SERVANTS Or INDIA SOCJETY'S LIBRARY POO:.iA 4 FOR INTER.."J'AL. CIRCULATION or be!ote the laot ..!.11~ stamt:•'

------~---- A HISTORY OF INDIA From the earliest times

BY VAliAN SO~!NAR:XYA!i DALAL, B.A. PaQq.it. Bhagavi.nla.l Indraji Prizeman and Narayai}. Visudev Scholar (BOMBAY 'ONIVERSITr}

Vol I. FROll THE AGE OF THE :[.tGVEDA. TO THE RISE OF

BOl.tBAY· 1914 Printed by V. P. ~'"DHERK.\.R at "The Tatorial Press". %11 A, Girgaon Back Ko.ad Bombay and pubhshed by V. S. DALAL at Ghadtali .Pole. Baroda. PREFACE. iii to the Buddhistic period, on ~hich ~o much light has been thrown owing to the researChes of the Archaeological Depa.rtlllent. Volume III will treat of ,the Ma.hom.eda.n Co11quest and Vol IV of the Mughal Empire. In Volume V, I propose to describe- the conflict. of nations viz. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, the English _and the Marathas, and the sixth and the last volume will deal with the British supremacy. - - ~ · My thanks are due to all those authors"' whose works. I haT"e freely quoted and whose labours, I have frequently availed myself of. I am also' indebted to H. H. the Maharaja Saheb of Baroda ~d to his brother Shrimant Samp~trao Gaekwar for giving me a free aocess to their well-equipped libraries. ~ .. . Ll.stJy, I have been materially assisted in the correc- tion of proofs by l!r•. Bha.sker Janarda.n ·J?a.thekji, in preparing the index by Mr. Vyomeshchandra Ja.narda.n Pa.thekji and much more in getting- the book generally through the pr~ss, by my brother Rljendra and to them also my thanks are due;

V. S. DALAL. Baroda, 16th. August,- 191.4. lDebfcateb muv DtrndssiDn lpo ~ ~ _.2,IR _.2,f!YiiJIRiiO:~n:\\fiiR 1 ' - (!.€.~.1., ~ena ~lzasklzel i.lzamslze~ Dalzadur ~c. ~E· ~s a lzumb1e tributE fo tlze lteen interest wlzicq tfis ffi~lzness takes il\ tlze ad"ancement of knowledge in all - its brancl}es. - fREFACE.

When I commenced to write the present volume in llarch 1910, a complete History of India. from the earliest times had not been written. Of late, however, eminent English scholars have undertaken the publication of a. simi­ lar work and it is doubtful, if under the circumstances, the public will feel as much interest in the volume now· placed before them, as they would have otherwise done. How­ ever. the History of India is so instructive and so full of events that interest the student of antiquity, religion and philosophy, that I do not think, my eft~rts in the same direction will he altogether unwelcome, and under this ex.. pectation, I submit to the public my first volume on the subject dealing with the History of India. from the age of the l;lgveda to the rise of Buddhism. It may perhaps he contended that a person writing a complete History of India need not begin with the Vedic period, as there is much that is mythical in the hooks from which our information of the time must be drawn. To this, I will only reply by saying that" so great an in­ fluence has the Vedic ~

.Moreoyer, it a.ppcard to me that I would be doing a useful service to the student of Indian history by collecting in one place, the information regarding the dynasties who ruled the country in ancient times, which lies scatkred in the }Ia.hJ., the RamayaQ.a and the , and by constructing therefrom an account of the history of ancient India. It is true that scholars like Macdonell and Keith are not inclined to attach much weight to the genea1ogical details given therein, but it may safely be said that though we find certain discrepancies therein, the lists are not al­ together valueless and a comparison thereof with such de­ tails on t~e subject as are available in the ~gveda and the BrahmaQ.as shows that they are fairly consistent and reliable. Archaeological di.... coveries too have confinned the evidence furnished by the Purl.Q.as, and have shown that many of the kings mentioned in them did actually reign. I have therefore dealt with the subject somewhat in details and I hope, the chapters relating to the subject will be found interesting and instructil"e. It is here necessary to state that I do not Jay claim to have advanced any new theory of my own, what I have attempted Leing simply to put hefore the reader as succinct and connected account as possible of the latest development of many a question relating to, the His~ory of India and its people in prehistorie times. If a perusal of these pages will incite in the mind of any of its readers, a <-uri~ sity to'study in detail, the subjects noted here but in brief, or if it helps to serve as a guide to persons more qualified than myself in the publication of a similar work, I shall deem my labours amply rewarded. . It is somewhat premature on my part to say at this stage what the subsequent parts will treat of. I may, however, state that I intend to devote the second volume ANCIENT INDIA .

