Volume 9, Issue 7(3), July 2020 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research

Published by Sucharitha Publications Visakhapatnam – India Email: [email protected] Website: www.ijmer.in

Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Dr.K. Victor Babu Associate Professor, Institute of Education Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Prof. S. Mahendra Dev Prof. Igor Kondrashin Vice Chancellor The Member of The Russian Philosophical Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Society Research, The Russian Humanist Society and Expert of The UNESCO, Moscow, Russia Prof.Y.C. Simhadri Vice Chancellor, Patna University Dr. Zoran Vujisiæ Former Director Rector Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institute Studies, New Delhi & Universidad Rural de Guatemala, GT, U.S.A Formerly Vice Chancellor of Benaras Hindu University, Andhra University University, Patna University Prof.U.Shameem Department of Zoology Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Raj Tater Andhra University Visakhapatnam Former Vice Chancellor Singhania University, Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana Dept. of Education, A.U. Campus Prof.R.Siva Prasadh Vizianagaram IASE Andhra University - Visakhapatnam Dr. Kameswara Sharma YVR Asst. Professor Dr.V.Venkateswarlu Dept. of Zoology Assistant Professor Sri.Venkateswara College, Delhi University, Dept. of Sociology & Social Work Delhi AcharyaNagarjuna University, Guntur I Ketut Donder Prof. P.D. Paul Depasar State Institute of Hindu Department of Anthropology Indonesia Andhra University – Visakhapatnam Prof. Roger Wiemers Prof. Josef HÖCHTL Professor of Education Department of Political Economy Lipscomb University, Nashville, USA University of Vienna, Vienna & Ex. Member of the Austrian Parliament Dr.Kattagani Ravinder Austria Lecturer in Political Science

Govt. Degree College Prof. Alexander Chumakov Chair of Philosophy MuluguTelangana Russian Philosophical Society Moscow, Russia Dr.B.S.N.Murthy Department of Mechanical Engineering GITAM University,Visakhapatnam Prof. Fidel Gutierrez Vivanco Founder and President Dr. Mustapha Inul Manuha Escuela Virtual de AsesoríaFilosófica Institute of Indigenous Medicine Lima Peru University of Colombo, SL. Dr.S.V Lakshmana Rao Coordinator Dr.Ton Quang Cuong A.P State Resource Center Dean of Faculty of Teacher Education Visakhapatnam University of Education, VNU, Hanoi

Prof. Chanakya Kumar Dr.S.Kannan Department of History Department of Computer Science University of Pune,Pune Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram Prof. Djordje Branko Vukelic Department for Production Engineering Dr. B. Venkataswamy University of Novi Sad, Serbia H.O.D.,& Associate Professor Dept. of Telugu, P.A.S. College Prof.Shobha V Huilgol Pedanandipadu, Guntur, India Department of Pharmacology

Off- Al- Ameen Medical College, Bijapur Dr.E. Ashok Kumar Department of Education Prof.Joseph R. Jayakar North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong Department of English Dr.K.Chaitanya GITAM University Department of Chemistry Hyderabad Nanjing University of Science and Technology Prof. Francesco Massoni People’s Republic of China Department of Public Health Sciences University ofSapienza, Rome Dr.Sandeep Narula Dept. of Management Sciences Prof. Mehsin Jabel Atteya IIHMR University, Jaipur Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Education Dr. BipashaSinha Department of Mathematics, Iraq S. S. Jalan Girls’ College University of Calcutta,Calcutta Prof. RonatoSabalzaBallado Department of Mathematics Prof. N Kanakaratnam University of Eastern Philippines,Philippines Dept. of History, Archaeology & Culture Dravidian University, Kuppam Satheesha H Andhra Pradesh Mettu University Mettu, Ethiopia Dr. K. John Babu Department of Journalism & Mass Comm Dr.J.B.Chakravarthi Central University of Kashmir, Kashmir Assistant Professor Department of Sahitya Dr.T.V.Ramana Rasthritya Vidyapeetha, Tirupati Department of Economics, Andhra University Campus, Kakinada Dr.Ni Luh Putu Agustini Karta Dr.Barada Prasad Bhol Department of Tourism TriatmaMulya Institute of Economy Registrar, ISBM University Bali, Indonesia Chhatisgarh, India

© Editor-in-Chief, IJMER® Typeset and Printed in India www.ijmer.in IJMER, Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, concentrates on critical and creative research in multidisciplinary traditions. This journal seeks to promote original research and cultivate a fruitful dialogue between old and new thought. C O N T E N T S

Volume 9 Issue 7(3) July 2020

S.No Page 1. New Interpretations of : Special Reference to 1 Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda Ravi Kumar Kodali 2. Spirituality and Realization –A Way to Peace 13 Ouseppachan P A 3. A Study on the Role of Tourism Advertising and Exploring their 18 Possibilities in Indian Context with Special Reference to North East Prabhat Kumar 4. Intrepriting Bharat Leela: An Amazing Folk Dance of South 25 Odisha Bhagaban Sahu 5. Adolescents Addiction to Smart Phone and Its Remedies 31 Cyma Anjum and Bina Kumari 6. The Effectiveness of Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia 35 D. Udayakumar and V. Raja Babu 7. Insolvency Framework for Financial Service Providers (FSPs) 41 Binoy J. Kattadiyil and Adv. Ankita Agarwal 8. Covid-19 and Unpriviledge Class: An Analysis 45 Hajra Masood 9. Suicide Cases and Causes Reported in Forensic Medicine 52 Directorate and Isteqlal Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan Faridullah Rahiq, Li Xiguang, Muhammad Rehman, Azizaqa Zahed, Khalil Ahmad Pashtoonyar, Bashir Ahmad Taseer, Ahmad Shah Wazir and Mohammad Mustafa Amarkhil 10. COVID-19: Economy in Jeopardize 87 Gurpreet Kaur 11. Problems in Ship Breaking Industry of India: A Case of Alang 95 Ship Breaking Yard Hrudanand Misra 12. COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges to Emergency Remote 106 Learning in India: an Exploratory Analysis Janetius, S.T., Nayan. K.S. and Mini, T.C. 13. Impact of COVID-19 on the Student Development 116 Virendra Singh 14. Review on Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing Related 120 to Deployment Models and Cloud Service Models T. Srajan kumar, K. Bharath Reddy and E. Lingamurthy 15. A Study of Scholastic Achievement of Gifted Secondary School 127 Students of Vijayapur District in Relation to Their School Adjustment Jyotilaxmi.M.Irasur and V.V.Malagi 16. Advanced Macro Modified Textural Soil Classification System 133 Jitendra Khatti and Kamaldeep Singh Grover 17. कािलदासय नाटकयेषु िशशुचराणां योजनीयता –एका समीा 143 ड. दलीपकुमारपडा 18. 148

19. A Study of Shock Wave by Rusanov Method 159 Shailesh Nath Pandey 20. Massive Open Courses MOOCS: Future of E- Learning 169 Education Platform in India Abdul Jalil and Iftikhar Islam 21. 180

22. 185 G. Vivekananda Swamy 23. 189

24. Study on Stock Market and Mutual Fund 196 Margvi Aggarwal 25. Novel Corona Virus ( Covid-19) : A Survey of Journals and 204 Organization All Over the World Shivani Griwan and Lalit Kumar

ISSN : 2277 – 7881 Dr. K. VICTOR BABU Impact Factor :6.514(2020) M.A.,M.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.,PDF, (D.Lit) Index Copernicus Value: 5.16 Associate Professor, Institute of Education & Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research (IJMER) & Sucharitha: A Journal of Philosophy and Religion Mettu University, Metu, Ethiopia.

Editorial……

It is heartening to note that our journal is able to sustain the enthusiasm and covering various facets of knowledge. It is our hope that IJMER would continue to live up to its fullest expectations savoring the thoughts of the intellectuals associated with its functioning .Our progress is steady and we are in a position now to receive evaluate and publish as many articles as we can. The response from the academicians and scholars is excellent and we are proud to acknowledge this stimulating aspect. The writers with their rich research experience in the academic fields are contributing excellently and making IJMER march to progress as envisaged. The interdisciplinary topics bring in a spirit of immense participation enabling us to understand the relations in the growing competitive world. Our endeavour will be to keep IJMER as a perfect tool in making all its participants to work to unity with their thoughts and action. The Editor thanks one and all for their input towards the growth of the Knowledge Based Society. All of us together are making continues efforts to make our predictions true in making IJMER, a Journal of Repute

Dr.K.Victor Babu Editor-in-Chief

SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE, SCIENCES, ART & DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, LAW www.ijmer.in

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF BUDDHIST ART: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AMARAVATI AND NAGARJUNAKONDA

Mr. Ravi Kumar Kodali Research Scholar Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

The art of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda had its beginnings during the Mauryan period. In due course of time, the art flourished under the different patronage of art lovers, besides the contributions made by the various sections of the society. The carvings at Amaravati reached a climax and excelled the art of Barhut, and western Indian Rock-cut caves etc. The style of Buddhist art reached its climax in the various carvings at Amaravati and there by justified in being called the Amaravati school of art. During the period under consideration, it became a normal trend to adorn the with beautifully carved panels on pale green or white limestone. Only a few stupas have retained a few panels while at Amaravati, the panels are not only large in number, but also varied in nature. The school of Amaravati art later on spread across Nagarjunakonda, Kesanapalli, Chandavaram, Jaggayyapeta etc. The present study is look into new interpretations of Buddhist art in Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda. Many scholars attempted to reveal the rich art and architecture of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda but it still incomplete. The idea of art and motives which exists in pre and protohistoric sites like cave temples, open temples are unreadable and incomplete why because we can read the physical form of art and architecture but not sentiment of our ancestors. Here, we attempt to evaluate and codified the Buddhist art with two references, with the help of new techniques and interpretation in metropolitan cultural dimensions.

Keywords: Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, Art and Architecture, Buddhist art,

The earliest art of Amaravati can be seen across the granite rail, particularly on the uprights. The registers included the Triratna symbol, a Vriksha chaitya and a on outline. These are dated to 3rd century B.C. on the basis of the associated cross-bar, which is inscribed. Particularly in the carvings of the stupa, in outline, one can see characters of graphic art. It is from these initial beginnings, the Amaravatiart records strides of development as seen in the sculptures of the limestone stele and the Yaksha figures, which are presently displayed in the Archaeological Site Museum, at Amaravati. The stele is all the more important because it records in six scenes, the events connected with the life of Buddha from to his final Mahapariniruana at Kusmagara. Most of these scenes are appended with label inscriptions, which is a practice very common at Barhut. On the second face of the stele, the buildings at Sravastf are depicted along with the story related to Anadhapindika. The story goes to say that Anadhapindika purchases Jetavana from prince Jeta for the construction of

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 1 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Gandhara, Kausambhi, and Karerikut etc., for the residence of Lord Buddha. On the third face of the stele, the river Krishna is represented as flowing water flanked by multi-storeyed structure provided with stair case. Also, a vaulted structure with massive pillars and other structures having chaitya arches and a pavilion are all carved inside a railing. The structural complex may as well belong to the Vandanamagoshti. In general, the art on the stele bears close resemblance to the art of Suhgas as seen across the panels of Barhut. In some aspects particularly while showing structures isometrically the Amaravati artisans exhibited a lead. The other sculptures like the Elephant, the Yaksha and the Stupa figures indicate flatness in form and angularities recalling examples from Barhut. Datable to 1st century B.C., are the panels, which included the adoration of the Bodhiuriksha at Bodhgaya and the scene related to the Mahabhinishkramana. These figures are characterized by shallow reliefs besides flat and plump limbs. They maintain smiling faces. They had turbans crowned over the head and the human bodies are decorated with heavy jewellery. These features are common to the sculptures of the Sunga period available at Barhut and Sanchi. Comprising of a harmonious blend of the Suriga art form we have a few art pieces at Jaggayyapeta. However, the Jaggayyapeta examples appear slender and tall compared to similar examples of Amaravati. In both the cases angularities and linear features are common. It is held that these figures have some comparable features to the Chenchu population of the Krishna valley. In the Buddhist tradition, kingship was idealized as the Universal Monarch. The panel of Chakravartin recovered at Jaggayyapeta depicts a motif of this kind. In this panel, the seven emblems of his supremacy namely Wife, Horse, Minister, General, Elephant, Wheel and the Star are arranged on either side of a standing male figure representing the Chakravartin. From the top of the panel a few coins descend, symbolically stating that a righteous king at his will can cause showers of food, cloth, jewels and coins. According to a set of scholars, the Chakravartin represented in this panel is no other than Mandhate of the Jataka stories. The story goes to suggest that excessive greed on the part of the Chakravartin resulted in his downfall. In this panel, the central figure representing the king is carved with elongated arms, flat body and the arrangement of the various members of the panel are out of balance. Almost to the same time of 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., are the representations of the worship of the Bodha tree and the stupa at Rarnagrama identified at the stupa of Chandavaram. Also, belonging to the same time is the stupa at Dhulikatta, where panels representing the worship of the stupas, the and the panel representing the Buddhapadas being sheltered by Muchalinda Naga are noticed. An interesting panel representing a Srivatsa symbol from which a number of lotus shoots emanate has been reported from the stupa at Kesanapalli, this panel also bears similarity with the early panels of Amaravati. After the early additions the Mahastupa of Amaravati began to be embellished with many more panels across the drum and the dome. These additions can be dated to the time of the later Satavahanas. The earlier railing, which was, humble in nature is replaced by a majestic and granite railing during this period. The railing itself is also decorated with a number of panels. The name of Sivasri appears on the railing probably suggesting that the work was done during the time of SivaskandaSatakarni.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 2 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

