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SERVANTS Or INDIA SOCJETY'S LIBRARY POO:.iA 4 FOR INTER.."J'AL. CIRCULATION or be!ote the laot ..!.11~ stamt:•' ------------~---- A HISTORY OF INDIA From the earliest times BY VAliAN SO~!NAR:XYA!i DALAL, B.A. PaQq.it. Bhagavi.nla.l Indraji Prizeman and Narayai}. Visudev Scholar (BOMBAY 'ONIVERSITr} Vol I. FROll THE AGE OF THE :[.tGVEDA. TO THE RISE OF BUDDHISM BOl.tBAY· 1914 Printed by V. P. ~'"DHERK.\.R at "The Tatorial Press". %11 A, Girgaon Back Ko.ad Bombay and pubhshed by V. S. DALAL at Ghadtali .Pole. Baroda. PREFACE. iii to the Buddhistic period, on ~hich ~o much light has been thrown owing to the researChes of the Archaeological Depa.rtlllent. Volume III will treat of ,the Ma.hom.eda.n Co11quest and Vol IV of the Mughal Empire. In Volume V, I propose to describe- the conflict. of nations viz. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, the English _and the Marathas, and the sixth and the last volume will deal with the British supremacy. - - ~ · My thanks are due to all those authors"' whose works. I haT"e freely quoted and whose labours, I have frequently availed myself of. I am also' indebted to H. H. the Maharaja Saheb of Baroda ~d to his brother Shrimant Samp~trao Gaekwar for giving me a free aocess to their well-equipped libraries. ~ .. Ll.stJy, I have been materially assisted in the correc- tion of proofs by l!r•. Bha.sker Janarda.n ·J?a.thekji, in preparing the index by Mr. Vyomeshchandra Ja.narda.n Pa.thekji and much more in getting- the book generally through the pr~ss, by my brother Rljendra and to them also my thanks are due; V. S. DALAL. Baroda, 16th. August,- 191.4. lDebfcateb muv DtrndssiDn lpo ~ ~ _.2,IR _.2,f!YiiJIRiiO:~n:\\fiiR 1 ' - (!.€.~.1., ~ena ~lzasklzel i.lzamslze~ Dalzadur ~c. ~E· ~s a lzumb1e tributE fo tlze lteen interest wlzicq tfis ffi~lzness takes il\ tlze ad"ancement of knowledge in all - its brancl}es. - fREFACE. When I commenced to write the present volume in llarch 1910, a complete History of India. from the earliest times had not been written. Of late, however, eminent English scholars have undertaken the publication of a. simi­ lar work and it is doubtful, if under the circumstances, the public will feel as much interest in the volume now· placed before them, as they would have otherwise done. How­ ever. the History of India is so instructive and so full of events that interest the student of antiquity, religion and philosophy, that I do not think, my eft~rts in the same direction will he altogether unwelcome, and under this ex.. pectation, I submit to the public my first volume on the subject dealing with the History of India. from the age of the l;lgveda to the rise of Buddhism. It may perhaps he contended that a person writing a complete History of India need not begin with the Vedic period, as there is much that is mythical in the hooks from which our information of the time must be drawn. To this, I will only reply by saying that" so great an in­ fluence has the Vedic ~<YB exercised upon all succeeding periods of Indian history, so closely is every branch of literature connected with Vedic traditions, so deeply have the religious and moral ideas of that era taken root in the mind of the Indian nation, so minutely has almost every puLlic and private act of Indian life been regulated by old traditionary precepts, that it is impossible to find the right point of view for ju~~g of Indian religion, morals and literature without a knowledge of the literary remains of the Vedic Age."* • Maxmullet's Ancient Samkr1t Llterature p. 9l • ii .Moreoyer, it a.ppcard to me that I would be doing a useful service to the student of Indian history by collecting in one place, the information regarding the dynasties who ruled the country in ancient times, which lies scatkred in the }Ia.hJ.bharata, the RamayaQ.a and the Puranas, and by constructing therefrom an account of the history of ancient India. It is true that scholars like Macdonell and Keith are not inclined to attach much weight to the genea1ogical details given therein, but it may safely be said that though we find certain discrepancies therein, the lists are not al­ together valueless and a comparison thereof with such de­ tails on t~e subject as