...... CONTENTS.

PAG:t!:S U"TROD'UCTION ... 1-4

BOOK I.

TRE CoNQUEST.

CHAP. I Tim HollE, oF mE 5-15 CHAP. II EARLY Cmus.A.TION ••• ... 16-20 CHAP. III Tw: SEPARATION OF THB PERSIA.NS AND 'lRE !NDIA.r.~S ... 21-25 CHAP. IV Tw: 0RIGIXAL INHABITANTS OF h"DIA.. 26-35 CHA.P. v TRE CONFLict' BETWEE...'i THB ARYANS .C."D THB DA.Sn:'s ... .. ~ 86-41 CHA.P. VI PoiJTICAL OrulANW..TION 42-48 CRAl'. VII True VEDIO REIJGION ••• 49-64 CHAP. VIii SOCIAL Lin . ... 65-76 CHA.P. IX TRADES A..'iD PROFESSIONS ••• Ill 77-80 CRAP. X THE ~VEDA. 81-86 ... ' BOOK-- II. THE A.Rr!JI EXPANSION.

PART I. CIUP. I THE • •• ••• 87-95 CHAP. II TH:m v lDEIL\ DrNASTY •••. 96-102 ii

CHAP. III Tnm L~AR DrnASTIES 103-105 CHAP. IV Tax lUSI Ltsm ... 106-109! CHAP. v THE .3 110-115 CHAP: VI Co:\'"TEMPORARY KINas ••• 116-123 PART IL CH..U·,. I Tax SACRIFICIAL SYSTEH ... 124-138 CHAP. II ~I.w1o Ali'D MEDICIXE ••• 139-149 CHAP. III Tux Ba&mr-'!'AS 150-164 Ca.u>. IV TnmPlliLOsoPHY oF THE UP~"'li!ADS ••• 165-173

BOOK III.'

Tux A.RTA....~s ~ SocrnERY I~""DIA.

CB.&P. I TIIB EARLY liiSTORY OP lUlu. ... 174-~87 CHAP. II THE Cllo&"L...._G 011' THE VnmHYA JUNGB 188-197 Cw.P. I~~ THP I!ISToar oF THB YAnAvA.S, THE p AURA VAS, A.."'D THE DE:SCE:\'D..C..'TS OFk.'U. ... 198-20-! CHAP. IV THE EARLY HlsToRY Ol!' THE P.i~~AVAS .. um THE K.A.imAvA.S ,. 205-~13 I .. ... 9HAP; v THE hu>ERIAL SACRIFIOB ~14-~23 CHAP. -VI THE M.r.HABIURA.TA \VA& .. •• - 224-233 CHAP. VII THEWA.B. (CO:\"TL,"""t'ED) 234-240 CHAP. VIII · THE KINo .U"D Tnm STATE ••• ..... 241-248 Cw.P. - IX THE L-.va'.s REVE:\"U.E: .A,A"'l) THE ooo..u."'lSATIO~ OF TB& Ama ... 249-2.37 ' CHAP. X TRADE A....''D INDUSTRIES 258-263 CHAP. XI SociAL LIFE ... 264-273 Ca..u-, XlJ THE TWO GREA.'f }ili>ICS OF L""ID~ .,. 274-278 BOOK IV.

ClUl'. I THE RISE OF 'l'H&: l\IAGADHA LINE 279-284 ClLU'. II THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SUTRAS 285-296 ClllP. III THE PHILOsuPHY oF l'HE Sul'RAS (m~--rD.) 297-304 CH.\.P. IV SociAL LIFE 305-310 CHAP. v ..A.D)llXISTR \.TIO~ OF 'l'HE STATE ... 311-314:

Statement showing the c-ontemporary kings of the ~lyna.sties mentioned !n Chapters I to. VI. of Bouk II. a11d Chapter III. of Book III. Statement of contemporary king3 of the dynasties mentioned in Chap. I. of Book IV. .A.PPEXDICE'i. l Ar. A THE SoLAR ~AS'l'Y AP. B r_rHE DESL:E."'D.\NT~ OF Y ADU, 'l'HE ELDES'r

')()~ OF YAYATI A.P. c TnE IJESCL~A..'-""T::t oF DRuHYu, Tt_,avASu .\,..."lD A..... u, THE bEOOXD, THIRD A.-..:D FOL'RTH bONS OF YA.YA'l'I Ar. D THJc nE...;c:.:ENDA~~s OF PURU, 'l'HE vo~GES'r

SO~ OF YAYATI At>. :C THE KASI LP.>iE.