During the Mature phase of the Amaravatiart, the later Satavahana rulers like VasisthiputraPulumavi, Sivasri and Yajna Satakarni were ruling the region. During the later Satavahana period, the coping above the railing was decorated in all fullness. On the outer face of the coping stone men and women are carved as carrying a long meandering garland. In the intermediate space’s representation of Stupa, Wheel, and Bodhi-tree are carved with a view to fill in the gaps. The garland is so carved that it is emitting out of monsters, flanked by makaras and dwarfs. On the interior side of the coping, a number of scenes related to the life of Buddha and the Jataka stories are carved. The uprights or the Three are decorated with medallions consisting of full- blown lotus, half lotus and the Pumaghata. Images of Lions are crowned above the coping close to the gates. Just opposite to the entrance, facing the entrance itself, the drum of the stupa is provided with panels representing either the Foot-prints of Buddha or the . On the stupa proper the drum-slabs are decorated with highly ornate stupa representations alternated by the panels of Dharmachakra. Occasionally, the panels constitute representation of the four miracles performed by Lord Buddha. The four projections of the drum in the cardinal directions are crowned by five ayaka pillars. Across the 'anda' portion or the dome of the stupa, there are three registers of sculptures exhibiting skill in all its excellence. The top most register is characterized by panels representing the Trisula motif. The immediate lower register is characterized by a number of panels depicting variously scenes related to Buddhist lore. Some of such scenes included the First Sermon of Buddha at Saranath, representation of a Chakravartin, the , the Dharmachakra etc. Also a number of Jataka stories and the events connected with the life of Buddha are carved in the middle register. At the bottom of these panels, a number of running animals are carved. Also each register is separated from the other by friezes of flowing creepers. During this phase, datable to the Satavahana period, the art of Amaravati reached its highest watermark. The carvings on the panels gain more depth and roundedness compared to the earlier phases. Panels appear to be throbbing with life. The composition included men and women with youthful appearance. The central figures are surrounded by groups of men and women in activity. The scenic location are also indicated in some of the panels by representing entrance gates, locations inside a palace or streets. The concept of space is well understood by the craftsman. In a number of panels, men and women are crowded around a central figure in a parabolic way. This is in contrast to what we find at Barhut and Sanchi. We know that in a number of panels of Barhut and Sanchi, human beings are represented one above the other in a tiered fashion, usually flanking on either side or at the bottom of the central figure of the theme. In contrast, at Amaravati inside any single panel all the figures are grouped as if drawn to the central figure which usually is a symbolic representation of Buddha or the figure of a king or the image of Buddha itself. It is interesting that some of the figures are shown in three quarter profile. People in the foreground are some times carved with their back towards the onlooker. Also in a few other panels in front of the central theme, people are represented as if in a kneeling position, worshipping the Buddhapadas. In certain cases, the figures show the hip in back view and the torso in profile. Thus, the Mature phase of

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 3 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Amaravati art is characterized by three-dimensional representation of the various flexes and twists of the body. “It is this arrangement of figures and settings in a number of planes that distinguishes Andhra art from the , Sanchi or other schools, and this is attributed to the Roman influence, for Maisolia was a hinder land of Roman trade from the 1st century A.D. In general, the figures carved are slim and prominent; they have long legs and light body. The standing postures are vibrant with dynamism. Whether it be an animal motif or a human being in a scene, the figures are full of life and graceful expression. Some of the scenes connected with the life of Buddha included the adoration of the begging bowl of Buddha, the meeting of Gautama with his wife, the submission of the mad elephant Nalagiri etc. The choicest Jataka tales sculptured in panels included the Vidurapandita, the Vessantara, the Champeyya etc. Also, the worship of Buddha in the form of a Flaming-pillar has become a novel feature of the Amaravatiart. All these features sculptured on panels unconsciously convey the greatness of the Paramita of . Among the Mahasarighikas, the Caityakas were responsible for the worship of Buddha in the form of an image. The genesis of this trend can be traced to the second half of 1st century or the beginnings of 2nd century A.D. Though, the Buddha is conceived in human form, symbolic representation of him continued in the form of a Lotus in a vase, a Pillar crowned by Lion capital, an Empty-throne, Foot-prints, Pillars crowned by Wheel, a Stupa and finally a pillar of Fire, the Bodhitree crowned by the event related to the crossing of the river Niranjara by the Buddha, individual Relic- casket as the focus of worship is known from Amaravati. At Sanchi, a flame of fire is associated with the meditating Buddha. In one of the panels on the east gateway of Sanchi the miracle of the serpent in the fire temple at Uruvela is represented. In this, Buddha is represented as . a Flamming fire or torch. In contrast, to representing the Buddha in the form of a flame or torch as at Sanchi, the craftsman at Amaravatiadopted a Flaming-pillar crowned by a Dharmachakra and Trident symbol with an Empty-throne and Foot-prints in the foreground as a symbolic representation of the Buddha, in the panel representing the event connected with the presentation of Rahula. At Nagarjunakonda, belonging to a slightly later date Flamming-pillar symbolically represented the presence of Buddha in the Nalagiri episode carved on an ayaka-panel. Apparently, the artisans under the direction of the Caityakavadins or in general the Mahasarighika school, followed the theme associating fire with Buddha as prescribed in the DighaNikaya. “...... the flaming pillar which symbolizes the idea that the Buddha sat on sodhimanda where Agni (fire) emerged anew as part of the suns power”. At Amaravati" the first sermon of Buddha at Saranath is represented by a pillar crowned by a Dharmachakra. In the foreground, a cushioned Emptythrone representing Buddha is depicted. The panel is flanked on either side by chouri bearers and a large number of devotees. At the base of the throne a deer is represented symbolizing the event at Saranath and in the top portions Lions are represented. In this panel, the Buddha is however not represented in human form. It is of interest to note

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 4 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 that at Amaravatiseated Buddha in the ‘DharmachakraPravartanamudra’ is not represented in human form. In due course of time the artists of Amaravati on the dictates of their patron , have produced the images of Buddha. These images are tail and heavy. Their bodies are covered with heavy draperies exhibiting prominent folds of (Uttara) Sanghati. The common mode of representation of Buddha is with the robe covering the left shoulder and the left forearm is bent up with a view to holding the robe, while the right arm is in Abhayamudra. There are cases where in both the shoulders of Buddha are covered with a cloth with multiple folds. In either case, the toga-like garment is reminiscent of the Roman impact on the images of Buddha. In addition to the images of Buddha, we have icons and images of . In panels, they are represented either in seated or standing positions with a prominent halo behind their head. Some of the images may be identified as Padmapani belonging to 2nd century A.D. From the village of Goli a similar image of Bodhisattva Padmapani is reported which shares some common features with similar images at Nasik and Mathura. Nagarjunakonda Art The art of Nagarjunakonda has been studied by many scholars after its initial discovery followed by retrieval of many more pieces through the excavations. A critical analysis of the art of Nagarjunakonda indicated that ‘the general atmosphere of allegiance and sophistication, of passionate gaiety and animation, of conscious grace and dolorous dalliance, and sometimes even of exuberant abandon and trembling unrest all unmistakable evident in the Andhra reliefs of this period - have also been noticed again and again. When compared to the joyful and animated reliefs of Bodhgaya, Barhut and Sanchi the art exhibited at Amaravati and more particularly at Nagarjunakonda is sensuous and mundane and exhibit the innocent joy in life. This is in contrast to the physical charm perceivable in the Yakshus of Mathura and to some extent Barhut and Didarganj. When compared to Sanchi and Mathura, the art of AmaravatiandNagarjunakonda is passionate and sensuous representing a Mature phase. This also shows a change in the aesthetic vision technical exuberance and changing ideals of beauty. It has been stated that the transformation in the art is from the stable and permanent to the transient and mobile. The change is in tune with the artistic development from Barhut to Amaravati there is, along the arrow line of time, a story of evolution along a straight high way laid down by the art itself from the epigraphical record of Nagarjunakonda, we understand that the art was patronized by members of the , the ladies of the royal and noble families who were attached to the Buddhist order. Also, a monastic establishment at AmaravatiandNagarjunakonda represent a transitional phase in Buddhist ideology and thereby the art is a reflection of that. The reliefs of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda along with those at Goli represent a physiognomic composition of men and women comparable to the description given for the progressive type of the Chenchus. This aspect is evident in the representations of the human beings of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda across the well- built frame and slim and springy physiognomic forms of men and women. Particularly, the busts of women are slighter and softer and the lips thinner and narrower, much as we find amongst Chenchu women. Also, slender and tall with elongated legs tapering

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 5 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 downwards particularly standing in an abhangapose with the entire weight of her body resting on her right leg, as such the female form is mastered by the craftsman. In some cases the physical form was able to express the psychological state of men and women. In a general way, we may say that linearism dominated the human sculptures with all grace and charm. Each sculpture, human or animal, throbs with life. The human figures are present in each scene, in all possible poses and attitude. Some of them express high tension while others elegant languor. “Indeed at Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda of the Satavahanas and the Ikshvakus, men and women were no longer the innocent children of nature, they had blossomed into full blooded youths, and myths and legends of the religion they belonged to, had become but the vehicles of their own visions and experiences” In the art of Amaravati two streams can be seen, one is of refined, elegant, courtly and sophisticated while the other is simple, easy and spontaneous. Even in the friezes of animals represented at Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda, we find dynamism in its fullness. In the terracotta art of Nagarjunakonda, the impact of Roman art is clear. Even at Yelesvaram some of the terracotta figures suggest Roman impact in the treatment of the faces, expressions, hairdo etc. In general, the art of Nagarjunakonda over takes the one we find at Amaravati, under-current of experience gained at Bodhgaya, Sanchi, western Indian caves and Amaravati can all be felt in the panels of Nagarjunakonda. It is also stated that the faces of men and women at Amaravati are slightly oval while those at Nagarjunakonda are rounded. “The Art of Amaravati is an Art of experience, the Art of Nagarjunakonda is an Art of statement, yet both belong technically and the point of view of craft to the same level”. The most interesting aspect of the art of Nagarjunakonda is the Mithuna couples. They are sensuous and in various poses. The masculine grace and the feminine charm expressed in them indicate a fine workmanship. In certain aspects some of the rectangular reliefs of the Nagarjunakonda, which are elaborately carved with roundness in form, recall examples of ivory work. At Nagarjunakonda, a large number of sculptures representing Buddha have come to light. They have been variously employed as decorative images to the stupas and independent images as well. The monastic establishments at Nagarjunakonda particularly under the patronage of AparaMahavinaseliya sect has established the worship of Buddha in human form. During this period, the human form of Buddha finds placement in the narrative panels besides being icons of worship in the Buddha-chaityas. In general, these artistic t adventures are dated to the period of the rule of the Ikshvakus of Srfparvata- Vijayapurf. In general, the images of Buddha here range in height from 2 to 4 meters. Most of them are standing images holding the hem of the garment with the left hand and the right hand representing Abhayamudra. In general, the images possess more body mass than their counterparts at Amaravati Also, images with the Sahghati covering both the shoulders are not much favoured at Nagaijunakonda. Besides, the events connected with the life of Buddha, a large number of Jataka stories were depicted in panels adorning the stupas. In general characters the compositions of the themes appear more animated. The figures in general are taught and slender. In some of the panels representing motifs related to amorous

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 6 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 scenes, wine drinking, wrestling, guards etc., we find a clear impact of the presence of Sakas at Nagaijunakonda. Some of the representations included guards with a beard and long hair covered by a pointed helmet. They are usually represented in heavy tunics, trousers and boots. Some of the best representations of this kind can be seen in the Indo- Scythian figures carved on pillars constituting the palace area of Vijayapuri.