are available in the ~gveda and the BrahmaQ.as shows that they are fairly consistent and reliable. Archaeological di.... coveries too have confinned the evidence furnished by the Purl.Q.as, and have shown that many of the kings mentioned in them did actually reign. I have therefore dealt with the subject somewhat in details and I hope, the chapters relating to the subject will be found interesting and instructil"e. It is here necessary to state that I do not Jay claim to have advanced any new theory of my own, what I have attempted Leing simply to put hefore the reader as succinct and connected account as possible of the latest development of many a question relating to, the His~ory of India and its people in prehistorie times. If a perusal of these pages will incite in the mind of any of its readers, a <-uri~ sity to'study in detail, the subjects noted here but in brief, or if it helps to serve as a guide to persons more qualified than myself in the publication of a similar work, I shall deem my labours amply rewarded. It is somewhat premature on my part to say at this stage what the subsequent parts will treat of. I may, however, state that I intend to devote the second volume ANCIENT INDIA . .... ......... CONTENTS. PAG:t!:S U"TROD'UCTION ... 1-4 BOOK I. TRE ARYAN CoNQUEST. CHAP. I Tim HollE, oF mE ARYANS 5-15 CHAP. II EARLY Cmus.A.TION ••• ... 16-20 CHAP. III Tw: SEPARATION OF THB PERSIA.NS AND 'lRE !NDIA.r.~S ... 21-25 CHAP. IV Tw: 0RIGIXAL INHABITANTS OF h"DIA.. 26-35 CHA.P. v TRE CONFLict' BETWEE...'i THB ARYANS .C."D THB DA.Sn:'s ... .. ~ 86-41 CHA.P. VI PoiJTICAL OrulANW..TION 42-48 CRAl'. VII True VEDIO REIJGION ••• 49-64 CHAP. VIii SOCIAL Lin . ... 65-76 CHA.P. IX TRADES A..'iD PROFESSIONS ••• Ill 77-80 CRAP. X THE ~VEDA. 81-86 ... ' BOOK-- II. THE A.Rr!JI EXPANSION. PART I. CIUP. I THE SoLAR DYNASTY • •• ••• 87-95 CHAP. II TH:m v lDEIL\ DrNASTY •••. 96-102 ii CHAP. III Tnm L~AR DrnASTIES 103-105 CHAP. IV Tax lUSI Ltsm ... 106-109! CHAP. v THE YADAVA.3 110-115 CHAP: VI Co:\'"TEMPORARY KINas ••• 116-123 PART IL CH..U·,. I Tax SACRIFICIAL SYSTEH ... 124-138 CHAP. II ~I.w1o Ali'D MEDICIXE ••• 139-149 CHAP. III Tux Ba&mr-'!'AS 150-164 Ca.u>. IV TnmPlliLOsoPHY oF THE UP~"'li!ADS ••• 165-173 BOOK III.' Tux A.RTA....~s ~ SocrnERY I~""DIA. CB.&P. I TIIB EARLY liiSTORY OP lUlu. ... 174-~87 CHAP. II THE Cllo&"L...._G 011' THE VnmHYA JUNGB 188-197 Cw.P. I~~ THP I!ISToar oF THB YAnAvA.S, THE p AURA VAS, A.."'D THE DE:SCE:\'D..C..'TS OFk.'U. ... 198-20-! CHAP. IV THE EARLY HlsToRY Ol!' THE P.i~~AVAS .. um THE K.A.imAvA.S ,. 205-~13 I .. ... 9HAP; v THE hu>ERIAL SACRIFIOB ~14-~23 CHAP. -VI THE M.r.HABIURA.TA \VA& .. •• - 224-233 CHAP. VII THEWA.B. (CO:\"TL,"""t'ED) 234-240 CHAP. VIII · THE KINo .U"D Tnm STATE ••• ..... 241-248 Cw.P. - IX THE L-.va'.s REVE:\"U.E: .A,A"'l) THE ooo..u."'lSATIO~ OF TB& Ama ... 249-2.37 ' CHAP. X TRADE A....''D INDUSTRIES 258-263 CHAP. XI SociAL LIFE ... 264-273 Ca..u-, XlJ THE TWO GREA.'f }ili>ICS OF L""ID~ .,. 274-278 BOOK IV. ClUl'. I THE RISE OF 'l'H&: l\IAGADHA LINE 279-284 ClLU'. II THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SUTRAS 285-296 ClllP. III THE PHILOsuPHY oF l'HE Sul'RAS (m~--rD.) 297-304 CH.\.P. IV SociAL LIFE 305-310 CHAP. v ..A.D)llXISTR \.TIO~ OF 'l'HE STATE ... 311-314: Statement showing the c-ontemporary kings of the ~lyna.sties mentioned !n Chapters I to. VI. of Bouk II. a11d Chapter III. of Book III. Statement of contemporary king3 of the dynasties mentioned in Chap. I. of Book IV. .A.PPEXDICE'i. l Ar. A THE SoLAR ~AS'l'Y AP. B r_rHE DESL:E."'D.\NT~ OF Y ADU, 'l'HE ELDES'r ')()~ OF YAYATI A.P. c TnE IJESCL~A..'-""T::t oF DRuHYu, Tt_,avASu .\,..."lD A..... u, THE bEOOXD, THIRD A.-..:D FOL'RTH bONS OF YA.YA'l'I Ar. D THJc nE...;c:.:ENDA~~s OF PURU, 'l'HE vo~GES'r SO~ OF YAYATI At>. :C THE KASI LP.>iE. List of Book~ consulted Transliteration of Si.i.m,krit Alphabets Errata. Ind.ex. APPENDIX A. APPENDIX A. Sun I Manu I I 1 I l I~aku N rga Dhnta. Sa.ria.ti N a.r~ya.nta. ' Dha.f~~a.Ls 1 I 1 --L-1-----------,.------.---Ana.rla Suka.nya m. VikuJ~i Nnii Janda Chyavana t and ninety 'surnamed Sasa.da) J anaka. seven others ' I I Revata Puraiijaya Uda.vasu Ra1vataJ (surnamed Kakutstha) Nancdvardhana (Ka.kudmin) I f I Anenas Snketu Revati 1 I m.