List of Book~ consulted Transliteration of Si.i.m,krit Alphabets Errata. Ind.ex. APPENDIX A. APPENDIX A. Sun I Manu I I 1 I l I~aku N rga Dhnta. Sa.ria.ti N a.r~ya.nta.

' Dha.f~~a.Ls 1 I 1 --L-1------,.------.---Ana.rla Suka.nya m. VikuJ~i Nnii Janda Chyavana t and ninety 'surnamed Sasa.da) J anaka. seven others ' I I Revata Puraiijaya Uda.vasu Ra1vataJ (surnamed Kakutstha) Nancdvardhana (Ka.kudmin) I f I Anenas Snketu Revati 1 I m. Balarama P.rthu Devara.ta of the Vmvtva I Br~uktha Ardra Ma.ha.virya 1 I • Yuvanasva I .dhft1 .. I I Sravasta. Dhr~"fiaketu - I . I Brhada.Sva. Ha.rya.Sva ~uva.layasva Marh Dr~va-.sva Pratitandb.aka · I and Kapila.sva I Haryasva I Krta.ratha Nikwibha ~a ( ConttllQed on page +) s The Solar Dynasty

I l Pra.msu Nabbi.ga. Nedistt••h.a I Nab~ Nabhaga Am~~ B~dana I vJpa Vatsapri I ~nlwva P.ra.msu Ratlutara. Pral_.

Khramtra ~lpa. , V.u:bSa. Vivbsati I KbanTnetra A~t ~tta J. N.~&Dta n!a - I Rajyava.rdhana I . SadhrtiI . Nara Ke!ala l<;Dntmued' on pace s.l ' ~~!contd.) ~Loontd.)

· K:cSasv~ }fah~rti . J ~ I - Pr~'.Jit. Krtirata I . . I . · Yuvanasva ll Maharoman I I . , :Mandhatr SuvarJ}a.roman 1· I . (1) ~I Hrasvaroman I (2) . · ·I Yuvanasva ill I t - I s-:&radhvaja. KuSa.- -ancestor ofthe dhvaja I ~ .s I . Purukutsa Bbanuma.t ~ &uJ~ I I . Sambhuta. Suchi -~ia Urjavlru,. ~-.3_1 . I · rn;aua.sv.3 Satyadhvaja ~a.SJa n Kuni I . . Snrrwna! An~ 1 r .. Tridhanva.n Ritujit Tra~~ ~-. -•.• -- 1 .... . Sa.tyavrata Srutayua ,_ (TriSanku) . I 'IY-~~-L--dra I .o.a.c.I!SCI.llloll S uparsva I I - Rohita.Sva Saiijaya ,

- (~~ed Oil page 6.) Keva.la (contd) Ba.ndhumat I Ve1avat Budba rrm'ahindu t l • Visa.Ia Ilavila. . I HemachandraI . - Suchandra I Dhfunrasva I Spijaya, t Sa.l:iadeva t Kfsasva I t • Somadatta I J a.namejaya. I - Sumati Rohita.Sva (contd.) Saiijaya ( tX111ld.) Harita ~ I I Chwicqu Anenaa I I I )finarat.ha Vijaya SudeV'a I I Satyaratba Rurnka. I . Satyaralthi Vrka I . I Upa.gu .Ba.hu , I I Sruta Sagara J - I s-a.Wata A sama.iiJ&S I I Sudha.nvan A.mSumat. I I - Subbasa. Dilipa I I I Su8ruta Bhagirat.ha I - I -Jaya Srut.a I I Vijaya Na.bhiga I I ~ta Amba~all I I Sunaya Sindhudvipa ~- I -- I Vi~vya Ayut.aivt . - D.Ju ~t.ul>&j" I BahulaSva Sarvakjima I ~ Sudasa I Sauda.sa (Centinu.. on page 'I ) 7 Saudasa ( OO'llld.) A~maka MJw_ I Da.Saratha -1a I Visvasaha i . Dilipa II or Kha.i)vanga I n-1rfha oo.hu Raghu A. I : J8.1 Dasaratha I I I ~ I Ra.ma. Laks.rn.aJ}.a. Bharata Satrughna 1 1 {1) A:ilgada (1) Taqa. (1) ~ubahu usa (2) Chandraketu (2) Pus.kara. (2} Siirasena ! I tithi , I ~adha ;NJa I ahhas I ,undarika . I ~madhanvan I evanika I hinagu

