Cei Care Pe Parcursul Istoriei Nu Au Crezut În Trinitate

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Cei Care Pe Parcursul Istoriei Nu Au Crezut În Trinitate Cei care pe parcursul istoriei nu au crezut în trinitate În primele două secole de creştinism, nu s-a susţinut existenţa unui Dumnezeu trinitar, doar începând cu anul 160 d.Ch. Teofil a vorbit de Trinitate, însă referindu-se la Dumnezeu, Înţelepciunea şi Cuvântul, (Înţelepciunea şi Cuvântul fiind doar atribute ale lui Dumnezeu Tatăl), doar mai târziu, Tertullian în ultimul deceniu al secolului II d.Ch., adică pe la 190 d.Ch., face referire la trinitate (Tatăl, Fiul şi Duhul Sfânt), folosind cuvântul „Trinitas”, dar nu în sensul trinitarian actual. Este evident că pe parcursul timpului, au existat abateri de la Sfânta Scriptură, în ce priveşte explicarea lui Dumnezeu, căzându-se când într-o extremă când în alta, chiar dacă unii au combătut trinitatea, nici doctrina lor despre Dumnezeu nu a fost una pe deplin corectă, unii au fost mai aproape de adevăr sau mai departe. Să trecem în revistă aceste grupări sau persoane. Ebioniţii (63/135 – 500 d.Ch.), o ramură iudaizantă a creştinismului nu susţinea divinitatea lui Cristos, şi-l considera pe apostolul Pavel ca fiind un apostat. Ebioniţii au fost membrii unei secte ascetice de evrei creştini; îi cuprindea pe nazarineni şi pe elkasiţi. Numele le provine din cuvântul ebraic „ebionim”, care înseamnǎ „sǎrac”. Ne-au parvenit puţine informaţii istorice despre acest grup. Se ştie cǎ s-au fixat în Cisiordania, la Pella, au ajuns în Siria, iar apoi în Asia Micǎ şi în Egipt. Au existat până în sec. IV d.Ch. Ebioniţii credeau într-un singur Dumnezeu şi susţineau cǎ Isus Cristos a fost Mesia, profetul din Deut. 18:15. Însă ei au respins preexistenţa Fiului, naşterea din fecioarǎ a lui Cristos prin Duhul Sfânt, susţinând cǎ Isus a fost fiul natural al Mariei şi al lui Iosif. Ei au respins epistolele lui Pavel considerându-l pe Pavel un apostat al legii1. Monarhismul dinamic (adopţianismul), susţinut de teologia lui Teodot din Bizanţ (sec. II), care susţinea că Isus a fost Dumnezeu până la întrupare, apoi a redevenit Dumnezeu la înviere, la botezul Său a fost adoptat ca Fiu al lui Dumnezeu. Un alt susţinător al acestei teologii a fost Paul de Samosta, care susţinea că Logosul divin s-a unit la botez cu omul Isus. Monarhismul - modalist (numit şi sabelianism), susţinut de Noet şi Sabelius din Roma, care spuneau că Tatăl, Fiul, şi Duhul Sfânt sunt trei moduri de existenţă a lui Dumnezeu, o singură persoană în trei manifestări. Subordinaţianismul (subordonarea Logosului faţă de Tatăl), susţinut de Origen (cca. 185-254), care socotea că Fiul este o imagine sau o reflectare a Tatălui. Binitarianismul, care mărturisea existenţa a două persoane divine într-un singur Dumnezeu, în sec. II şi III unii părinţii bisericeşti se pare că l-au susţinut, cert este că doar în sec. IV s-a afirmat această teologie prin patriarhul Constantinopolului: Macedonius. Această credinţă mai este numită şi dualism. Chiar dacă pe parcursul timpului această doctrină a trinităţii a fost impusă cu forţa, au fost unii care au avut curajul să susţină un Dumnezeu ne-trinitarian, cu toate acestea, nu trebuie să ne închipuim că în toate cazurile aceştia au avut o imagine corectă şi biblică 100% despre Adevăratul Dumnezeu, sau despre Isus Cristos, sau despre Spiritul Sfânt, după cum deja am văzut. Am să trec în continuare însă în revistă, oameni şi grupuri ne- trinitariene: Biserici Ariene Întâlnim ultimele urme ale acestora în Constantinopole sub Împăratul Anastasius (491-518). După Theodosius, Arianismul a încetat să existe ca o forţă organizată în teologie şi în istoria bisericii; dar el a reapărut din timp în timp ca o opinie teologică izolată, în special în Anglia. Emlyn, Whiston, Whitby, Samuel Clarke, Lardner şi alţii, dar şi Socinianienii şi Unitarienii, au ţinut sentimente Ariane; dar Milton şi Isaac Newton, deşi au abordat viziunea Ariană asupra relaţiei dintre Fiul şi Tatăl, au fost diferiţi faţă de Arianism în spirit şi în ţintă. Arianismul printre Barbari. Legislaţia bisericii lui Theodosius a fost desigur limitată la Imperiul Roman. Dincolo de acesta, printre barbarii din vest, care au primit creştinismul în forma Arianismului, în timpul domniei Împăratului Valens, l-au menţinut timp de încă două secole. Ostrogoţii au rămas Ariani până în 553 d.Ch.; Vizigoţii până la Sinodul din Toledo în 589 d.Ch.; Suevii în Spania până în 560 d.Ch.; Vandalii, care au cucerit Africa de Nord în 429 d.Ch., şi i-au persecutat furios pe Catolici, până în 530 d.Ch., când au fost izgoniţi de Belisarius; Burgundii, până la incorporarea lor în Imperiul Franc (în 534); Longobarzii în Italia, până la mijlocul secolului VII - lea d.Ch. Alaric, primul cuceritor al Romei, Genseric, cuceritorul Africii de Nord, Thedoric cel Mare, Împăratul Italiei, şi eroul din Niebelungenlied, au fost Ariani; şi prima traducere Teutonică a Scripturilor, din care au rămas fragmente importante, au provenit de la misionari Ariani sau Semi-Ariani - Ulfilas. 