The art of the Ikshvaku times is also to be seen at various places like Goli, Uppugunduru, Chandavaram, Gummadidurru, Nelakondapalli, Alluru, Namburu, Jaggayyapeta, Ghantasala, Chinaganjam, Buddam, Rentala, Garikapadu etc., The Buddhist art of the post Ikshvaku period can be seen in the stone and Bronze images of Nelakondapalli, Sankaram, Amaravati Salihundam, Guntupalle etc. However, the Bronze images of Avaloketesvara and Siddhartha from Nagarjunakonda and the images of Buddha from Nelakondapalli and Buddam, represent classic pattern of the images. As the art of Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati have influenced the / later art forms of the Vishnukundins, Salankayanas, the Pallavas etc., this art is called the Andhra art. The recent excavations at Kanaganahalli not far away from Sannati in have brought to light a number of sculptured panels. They belong to 2nd-3rd centuries A.D. and show definite sign of the impact of Amaravati-Ndgarjunakonda art style. It is interesting that a number of epigraphs of Kanaganahalli mention the name of Dhanyakataka, Even in the western Indian Rock-cut examples, we find definite signs of Amaravati style of art. Particularly, in the painted compositions of Ajanta, we find a definite sign of Amaravati mark on the postures and grouping of figures.

The Buddhist art of the lower Krishna valley influenced the South East Asian Buddhist art, particularly the standing images of Budha with heavy physique and the robe covering the forearm along with the Abhayamudra of the right arm have influenced the art of South East Asia. Also the Uma, a circular mark on the forehead of the images of Buddha of Krishna valley along with a topknot of the hair have been adopted by the South East Asian Buddhist establishments. The Bronze images of Buddha excavated in Celebes and in Malaya along with the Pong-Tuk Bronzes of Thailand datable to 5th Century A.D., recall features common to the Buddha images of Amaravati At Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, particularly the Runaveli stupa is adorned with images of Buddha which received similar influence

. The rock paintings at Sihagiri dated to 5th Century A.D. are abound in images of Buddha, which received similar influence. Thus, the Buddhist art that was developed at Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda had a deep impact on the art of South East Asia and Srilanka.

The Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda reliefs tell stories in the most sublime way, their superb composition tantalizes the viewer with associative thinking whose meanings we often cannot read. But we need to hope that one day we will fully understand them.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 7 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

PLATES

Sarvaṃdada jataka, rail pillar (detail), Amaravati, c. 3rd century AD, British Museum.

Unidentified scene, rail pillar (detail), Amaravati, 3rd century AD,

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 8 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

British Museum

Unidentified scene, rail coping (detail), Amaravati, c. 1st–2nd century AD, Government Museum, Chennai

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 9 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Nagarjunakonda, c. 3rd century ce, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda.

Seven scenes from the life of the Buddha, drum frieze, Nagarjunakonda, late 3rd century AD, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjuakonda.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 10 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Sarvaṃdada jataka, fragment, Nagarjunakonda, c. 3rd century AD, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda.

Reference Barrett, D.E. 1954a. Sculptures from Amaravati in the British Museum, London. Barrett, D.E. 1954b, The later school of Amaravati and its influences, Arts and Letters (Journal of the India, Pakistan and Ceylon Society) 28(2): 41– 53. Becker, C. 2009. Remembering the : the revival of a ‘ruin’, in Hawkes and Shimada 2009: 267–87. Bopearachchi, O. 2008. Sculptures of Amaravati tradition in Sri Lanka, Journal of the Asiatic Society 50: 1–26. Cole, H.H. 1882a. Memorandum of the present condition of Amaravati tope in Madras, India Home Proceedings, Archaeology, June 1882 (BL, IOR, P/1681). Coomaraswamy, A.K. 1929. Buddhist reliefs from Nāgārjunakoṇḍa and Amarāvatī, Rupam 38–39: 70–6. Burgess, J. 1887. The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayapeta in the Krishna District, Madras Presidency, Surveyed in 1882, Archaeological Survey of Southern India 1, London (reprinted , 1970). Dimand, M.S. 1928. Two Indian reliefs of the Amarāvatī school, Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum Art 23(10): 238–44. Howes, J. 2002. Colin Mackenzie and the stupa at Amaravati, South Asian Studies 18: 53–64. Howes, J. 2009. The colonial history of sculptures from the Amaravati stupa, in Hawkes and Shimada 2009: 20–37.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 11 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Ghosh, A. and Sarkar, H. 1967. Beginning of sculptural art in south-east India: a stele from Amaravati, Ancient India 20–1 (1964–5): 168–77. Gupta, S.S. 2008. Sculptures and Antiquities in the Archaeological Museum, Amarāvatī, New Delhi. Koezuka, T. 1994. The Amaravati sculpture, in Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Sculpture from the British Museum (exhib. cat.): 21–4, Tokyo. Rea, A. 1912. Excavations at Amaravati, ARASI (1908–9), 88–91. Sarkar, H. 1971. Some early inscriptions in the Amaravati museum, Journal of Ancient Indian History 4 (1–2), 1–13. Shimada, A. 2006. The great railing at Amarāvatī: an architectural and archaeological reconstruction, ArtibusAsiae 66(1), 89–141. Singh, U. 2001. The dismembering of the Amaravati stupa, South Asian Studies 17: 19–40. Sivaramamurti, C. 1942 Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum, Bulletin of Madras Government Museum, ns, general section, 4, Madras. Schopen, G. 1988. On the Buddha and his bones: the conception of a relic in the inscriptions of Nagarjunako..a, Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, 527–37 (also included in G. Schopen, 1997, Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: 148–64, Honolulu, Hawaii). Nagarjunako..a Ramachandran, T.N. 1953. 1938, MASI 71, Delhi (reprinted 1999). Misra, B.N. 2000. Some newly discovered Jatakas at Nagarjunakonda, in South Indian Archaeolog y (ed. G. Kamalakar, M. Veerender and A. Vijaya Kumar Babu): 100–9, Delhi. Khare, M. D. 1962. Ceylonese monks in Nagarjunakonda, Maha Bodhi 72(11– 12): 317–19. Nagarjunako..a, Longhurst, A.H. 1938. The Buddhist Antiquities of Madras Presidency, MASI 54, Delhi. Coomaraswamy, A.K. 1929. Buddhist reliefs from Nagarjunako..a and Amaravati, Rupam 38–39: 70–6.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 12 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

SPIRITUALITY AND REALIZATION –A WAY TO PEACE

Ouseppachan P A Research Scholar Department of Philosophy, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady

Abstract

Human beings are peace-loving by nature. It is because of the spiritual nature. And both this spiritual and peaceful situation can constitute the background for the all-round development of one’s life. The notion of peace has to be understood generally in two ways: peace within the person and peace outside the person. The main question that arises is how to attain peace in one’s life. It is the perennial search that most of us ask. Moreover, there may be many ways and means for it. But with an Indian Philosophical perspective this paper is an attempt to find a way for it. The spiritual characteristics of Indian Philosophy could open the horizons with the foundations on spirituality and realization as the way for peace. It is to be noted that an actualising spirituality can transform the person for a harmonious understanding towards each other and manifest the values like compassion, tolerance and acceptance. This becomes the motto of life along with all other progress of the world. Therefore, this kind of vocabularies has to be a constant companion of humanity along with all the so called developments. If this spiritual values to be practiced; a realized person will be a channel for harmony and peace to one’s surroundings and finally to the world as well.

Key words: Spirituality, Realization, Peace, Values, Practice

Introduction

Spirituality has become an inseparable aspect of humanity. It is difficult to find out the historical origin for the nature of spirituality. It goes with all humans as they are composed with body and spirit (soul). In the course of time human beings approached it for meaning of their life. “Spiritual,” being the nature; there aroused many religions as an expression of the spiritual nature of mankind. But it is to be noted that this paper is not dealing with the notion of any religions rather it only focus on a “spirituality” that can lead to the “realization” and thus resulting in peace within the person in all its radiance.

The concept peace has to be understood as ‘the inner state of mind where the person experiences harmony.’ There are different understandings on the attainment of “peace”. But the harmony or peace that the person experiences through the spiritual realization is positive and constructive to oneself and to the society. It is because of the logical connection underlining between the reality of spirituality and realization. Thus, the transformed person possesses the values like love, compassion, tolerance, and

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 13 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 acceptance. A spiritually realized person who shares a peaceful state of mind would include the vocabulary of a “universal” outlook. It implies the concepts like justice and care. Thus, this dynamic unity and harmony in turn become the vital energy and constructive force to be content and meaningful in one’s search for the ultimate meaning of life.

This paper is not to discard any exciting systems on realization but to analyse the role of spirituality along with realization. It can touch the heart of the individual than having any peripheral practice alone. And thus it will give a revised outlook towards spirituality and spiritual practices. A spiritual person has to manifest the nature of the “Divine” which one experiences within in the process of realization. The outcome of it such as peace, non-violence, justice and harmony would provide the way out for a harmonious living in its fullness.

Notion of Peace – A Land Mark of Indian Philosophy

A close analysis of classical, modern and contemporary Indian Philosophy will provide amble thinkers who have directly and indirectly touched the notion of peace in their contributions. When we analyses the characteristics of Indian Philosophy, beside its logical and metaphysical contributions, it is more of spiritual yet dynamic in nature. These spiritual characteristics are still carried on by even the contemporary philosophers of India even today. India has all the more realised the need of spirituality for a peaceful living of the humans in general. Moreover spirituality has a universal acceptance because of the very nature of humankind. It results in the emergence of peace within the person and to the vicinity where one live. This will be further analysed by taking into account some of the philosophical views of the Indian thinkers in particular; Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and the ancient sage Pataǹjali.

The Gandhian Philosophy regarding peace is much associated with his view on non- violence (ahimsa). This concept non-violence is even a pre-Gandhian notion which would find in the teachings of the various systems of Indian Philosophy especially in Jainism and Buddhism. Gandhi based his understanding on peace on nonviolence and forgiveness. More than his philosophical teachings on peace; Gandhi has manifested it with his life examples and principles. He was focusing on the good of all. His life has taught us that it is easy to teach various principles on peace but very difficult to put into practice. Here one is in need of the spiritual assistance to become a better channel of peace.

When we come to the visions of Rabindranath Tagore on peace, he is of the opinion that peace is the outcome of the inner harmony and spiritual unity within a person. It dwells in truth rather than any adjustments. He had a vision of both the inner aspects of peace as well as on the world peace. His writings were the key examples for the promotion of love and tolerance among the humanity. It is to be noted that he was well aware that when science and developments divorce spirituality and realization that would lead to

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 14 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 destruction. Hence we are compelled to re-read that without peace and peaceful atmosphere; all the so called developments and infrastructures would one day become worthless.

The ancient sage Pataǹjali too had understood the relevance of peace in the life of humans. To acquire a peaceful state of mind; through his contribution of Yoga Sūtra; Pataǹjali puts forward a way to attain purity and harmony by means of dhyāna or meditation. It is explicated clearly in the Aṣṭāṅga Yoga of Yoga Sūtra as “yama niyama āsanaprāṇāyāmaprathyāhāradhāraṇādhyāṇasamādhiyostamgani” (Yoga Sūtra2 : 29). The first five i.e., yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, and prathyāhāra are called bahirangasādhana (external components). The last three aredhāraṇā,dhyāṇa, and samādhi are called aṇdharangasādhana. All these stages are the stepping stone for attaining spiritual realization and thus the person enjoys peace and harmony. Aṣṭāga Yoga according to Shri Yogendra “it covers all aspects of human life that lead to physical well-being, mental harmony and spiritual consciousness culminating in positive and lasting happiness and peace through the integration of personality.”1

Spirituality –A Way of an Inner Journey

Spirituality in its general sense is an inward journey for the meaning of life. And spirituality has to be viewed from this perspective that it is the actualisation of those divine qualities of God and moulding our life in view of that Supreme Being or the content of one’s belief in experiencing and responding to it in one’s life here and now. In other words spirituality is the life witness of the Divine. It is the commitment towards other in the process of realisation that I am the part of that Divine Being. Besides this, spirituality is more of an individual practice and has to do with having a sense of peace and purpose. In order to limit what is spirituality in this frame of paper; it is the ongoing strive to know the source of our existence and find meaning of our existence.

Thus to be spiritual means to know and to live according to the knowledge that God is present to us in the very nature of spirit and in our body as we are his creations. This way of understanding enables one to have a personal relation to him. It will foster one in keeping harmony with one another and even to the cosmos. It is not out of fear or survival for existence but out of love for the creator and the result of realization. It has to be manifested in the day today life where the person who claims to be a believer in the Ultimate Reality. It is to be noted that whether the person is a believer or not; the need of peace is essential for every one which automatically have a divine realm than being a channel of “non- peace” and becoming a cause of “himsa”.