onhnue4 on paJ• S) 8

A hinagu ( CO'Tild.) Pa.ri~tra DalaI ChhaL Uktll . l Vajranahha , I Sanklianabha - I Dhyn~iWva VISvaka . I Hira~yana.bha - r ~aI , Dhrnvasandh.i . I Sudariana - I . Agni:varna , I . Sigbra Marui I Prasusruta- l - Susa.ndhi , I ~ I lfaha.svat , I ViISrutava.t Br~oola APPENDIX B.

The Yada,·as or descendants of Yadu, the eldest son of Yayati. Brahm.& I Atri · Soxla Bu~ I Puliira.vas- · ~ Ayus I Nahusa I I I. I J I Yayitti Samyati Ayati Viyati K.fti I l m (1} Devayani m (2) sa.rnn.,,ha. llr~~--An-,~:U----~, Y &du Turvasu , Druhyu P-uru I S~ajit Kr~~~u Ja1a ~hu Satajit vdinivat

~ya, Ve~u H!ya_ I D~tra Sva.hi Kunli R~adgu sa.rul.-n ~traratha ~- I Mahl,matl Sasabindu Contmued on page 2. I I I I I_ I I Prthuyas'as Prthukarman Prthujaya Prthukirtti Prthudina Prthus'ravas · · · . (Continued on jmge 3.) \ Ma~t-{omtd.) Bhadrasena ' I . ~ Dh&nlu . 1'17_._ __ • Krta~a ~ KJU.J~n .D..fWWJ&8 ~ ~ I .. I l - I I' oiira Siirasena V n&J?.a Maab.u J a.yadhva.ja ,,., . I . TW.aJaD.gha I I V 1tihotra. l Bha.rata 98 others .----r_i ~~a· Sujati I .I :Madhu .VI. d" . th ~ an ninety-mne o ers PJthu8rav~oontd.J T&lll&s u~ I - Si~ Rnkmalavacha

0 I Pa.ravrt I I . I RnkmR!lU Prthrirukma Jyamagha vm!u.hha

: 4 K:ni.tha. Kalsnm.. Roma~ -I Kunti , v I. , ~ I Nirvrti I Da.Sa.rha. I Vyoman I . ~ Jimiita. ~vk i BhU:naratha. I Nava.ratha I ~atha - - sJum Continued on page 4. . ,§akuni ( OQlfl/4.) Karambhi I Devara.ta Devkttra I Anavaratha I Kuruvatsa - - - -·- --- Anuratha.·- I Puruliotra I A.J:Mu I &tvata l J Bhajamooa Divya - Andhaka• Six ~ODS 'ti.z.. I 1) Nimi . I 2 Krka.na Bh&Jamana {s~ vn:Qi (4l &ta.jit v~4 Vidnrltha ( 5 Sa.bB.srajit I J ( 6 Ayutajit Kapotaroman Siira voonln Sam}n --1 - I Bhava - Pratiq&ttra I . .I - Abhijit - Svayambhoja Puna.rvasu Hr~ -r... _,_t . ..1 .A.D.UAA Devamidh~ -----~ .kaL ' UgrasenaI. I ....____ ·-v------'Contirmed on page 6" 5

I · I I . Devavrdha. Maba.bhoja. Vr~ I I Ba.bbru BhoJas I I J ~balabar~a Yudhi.jit ...... ~---.- ....-.:.;._, A.nam1tra Sini N.Jna Satiak& saljita I Yuyudhana I I Apanga. Svaphalka ChiJw I (1) P{thu •nuk Akriira & 12 others (2} ViPJthu I I Yugandhara J I Devavat Up&deva Devaka (oontd.) Ugrasena (oontd.) Devamidhll$a;(contd.J r 1 I .-I--1---l----! I I 4 Sons 'l da.ughters 9 Sons 5 daughters inclu~ inoludivg Kamsa Deva.kl m. to V &Btldeva

