ^: I

• TheKakaityas Genealogy Mentioned in the Motupalll Stone-pillar Inscription of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period ...the Inscription begins the mythical genealogy of the solar dynasty in which was bom Durjaya. In his family, Prola-I; his son Tribuvanamalla; his son Prola-II; his sons Rudra and Mahadeva and the latter's son Gapapati.

Genealogy Mentioned in the Pakhal Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period Lines 223-229, Stanza 41, SardulavikrT(;iita, Fourth Side. ^iHr+l+fd - ?JiT ^ - •>T3R - <«^ldlrH - ^ - ^n?:

^ ^ Hcl-dHIM =^ fl

^'^^ Idem., pp. 548 (No. 12). See also Fleet, Ind Ant, U, pp 298 ff.; H. Luders, Ep. Ind., VI, pp 94 ff. ^*^^ Ibid., pp 550 (No. 13). See also E. Hultzsch, Ep. bid., XII, pp 188 ff; cf Ati. Rep. En., 1909-10, pp. 106-07. Ihid, pp. 571-572 (No. 14). See also L D. Bamett, Hyderabad Archaeological Series, No 4, pp. 2 ff.; cf Kdkatlyasawchika, App., pp. 50 ff. 105 ...Reference is made to Padmanabha^^'^; his eye-bom son the Sun-god; his son Manu; in his family Ikshvaku; in his family Mandhatri; in his family Sagara; in his family BhagTratha; in his family Dasaratha; his son Rama; in his family Kalikalachola^ ; in his family Durjaya; in his family Prola; in his family Rudra-I; his younger brother Mahadeva; his son Ga^apati who claims [conventionally] success against the kings of Kasi, Kalinga, Saka, Maiava, Kerala, Tummana, Huna, Kuru, Arimarda, Magadha, Nepala and Chola. Ganapati's subordinate was Bayyana-nayaka whose wife was Bachamamba; their son Ganapati; his younger brothers Nallaganapa and Jagadala-mummadi. The said Jagadala-mummadi, subordinate of the Kakatiya king, made the grant of a temple and five nivartanas of land, together with a tank, in favour of the god Ramanatha^*^'.^^^

Genealogy Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period 293 The genealogy of the Kakatiya dynasty is thus narrated as follows. ...Prola-II; his son Rudra-I; his younger brother Mahadeva; his son Ganapati; his daughter Rudradevi, also called Rudradeva, who was the ruling queen when the Inscription was written.

The find-spot of the Malkapuram Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period being Malkapuram, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh The scribe made copies of writings in Telugu Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 1183 (c. 1261 A.D.)^^"* ...In the Saka year indicated by the words Lohah ko-yam, i.e. 1183, styled Durmati, Chaitra-badi 8, Friday^^^, Ganapati granted in favour of his

Brahman Karikala 2V1 A. Siva " Ibid., pp 560 (No 14), L D Barnett, Hyderabad Archaeological Series, No. 4, pp. 2 ff, cf Kdkatiyasamchika, App., pp 50 tT. " Idem.^ pp. 574 (No. 15). See also J Ramayya, Journ Andhra Hist. Res. Sac, IV, pp. 152 ff, Kakatlya.samcika (Telugu), App , Inscription No 31 (pp 71 ff., PI) ^'^•^ Ibid., pp. 575, 590 ff. ^'^^ 25"' March, 1261 A.D., vide supra 106 preceptor the village of Mandara in Kapdravati in the vishaya of Velivada bounded by the Krishnaveni in the north. The Inscription begins with an adoration to Ganesa and to Siva. Then it introduces Kakatlya Ganapati, king of Andhradesa. The concluding part of the Inscription records numerous other pious activities of Visvesvarasa m bhu.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachand) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. the words :- ...Om^'^^SvastiSnhll. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatlyas Period Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side.

In addition, followed by Namaskriya which invoke (Abhimantranam) and salute (Ahhivandanam) to the Deity by praising Ganapati and Siva e.g. the stanza with an adoration to Ganesa and to Siva :- Vitaratu bhagavanasau sriyam vah kari-vadanohari-nlla-bhasiyasyaI ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period Lines 1-3, Stanza 1, Pushpitagra, First Side.

^ - ^^^ - ^-^^'TF^ I

Symbol for siddham, Om siddhih or siddhir astir 297 Idem., pp. 576 (No. 15). See also J. Ramayya, Journ. Andhra Hist. Res. Sac, IV, pp 152 K, Kakatlyasamcika (Telugu), App., Inscription No. 31 (pp. 71 ff, PI) Ibid., pp. 576. 107

There are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ...samanyo ayam dharmmesetunnrpana- kale kale palanJyo hhavadhhih I ... [So has said Ramacandra :- This is the common bridge of Dharma of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the future kings in all the times. Ramacadra begs (to say) again] Imprecator>' and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone- pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period ^^^ Lines 26-28, Stanza 89, Salini, Third Side.

fIccjPldMIWH: Mllr^'^ll -

Then there are the Slokas (Imprecatory verses) with regard to the grant of land used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasimdharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) In addition, ....sa.^tim-varn.sa^'^'-sahastrani .svargge thsthati bhilmidah I ... [A giver of land, (on the contrary), rejoices in the heaven for 60,000 years.