Spirituality and Realization –A Way to Peace The above analysis shows that there is an inseparable link between spirituality and realization. Spirituality is beyond ethics. It can surpass even all other forms of religious

1Shri Yogendra. Facts About Yoga.(Bombay: The Yoga Institute ,Santa Cruz, 1971) 27.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 15 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 practices and customs. It recalls one to have a search for the true meaning of one’s beliefs. It also focuses on the content of one being a believer. It will comprise both our innate nature to seek God and thus be a channel to help others in the way to realisation. It follows the simple logic that the divine aspect of a reality has to be divine. Thus, spirituality which leads to realization leads the person to a state of peace and peace of mind. How this spirituality is actualised will be clear from the following analysis.

The Nature of Spirituality

The very notion of spirituality itself related to the spirit, soul, and divine aspects. The fact of being spiritual implies the direction towards the divine. Even though there are many expressions in spiritual practice;2 the end result of it shows the qualities of the spirituality. The religiosity and other practices of the religions very well focus to the faith aspect of the person than realization, in particular to the Indian context; people too follow janana-mārga, karma-mārga, bhakti-mārga. The very nature of spirituality surpasses all the barriers that are around us in one’s constant search for the Truth.

The Uniqueness and Universality

The existence of similarities among religions points out a common factor as spirituality, which bounds the people in having religious harmony and even for the promotion of religious tolerance and acceptance. The common characteristics of religions show that there is an underlying factor that which unites all religions as well. It is nothing other than the spirituality that flows from the Divine Being to the human being and to the cosmos unites every one under one reality and one experiences.3 What is needed is religions has to Therefore, the universal need of peace to every living being including the cosmos would explicitly express its harmony. One thing has to be taken in to account about the consistency in striving for it rather than expecting an immediate result in the progress of peace. Here arose the need of spirituality and the realization which would result in peace and harmony.

Conclusion

The 21st century has to witness a new outlook towards this immense need of spirituality and realization. They are inseparable as they are interlinked with each other. If humanity realises the need of spirituality; it will result an outstanding implications in all the spheres of life. It will be a great blessing as well as a challenge to each one of us because spirituality comprises everything. It focuses not only the spiritual wellbeing of the humanity but also to the material wellbeing of every individual as it has the social dimensions. Moreover, spirituality upholds the humanitarian values like peace love and harmony among individuals and among humans despite of the different religions and other social implications.

2The undeniable reality of the existence of various religions in the world 3What is needed is that religions have to promote spirituality as its essence than ritualism

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 16 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Here the notion of “peace” to an extent could become a means and end. Peace as a means needs the way of spirituality and peace as an end result in realization and harmony in its outcome. In this way it is an enquiry into one’s nature and aim of life. Thus, Indian Philosophy has a new role to continue in this present situation as a promoter of peace. Therefore, to be at peace and to spread the fragrance of peace (shānti) one needs self-knowledge and knowledge of the Divine. This can create a harmony in life even to fulfil the puruṣhārthas like dharma, artha, kāma, and moksha.

References

Bhattacharyya, N N. Indian Religious Historiography VOl.1. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1996. Baba, Bangali. Yoga Sūtra of Pataǹjali. . With the Commentary of Vyasa. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, 2010. Badruddin. Global Peace and Anti- Nuclear Movements. New Delhi: 2003. Bharati, Swami Veda. Yoga Sūtras of Pataǹjali. With the Exposition of Vyasa. A Translation and Commentary Vol.1.Himalayam Institute India.2015. Dalai, B K. Yoga Traditions AnIndepth Study of Less Known Yoga Concept. Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan, 2013. Feuerstein,George. Textbook of Yoga. London: Rider and Company, 1975. James, Williams. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1977. Krishnananda, Swami. A sahort History of Religious and Philosophic Thoughtin India. U.P.Himalayas: The Divine Life Society Publication,1994. NilakantaSastri, K A. Development of Religion in South India. New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2017. Naikar, Chandramouli S. Makers of Indian Literture. Pataǹjali. of Yogasutras. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi,2002. Reardon, B A. Comprehensive Peace Education. New York: Teachers College Press,1988. Srivastava, Rama Shanker. Comparative Religion.New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd,1996. Vivekanad, Swami. Raja Yoga. Conquering the Internal Nature. AlsoPataǹjali. ’s Yoga Aphorism with Commenteries. Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, 2012. Weeraperuma, Susunaga. Major Religions of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, 1998.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 17 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF TOURISM ADVERTISING AND EXPLORING THEIR POSSIBILITIES IN INDIAN CONTEXT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NORTH EAST

Prabhat Kumar Research Scholar Department of Mass Communication and Journalism,Tezpur University, Assam

Abstract We live in an era which is connected more than ever. The world today has become a ‘Global Village’(McLuhan 1994:93). Innovations in transport and telecommunications have been the key enablers behind this process of globalization. The number of people moving in and out of their nations is on rise day by day. This is one of the primary reasons why the tourism sector has seen a huge growth. It is no longer just a leisure activity or about rich people spending their vacations overseas. Rather, it has evolved to have multiple dimensions. It is viewed as a way in which nations try to assert their soft power and create a niche market for their cultural products. It helps in improvement of bilateral relations between two countries. By creating employment opportunities in millions, it boosts the economy. It helps to attract investments in allied sectors. It is this reason why countries are increasingly becoming conscious about their image being projected on a global level. Today, branding has become essential not just for commercial, social or scientific entities but for nations too. A positive image helps in attracting a greater number of tourists, investors, students, consumers, donors etc. This paper is a comparative study of such advertisements to try and understand what lessons can be drawn out of successful tourism ad campaigns for the North East region.

Keywords: Tourism,Soft power, Globalization, Advertisements, Languages, Bilateral Relations, North East Region

Introduction Tourism is considered as one of the major sources of economic growth. At international level it is one of the fastest growing industries, accounting for more than 10% of total international trade and almost half of total trade in services, and can be considered as one of the world’s largest export earners (WTO, 2010). Tourism helps in increasing employment opportunities and thus reducing poverty. There are several examples of small islands that depend heavily on international tourism revenue and where the tourism sector has received strong support from the government (Louca, 2006). Tourism helps to increase the foreign exchange reserves of a nation which can then be used to import essential commodities. Tourism is the leading source of foreign exchange in at least one of three developing countries that have made it a priority sector, and this holds especially for small islands (Durbarry, 2004). It leads to investments in infrastructure of a nation. When Olympics, world cups, athletic events etc are organised in a nation it helps them to create a sound infrastructure and attract a greater number of

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 18 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 tourists. Tourism stimulates other economic industries by direct, indirect and induced effects.

Importance of ad campaigns

The world of traditional power politics was typically about whose military or economy wins but politics in an information age “may ultimately be about whose story wins” (Arquila and Ronfeldt, 1999). It is this reason why countries are increasingly becoming conscious about their image being projected on a global level. A well- managed country image helps the country to ‘brand its own products, services, its own culture’ or to say in exercising its soft power in the global arena. “Branding is essential not just for commercial,Social or scientific entities but for nations too. Countries compete with each other for the attention, respect and the trust of investors, tourists, consumers, donors, immigrants, the media and the governments of other nations” (Klodkowski, 2012). Languages being the carriers of culture, civilization and ideas play a significant role in the creation of a unique identity and image for the nations e.g. French, German, Swiss. Advertisements and the whole communication strategy to attract tourists is weaved keeping this unique identity in mind. This is how the media sets the agenda.According to the Agenda-setting Theory ‘(McCombs and Shaw, 1972), media plays a crucial role in the dissemination of information which consequently leads to determining what issues are important. Through this process, opinions are formed on almost everything, ranging from individuals to countries. Through the media, a unique picture is painted on the minds of people about countries. It is this media which forms these mental images.Thus, we have come know that Japanese technology is the best, China is authoritarian, Africa is dark continent, America stands for democratic ideals, Pakistan a terror exporting nation, people of Bhutan are the happiest, French perfumes have most pleasant fragrance, Canada is the land of Maple, Scandinavian nations are most peaceful and naturally beautiful.When we look at the nations which attract the most number of tourists each year we find that they are extremely good at selling these images. They try to create a unique identity for themselves through the advertisements.

France and Spain are much smaller nations compared to India. They also have much lesser geographical diversity. Still they continue to be on the top spot. One of the reasons for it being that the packaging of the message i.e. the way they communicate their message is very appealing. Take the case of France, the ads depict the grandeur of the city of Paris. They lay more emphasis on its architectural works, art works, museums, its rich history etc. Decorated churches such as Notre Dame Cathedral, Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, Palace of Versailles are key attractions. The ads are designed in a way to showcase the beauty in and around these beautiful landmarks. Language is something at the heart of identity.

French language has also played an important role in creation of a unique French identity which ultimately increases tourism in the country. French is the official language in 29 countries which includes many countries from Africa mainly due to colonial reasons. With about 300 million speakers it is the sixth most widely spoken

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 19 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 language in the world. France is a natural go to destination for higher studies and tourism for Francophone countries which find an easy connection due to familiarity with the language.

In case of Spain, The Alhambra(fortress), Seville Cathedral, Sagrada Familia, City of Arts and Sciences(Valencia), Córdoba’s Great Mosque, Guggenheim Museum ( Bilbao),Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, The Prado Museum (Madrid) are the key attractions displayed in tourism ads of the nation. Showcasing the human architectural wonders and the works of art is something at the core of Spanish tourism. Spanish language has benefited the nation in increasing tourism as it is the official language of 20 countries. With more than 400 million native speakers and being the second most spoken native language in the world people can find a connection very easily to this nation. It is no secret why Spanish songs are so popular globally owing to this cultural connection.

Tourism in India

India’s image has changed vastly in the post independent years. It was once considered the land of ‘snake charmers’ and ‘maharajas riding on elephants.’From there it is now seen as a nation of software engineers, scientists and mathematicians. Historian Bipan Chandra in his book India Since Independence says “In 1947, the country commenced its long march to overcome the colonial legacy of economic underdevelopment, gross poverty, near total illiteracy, wide prevalence of disease and stark social inequality andIn justice.” In 1991 India adopted the path of economic liberalization, privatization and globalization popularly called as LPG reforms following the balance of payments crisis. It opened its economy to foreign and private investment. The reforms gave a new direction to the Indian economy which has been on the path of rise since then. This has changed the international image of India.

Mukherjee & Malone (2011) say about these changes that India's voice carries more weight today in multilateral forums largely due to its enhanced economic power, political stability, and nuclear capability. India too realised this importance of image in assertion of soft power. Mazumdar (2018) argues that the sources of India’s soft power include Ayurveda, Bollywood, Buddhism, Cinema, Cricket, Cuisine, Diaspora, Fine Arts (architecture, music, painting, poetry and sculpture), Information Technology, Performing Arts (dance and theatre) and Yoga. Its tourism ads depict these things which are at its core. ‘Incredible India!’ is how the nation projects itself globally through the ads. Slogans such as ‘Athiti Devo Bhava’ and ‘VasudhaivKutumbakam’ project its deep-rooted values. It offers a diverse portfolio of niche tourism products - cruises, adventure, medical, wellness, sports, eco-tourism, film, rural, spiritual and religious tourism. As of 2018 there are 38 World Heritage Sites located in India. These include 30 cultural sites, seven natural sites and one mixed site. The country has huge potential in the field of travel and tourism. Total contribution by travel and tourism sector to India’s GDP is expected to increase from Rs 15.24 trillion (US$ 234.03 billion) in 2017 to Rs 32.05 trillion (US$ 492.21 billion) in 2028. India was ranked 7th among 184 countries

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 20 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 in terms of travel & tourism’s total contribution to GDP in 2017. Travel and tourism is the third largest foreign exchange earner for India. (India Brand Equity Foundation, May 2019).According to India Tourism Statistics At a Glance annual report published by Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for year 2019 here are some key findings-

The top 3 States of India which received maximum number of domestic tourists are-

1. Tamil Nadu 20.8% 2. Uttar Pradesh 15.4% 3. Karnataka 11.6 % The states which received maximum number of foreign tourists are- 1. Tamil Nadu 21% 2. 17.6% 3. Uttar Pradesh 13.1%

Here we will try to analyse the tourism campaigns of some of these states. The ads which have been analysed here are available on You Tube.

Maharashtra

Tagline- “Maharashtra Unlimited”.

Maharashtra leads in terms of attracting the highest number of foreign tourists. With 720 km of coastline and 78 beaches the images of blue sea waters, clean beaches with white sand, breath-taking beauty of sunsets, seagulls flying high in the blue sky, shoals of fish underneath water are some enchanting images created in the minds of viewers through ads. Places of historical importance such as Raigarh, Vasai, Janjira Fort mostly those related to Shivaji Maharaj are shown. Famous architectural works such as KailashaTemple(Ellora), Buddhist Caves, Jain temples ; Religious places such as Sai Baba( Shirdi), Haji Ali, Mount Mary, Hazur Saheb, Vithoba Temple, Shri Mahalaxmi Temple, Khandoba Temple etc. are shown to attract domestic tourists of all faiths. Mumbai is presented as a megacity in these ads to attract not just tourists but investments and business opportunities. The colourful celebration of Ganpati festival finds special mention in the ads.