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  • Chapter- Iii Selected Inscriptions of the Deccan and Its Neighbourhood 69

    Chapter- Iii Selected Inscriptions of the Deccan and Its Neighbourhood 69

    CHAPTER- III SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS OF THE DECCAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD 69 • *> CHAPTER 3 Selected Inscriptions Third Chapter is formulated on the materials from the original texts of the Inscriptions. a) Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Deccan and its Neighbourhood b) Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Far South > THE DECCAN AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Deccan and its Neighbourhood • The Chalukyas of BMami The Chalukyas were a great power in the southern India between the 6* and 8* century A.D. and again from the 10^ to the 12^ century A.D. Pulakesin-I the first great ruler of this dynasty, ascended the throne in .540 A.D. and having made many splendid victories, established a mighty empire. His son, Kirtivarman who succeeded him in 607 A.D. also made extensive conquests. However, Pulakesin-II (608-642 A.D.), son and successor of Kirtivarman, is regarded as the greatest ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. Apart from his many conquests over the Kadambas of Vanavasi, the Gangas of Mysore, the Mauryas of Konkan, his most outstanding achievement was to defeat king Harshavardhana and thus preventing the extension of his empire beyond Narmada. 70 Nevertheless, Pulakesin-II was defeated and killed in the battle with the Pallava king Narsimhvarman-I who had attacked the Chalukya territory. Genealogy Mentioned in the Aihole Stone Inscription of Pulakesin-II, of the Chalukyas of Badami Period ...In the Chalukya family was bom Jayasimhavallabha. To him was bom Ra^araga. His son Pulakesin-I established himself at Vatapipurl and performed the horse-sacrifice. His son Kirtivarman, the night of death to the Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas, broke up the confederacy of the Kadambas.
  • As a Place of Pilgrimage 1. Ancient History of Ayodhya

    As a Place of Pilgrimage 1. Ancient History of Ayodhya

    HANS BAKKER THE RISE OF AYODHY.~ AS A PLACE OF PILGRIMAGE 1. ANCIENT HISTORY OF AYODHYA This paper ~ will attempt to trace the development of an ancient city into an important centre of pilgrimage. Ayodhy~ (U.P.) is a place of most venerable antiquity and is celebrated as one of India's seven holy, i.e. redemption-giving cities, 2 yet such factors provide no adequate grounds for the assumption that it has been a centre of pilgrimage since ancient times. S~aketa, the name generally given in Buddhist sources to the Ayodhya of Brahrnanic literature, 3 was already an important centre of civilised India as early as the sixth century B.C. It is mentioned in the Pftli canon as one of the six greatest cities in the country,4 and during the Buddha's lifetime was ruled over by Pasenadi (Sanskrit Prasenajit, also the name of a monarch of the Solar dynasty). This king resided in Sr~vastf, which was connected with S~keta by a main road. s The commentary on the Dhammapada 6 mentions a festival held in Ayodhy~- Sftketa during the reign of Pasenadi. This was an annual event of a profane nature called the Viva.tanakkhatta or 'Public Day'. The young unmarried daughters of the more distinguished families would make their way on foot and unclothed 7 to the river SarayQ, in view of a row of k.satriya boys and others who each threw a garland of flowers to the one they selected as their beloved. Ayodhy~-SLketa was also a city of importance in Jaina tradition.