^'''' Ihid., pp. 589 Read riam Read van^a for varti.'^a which is the .Anlhrl hhdfa or Telugu modification of the Sanskrit word. 108 Furthermore, a person who (first) grants (land as gift) and then takes away or one who agrees with him, or aids and abets, dwells in hell for same numbers of years.] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone- pillar Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period ^^'~ Lines 28-30, Stanzas 90-91, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Side, ^ - ^m- ^ ^ ^ ^ «<^«-y

Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word^^''^ that might carry the suggestion of Mahgala at the end i.e. .. Mangalammaha-srl-srlh II. Suggestion of Mahgala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Malkapuram Stone-pilleir Inscription of the time of Rudramba, of the Kakatiyas Period Line 31, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Side.

HJJ^H^I -?Tt: I

The find-spot of the MotupalH Stone-pillar Inscription of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period being Motupalli, Bapa|la Taluk, Gutitur Dist., Andhra Pradesh. The scribe made copies of writings in Telugu Script, Sanskrit, and Telugu Language. Date: Saka Year 1166, Krodhin (c. 1244-45 A.D.)^^*'

Idem., pp. 589 (No. 15). See also J. Ramayya, Journ Andhra Hist. Res. Soc , IV, pp 152 ^:, Kdkatiyasamcika (Telugu). See also App., Inscription No 31 (pp. 71 ft', PI) Read var^a. Vastunirddesa Idem , pp. 589 (No. 15). See also J Ramayya, Journ. Andhra Hist. Res. Soc, IV, pp 152 ft"., Kakatiyasamcika (Telugu) See also App., Inscription No. 31 (pp 71 ft", PI). ^"^' Ibid., pp. 550 (No, 13), See also E, Hultzsch, Ep. hid, Xll, pp 188 ft".; of An. Rep. Ep., 1909-10, pp 106-07 109

... The Inscription is dated^"^ in Saka 1166, which was the year Krodhin of Jupiter's 60-year cycle as prevalent in South India and corresponds to 1244-45 A.D. ...invoking the god Svayambhu , the family deity of the KakatTyas, and Gaijesa, Sarasvati, the Moon-god and the Boar form of Vishnu,...

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction (Aslh) e.g. the words > ..Siddham Symbol. Svasti Srl-svayambhudevaya namah II. In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes {Abhimantranam) and salute {Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. praising the god Siva or Svayambhu, the family deity of the KakatTyas, Ganapati or Ganesa, SarasvatT, the Moon- god and the Boar form of Vi§nu e.g. the stanza :- Ichchha-siddhyai himagirisutanandathoralavalam devam labodara-karipatim vandanairnnandayamah I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Motupalll Stone-pillar Inscription of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period Lines 1-7, Stanza 1, Mandakranta, South Face. ^^^RrT ?ft - f<<4*^«

^ c5^ - ?: - chKHki 4<{^H*<^W: I

307 . , expired .According to the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, each of the 60 years has a particular name The names are different in the northern and southern methods of calculation. Naturally, the Kakatlya records follow the southern system in naming the years. See Sircar, Indian Epigraphy, pp 267 tT 309 „. Siva ^"' Idem., pp 551 (No 13) See also E Hultzsch, Ep. Ind, XII, pp. 188 ff., cf An. Rep. Ep , 1909-10, pp 106-07. no

^ - ^^ 5RrT - fdlHilc^K'JII+l'i.^ - ^- ^: II

Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word""" that might carr\' the suggestion of Mangala at the end e.g. the word :- ... Snh II. Suggestion of Mangala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Motupalli Stone-pillar Inscription of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period ""^ Line 173, Stanzas -, Prose, West Face. ^: II

The find-spot of the Pakhal Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period being Pakhal, Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh. The scribe made copies of writings in Telugu Script, and Sanskrit (with Telugu) Language. Date: Saka Year 1199(c. 1261 AD.)"' ...The Inscription begins with an adoration to the gods Ganesa, Varaha""* and Siva and introduces the Kakatiya king Ganapati.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. Svasti Snh II. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Pakhal Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Ganapati, of the Kakatiyas Period "^ Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side. ^^f^??t: I

Vastunirddesa Idem., pp. 559. Ibid., pp. 560 (No. 14). See also L.D. Barnett, Hyderabad Archaeological Series, No 4, pp. 2 ff, cf Kdkatlyasamchika, App., pp. 50 ff. Boar, the third of Vi§pu's incarnations, was the device of the KakatTya (also called Kakati or KakatT) kings. Idem., pp. 561. Ill In addition, followed by Namaskrlya this invokes {Ahhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. an adoration to the god Ganesa, Varaha and Siva e.g. tlie stanza :- Sa jayati kalahha-mukho yah kata-tata-mada-madita-nmadadali-garada-mlaih I ... [May that one who has a face of a young elephant (i.e. Ganesa) be victorious. The swarm of buzzing bees as blue as poison, being intoxicated by the rut exuding from the slopes of his temples, fills his conch like ears, and who (Ganesa) fills people, who are always engaged in his adoration, with complete welfare and prosperity.] Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Pakhal Stone-pillar Inscription of the time of Ganapati, of the Kakatlyas Period '^^ Lines 1-6, Stanza 1, AryagTti, First Side. ^ W^ ^^^^ - g# ^:

^J^ - ^ - J^ - TTTT^ - MH«ki - 1^ - jfiS: I

^ - ^R^R - fro - ^3R - fRJc!? - ^5M - R^ II

The Visnu as the deity Varaha or Boar, the third of Visnu's incarnations, who IS praised e.g. the stanza :- Sriyam dadyadvarahovah sindhoryyasyodgatasyabhuh I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Pakhal Stone-pillar