Tamil Nadu

Tagline- Enchanting Tamil Nadu

The state calls itself a civilization which is more than 10000 years old. It tries to showcase its rich civilizational values through ads. Monolitic marvels of Mamallapuram, Tanjore Temple, Madurai Meenakshi Temple, Chidambaram Nataraj Temple, Vivekananda Rock, Kanyakumari, GangaikondaCholapuram speak a lot about the rich historical and traditional roots of the place. The famous classical dance form Bharatnatyam, folk art performances, Madurai Jallikattu, celebration of Pongal are the

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 21 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 dominant images visible in the ads. Backwaters at Pichawaram, Hill stations like Ooty, Valparai, Kodaikanal, Megamalai etc. add to its natural beauty.

Uttar Pradesh

Tagline- UP NahinDekha to India Nahin Dekha

The state projects itself as the land of Ganga(Benaras), land of Buddha(), Land of Krishna( Mathura, Vrindawan), Land of Rama( ), Land of Nawabs( Lucknow), Land of Love( Taj Mahal, Agra). Being situated in the Gangetic plains of India the state has less of natural beauty in terms of pure and pristine forests, waterfalls or rivers rather there are a lot of historical places to visit which have been associated with one or the other ruling dynasty which has ruled over North India in the due course of time. Many Mughal architectural works are there in the state which find a mention in the tourism ads showcasing its composite and syncretic culture also called the Ganga Jamunitahjeeb. A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17. The Kumbh 2019 visitors included 10.30 lakh foreign tourists.(Hindustan Times, May 21, 2019)

Karnataka

Tagline- One State, Many Worlds

Aihole, Badami Temples and caves, Gulbarga Fort, Gol Gumbaj( Bijapur), remains of Hampi are some of the historical sites shown in ads. Gokak falls, Murdeshwara Shiva, Kudle beach, Om beach are the beaches which also find mention. Western Ghats which are full of natural beauty are the prime attractions. It is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world which has a variety of flora and fauna present in pure and pristine state. It is an ideal location for those adventurous souls who want to be in the company of nature and wildlife.

Tourism scenario of the states in North East India

We find that it is mostly the historical places, religious sites, areas full of natural beauty and geographical wonders which attract the greatest number of tourists. North East part of India consists of eight states Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. Each of these states is full of abundant greenery and natural beauty. National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, mountains, ample rainfalls are the things which make these states one of the most beautiful places for tourists to see. Not just natural beauty but there are historical sites as well. Still, any of these states do not rank in the top ten list in terms of states which attract the greatest number of tourists in India. The states need to rethink over their tourism strategy again to get more footfalls.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 22 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The first thing to do is to change the misconceptions formed in the minds of people. Advertisements are the most effective way to do so. They can help in better perception management. Some of the popular myths regarding the North East region are as follows. The whole region is seen as a single unit. What people don’t know is that it consists of eight states, hundreds of tribes and indigenous languages. This region is very remote and has poor road, rail and air connectivity. People don’t know Hindi. It is always drenched in rain. Momos are the only cuisines available. They are closer to Nepalese, Chinese origins. This region is mostly disturbed due to insurgency and terrorism. Visa and other documents are needed to travel in the region. One cannot not get vegetarian meals. Diversity is the main strength of the North East. It exists in almost everything that we find in the region from tribes, dressing, cuisines, culture, music, festivals, traditions, rituals etc. The ads need to be framed in such a way that they create a unique identity for reach state through these. McLuhan said “Medium is the message” and what can be the better medium than music to convey the message. Music videos in native languages such as Assamese, Bodo, Nepali, Naga, Khasi, Mizo etc. can be of great help in popularising the destinations. Easily recognisable faces from the state who are famous nationally as well as internationally need to be chosen as the brand ambassadors for state tourism. ‘Place Branding’ and ‘Destination Branding’ can be ways in which tourism can be promoted. Places such as Tawang, Bomdila Pass, ZiroValley, Ukhrul, Gangtok, Kohima, Cherrapunjee can be shown in individual ads with the lives of local people.

Summary and conclusion:-

Wellness tourism and medical tourism can be developed the way it has been done in Kerala. Pure and pristine nature has huge potential for Ayurveda and Naturopathy. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries, lakes, mountains etc. can be big attractions in the time when people want to skip the moribund lifestyle of cities and want to be in nature’s company. But since this region is ecologically fragile; it falls in the zone five of earthquake zones which makes it very prone to earthquakes so special attention should be paid to promote sustainable tourism. The Constitution of India has placed many states of this region under 6th schedule making special provisions for them to protect their unique culture and identity. Tourism ads need to take care of these essential aspects while designing the message.

References

 Chandra, B. Mukherjee, M. & Mukherjee, A.(2008) India Since Independence, Penguin India.  Durbarry,R. (2004).Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius.Tourism Economics, 10 (4), pp. 389-401  Klodkowski, P. (2012). Story of the clashing image of the country. The case of India’s image at home and in Poland, Polish Sociological Review. No.178, pp. 303- 324

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 23 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

 Louca, C.(2006). Income and expenditure in the tourism industry: time series evidence from Cyprus.Tourism Economics. 12 (4) (2006), pp. 603-617  Mazumdar, A.(2018). India’s Soft Power Diplomacy Under the Modi Administration: Buddhism, Diaspora and Yoga. Asian Affairs, 49:3, 468-491, DOI: 10.1080/03068374.2018.1487696  McCombs, M. & Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-185.  Mukherjee, R. and Malone, D.M. (2011). Indian foreign policy and contemporary security challenges. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 87, No. 1 (January 2011), pp. 87-104  McLuhan, M. 1994 (first published in 1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Massachusetts: MIT press

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 24 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

INTREPRITING BHARAT LEELA: AN AMAZING FOLK DANCE OF SOUTH ODISHA

Prof. Bhagaban Sahu Professor and Head, Department of History Central University of Tamilnadu,Thiruvarur

Abstract: South Odisha acts like a bridge between the Aryan culture north and Dravidian culture of south. The socio cultural life of this reign forms a highly interesting amalgam evolved out of Dravido-Aryan elements with delightful assimilations from the life of the tribals. This elements are reflected in language, folk-dance, folk-music and folk songs of South Odisha.

South Odisha is a cradle of many folk dances which are special in some respect. The Dravidian culture or the Karnataki style is discernible in some of the folk dances of this region. The folk dances of this reign are not only simple in its form and composition, but carries the deep message of human values. Bharata Leela occupies a distinct place among the folk-dances of South Odisha. It not only provides recreation, entertainment and subsistence to thousand and thousands of the rural people but also spread the ideas of morality, universally brotherlihood, truthfulness, honesty and love.

The southern part of modern Odisha consists of seven districts viz. Ganjam, Gajapati, Rayagada, Koraput, Nabarangapur, Malkangiri and Kandhamal. Situated like a bridge between the northern and southern halves of India, South Odisha is the meeting place of Dravido-Aryan culture. The socio cultural life of this region forms a highly interesting amalgam evolved out of Dravido-Aryan elements with delightful assimilations from the life of the tribals. This elements are reflected in language, folk- dance, folk-music and folk songs of South Odisha.

South Odisha is the cradle of many folk dances. The Dravidian culture or the Karnataki style is discernible in some of the folk dances of this region. The folk dances of this reign are not only simple in its form and composition, but carries the deep message of human values.1

Bharata Leela occupies a distinct place among the folk-dances of South Odisha. It has its origin in Ganjam district. It’s creator was Dinabandhu Das of Kalyanapur near Ganjam town. His creation of Subhadra HaranaSuanga became familiar as Bharata Leela.2 But, his composition was not accepted and termed as Leela by the-then society and it was called as Huguli Bharata. But, later on, Bhima Panda of Magura near Aska improved this to a great extent and gave the touch of a folk-theatre to it. In course of time, Shyam Sundar Sabat of village KandhKharida near Hinjilicut

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 25 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 collected the palm leaf manuscript of Dinabandhu Das, corrected it and gave it the touch of a Leela. He himself played the role of a Duari and named it ‘Duari Nata’. Jogendra Mallick(1866-1932) of village Nimapadara of Ghumusar also composed another version of Bharat Leela. Srinivas Das of Golamundala near Buguda also composed Bharat Leela in a different style. Gangadhara Pradhan of Sambalpur region also composed Subhadra Haran on the light of Bharat Leela of Ganjam which is popular in that area.

Thus, the origin of the Bharata Leela can be traced back to 1840 A.D. At present NabaghanaParida of Kabisurya Nagar (Boirani) is the most popular director or guru of Bharat-Leela.3 It is heartening to note that, this Leela was staged and became very popular Folk Dance in Rengoon (Burma) where nearly fifty thousand Odias were serving.

Bharat Leela is relatively shorter in the length of performance and has only six characters such as Arjun, Subhadra, Duari, Satyabhama, Hadi and Hadiani. Arjuna the third Pandava and the King of Hastinapura is counted as a major character and Duari- Arjuna’s gatekeeper acts as the hero. The course of conversation and ultimately the marriage between Arjuna and Subhadra (an important part of the Mahabharat story) is presented in this Leela in a dramatic style with humorous dialogues. The role played by the Duari in establishing contact between the other two characters through the series of queries is of great interest to the rural audience. The ‘Bharat Leela is also known as ‘Duari Nacha’ as the Duari (gate keeper) plays a prominent role as a mediator in Subhadra Haran.4

All over the world, the folk plays draw their plots from mythologies, epics, tales, ballads or romantic legends. The rural audience is familiar with these tales; hence the emphasis is laid on characterization and intricacy. Duari Nata or Bharat Leela prevalent in the district of Ganjam in Odisha is such a play which draws its plot from the epic tales of Visnu Purana and Mahabharata. It is therefore called Bharat Leela. But it is more popular by the name of ‘Duari Leela’ as Duari or the sentry remains the most important, indispensable and pivotal character of the play.

As it is told, in the verse-play, Subhadra the cousin sister of Sri Krishna madly falls in love with Arjuna, the most handsome and heroic brother of the Pandavas. When Subhadra offers her love, Arjuna bluntly refuses, as she would be like a sister to him. When argued, he takes various pretexts and all his pretexts are counteracted by Duari, who supports Subhadra for her unflinching love and devotion to Arjuna. At last Arjuna yields to the true love and agrees to marry Subhadra.5

In course of arguments and counter arguments between the characters, smaller episodes from Puranas and other religious texts are also told as corollary to the main episode. For instance Arjuna argues that he being a by caste and she belonging to the mild-maid community the marriage is not possible. Then Duari brings out an episode from some texts and narrates musically about how and when a Kshatriya married a

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 26 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 mild-maid. When it is argued by Arjuna that Subhadra is not a woman of elegant features, the Duari narrates the characteristics of all types of women quoting authorities to prove Subhadra to be the best type. The altercation between the two proceeds till the end of the play which is punctuated with several songs of variety, moral fables, witty remarks and verses of wisdom in support of their contention. On the other hand the play in crux is a battle of wits between Arjuna and Duari. Therefore the repartee is simply an exposition of the knowledge of the Sastras. Chapter from books and verses are also quoted in support of their arguments from the religious texts. To this extent, this is a secular form, for much of its humor is contemporary.6

Duari Leela is held throughout the night and even it runs for consecutive nights. In order to arrest the attention of the audience, the Duari improvises subplots, which may use local reference or satirical comment on the current socio-political scene. These sub- plots employ music unrelated to the main theme.

Actors:

There are four major characters such as Duari, Arjuna, Subhadra , Satyabhama and ten minor characters like Chaukia, Sri Krishna, AstaPatta Bansi, Balarama, Nand Raj, Purohit, Dagara, Gayakas, Hadi and Hadiani.

Though Arjuna, Duari, Subhadra and Satyabhama are the main characters of this play, the teen-aged boys act in Bharataleela as both male and female characters. They play the role of Subhadra and Satyabhama and also the dancing girls. The dialogues of Arjuna and Subhadra are casted in Odia prose. The Duari speaks in colloquial local language and he is free to improvise. All the prose dialogue is introductory to particular situations of events and often serves as interludes to song dialogues. The songs strictly set to traditional tunes are meant for Arjuna and Subhadra. Though songs of Duari may include traditional tunes, he freely imbibes from the prevalent folk songs and dances.7 Duari is the central figure of this Leela. The success of the Leela predominantly depends upon him. He creates sense of humour and carries the audience with him.