Sura

t ... I Vasudeva Srutadeva Sruta.kirtti and 9 other m.a.~a m. D~taketu sons. prince Vrd­ king of Kai­ dhdarman keya. I • Danta.vaktra. Sauta.ra.l1.DB.• and four other sons I . I Sruta.Sravas &jJhidavi Pftha · m.~hosa m. - king o£ Cliedi. king of Avanti A I - 1 ;.:,i.Sup3.1& • Vmda AnJvinda

Yu~~bira APPENDIX C

The descendants Df Turva.su, Druhyu and Anu, the secon~ third and fourth sons of Yayati. Yayatir I Turvasu - Druh.)u vamJ BabJu. . I I Gobhanu Setu I - J Tra.isamba Aradvat I I Ka.randhama. Gandliara. I l!arutta. nw!a DhrtJ- . I r - Durya.m.an I . Prachetas. · 1 o'o ~~ns-:binces of the lawless Mlechchha.s of the North Sibhanara Paramek~u l IDlanara . I S rfiJaraI , Purana.ya I Janameaya I . Mahim.&:Q.t l :Ma.hlma.na.s I Usm~------1 I

. I Vr~adarhha Suvira. ' Bali~ r I I I ·A.nga- · Bangs I p-ara

DiVU'at.. I h a I Dharmaratha. Chitrk.a.tha I Roma~a. Chaturanga -- Prth"Jaksa. I .

.Chamr" -- . t Haryanga I~ - Bhadiax:atha Brbatkarrn a.ti • I Brhad bha.nu . I Brhanmanas J ~yaclratha. -- Vijafa. Dhrti. i Dhrf;avrata. ,-- 1 ~ Satyakarman A

TT;;: I A.. .D.ttol}.V& 'I I . Du~yanta Medhatithi I Bharata. I Vitatha . I Bha.vanma.nyu (contd.) 3 Bha.va.nma.nyu-Contd. I I I I - Brhatk~attra liahavirya N ara Garga. and. I I I _, j others Suhotra· Urukfiaya baillqti Sini I . I I H astm (1 TrayyarUJ}.a {1) ll.uchiradhi ~I 2 Pu!lkarin (2) Rantidiva 3 Ka i I Dvimi

I ··L S en&Jl" 1 . R uchll'asva . f ~ :Prthusena. r :Para l • Nipa. _ I . S amara & 90 others . ' . I . I t Para Sampara Sadasva I Prthu I . Sulqt1 1 Vibhraja 'An~a I Brahmadatta Vis~aksena I Udaksena I Bhiillava Ajamiqha-Contd. L . Nila. (by Nuini) I • Santl~ S~anti 'l Pur11janu Ch!qus I Haryasva. I I 1 Srn-,1ayl., a Brhadisl· _u Pravira I • ,Kamp u va. I Badhryasva

I I I . (d) .l ~ I M1tra.yu Satananda. I . _ I Chyavana. - - Satyadhrti I -+-11 -~ I - . Sudasa - Kn>a Jrrpi (d). I m. Dro:r;ta Sauda.sa or Sahadeva . I I - ASvatthaman Somaka. ' I I t Jantu. P~ata. '& 98 others Dripada ... Dltr~ta.dyumna.. I Dhr~ta.ketu AJ• amidha, C Contiftu~d • • 1 • from page ~, ~~a t • :Qa Kuk I SudhAnus Ja.hnu.. I I Suhotra Suraths. I I Chya.va.na. _ Vidiiratha I -KrtJa Sa.rVabhauma . I - - I Uparichara Jayasena. ,__1 .. B:r~rat~ & six others ..aravm I · I I Ayutayus Ku5agra J arasandha I I I AUOClli~a ~bha Sahadeva I , - I I · J Devatithi Rksa ~pavat . Somap1 • i I I - Dillpa Sa.tyadhfta brutasravas I I P.ratipa Sudhanus __ - I , I I Devapi Santanu Jantu I -B-h...\sma-----C-hi•jtr---.LD_g_a_da ___ Vi_lc""hi-·tr.._avirya (by ) (by Satyavati) (by Satyavati)

D~tra• p-andu DUi'Yodhana DU(ciasana &c. Yudilt;thira (1) Prativindhya (2) Deva.ka by Yaudheyt '1