TIT Inscription of the time of Ganapati, of the Kakatlyas Period Lines 6-9, Stanza 2, Anustubh (Sloka), First Side. \m A'^\^<\iS ^' fHyl^4f4'l^ldfi| H.- I

Ihid, pp. 561 317 Ihid, pp 561 il2

• The Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Genealogy Mentioned in the Kafichipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period ^'*^ In the lineage of the Moon was bom Timma. From him sprang Isvara. His son Narasa offered gifts at Ramesvrain and other places. To Narasa was bom Viranfisimhendra and Kfishnaraya. After Vlranrisimhendra's death, Kpsh^araya alias Rajadhiraja alias Virapratapa ascended the tlirone.

The find-spot of the Kafichipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period being uncertain. The scribe made copies of writings in Nandinagarl with the deity's name in line 100 in Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language.^'^ Date: Saka Year 1450 (c 1528 A-D.)^^*^ ...Krishnaraya king granted in the Salivahana Saka year 1450, named Virodhin, in the month of Vaisdkha on the Purnima-tithi,...... The date seems to correspond to Friday the ly^ April, 1629 A.D., the name Virodhin being really applicable to Saka 1451.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Manga/a Sloka or Mafigalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) e.g. the words :- Sri Gar}adhipataye Namah I Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Kafichipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate.

•^'^ Ibid., pp. 592 (No. 16). See also S V. Venkatesvara and S V Visvanatha, F.p. Ind, XIV, pp. 170 ff. 319 The plates belong to the Sankaracharya of the matha of Kafichipuram ^^" Idem., pp. 592 ^^'/*/c/., pp. 593. 113

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- ...dana-palanayormadhye danachchhreyoanupalanam I ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Kafichipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period ^^^ Lines 93-95, Stanzas 46-47, Third Plate. c^HlrWJIHcllMlld MHHK^d q^ II

Wl f^ - ^ R^TJ^ 5#^ II

In addition, there are the Slokas (Imprecatory verses) with regard to the grant of land used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Kafichipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period'^' Lines 95-98, Stanzas 48-49, Third Plate. ^ - ^ '^T - ^ ^ ^ ^frl «iy«^IKI<^^"^ I

^^^ Ihid, pp 599-600. ^^^ Ihid., pp 600. Read hareta vasundharam 114

W ^^^^ - m^m W«^Wl ^5TF^ fWT: II

?T^li^ ^ ^ - imn ^ - ^TTT ^^^w II

Then Imprecatory verses are used again at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. . ..samanyo ayam dharmmeseturnrpatiam kale kale palanlyo bhavadbhih I ... [So has said Ramacandra :- This is the common bridge of Dharma of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the future kings in all the times. Ramacadra begs (to say) again] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Kaiichlpuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period '^' Lines 98-99, Stanza 50, Salmi, Third Plate.

^^tnc5#^V|^: I

^^'TT^^W^: I

'3')"' Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word ' that might carry the suggestion of Mangala at the end e.g. the word ... Srl-Virupak^a^^^

Read ^a^tim var^a Idem., pp. 600 (No. 16) See also S V Venkatesvara and S V Visvanatha, Kp. Jnd, XIV, pp. 170ff 327 Vastimirddesa 328 This line is written in big Kannada characters, while the rest of the record is in Nandinagarl. 115

Suggestion of Mahgala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Kanchipuram Copperplate Inscription of Krsnadevaraya, of the Tuluvas of Vijayanagara Period "" Line 100, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate.

/Jem , pp 600 (No. 16). See also S V Venkatesvara and S.V Visvanatha, A/;. /nJ, .XIV, pp 170ff. SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS OF THE FAR SOUTH 116

> THE FAR SOUTH

Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Far South • The Pallavas of Kahchi Not much is known about the early history of the Pallava until the reign of Simhavishpu who ruled in the last quarter of the 6*^ century AD. who domain is said to exist between the rivers Krishna and Cauveri. His son and successor Mahendra-I was a versatile genius who unfortunately lost northern parts of his dominion to the Chalukya king, Pulakesin-II. However, his son, Narasimhavarman-I, crushed the power of Chalukya. Genealogy Mentioned in the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period '^' ... Paramesvaravarman of the Pallava race, who was the son, grandson and great grandson respectively of Mahendravikramavarman^'^', Narasimhavarman-I, and Mahendravarman-I,...

The Pallava power reached its glorious heights during the reign of Narasimhavarman-II (695-722 A.D.), who is well known, for his architectural achievements. He built many temples, and art and literature flourished in his times. Dandin, the great Sanskrit scholar, lived in his court. Genealogy Mentioned in the Kalahasti Copperplate Inscription of Narasimhavarman-II, of the Pallavas Period

^^'^ Ihid., pp. 605 (No. 1) See also DC. Sircar and P Seshadri Sastri, t:p. hid, XXXII, pp 91 ff. Mahendravarman-ll "^ Idem., pp. 608 (No. 2). See also P.B. Desai, Ep. Ind., XXIX, pp. 89 ff; cf V Prabhakara Sastri, Joum, Sri Venkatesvara Or. Inst, VIII, pp. 82 ff.; IX, pp 25 ff 117

... In the race of the Pallavas belonging to the Bharadvaja-gotra was bom Mahendravikramavarman^''^ From him sprang Paramesvaravarman-I.

