Black Female Sexuality and Nature of Womanhood
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Melisa Slipac BLACK FEMALE SEXUALITY AND NATURE OF WOMANHOOD IN THREE WORKS BY AFRICAN-AMERICAN FEMALE AUTHORS: Harriet Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston and Gayl Jones VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken, 2009. 1 Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 5 2. Presence and absence of African-American Women in United States society, history and literary discourse ............................................................... 8 2. 1. Erasure and exclusion of African-American presence from American dominant society and literary production ........................................................................................... 8 2. 2. Invisibility and marginality of black women in African-American cultural history .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1. The myth of the black macho ................................................................................. 16 2. 3. Exclusion and absence of black women from white feminist theory and the emergence of Black feminist movement ........................................................................... 17 2.4. The position of black women in American Society .................................................. 18 2.4.1. Silence of the oppressed ......................................................................................... 18 2.4.2. Multiple oppression of Black women and questions of identity ...................... 19 2.4.3. Race-sex analogy .............................................................................................. 20 2.4.4. Double and multiple ‘jeopardies’ ........................................................................... 21 2.5. ‘Lifting the veil of silence’: Political activities of black female leaders of the 19th century and their fight for equal rights ............................................................................ 23 3. Sexuality and the nature of womanhood of black women ......................... 27 3.1. The construction of sexuality and femininity of black women ................................ 27 3.2. Historical analysis of black female sexuality ............................................................ 30 3.2.1. Iconography of the black female bodies in the nineteenth century .................. 30 3.2.2. Black female slave experience ............................................................................... 34 3.2.3. Reconstruction period and Jim Crow laws ....................................................... 38 3.3. Complexity of social roles of black women ............................................................... 40 3.3.1. Black woman’s economic role and labor-force participation .......................... 40 3.3.2. Disorganization of the black family and female-headed families .......................... 43 3.4. Dominant stereotypes and images of black womanhood in American society ...... 47 3.4.1. Image of the masculinized black woman ............................................................... 48 3.4.2. The Jezebel myth .................................................................................................... 49 3.4.3. The Sapphire stereotype ......................................................................................... 50 3.4.4. Image of the mobile middle-class woman .............................................................. 52 3.5. Stereotyped images of black women in American Literature ................................. 52 2 3.5.1. The black mammy figure ....................................................................................... 52 3.5.2. The image of the black concubine .......................................................................... 53 3.5.3. The tragic mulatta image ........................................................................................ 54 3.6. Stigmatizing black beauty .......................................................................................... 56 4. Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ................................... 61 4.1. Short biography of Harriet Ann Jacobs and summary of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ............................................................................................................................. 61 4.1.1. The publication, marketing and re-discovery of Incidents ..................................... 64 4.2. Tradition of the slave narratives ................................................................................ 66 4.2.1. Historical development of slave narratives ............................................................ 66 4.2.2. Conventions of slave narratives ............................................................................. 69 4.2.3. The uniqueness of Jacobs’ slave narrative ............................................................. 72 4.3. Authenticity, authority and objectives of Incidents .................................................. 74 4.3.1. Objectives and critique ........................................................................................... 74 4.3.2. Questions of authenticity and authority .................................................................. 75 4.4. Sexuality and notions of womanhood ........................................................................ 77 4.4.1. Ideology of true womanhood vs. real womanhood ................................................ 77 4.4.2. Heroic slave mother ................................................................................................ 79 4.4.3. Jealous mistress ...................................................................................................... 81 4.4.4. Sexual exploitation and redefinition of sexuality and womanhood ....................... 82 4.4.5. Relation between black and white women ............................................................. 87 4.5. Genre conventions, narrative technique and literary styles .................................... 88 4.5.1. Conventions of the seduction novel and rejection of the tragic mulatta stereotype89 4.5.2. Literary styles and narrative voice ......................................................................... 94 4.5.3. Silences, omissions and the need for secrecy ......................................................... 95 4.5.4. The importance of Jacobs’ work ............................................................................ 96 5. Zora Neale Hurston: Their Eyes Were Watching God ................................ 98 5.1. Zora Neale Hurston and the Harlem Renaissance ................................................... 98 5.1.2. Hurston and the ‘New Negro Movement’ ............................................................ 103 5.1.3. Criticism and rediscovery of Zora Neale Hurston’s works .................................. 107 5.2. Formal aspects of Their Eyes Were Watching God ................................................. 109 5.2.1. Structure and plot ................................................................................................. 109 5.2.2. Language and narrative techniques ...................................................................... 111 5.3. Themes, motifs and characters ................................................................................. 112 3 5.3.1. Janie’s notions of sexuality, love and marriage ................................................... 114 5.3.2. Nanny as a tragic victim of slavery ...................................................................... 115 5.3.3. Jody Starks ........................................................................................................... 116 5.3.4. Tea Cake Woods .................................................................................................. 118 5.3.5. Janie as the questing heroine ................................................................................ 120 5.3.6. Power of speech vs. lack of voice ........................................................................ 121 5.3.7. Storytelling and the black community .................................................................. 124 5.3.8. Janie’s response to patriarchal power and the symbols of her liberation ............. 126 5.3.9. African-American identity and racial prejudice ................................................... 129 5.4. Reception and importance of Their Eyes ................................................................. 132 6. Gayl Jones: Corregidora .............................................................................. 134 6.1. Portrait of Gayl Jones ............................................................................................... 134 6.2. Policy of gender and sexuality in the 1970s fiction ................................................. 137 6.3. The analysis of Corregidora ...................................................................................... 139 6.3.1. Plot ....................................................................................................................... 140 6.3.2. Ancestral legacy of slavery and communal memory vs. individual experience .. 141 6.3.3. Sexuality and notions of womanhood .................................................................. 144 6.3.4. Homosexuality and Homophobia ......................................................................... 148 6.3.5. Female victimization