Stage:

Bharata Leela is staged under the open sky. No stage is required for the performance of this Leela. Only a is prepared limited to eight to ten feet diameter. To prepare the mandala, the bharataleelaperformers mainly use the tarpaulins or the mats. The patromax lights or electric bulbs are also used to illuminate the mandala in the night performances. A kathakurchi (wooden chair) is the only property of the mandala. Arjuna, the hero of the play use it as his throne, bed, dancing area and it is used as the shrine of the deity in different episodes and scenes of the play. Arjuna performs his action carrying a khanda in his right hand and a handkerchief in the left. The deepalis (ghee lamps), mayurapinchha (peacock’s tail) Khajurichanchuni (date

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 27 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 leaf broom), tokei (basket) and madakancha(wine bottle) could be taken as the stage articles used by sakhis, Hadianiand Hadi respectively.8Harmonium, Dholki(Small Drum), Mrudanga, Gini, Bansi, Jhumuka are the different musical instruments used in this Leela.

Attire of the Characters:

Duari the gate keeper wears a chedi (half pant), an angi (half shirt) and a kaba(waist coat). For makeup, Duari uses pink colour paints and draws a U-shape insignia on his forehead. He wears a knotted wig, locally called ganthibabuli. It covers his head and upper parts of the shoulder as well as the neck. The front side of the wig is chipped with the petal like aluminium balachhappa (hair clips) as well tahia(atiara). The tahia always rests on a padaka (golden pandant) and it is pinned up in the wig on the forehead. On the left side of the chest he pins round padaka (pendants) and triangular and conical chhappas also to signify himself as the servant of a king.9 Arjuna is dressed like a warrior with a long velvet coat embroided with zari and tinsel. He wears silken trousers and on his back an uttaranahangs. He wears nylon stockings like a horse rider and his wrist bands are adorned with plastic manibandha. He uses pink colour paints and draws a suryachita (sun mark) on his forehead. The subject matter of Bharata Leela has been derived from OdiaMahabharata (Madhyaparva) of Sarala Das. The base is the immortal love story between Subhadra & Arjuna.10

Bharat leela is an epitome of artistic excellence. We find amalgamation of different rasas likeBira Rasa, Karuna Rasa and Sringara Rasa and folk dances in Bharata Leela. Dance place no less a part in making this Leela a grand success. It is the field to express one’s artistic hidden potentialities. More than one hundred Bharata Leela teams are there in Ganjam district alone. Among them the countable fews are KandhKharida, Tiapentha, Duanpalli, Arakhapur, Badapada, Khalingi, Kumuruda, Kainchapur, Lochapada, Nuagada, Kuruli, Kabisuryanagar, Kalasandhapur, Nabaratnapur, Mamudhiya, Gunthapada, Goudagaon, Puhundi, Choudhury Tikarapada, Vijay Laxminarayanpur, Khariaguda, Sarabadi, Hadichira, Solaghara, Polosara, Mangalpur, Dharakote, Sheragad, Gangapur Sasan, Banthapalli, Pratapur are important.11

Those who are established as outstanding Duari, the names of Dinabandhu Das, ShyamasundarSabat, Ramachandra Reddy, Bhima Panda, SatyabadiSabat, TrinathPattnayak, DambaruSahu (Duanpalli), Dukhishyam Behera (MahuritiharPentha), Ananta Parta (Arakhapur), Juria Gouda of Kharida, Kantaru Behera, Ulla Dalai of Kankorada, BajiaSahu of Sundarpur, Lachhana Reddy of Satapandia, SibaramSahu of B. Karada Badi, Kasinath Behera of Dadarakhola, Bharata Samantara of Gudiapalli, Kirtana Gouda, Rankanidhi Gouda, DandapaniDalua of Kendubadi, Kasinath Das of DadaraKhola, Chakrapani Badatya of Nabaratnapur, Chandamani Sahu,12 Chandra Sekhar Nayak, Bipracharan Nayak, Durjyodhana Naik, Kampa Gouda of Tinkachai, Sadananda Swain, NabaghanaParida of KabiSurya Nagar, Dandapani Behera of

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 28 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Kulagada, Sanyasi Behera of Sundarpalli, Haribandhu Mohanty of Kalasandhapur, Satrughna Swain of Mundamarai, Santosh Kumar Padhi of Patapur may be mentioned here.13

This popular folk dance of South Odisha was not only limited to Odisha but also spread to Rangoon(Burma). It is hearting to note that, there were more 2000 Odia from Ganjam in Rangoon during the 1st half of the 20th century. The Bharat Leela of Ganjam was practiced and staged there.14

Truly speaking, Bharat Leela is the index of all the Folk Dances of south Odisha. Duari, the director demonstrates the role of Chhadheya of Dandanata, Gayaka of Dasakathia, Ghudhuki player, Gahak of Pala, HiranyakasyapaPrahlladnataka and the role of a comedian in different tunes and styles through this dance. It not only entertains the villagers who work from dawn to dusk in their field, but also enlightens them a lot on puranas, epics and other religious texts.

From the above discussion, it is inferred that, the Bharat Leela is a very artistic, lively and popular dance in South Odisha. It supplied livelihood to a large number of families and entertainment to the travelers, tourists, poets, onlookers and the lovers of beauty. It explores the rare and native genius of the folk people. But the irony of the fate is that the folk dances like Bharat Leela which provided recreation, entertainment and subsistence to thousand and thousands of the rural people and spread the ideas of morality, universal brotherlihood, truthfulness, honesty and victory of righteous over evil forces are declining fast. As a result the society of South Odisha which enjoyed perfect peace, better harmony and understanding between the divergent communities and races in the past, is now regarded as a cockpit of murderers, dacoits and looters. Hence, steps may be taken to preserve all these folklore traditions alive either at the Government level or by the NGO and Private enterprises.

References:

1. Indubhusan Kara, Folklore of Odisha, Cuttack, 1991,p.1. 2. H.K.Das, Odia Lokanataka(Odia), Cuttack, 1983, p. 122. 3. K.C. Behera, op.cit.p.66. 4. B.Charchi, op.cit.,pp.332-341. 5. OdisharaLokanataka, Odisha SahatyaSamaja, Cuttack, 1998,pp.224-227. 6. K.C.Pradhan, Odia Loka Sahitya O LokaSanskruti, Cuttack, 1995,pp.227-235. 7. Banambara Acharya, op.cit.,pp.2-4. 8. OdisharaLokanataka, Odisha Sahitya Samaja, Cuttack, 1998,p.232. 9. D.K.Tripathy, The Role of Fine Art in the Folk Theatres of South Odisha: An Art Historical Study, Ph.D. Thesis(unpublished), Berhampur University, 2000,pp.63- 65. 10. B. Charchi, Bharata Leela in OdishareLokanataka, Odisha Sahitya Samaja, Cuttack, 1998,pp.229-232.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 29 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

11. BhagabanSahu, Folk Life and Folk Culture of Odisha, New Delhi-2015. 12. Revealed from field study conducted by the author in the different villages of South Odisha. 13. Cultural Heritage of Ganjam, op.cit.,p.340. 14. BayamanuCharchi, GanjamraLokanatya Parampara(Odia), Bhubaneswar-2012,p.73

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 30 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

ADOLESCENTS ADDICTION TO SMART PHONE AND ITS REMEDIES

1Cyma Anjum and 2Bina Kumari 1Assistant Professor of Education, LNMBM, Faculty of Education, Muzaffarpur 2Principal, RGMTT College, Diwadih, BBMQ University, Dhanbad

Abstract. Adolescents are highest addicted to smart phone and particularly adult sites on internet. They are very impulsive owing to some physiological changes which compelled them for its gratification. Smartphone causes stress among teenagers arising out of family and school. It causes many musculoskeletal symptoms which are the consequences of staying in one position for a long time. Starring at a small screen for longer period can impair eye sight. Smart phone addiction is the greatest reason of depression and anxiety which will lead to severe mental problems. Effort was made to cure the behavioral and emotional aspect related to depression and sense of control.

Keywords: Smart Phone; Addiction; Remedy & Depression.

Introduction: - Addiction can be defined as a mental state which compels the person for the satisfaction of psychological desires formed a habit. Addiction can be developed in all ages and can be categorized into alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, gambling, games, internet, and sex. Korean Ministry of Gender Equality and Family implemented a research on the actual condition of media usage rate among teenagers and reported that the middle school students 86.2 percent, high school students 84.9 percent. This data reflects that most of the teenagers in the country were smart phone users. So it can be presumed that most of the adolescents own a smart phone and thus, are exposed to an environment that entices them to overuse it. By Looking at it from a general perspective, adolescents are not fully developed and as their self-consciousness continues to grow they are highly exposed to the risk of adverse effect more than any other age group.

The basic cause of adolescents’ addiction to smart phone is due to stress arising from family and school. When students are experiencing physical and mental stress from external forces, by way of relieving stress they turn to internet surfing and games as means of escape in order to overcome problems they encounter from their social group of friends and overwhelming school work.

Smart phone addiction caused very harmful effects in adolescents’ daily lives which they cannot get rid of. Treatment related to smart phone addiction is the Integrated Arts Therapy. Integrated Arts Therapy has been taken from Gestalt Therapy and Fritz Pearls Institute (FPI) that promotes encouragement of creativity. Petzold’s Art Therapy was incorporated to art, music, dancing, movements, drama, and etc., and found that

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 31 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Therapy’s perspective is not composed of one particular sense but it is the act of integrating the sense with creativity.

This therapy has been verified to cure the behavioral and emotional aspect related to depression, sense of control, and assimilation in school. However, overuse of smart phones causes high exposure to electromagnetic waves and in turn, generates other associated problems such as damage to brain cells, neck syndrome, and vision impairment syndrome. This study involves smart phone addiction and its integrated treatment and the supporting hypothesis in the following perspectives.

Physical health problems related to Smart phone:

Use and misuse of any invention or innovation happened to be normal phenomena. -since long. Atom bomb was never invented for annihilation of any nation or state. The new device in cell phone Android or Smart really brought the whole world on the palm of the users through Net services. When its’ use has certainly provided immense of facilities in the field of communication. But it’s over use can cause many problems including musculoskeletal symptom which is usually developed due to staying in one posture for a longer period of time. Furthermore, starring at a small screen for an extended time can causes loss of sight, this is called amblyopia. Sitting in a still position can cause muscular contraction which can lead to long-term muscle fatigue including neck pain. The bad posture cause by overuse of smart phones may lead to the neck becoming a “C” shape and further, it tends to deliver great amount of stress to the muscles and joints. Other homeostasis related problems can arise as well such as blockage in the local blood supply to the muscles including metabolite.

Mental health problems related to Smart phone:

Over use of Smart phone certainly causes mental problems along with physical abrasion. Excess use of smart phone causes decreased self-restraint ability, impulsive behaviors, and anxiety which can become critical barriers when carrying out healthy relationships, school activities, and mental well-being. According to the psychologists it is commonly observed that the smart phone addiction increases, the level of depression and anxiety. Depression often plays as an index to display the overall health status of a person. When the level of addiction alleviates, one tends to lose self-control which decreases ones willingness and ability to socialize and network with others. As a result, one may begin to feel a sense of loneliness becoming more dependent on the smart phone, simultaneously increasing one’s level of anxiety especially when the smart phone is not present. From looking at the above associated problems to smart phone addiction, we can conclude that the addicting creates negative effects to mental health. Smart phone addiction causes depression and anxiety which will lead to severe mental problems. This will lead to problems associated to one’s social life and human network. According to advance studies related to smart phone addiction, depression is the most probable health complication. Increased addiction to smart phones is associated with increased level of depression. Yong Min Park’s research study concluded that smart phone addiction is

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 32 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 highly related to obsessive-compulsive neurosis and other illnesses in the following order: depression, mental health disorders, anxiety, and social delusional disorder, antagonism and phobia.

It has also been established through researches that over use of smart phone becomes an impulsive act and it is very much related to Obsessive – Compulsive behaviour. Some studies revealed that smart phone addiction creates hostility and rage among users. It was further revealed that the small children’s mental health was not highly affected by smart phone usage compared to the children’s of higher grade. However, the higher grade students displayed mental health problems such as rage, compulsive characterizations, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and delusional disorders. Cognitive Therapy is the most suggested type of treatment in the cases of smart phone addiction.

Remedies:

Bibliotherapy has been advised in the cases of smart phone addiction whichprovides treatment through reading literature. It helps to expand the subject’s range of thoughts. In this process reading book and finding new meanings from the literature based on the Identical Principle, Catharsis Principle, and Discernment Principle are implemented. This process involves subjects reading the literature. Subsequently, they engage in debates, role plays, and other creative activities to assess each other in order to find the defined sense of time. Musical treatments can also help treat physical and cognitive problems. This treatment provides psychological security to those being treated for physical and cognitive problems. For example, music treatment that is customized to fit the need of the subject being treated with physical therapy can be highly effective.