However, after Narasimhavarman-IFs death, the Pallava Empire began to decline and in course of time, they were reduced to a mere local tribal power. Genealogy Mentioned in the Velurpalaiyam Copperplate Inscription of Nandivarman-III, of the Pallavas Period ^^"^ ...From Drau^i''''^ was sprung [the eponymous hero] Pallava. Thence came into existence the race of the Pallavas in which were bom Asokavarman and others. Then came Kalabhartri. His son was Chutapallava; his son was Vlrakurcha; his son was Skandasishya; his son was Kumaravishnu, and his son Buddhavarman. After a host of kings including Vishnugopa had passed away, was bom Nandivarman. Then fi"om the king Simhavarman was bom Simhavishnu; his son was Mahendra-I; his son was Narasimhavarman-I; his son was Paramesvara- I; his son was Narasimhavarman-II, and his son Paramesvara-II. His successor was Nandivarman-ir^''. His son, bom of his queen Reva^^^ was Dantivarman. His son, bom of his queen Maggalanimmati of the Kadamba dynasty, was Nandivarman-III.

Ultimately, the Cholas defeated the Pallava king Aparajita and took over their kingdom towards the close of the 9* century A.D. The find-spot of the Kalahasti Copperplate Inscription of Narasimhavarman- II, of the Pallavas Period is being uncertain. The scribe made copies of

Mahendravarman-ll "'^ Idem., pp. 612 (No. 3) See also H. Krishna Sastri, S. hid Ins, 11, Part V, pp 507 ff Asvatthaman Pallavamalla probably the daughter of Rashtrakuta Dantidurga 118 writings in Telugu-Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Regnal Year 12 (c. 700-25 A.D.)^'^ ...The record is dated in the H*** year of Narasimhavarman's reign on the occasion of a lunar eclipse on the full moon of Vaisakha 339

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) e.g. the words :- Svasti I Srlmatajitam Bhagavata /^"^^ Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Kalahasti Copperplate Inscription of Narasimhavarman-II, of the Pallavas Period ^'*' Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate.

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- yatrabha§itah Slokah I ... (There the Slokas have been mentioned.) ...brahmasvam vi^am ghoram na vi^am vi§amuchyate I ... In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) There are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. ...hahubhirvvasudhadattabahubhischanupalitaI ...

^^^ Idem, pp. 608 (No. 2). See also P.B Desai, Ep. Ind, XXJX, pp 89 ff., cf V Prabhakara Sastri, Joum, Sri Venkatesvara Or. Inst, VIII, pp. 82 flf, IX, pp. 25 ff "'^ Probably falling in 712 A.D. The invocation jitam Bhagavata is met with in the Uruvupalli Inscription and other records. '*'*' Idem., pp. 608 (No. 2). See also P.B. Desai, Ep. hid, XXIX, pp 89 ff, cf V Prabhakara Sastri, Joum, Sri Venkatesvara Or. Inst., VIII, pp 82 ff; IX, pp 25 ff 119 Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Kalahasti Copperplate Inscription of Narasimhavarman-II, of the Pallavas Period''^" Lines 22-25, Stanzas 2-4, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate : Second Side.

^ - ^ '^ - ^ ^ '^ ^ «

W^""* ~^- m^m M^Wl ^HF^ fWT: II

^^ ^?FT 'T^ ^^"^^ ^^ HPT rT«[T '^^^ij; II

The find-spot of the Velurpalaiyam Copperplate Inscription of Nandivarman-IU, of the Pallavas Period being Velurpalaiyam, North Arcot District, Tamil Nadu. The scribe made copies of writings in Grantha and Tamil Script, Sanskrit and Tamil Language. Date: c. 820-45 A.D.'*'*^ The Seal of the record contains a verse :- [Srimat-Palla*]va-nathasya NalntipaJnmalsyaJ hhu[pa*]teh I visva-[vi]sva[m]hhara-pala-srih

These following verses are in the Anustubh metre Read hhd^itah Read ^a:)ti. Read bhftmis ^^^' Idem., pp 612 (No. 3). See also H Krishna Sastri, S. Ind. Ins, II, Part V, pp 507 ff, -^•^^ See .V Ind Ins, II, Plate XVII 120

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. the words :- Svasti Srih Namassivayah I Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Velurpalaiyam Copperplate Inscription of Nandivarman-Hl, of the Pallavas Period ^^^ Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side.

The find-spot of the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period being Vunnaguruvayapalem, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. The scribe made copies of writings in Early Telugu-Kannada Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Regnal Year 19 (c. 669-700 A-D.)^"^^ ...The document was written on Sunday, Paushya-sudi 13 in the 19*** Regnal year of Paramesvaravarman-I, probably corresponding to the 22"** December, 687 A.D.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) e.g. the words :- Svasti I jitam^^^ Bhagavata I. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period^^^ Line 1, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate. F#^ I RrT^^^^T^^ I

Idem., pp. 613, '"'^ Ibid., pp. 605 (No. 1). See also D.C. Sircar and P. Seshadri Sastri, Ep. Ind, XXXII, pp. 91 ff. ^ These letters are hidden under the ring in the photograph, while the first letter of the lines is either wholly or partially cut off Similar is the case with other inscribed faces of the plates. Idem., pp. 606. 21

Then there are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by prose as :- ya idamasmachchhasananialikramelasapapassanrandandamarhali I hhavato^ atra slokao I (One who transgresses our this order that sinner is liable to corporeal punishment. Here are two Slokas.) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period'^^ Line 19, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate.