Pariks1t alid others I . . J anameJaya and three others

Va.hhka. . I Somadatta BhiinI. B hiir.lbravasL Sala- ' I . I I Bbima ~Juna&~ Sah&dava. N a.kula. 1~ brutasoma Ira.vat Suhotra Niramitra 2 Ghatotkacha Babhruvahana. Srutakarman Satanika. ~3 Sa.rv~tra:ga • Abhima.nyu 1 APPENDIX E

I I Ayus- Dhimat

t t Nahusa. Ksattravrddha . I . n!unbha J\aji kenas ' I -- . Suhotra l>ratipa~a I. Kasa lesa Grlsamada Sanjaya KaSiraJ&'· . &una.• ka Vij~ya I Dirghatamas Yaj'nalqta l - J Dhanvantari Harsavardhana. J • I . Ketumat Sahadeva I . Bhimaratha Aab. 1 I Divodasa Ja.yasena I Sanhti - I . ~ .Alarka' J4attradharmari Sannat1I • I Sunitha · I Suk.etu - . ' - . Dharmaketu 1. - Saty~et~ • I • · V 1bhu~ _ "" c -r Suiibhu (continued on p-.- 3)- z THE KASI LINE. AtnI. · I llanu Soma I I Ila. = J Purfiravas

I I _.. I L Amavasu Visvavasu Satayus Srutayus I Bbima I Kafichana

Suhotra 'I Jahnu I Sumantu . I A Jaka I Bali.ka.sva I Kusa I I I I Ku.Samba Ku5anabha Amfirtaraya Amavasu I Gadhi ,~------~,-- Sa.tyavati ((l) Visvamitra I , I J amadagni SunaQ.-sepa and seven other sons I Pa.rasurama a SuVibhu-( ~ontinued) I Suk11JI13.ra I Dhf~ijaketu Vafuahotra I Bb.arga. I Bhargabhnxpi -BOOKS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION_: OF THIS VOLU:AfE.

Baden Powell The Indian Village Community. Notes on the, origin of the Solar and the Lunar .Axyan­ tribes (J.R.A.S. 1899.) Ballantyne The Sankhya. Aphorisms of Kapila. Barth, A. The Religions of India. Bloomfield _ The Hymns of the Atharva·: Veda (S.B. E. Series.) Buhler-George The Sacred L!lws of the Aryas (S. B. E. Series.) Burgess Notes on Hindu Astronomy (J. R. A. S. 1893.) Burnou£ The Science of Religion. Caldwell (Bishop} A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages. Cowell and Gough Sarva Darsana Sangraha_. . Cox - The Mythology of the Aryan . Nations• Cunningham The Ancient Geography of India. Darmesteter The Zend Avesta-Parts I & II. . (S. B. E. Series.) Davis Asiatic Researches 2,268; 5,288. Deussen (Dr. :Paul) The Upani~ads. The System of the Vedanta.. 2

Dowson A C I as s ic a I Dictionary o£ Hindu ~!ythoiogy. Dutt-~Ianmath Nath Translation of the Agni Pu- rana. Do. Hari Vam5a. 'Do. l!ababha.rata Do. Ramaya1;1a. Do. ~gyeda.. Do. V~t;tu Purana. Dutt R. C. Civilisation in Ancient India (T. 0. Series.) Mababharata (condensed into English verse.) Ra.may&J;la {do.) Dutt J. c. The Kings of lpishmir. Dvived~ J.I. N. l.Ionism and Adva.itism. The Yoga Sutras. Edkins Ancient navigation in the Indi~n Ocean (J. R. A. S. 1886) Eggeling (Prof. Julius) The Satapatha Brahma.t;ta (Parts I to V S.B.E. Series.) Fleet (Dr.) The Kaliyuga era of B. C. 310:! (J". R. A. S. 1911.) Fraser A Literary History of India. Gough , The Philosophy of the U pani- 9ads. Griffith (R. T. H.) TheHymns of the Atharvaveda Do. ~eda. Do. Samaveda. Do. Y a jurveda. Translation of Va.lmiki ­ )"&Q-8. 3

Haug{Dr.) Essays on the Religion of the Parsees. Introduction to the Aitareya Brahmana. . Hewett Early History of Northern India (J. R. A. S. 1890.) Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times. V ols. I & I I. Hodgson B.A. Miscellaneous Essays V ols. I & II. (T. 0. Series.) Hopkins The Gre