Conclusion:

This report provided methods for smart phone addicted to adolescents to overcome the illness through the integrated treatment aspects. However, the risk of the symptoms recurring was substantially high. This suggested that fundamental treatment of cognitive and emotional elements needed to become harmonized as a whole in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment results. It can be presumed that this study provides the opportunity and support for the creation of a fundamental treatment method that can help teenagers live a healthy life by overcoming addiction to smart phones.

References:

1. Robinson, T.E., Berridge, K.C.: The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive–sensitization view. Addiction 95, 91-117 (2000)

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 33 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

2. Ji-Hyung, P., Shin, G.-K.: Effects of Smartphones Usability on User's Satisfaction and Loyalty: Focusing on Moderating Effect of Terms of Use The Korean Academic Association of Business Administration 25, 811-831 (2012) 3. Park, S.-Y., Lee, H.-J.: Determinants of internet addiction among the Korea youth. The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences 8, 291-299 (2013) 4. Choi, S., Kim, S., Yang, J.-S., Lee, J.-H., Joo, C., Jung, H.-I.: Real-time measurement of human salivary cortisol for the assessment of psychological stress using a smartphone. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 2, 8-11 (2014) 5. Kim, H.: Exercise rehabilitation for smart phone addiction. Journal of exercise rehabilitation 9, 500 (2013) 6. Hall, A.S., Parsons, J.: Internet addiction: College student case study using best practices in cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of mental health counseling 23, 312-327 (2001) 7. Wu, A., Cheung, V., Ku, L., Hung, E.: Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. Journal of behavioral addictions 2, 160-166 (2013) 8. Polster, E., Polster, M.: Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. Brunner/Mazel (1973) 9. Lusebrink, V.B.: Art therapy and the brain: An attempt to understand the underlying processes of art expression in therapy. Art Therapy 21, 125-135 (2004) 10. Alanzi, T., Istepanian, R.S., Philip, N.: An integrated model for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for mobile diabetes self-management system. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp. 5393-5396. IEEE, (Year)

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 34 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

D. Udaya Kumar1and V. Raja Babu2 1. Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. India 2. Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia

Abstract

Schizophrenia is commonly thought of as a psychiatric term for a range of experiences which some laypeople in the community may describe as "madness." For this reason, to be diagnosed as having schizophrenia carries a stigma which other diagnoses do not (Ministry of Health, 2000) . Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by intense disturbances in thought, emotion and behavior (Kring, Johnson, Davison, & Neale, 2012). A person with schizophrenia is thought to have lost touch with reality (Kalat, 2009). A great deal of research has been devoted to study schizophrenia and the complexity of the disorder seems to be much more than what originally had been thought. The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is less than 1% and it slightly affects more men than women (Kalat, 2009; Kring et al., 2012). Almost all people diagnosed with schizophrenia are eventually treated with antipsychotic drugs and multidimensional medications (Kalat, 2009).

Keywords: Schizophrenia, Antipsychotics.

The majority of people detained under the NZ Mental Health Act 1992 are diagnosed as suffering from a form of mental illness known as schizophrenia.Recently, the New York Times published an article stating that medications for schizophrenia are remarkably effective; however, the article discusses nothing in regards to the serious adverse effects of such medications (Steinberg, 2012). An ideal medication for schizophrenia would be a drug that is highly effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms, produces its effects within a convenient dosage, and has less-serious side effects (Rey, 2002). The drugs commonly used to treat schizophrenia mainly belong to two main groups: typical (first-generation) and atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics. Despite the proclamations of new forms of drugs that will magically solve the puzzle with schizophrenia, none of these medications have been proven to be highly effective (Whitaker, 2002; Whitaker, 2005). It is the stated intention of this essay to arrive at an understanding of the effectiveness of atypical drugs. This will be accomplished by investigating the characteristics and differences of antipsychotic agents, along with a review from existent studies and their outcomes.

The first conventional antipsychotic drugs had beenwere discovered by accident in the '50s, when a drug considered an antihistamine (chlorpromazine) showed unique antipsychotic effects when tested in schizophrenic patients (Kring et al., 2012). Apart

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 35 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 from some histamine activity, chlorpromazine had an important impact within dopamine receptors (Kring et al., 2012). However, typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine cause various extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) include acute dyskinesias , dystonic reactions,tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism-like symptoms, ; due to their blockage of dopamine receptors in the striatal dopaminergic route.

Subsequent attempts to improve the therapeutic profile of classical antipsychotics were based on studies showing that dopamine receptor mediated route striatal extrapyramidal side effects (Stahl, 2000). With the introduction of clozapine in the 80s, the term "atypical" was expanded to increased efficacy with reduced side effects as they produce significantly fewer extrapyramidal side effects than typical antipsychotics at clinically equivalent doses (Stahl, 2000).

Antipsychotic agents differ according to their profiles of specific sites of action (Horacek et al., 2006). Although the exact underlying mechanisms of action are not sufficiently explained, atypical antipsychotics appear to be more effective than typical antipsychotic agents. Typical agents produce their antipsychotic effects through the blockage of dopamine receptors, particularly D2 receptors (Stahl, 2000). On the contrary, the antipsychotic effects of atypical agents such as clozapine has been attributed to its ability to block the intense stimulation of serotonin receptors including, (5-HT2A), (5-HT2C) and dopamine receptors including D1, D2, D3, D4 receptors (Duncan, Lieberman, & Zorn, 1999). Likewise, similar results were replicated in Horacek et al. (2006) study, which concluded that atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine show superior advantages in treating positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction compared to the typical antipsychotic agents, partially due to their sites of action (Horacek et al., 2006). In addition, the study also found that atypical antipsychotics induce neuronal plasticity and synaptic remodeling in several sites that are associated with schizophrenia including the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Hence, it seems that there is a strong consensus among researchers that atypical antipsychotic agents are more effective in elevating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as improving cognitive deficits that are associated with schizophrenia.

Sexual dysfunction is widespread among people with schizophrenia and those who are taking antipsychotics. Both typical and atypical antipsychotics have been shown to produce prolactin imbalances that are regularly linked to infertility (Mahmoud, Drake, Lewis, & Hayhurst, 2012). The study of Mahmoud et al. (2012) used a cross-sectional prevalence study to assess sexual functions in (144) patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The study involved two groups with each group receiving either typical or atypical antipsychotics for at least twelve weeks. The study found no differences in sexual functions in patients treated with typical antipsychotics compared to atypical antipsychotics (Mahmoud et al., 2012). However, Bobes et al. (2003) reached a different conclusion in their EIRE study. The number of participants involved in the study was 636. The EIRE study compared sexual dysfunction effects related to haloperidol,

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 36 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Results indicated that frequency of sexual dysfunction was highest for risperidone (43.2%), haloperidol (38.1%), olanzapine (35.3%) and quetiapine (18.2%) (Bobes et al., 2003). The study also concluded that sexual dysfunction seems to be dose-related with antipsychotic drugs and that atypical drugs produce higher risks of sexual dysfunction and other reporductive side effects including decreased libido, erectile, ejaculatory dysfunction, gynecomia, and amenorrhea than typical drugs (Bobes et al., 2003). Therefore, it seems that much debate exists on the issue of sexual dysfunction related to antipsychotics and more research is needed.

It has long been long known that suicide rates are quite high among people diagnosed with schizophrenia (Kring, et al., 2012). Recent studies have found a positive association between antipsychotic use and suicide (Khan et al., 2007). One study in North Wales investigated the lifetime suicide rate in treated patients with schizophrenia between the pre-chlorpromazine era (1874-1924) and recent period (1994-2003) (Healy et al., 2006). The study found that people treated with antipsychotics were at greater risk of suicide compared to the people with schizophrenia in the pre-chlorpromazine era (Healy et al., 2006). Therefore, there is some indication that the use of antipsychotics increases suicide rates.

However, other studies do not agree with the conclusion of Healy et al. (2006) study and show quite the opposite. Khan et al. (2007) conducted a study in which they assessed mortality rates for patients with schizophrenia according to the type of antipsychotics taken. Participants were assigned to atypical antipsychotic agents (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone or ziprasidone), a control antipsychotic (haloperidol or chlorpromazine) or a placebo group. Results indicated that patients assigned to the placebo group were significantly at higher rate of suicide than other groups. Furthermore, the study found no difference in suicide rates between patients assigned to either atypical or typical antipsychotic agents (Khan et al., 2007). Perhaps the study had methodological limitations, which may have affected the findings. Therefore, evidence on the implications of typical and atypical antipsychotics in suicide rates among people with schizophrenia are mixed and further controlled studies are required.

Typical and atypical antipsychotics show similar effects on quality of life across one year of medications. The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) project aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and tolerability of atypical and typical antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia (Kring et al., 2012). The study involved about 15000 participants from the USA. The primary outcome measure was the discontinuation of treatment (Lieberman et al., 2005). Patients were randomized to receive olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine, risperidone, or zisprasidone. Findings indicated that 74% of patients discontinued their medication 18 months before the study ended. Olanzapine appeared to be the most effective since its group had a significantly longer time to discontinuation (Lieberman et al., 2005). The efficacy of perphenazine was similar to that of the other atypical antipsychotics. Even though it exhibited a greater degree of effectiveness, olanzapine was associated with

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 37 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 greater weight gain and increases in blood glucose, lipid levels and cholesterol levels (Lieberman et al., 2005). The study concluded that in the long-term, atypical drugs were not more effective and did not produce fewer side effects when compared to typical antipsychotic (perphenazine). Similar findings have been replicated in (Jones et al., 2006) study. The study included 227 people with schizophrenia aged between 18 to 65 years. Randomized prescriptions of either typical or atypical (other than clozapine) were given to participants. Findings indicated that long-term effectiveness of typical drugs was similar to those of atypical drugs (other than clozapine) (Jones et al., 2006). Thus, it seems that patients may need to change their medications only for clinical reasons and such evidence that indicate the superiority of atypical antipsychotics may be based on short-term efficacy trials.

Serious adverse effects are common features among both typical and atypical antipsychotics. The emergence of the atypical drugs has been accompanied by an assumption that these are associated with less reversible extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) as well as less propensity to cause tardive dyskinesia (TD) ( et al., 2004). One study indicated that the incidence of EPS is strongly associated with typical antipsychotics and that about 50% to 75% of patients who are taking typical antipsychotics will suffer from EPS (Arana, 2000). Another study found similar results. The study compared symptom severity and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia who were treated adequately either by typical antipsychotic or by clozapine (atypical) (Sergio et al., 2005). Results indicated that clozapine caused significantly fewer EPS than did the typical antipsychotic (Sergio et al., 2005).

However, other studies have indicated equivocal results (Peluso, Lewis, Barnes, & Jones, 2012). A study conducted recently in the United Kingdom included 118 participants in the typical antipsychotic group and 109 participants in the atypical group. Findings suggested that both groups had similar EPS; however, despite the apparent equivalence, patients in the atypical group were significantly (3—fold) less likely to be prescribed adjunctive anticholinergic medications than those in typical group (Peluso et al., 2012). Even though second-generation antipsychotic drugs appear to be more effective in elevating both positive and negative symptoms on schizophrenia, evidence on whether the second-generation antipsychotic drugs cause less EPS is inconsistent.

In conclusion, antipsychotic drugs are the main treatment for patients with schizophrenia. The typical antipsychotics are high-affinity antagonists of dopamine D2 receptors and are more effective in managing psychotic symptoms, but have a high incidence of serious adverse effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. In the 1950s, typical antipsychotics has brought considerable benefit to patients with schizophrenia, to the extent that such drugs have shown efficacy in combating psychotic symptoms and, as a consequence, increased the possibility of outpatient treatment.

Atypical antipsychotics entered the market with the proposed superiority with respect to efficacy, especially improvement of negative symptoms and the absence of

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 38 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 extrapyramidal symptoms. These atypical antipsychotics differ from those of the first generation by their low affinity for dopamine D2 receptor and the high affinity for other neuronal pathways such as serotonin and noradrenaline.

Conclusion:

Unfortunately, there are no antipsychotics free from unwanted effects. The clinical advantage of a group of drugs often exposes the user to particular complications. Unlike the partial success of medications for improving the positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, it is well documented that antipsychotic use – typical or atypical – does little to ameliorate the debilitating the overall negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Additionally, much of the scientific evidence indicating the superior safety and effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics is inconsistent. In terms of inducing adverse effects, the superiority of atypical antipsychotics has been questioned in many studies due to the propensity for weight gain and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism that they may cause.