There are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land i.e. ...bahubhirvvasudhadatta bahubhischanupalitaI ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period'''^ Lines 20-21, Stanzas 1-2, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate.

cT^ ^^uiirMmr^ -i^^ HRC^H II

"'" This obviously refers to the following two imprecatory and benedictory- stanzas without counting the third verse mentioning the a/napti. Idem , pp 607 -^'^ Ihid., pp 607 122 Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word"*^^ that might carry the suggestion of Mangala at the end e.g. the word ... svastyastu go- hrahmanebhyah II. Suggestion of Mangala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Vunnaguruvayapalem Copperplate Inscription of Paramesvaravarman-I, of the Pallavas Period^^^ Line 25, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate. f=lfrMf4 ^ - Jar^I^: II

• The Cholas Empire of the South The Chola Empire, which emerged in the middle of the 9* century, covered a large part of Indian Peninsula as well as parts of Sri Lanka and the Maldives Islands. A Pallava feudatory founded it. Vijayalaya, who captured Tanjore in 850 A.D. The greatest among the Chola rulers were Rajaraja-I (985-1014 A.D.) and his son Rajendra (1012-1044 A.D.). Genealogy Mentioned in the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-I, of the Cholas Period Lines 73-77, Stanzas -, Prose, Fourth Plate : First Side. ^S^wf^ - W^ - ^Jc5Fr - ^TRM^ - MKl^clj^M - ^ff - =^ - =^1^ - ^l4l+<

- ^ffe - ^ - ^rfj^n^ - HiNW - ^^^ - 53^ - Ji^d^jd - MKMVI

H^chi^Hi^ W(^ RRSFTM - ^rM\^ - jnffer ^m ^H?R^ - Pral TFT -

Vastimirddesa Idem., pp. 607 ^^^ Ibid., pp. 628 (No. 4). See also Leiden University Museum, The Netherlands (Holland), N. Sastri and Burgess, Arch. Surv, S. ind., IV, pp. 204 ff., K.V. Subrahmanya Aiyer, Ep. Ind, XXII, pp. 238 ff. 123

...In the lineage of the Sun was born Choja. Then there were Rajakesarin and Parakesarin, and these two names alternately occur in the family. In this line sprang Surguru-mrityujit. Then came Vyaghraketu and Pafichapa. In this race was bom Karikala who made an embankment on the Kaverl. There was in this race Kochchamkanan. In his line was bom Kokkilli or 'king Killi'. In his line appeared Vijayalaya. From him sprang Aditya-I. From him arose Parantaka-I who decked the temple of Siva at the Vyaghr-agrahara with gold His three sons were Rajaditya, GanQlaraditya, and Arifijaya. Rajaditya, who had succeeded ParantaJca, died fighting Kfishi^araja . He was succeeded first by Gandaraditya and then by Arifijaya. Parantaka-II, son and successor of Arifijaya, won a victory over his foes at Chevur. Then came his son Aditya-II alias Karikala who, when yet a boy, played sportively in battle with Vira-Pa^dya. He was succeeded by Ganclaraditya's son Madhurantaka. Then came Rajaraja-I, son of Parantaka-II. He conquered the kings of Pa^Clya, Tulu, Kerala, the Simhala king and Satyasraya^^^.

Under Rajaraja-I, the Chola kingdom grew into on extensive and well-knit empire. Rajaraja-I, in his career of aggression and conquest, defeated the Pandyas of Madurai, the Chera ruler of Kerala, and invaded Sri Lanka and annexed its northern part to his empire. On his naval exploits, he conquered the Maldives Islands. He also conquered the eastern Chalukya kingdom of Vehgi and the Kalinga. His son, Rajendra-I, who carried forward the annexalionist policy of his father, succeeded Rajaraja-I. He led armed expeditions to distant lands of Bengal, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. The conquest of Sri Lanka was also completed. The most remarkable exploit of Rajendra-I was his conquest of Kadaram and a number of other places in Malay Peninsula, The successors of Rajendra-I, Rajadhiraj (1018-1052 A.D.) and Rajendra-II (1052-1063 A.D.), were brave rulers who fought fiercely against the later

358 Rash|rakuta Kfishqa-III the later Chalukya king 124

Chalukya kings, but could not check the decline of Chola empire. The later Chola kings were weak and incompetent rulers. Tlie Chola Empire ended with the invasion of Malik Kafur in 1319 A.D. The find-spot of the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-I, of the Cholas Period being uncertain. The scribe made copies of writings in Grantha and Tamil Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: c. 985-1016 A.D., Issued by Rajendra-I (c. 1012-44 A.D.)^^^ ..Tn the twenty-first regnal year of Rajaraja Rajakesarivarman's rule, in the town of Ndgapattana in the division of Pattanakkur^am in the country of Kshatriyasikhama^i-valanaclu,... ^^'

The Inscriptions begins with Title, or Seal Legend "The plates are held together by a massive ring bearing a seal about AVi"^ in diameter with 16 knobs at about equal distances fi^om each other round the margin. The central field contains, on the left, two fishes - the scales, fins, gills, eyes and mouth of which are all clearly expressed; and on the right, an animal, seated dog-fashion, with its tails brought forward to touch the nearer of the fishes : from the large tusk in its mouth, it is probably intended for tiger - the Chola symbol. Over it is a cchatra with a chamara on each side, the handles resting on the heads of two small pillars resembling lamp-stands - each stand having a cloth knotted round the middle of it. The tops of these resemble lamp-flames. A well-raised circle, double below, surrounds all this; and outside it, in raised characters of the Chola-grantha type, is the legend beginning at the bottom."