1 Vezi şi http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebioniti 1 Astfel biserici ariene au existat în sec. IV d.Ch., ele au dispărut în secolele VI-VII d.Ch. datorită măsurilor politice şi militare extreme. Însuşi Constantin cel Mare a fost botezat de un episcop arian (Eusebiu de Nicomedia). Idei ariene a împărtăşit şi episcopul Felix II de Roma, de asemenea Wulfila cărturar capodociano-got, numit şi apostolul goţilor, traducător al Bibliei în limba gotică. Wulfila sau Ulfila, a trăit între anii 311 şi 381 d.Ch. el ştia trei limbi: limba goţilor, latina şi greaca. Cum la Constantinopol pe vremea aceea se vorbea greaca, probabil că el a fost ca translator pentru goţi. El a rămas la Constantinopol timp de zece ani. În acea perioadă, el a devenit creştin şi a primit o bună educaţie. Contactul cu Eusebiu de Nicomedia, care ţinea învăţătura lui Arie, l-a făcut pe Ulfila să fie creştin arian. El a fost ordinat şi instruit de către Eusebius din Nicomedia, pentru a lucra ca misionar în rândurile goţilor. Teodoret în cartea IV, 37 spune că Ulfila considera întreaga controversă ariană ca o chestiune indiferentă, care a fost ridicată de unii preoţi ambiţioşi din plăcerea de dispută. În anul 341 d.Ch., Ulfila a fost consacrat ca episcop şi misionar pentru goţi. Filostorg spune că Ulfila până la vârsta de 30 ani a fost lector. Istoricul Socrate în cartea III, 24 şi Sozomen în cartea VI, 37 afirmă că Ulfila a luat parte la Sinodul creştin din Constantinopol, ţinut în anul 360 şi că numele lui e subscris pe confesiunea ariană. În primii şapte ani, a lucrat ca misionar în Goţia. El a predicat Evanghelia în limba goţilor, în limba greacă şi în limba latină. În limba latină desigur vorbea populaţiei din Dacia Traiană, subjugată de goţi. Goţii stăpâneau teritoriul din răsăritul şi apusul Mării Negre, de la Don până la Carpaţi. Deci, părţi din Ucraina, Basarabia, Moldova, Muntenia şi Dobrogea. Ei erau mai multe triburi germanice. În anul 367 d.Ch., iscându-se o neînţelegere între Atanaric şi Fridigern, Ulfila a fost trimis de Fridigern în fruntea unei delegaţii la Valens, care comanda trupele imperiului de răsărit ce se aflau în Tracia, cu rugămintea să-l ajute în lupta contra lui Atanaric. Acesta a acceptat şi Atanaric a fost înfrânt. Trimiterea lui Ulfila în această delegaţie diplomatică ne dovedeşte stima de care se bucura în faţa regelui şi a poporului său. Socrate susţine că drept recunoştinţă pentru ajutorul dat în luptă, Fridigern, care şi el era creştin, probabil câştigat de Ulfila, a adoptat pentru ai lui creştinismul în forma ariană care era dominantă pe acea vreme în imperiul Roman de răsărit. Alţii sunt de părere că arianismul a fost de timpuriu, căci aceasta e după Sinodul de la Constantinopol, unde Ulfila deja se declarase de partea lui Arie, ca şi majoritatea participanţilor. Ulfila a fost un distins bărbat de acţiune. Spre a ajuta pe goţi să devină creştini, el şi-a dat seama că e nevoie să aibă Biblia în limba lor. Fiindcă cunoştea bine greaca şi latina, el s-a hotărât să o traducă. Dar goţii nu aveau alfabet, limbaj scris. Astfel că a trebuit să compună întâi alfabetul lor cu 24 litere, ca să poată exprima sunetele limbii teutonice a goţilor. Biblia lui Ulfila a fost prima carte scrisă în limba gotică. Ea e străbunica literaturii germane. „The Lion Encyclopedia of the Bible”, 1978, pagina 73, spune că o mare parte din textul tradus supravieţuieşte în manuscrise, deşi limba goţilor a murit de mult. Pentru a-şi instrui şi a-şi înmulţi adepţii, spune istoricul Will Durant, el a tradus cu răbdare, din limba greacă în limba gotică, toată Biblia, exceptând cărţile Regilor (The Age of Faith). Astăzi, în afara unui fragment din cartea lui Neemia, singurele manuscrise din Biblia gotică ce mai există, conţin fragmente din Noul Testament. Limba gotică nu era o limbă scrisă. Prin urmare, Wulfila s-a confruntat cu o mare dificultate în ce priveşte traducerea, fapt care i-a pretins o excepţională ingeniozitate. The New Encyclopædia Britannica face următoarea remarcă: „El a inventat o terminologie germanică creştină folosită şi astăzi într-o oarecare măsură”. În cei şapte ani de lucrare misionară în Goţia, o mare parte din poporul got a devenit creştină. Auxenţiu, biograful lui Ulfila spune că el a făcut creştini pe goţi „în adevăratul înţeles al cuvântului”. Desigur că nu a fost uşor. Goţii aveau o fire foarte războinică. De aceea, când a tradus Biblia, Filostorg ne spune în Istoria Bisericii II, 5, că Ulfila cu multă înţelepciune a evitat să traducă cele două cărţi ale lui Samuel şi ale Împăraţilor, căci se gândea că acestea ar putea reaprinde în ei spiritul bătăios. El a câştigat inima poporului pentru Cristos Domnul.
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