Then there are the Slokas (verses) with regard to the legend i.e.

Idem., pp. 620 (No. 4). See also Leiden University Museum, The Netherlands (Holland), N. Sastri and Burgess, Arch. Surv, S. hid., IV, pp. 204 ff., K V. Subrahmanya Aiyer, Ep. Ind, XXII, pp. 238 ff. The record, generally called the larger Leiden plates, is written on 21 plates, the first 5 of which are written in Sanskrit language and Grantha characters The 16 other plates are written in Tamil script and language. See ibid, pp. 620, 631 ff Here he has given the Sanskrit portion of the record. Idem., pp. 621, 631 ff (No, 4). See also Leiden University Museum, The Netherlands (Holland), N. Sastri and Burgess, Arch. Surv, S. ind., IV, pp. 204 ff., K V Subrahmanya Aiyer, Ep. Ind., XXII, pp. 238 ff. 125 etadrajendra-cholas} a parakesanvarmmanah I rajadrajauya-mukut-srcni-ratnesu sasanam II Mentioned in the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-L of the Cholas Period '^'' Lines -, Stanza 1, Anustubh (Sloka).

Under Title, or Seal Legend, the Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) e.g. the words ;- Svasti Srlh II [Symbol.] Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-I, of the Cholas Period ^^^ Line 1. Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate : First Side. ^^RrT^: II

In addition, followed b> Namasknya this invokes (Ahhimanrranam) and salute {Ahhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. Laksmi -pina-payodhara-dvaya-tatl-kasmIra-pankankita hhramyanmandara-tunga-sringa-ka^ana-hharaji^tju-hemahgadah I ... Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-L of the Cholas Period Lines 1-4, Stanza 2, Sardillavikrldita, First Plate : First Side. ^"jft - '^ - Wa^ - S^ - cTSt - ^\^^\< - M+iNjdl

^IH^r^ct^i - j^ - ^ - ^^^PJT - m^^ - d.HMKI: I

Ihui. pp 621. Ibid. pp. 622 Ihid. pp 622 126

The find-spot of the Inscription on Some Silver Coins of Rajendra-K of the Cholas Period being uncertain. The scribe made copies of writings in NagarT legend. Date: c. 1012-44 A.D.^^^ The coin is of the lO-MafijaCli or 32-Rati standard and weighs 52 grams.

The Inscriptions begins with Title, or Seal Legend First Side, tiger seated to right under canopy, between bow on left and a pair of fish on right; Nagarl legend below- Second Side, same as on the First Side.

Under Title, or Seal Legend, the Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction (Asih) e.g. the words :- Srl-rajendrah II Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Inscription on Some Silver Coins of Rajendra-I, of the Cholas Period Lines -, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side, and Second Side ?ft-?n^: I

• ThePandyas Genealogy Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of NeClunja(;laiyan, of the Pan(;lyas Period There was a powerful king named PanQlya belonging to the Pandya family whose priest was Agastya. He, who was ruling at the entrance into the

^^^ Ibid., pp. 640 (No. 6). See also DC. Sircar, SUtd. Ind. Coins., p. 386, No X\'1I / 11 ^^"^ Ibid., pp. 640. Same as on the First Side ^^"^ Idem., pp. 641 (No. 7). See also H. Krishna Sastri, Ep. hid. Vol XVII, pp 291 ff; cf V, Venkayya, An. Rep. S. Ind Ep., 1908, pp. 50 fF. 127 sea , was bom at the beginning of the current Kalpa as Budha, the son of the Moon. His son was Pururavas. In his family, whose crest was a Pair of Fish, was bom Maravarman. His son was Ranadhira, and his son Maravarman-II Rajasimha who defeated king Pallavamalla and married a Malava princess. The latter gave birth to Jatila, also called Parantaka. From other records, this king is known to have been also called Ne^lunjacJaiyan, Maraiijadaiyan, Jatilavarman, and Varaguna-I.

The find-spot of the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Necluiija(;laiyan, of the Pandyas Period being uncertain, the Inscription is known, after the gift village, as the Velvikudi grant. The scribe made copies of writings in Grantha and Vatteluttu Script, Sanskrit, and Tamil Language. Date: Regnal Year 3, (c. 765-815 A.D.)"'' The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Asih) e.g. the word :- Svasti IF'^ Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Neduiijadaiyan, of the Pandyas Period Lines -, Stanzas -, Prose, First Plate. ^^#rT II

In addition, followed by Namaskriya this invokes (Abhimantranam) and salute (Ahhivandanam) to the Deity i.e. sriyanchiram vassisiramsusekhara- ssivah sritartti-pratihhandha-karanam I ...

i.e on the coast of a gulf "^71 Idem., pp. 641. The symbol indicating punctuation at the end of most of the stanzas has been represented with double dapda In lines 144 and 150 there are ornamental signs of a different type. These two syllables are written on the left margin of the plate. "^ Idem, pp. 642 (No, 7) See also H. Krishna Sastri, Ep. Ind, Vol XVII, pp 291 ff., cf V, Venkayya, An. Rep. S. Ind Ep, 1908, pp 50 tT 128

Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Nedunjadaiyan, of the Pandyas Period ^^'' Lines 1-2, Stanza 1, Vamsastha, First Plate.

There are four Slokas (verses) with regard to the grant of land in connection with the Vai§nava-dharma i.e. na hi bhumi-pradanadvai danamanyadvisi^yate I ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Nedunjadaiyan, of the Pandyas Period ^''^ Lines 145-146, Stanza 20, Ninth Plate : Second Side.

The praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds accomplished by verses as :- data dasanug^h t}atiyo hareddhasa hanti chaI... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Ne(;luiijadaiyan, of the Pandyas Period ^ Lines 146-147, Stanza 21, Ninth Plate : Second Side. 2[THT

^''^ Ibid., pp. 642. Ibid., pp. 645. •^^*^ Ibid., pp. 645. 129

The opposite result for a man who takes away (the gifted land) and also for the man who is indifferent (to prevent) even though he is able (to do so) has been declared by them. ...svadattam pamdattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of NeduiijaClaiyan, of the Pandyas Period ^^^ Lines 147-148, Stanza 22, Ninth Plate : Second Side.

In addition. Imprecatory verses are used at the end of the Inscriptions i.e. the finit for the protection accomplished by verses as :- ...bahubhirvasudha dattta hhujyate hi ta naradhipaih I ... Imprecatory' and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of NeCluiijadaiyan, of the Pan(;Jyas Period Lines 148-150, Stanza 23, Ninth Plate : Second Side, and Tenth Plate. ^1R%^ ^TTT ^p^ fl ^Wf^: I

Lastly, the Inscription ends with ... caivara inic vai.mavc dharme .slokah //.''^'^(In connection with the Vai§nava-dharma, these are the four Slokas.)

/hid, pp 645 "*^//»/c/., pp 645 130 Suggestion of Marigala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the British Museum Copperplate Inscription of Nedurijadaiyan, of the Pandyas Period 380

Line 150, Stanzas -, Prose, Tenth Plate.

Genealogy Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla Lines 47-51, Stanzas 25-27, Anustubh (Sloka), Second Plate : Second Side.

R^fdHil^ Wm ^ - -Mc^H^JMcl II

^S^ Mc^Hl+f^ f^TFR: ^ - "f^^^m^ I

^ Pm - 'CFJTPT ^dl^lvrvjIHHl ^: II

^ =^ JTRt =^ ^tra?^ ?IF^: q^JTl^ II382 ...In the Kalachuri royal family was bom Krishna; his son was Jogama; his son Paramardin ; his son Vijjana is credited with the conventional claim of having subdued the Papclya, Chola, Vanga and Malava kings. This king was followed on the throne by his three sons, viz. Soma, Sankama, and Ahavamalla.

379 The end of the record proper here is indicated by several signs ^^^ Ibid., pp. 645 (No. 7). See also H. Krishna Sastri, Ep. Ind, Vol. XVII, pp. 291 ff, of V, Venkayya, An. Rep. S. Ind Ep., 1908, pp. 50 ff ^^' Ibid., pp. 751 (Supplement No. 4) See also R N Gurav, Studies w Indian Epigraphy (Journ. Ep. Soc. Ind.), I, pp. 135 ff. Idem., pp. 755. Permadi 384 „... Bijja^ia 131 The find-spot of the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla being Rayapur, Dharwar District, Kamataka. The scnbe made copies of writings in Southern Nagarl Script, and Sanskrit Language. Date: Saka Year 1104 (c. 1182 A.D.)-^^ ...The document or sasana-paddhati of charter records on Saturday the Sravani in the year Subhakrit of Jupiter's Cycle as counted in South India, which corresponded to Saka 1104, i.e. on the 17"" July, 1182 A.D. ...The Inscription begins with adoration to the gods Prajanatha''^^ and Dharanldhara'^^.

The Inscription begins with Auspicious Verses or Words {Mangala Sloka or Mangalavachana) with Blessing or Benediction {Aslh) e.g. the words :- Svasti II. Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla '^' Line I, Stanzas -, Prose, First Side.

^^FcT II

Then followed by Namaskriya which invoke [Abhimantranam) and salute (Abhivandanam) to the Deity with adoration to the gods Prajapati Brahman and the Boar form of Visnu e.g. the stanza with a pressing to Prajanatha :- .. .dirghayurunnatatara-pratapah p^thmmimam rak§atadak§tacharah prajanathah praja-hitah /

^^^ Ibid., pp. 751 (Supplement No. 4) See also R N Gurav, Studies in Indian Epigraphy (Jouni Ep. Soc. bid), I, pp. 135 ff 386 i e the full moon in Sravana .387 1 e Prajapati Brahman 388 i e the Boar form of Vishnu ^^'^ Idem., pp. 752 (Supplement No. 4) See also R.N Gurav, Studies in Indian E.pigraphy (Joiirn. Ep. Soc. bid), I, pp. 135 ff 132

In addition, an adoration to Dhara^idhara or Boar, the third of Visnu's incarnations, who is praised e.g. the stanza :- nirvignanam patu visvasya gopta sa dharamdharah I dharmma-dmham damayita devastyaga-chaturhhujah II Auspicious Verses or Words Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla ^^ Lines 1-4, Stanzas 1-2, Anustubh (Sloka), First Side.

Rra?t qil ?^\A¥A iTt^^ ^ ^Rofi\qT: I ^ - ^

There are praises recorded of the person who is responsible for his deeds as an incentive for future good deeds. asya cha dharmmasya rak^ne phalamiti hasmannah prafichasvf^^phala- mahima-sak§atk^ta-sakala-dharmma-matayo mahar^ayah II ... [He declares this fruit for the protection of this dhrama (ordinance, statute), viz., tapas, greatness, personal realisation of Dharma, and firmness (like) great R§is such as Manu, etc.] accomplished by verses as :- ...bahubhirvasudha bhukta rajabhih sagaradibhih I ... Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla Lines 68-71, Stanza 30, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate : First Side.

^'^^ Ibid., pp. 752. Ibid., pp. 756, 758 ff., there are some errors here. ^"^^ Ibid., pp. 756. 133

31P7 =q ^m^ ^ H>c^lHld ^fHM: MNf4)-^^^

^T:^ - TTUTT - ^WTr^ - ?T^J^ - ^ - i^ TT^: II

qpT q^T ^ >iWW^ m^ cT^ 'TJ^^ II

By them has been declared the opposite result for a man who takes away (the gifted land) and also for the man who is indifferent (to prevent) even though he is able (to do so). apaharatah samarthasya chapyudasmasya eva viparltam phalamannasi§tah I ... [For the one who takes away (the donated land) and for the one who is indifferent (in preventing such act) even though able to do so, the reverse fruit has been enjoined]

r Moreover, accomplished by the SI okas (verses) as :- ...sva-dattam para-dattam va yo hareta vasundharam I ... (A person who takes away the land either gifted by him or by some one else to another person as a gift, donation, etc. ...) Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla Lines 72-76, Stanzas 31-32, Anustubh (Sloka), Third Plate : First Side.

^- ^^ - ^ m ^ ^ ^ii«-y

There are some errors here Idem , pp 756-757 134

So has said Ramacandra : ...samanyo ayam dharma-selumfpar^am kale kale palaniyo bhavadbhih I ... [This is the common bridge of Dhanna of the kings that should be protected by you and by all the future kings in all the times. Ramacandra begs (to say) again] Imprecatory and Benedictory Stanzas Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla Lines 86-88, Stanza 33, Salinl, Third Plate : First Side.

Lastly, the Inscription ends with a particular word^^^ that might carry the suggestion of Mahgala at the end e.g. the words.. .Mangala-maha-snh II. Suggestion of Mangala while Ending the Topic Mentioned in the Rayapur Copperplate Inscription of Ahavamalla Line 93, Stanzas -, Prose, Third Plate : First Side. i7TTo5 - q^ - ?ft: II

>SUMMARY

^'^^ Ibid, pp. 757. Vastunirddesa ^^"^ Idem., pp. 757 (Supplement No. 4). See also R.N. Gurav, Sludie.s in Indian Epigraphy (Journ. Ep. Soc. Ind), I, pp. 135 fF. 135 The materials from the original texts of the Inscriptions have been formulated on. Inscriptions of the Deccan and its neighbourhood include Ajanta Cave Inscription of the time of Harisena, Poona Copperplate Inscription and Rithpur Copperplate Inscription which form the Vakatakas of Vidarbha. An outstanding Inscription is the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period. It mirrored the conquests and genealogy. The poets Kalidasa and Bharavi were regarded as foremost Sanskrit poets. The Yelivarru Copperplate Inscription of Amma-II Vijayaditya, of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vefigi Period. Inscriptions of this dynasty are in Telugu and help in the Geographical location of places. The Kandhar Stone- pillar Inscription of Krsna-III, of the Rashtrakiitas Period. Tlerance of other religions and pafronage of art and literature were the hallmark of the Rashtrakutas. The Gadag Stone Inscription of Bhillana-V and Vlraballala-II, of the Yadavas Period (Sevuna and Hoysala) display a remarkable usage of Sanskrit, which is given prime importance. The Motupalli Stone-pillar Inscription of Ganapati, of the Kakatlyas Period are examples in which the mythical genealogy of the Solar dynasty finds mention. The Kanchipuras Copperplate Inscriptions of Krishnadevaraya belong to the Tuluvas of the Vijayanagara Period. Interestingly, the copperplates of the Vijayanagara dynasty discovered in Tamil Nadu do not have Tamil as those portions are given in Sanskrit verse forms. Inscriptions of the far South are eternal records of the glorious reign of the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Pandyas. The Velurpalaiyam Copperplate Inscription of Nandivarman-III, of the Pallavas Period speak of the emergence of the eponymous hero Pallava. In the Leiden Copperplate Inscription of Rajaraja-I, of the Cholas Period, the genealogy of the Chola 136 rulers is mentioned. The greatest of the Chola kings were Rajaraja-I (985- 1014 A.D.) and his son Rajendra (1012-1044 A.D.). The British Museum Copperplate Inscription of NedunjaCiaiyan highlights the Pan(;lyas period. However, the fmd-spot being uncertain, the Inscription is known after the gift village, as the Velvikundi grant, the scribe made copies of writings in Grantha and Velavettu script besides Sanskrit and Tamil language. A considerably lager amount of epigraphies are found in the southern part of India than in the northern part.

*The secondary data showed that the Sanskrit Inscription of Southern and Western India give the knowledge of South Indian Culture.*