Thus, it seems the debate about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in treating schizophrenia is continuous. Furthermore, it is clear that due to the complexity inherent in any treatment of schizophrenia, a psychiatry-psychology alliance might be very welcomed by frontline care providers who are often frustrated and dismayed by the limited effectiveness and all-too-prevalent side effects of medications.

References: Arana, G. (2000). An overview of side effect caused by typical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61 5-11. Bobes, J., Garcia-Portilla, M., Rejas, J., Hernandez, G., Garcia-Garcia, M., Rico-Villademoros, F., & Porras, A. (2003). Frequency of sexual dysfunction and other reproductive side-effects in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or haloperidol: The results of the EIRE study. Journal Of Sex Marital Therapy, 29(2), 125-147. Duncan, G., Lieberman, J., & Zorn, S. (1999). Mechanisms of typical and atypical antipsychotic drug action in relation to dopamine and NMDA receptor hypofunction hypotheses of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 4(5), 418-428. Healy, D., Harris, M., Tranter, R., Cutting, P., Austin, R., Jones-Edwards,G., &Roberts,A. (2006). Lifetime suicide rates in treated schizophrenia: 1875-1924 and 1994-1998 cohorts compared. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 223-228. Horacek, J., Bubenikova-Valesova, V., Kopecek, M., Palenicek, T., Dockery, C., Mohr, P., Hoschl, C. (2006). Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs, 20(5), 389-409. Jones, P., Barnes, T., Lloyd, H., Davies, L., Dunn, G., Hayhurst, K., & … Murray, R. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life of second- vs first-generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost utility of the latest antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia study (CUtLASS 1). Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(10), 1079-1087. Kalat, J. (2009). Biological psychology (10th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Khan, A., Schwartz, K., Stern, C., Redding, N., Kolts, R., Brown, W., & Robinson, D. (2007). Mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia participating in premarketing atypical antipsychotic clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(12), 1828-1833. Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., & Neale, J. M. (2012). Abnormal psychology (12th ed.) Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 39 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Lieberman, J., Stroup, T., McEvoy, J., Swartz, M., Rosenheck, R., Perkins, D., & . . . Hsiao, J. (2005). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(12), 1209-1223. Mahmoud, A., Drake, R., Lewis, S., & Hayhurst, K. (2012). Sexual function of patients with schizophrenia receiving first-generation (FGA) or second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) treatment. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 16(2), 148-152. Malla, A., Norman, R., Scholten, D., Townsend, L., Manchanda, R., Takhar, J., &Haricharan, R. (2004). A comparison of two novel antipsychotics in first episode non-affective psychosis: One-year outcome on symptoms, motor side effects and cognition. Psychiatry Research,129(2), 159-169. Peluso, M., Lewis, S., Barnes, T., & Jones, P. (2012). Extrapyramidal motor side-effects of first and second- generation antipsychotic drugs. The British Journal of Mental Science, 200(5), 387-392. Rey, J. A. (2002). Antipsychotic therapy: A pharmacoeconomic perspective. American Journal of Health- System Pharmacy, 59(22 Suppl 8), S5-S9. Sergio, A., S., Ana, P., Ruben, A., Julian, B., Julieta, C., Soledad, F., & … Gabriel, A. (2005). Brief report: Lack of extrapyramidal side effects predicts quality of life in outpatients treated with clozapine or with typical antipsychotics. Psychiatry Research, 133, 277-280. Stahl, S. M. (2000). Essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical application (2nd ed.): Cambridge University Press. Steinberg, P. (2012, December 25). Our fail approach to schizophrenia. The New York Times. Retrieved April, 15th 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/opinion/our-failed-approach-to- schizophrenia.html?_r=0 Whitaker, R. (2002). Mad in America: Bad science, bad medicine, and the enduring mistreatment of the mentally ill. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. Whitaker, R. (2005). Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(1), 23-35. Ministry of Health. (2000). Guidelines to the Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992. Wellington: Ministry of Health.http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/braeburn- pharmaceuticals-achieves-primary-endpoint-in-pivotal-phase-23-study-of-bb0817-risperidone-6-month- implant-for-treatment-of-schizophrenia-300446397.html Braeburn Pharmaceuticals Achieves Primary Endpoint in Pivotal Phase 2/3 Study of BB0817, Risperidone 6- month Implant for Treatment of Schizophreniahttps://psychcentral.com/news/2012/06/07/marijuana- compound-may-beat-antipsychotics-at-treating-schizophrenia/39803.html

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 40 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

INSOLVENCY FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS (FSPs)

Dr. Binoy J. Kattadiyil and Adv. Ankita Agarwal ICSI IIP, IPA of IBBI, New Delhi

In the Indian Insolvency scenario the insolvency and bankruptcy is governed by a uniform law of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (“Code”) which came into force in 2016. In the almost 4 years of its inception, the Code has seen a lot of important judgments and orders being given by the National Company Law Tribunal (“NCLT”) / National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (“NCLAT”) as well as the Apex Court of India. The Code provides a framework for the insolvency resolution; inter alia, corporate and individuals which does not include Financial Service Providers. Section 3(16) of the Code defines ‘Financial Services’ and reads as,

(16) “Financial service” includes any of the following services, namely: – (a) Accepting of deposits; (b) Safeguarding and administering assets consisting of financial products, belonging to another person, or agreeing to do so; (c) Effecting contracts of insurance; (d) , managing or agreeing to manage assets consisting of financial products belonging to another person; (e) rendering or agreeing, for consideration, to render advice on or soliciting for the purposes of–– (i) buying, selling, or subscribing to, a financial product; (ii) availing a financial service; or (iii) exercising any right associated with financial product or financial service; (f) Establishing or operating an investment scheme; (g) Maintaining or transferring records of ownership of a financial product; (h) underwriting the issuance or subscription of a financial product; or (i) Selling, providing, or issuing stored value or payment instruments or providing payment services;

Section 3(17) defines financial service providers as a person engaged in providing financial services and would also include non-banking financial companies, micro finance institutions etc.

Insolvency of Financial Service Providers was not covered under the Code, however, the Central Government has power under Section 227 of the Code to notify Rules for FSPs as and when necessary.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 41 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The definition of FSP and what constitutes Financial Services was deliberated in the matter of Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd v. RHC Holding Private Ltd1, wherein NCLAT held that, “13. The definition of ‘financial services’ as defined in Section 3(16) of I&B Code is not limited to the 9 activities as shown at Clause (a) to (i) of Section 3(16). The aforesaid Clauses (a) to (i) are inclusive which means there are other services means there are other services which come within the meaning of “financial services”.

14. The Registration of Certificate issue by RBI shows that it has granted certificate to commence/carry on business of “non-banking financial services”. However, the Respondent has not been allowed to accept the public deposit and such certificate is condition to other conditions as provided in the back of the Certificate.”In this order, NCLAT held that a non-banking financial institution which is carrying on business of financial institution and thereby it being financial service provider will not come within the meaning of Corporate Person/Corporate Debtor.The NCLAT also suggested for the Appellant to bring any complaints against the Financial Institution to the Regulator, i.e., Reserve Bank of India.

The need for a framework to deal with FSPs was felt in the market and was also expressed in various cases such as that of Randhiraj Thakur v. Jindal Saxena Financial Services2, wherein it was held that, “10. If the entire scheme of the I&B Code is seen, it will be evident that the Code is to consolidate and amend the laws relating to reorganisation and insolvency resolution of ‘corporate persons’, ‘partnership firms’ and ‘individual’ in a time bound manner. It is a self-contained Code which is exhaustive in nature when it comes to reorganisation and insolvency resolution. However, an exception had been carved out while enacting the Code that the ‘financial service providers’ have been kept outside the purview of the Code. Being a consolidating legislation only those acts are permitted which are mentioned in the Code and it cannot be made applicable to ‘financial service providers’ including ‘non-banking financial institutions’ and MFI’s banks, which have been kept outside the purview of the Code.”In the present case, the Corporate Debtor was a NBFC and had undertaken financial deposits from the respondent thus, falling under the ambit defined under Section 3(16) of the Code. The application was thus found non-maintainable under Section 7 of the Code. It is by virtue of these cases that a need for rules for FSP and their categories were recognized.

1https://ibbi.gov.in//webadmin/pdf/order/2019/Jul/11493138195d25d9f0d704d_2019-07- 11%2010:08:57.pdf 2https://ibbi.gov.in//webadmin/pdf/order/2018/Oct/Randhiraj%20Thakur%20Director%20Mayfair %20Capital%20Private%20Limited%20Vs%20Jindal%20Saxena%20Finacial%20Services%20Pr ivate%20Ltd._2018-10-11%2021:29:41.pdf

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 42 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

FSP Rules3

In exercise of the powers conferred under section 227 read with clause (zk) of sub- section (2) of section 239 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31 of 2016), the Central Government made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Insolvency and Liquidation Proceedings of Financial Service Providers and Application to Adjudicating Authority) Rules, 2019 and notified them on 15th November 2019.The rules were framed to provide a generic framework for insolvency and liquidation proceedings of systemically important Financial Service Providers (FSPs) other than banks. The Rules shall apply to such FSPs or categories of FSPs, as will be notified by the Central Government under section 227 from time to time in consultation with appropriate regulators, for the purpose of their insolvency and liquidation proceedings.As per the FSP Rules, all provisions of the Code relating to a corporate insolvency resolution process ("CIRP") and liquidation process of a corporate debtor shall apply to FSPs with certain modifications as specified in the FSP Rules. However, it does not mean that all FSPs would now be covered under these Rules. The FSP Rules will apply to only those FSPs who are notified by the Central Government under Section 227 from time to time. A notification was issued for all systemically important NBFCs and for RBI to be the appropriate regulator in this regard. For all other FSPs, the IBC is required to apply in the same manner as that to all other corporate debtors.

Just like in insolvency proceedings of a Corporate Person, a Resolution Professional (RP) is appointed to take over the control of assets and management of the Corporate Debtor. The FSP Rules provide that on the admission of an application for initiation of CIRP against an FSP, NCLT shall appoint an individual proposed by the appropriate regulator as the 'Administrator'. The Administrator will have the powers of an RP. The appropriate regulator can constitute an Advisory Committee to advise the Administrator in the operations of the FSP during the CIRP. The Advisory Committee has to consist of 3 or more members, who shall be persons of ability, integrity and standing, and who have expertise or experience in finance, economics, accountancy, law, public policy or any other profession in the area of financial services or risk management, administration, supervision or resolution of an FSP.

Ministry of Corporate Affairs notified the manner of dealing with the third party assets in custody or possession of a FSP; by the Administrator appointed under FSP Rules vide Notification No. S.O. 464(E) dated 30.01.2020.4. The FSP Rules note that moratorium will not apply to any third-party assets or properties in custody or possession of the FSP, including funds, securities and other assets required to be held in trust for the benefit of third parties.

3https://ibbi.gov.in//uploads/legalframwork/cb1d53c7fe47f8f22ab36a40f441db2c.pdf 4https://ibbi.gov.in//uploads/legalframwork/3878e1c4a2332a3e4398d924fac58166.pdf

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 43 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

However, the FSP Rules provide that an Administrator shall take control and custody of third-party assets or properties in custody or possession of the FSP, including any funds, securities and other assets required to be held in trust for the benefit of third parties only for the purpose of dealing with them in the manner, as may be notified by the Central Government under Section 227.

The Rules were put to test in the cases initiated under these FSP Rules. The first case initiated under these Rules was that of Reserve Bank of India v. Dewan Housing Finance Limited5, The whole process to be followed under the rules was laid down in the order. RBI as the regulator had also appointed an administrator and formed an advisory committee to act as a COC for the same. NCLT, Mumbai Bench held that “The Applicant RBI in the capacity of "Appropriate Regulator" has submitted this Application against the 'Financial Service Provider' Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited on account of the fact that the default in repayment of the ECB Loan to SBI was committed, therefore, after following the due procedure as discussed supra prayed for "Admission" of the Petition u/s 7 to be read with Section 227 of the Insolvency Code.

….7.4. Upon Admission it is hereby pronounced that "Moratorium" as defined u/s.14 of the Insolvency Code shall commence with effect from the date of Application i.e. 29.11.2019 as prescribed under Rule 5(b)(i) of FSP Rules 2019. On commencement of "Moratorium" the institution of any Suit or continuation of proceedings or execution of any decree against the Financial Service Provider (DHFL) shall be prohibited.” The process followed has proved that IBC can prove to be a beneficial law for reconstruction and recovery even for financial service providers.

Conclusion

The wait for the Rules to deal with FSPs was long but the mechanism has provided a definite band-aid solution to the current problem of having no framework. These Rules however cannot be construed as a permanent solution to deal with all the restructuring and liquidation of Financial Service Providers as a whole. The FSP rules provide for a complementary system wherein the Adjudicating Authority, the Regulator and the Administrator, all have to work in tandem with each other for best results.

Although, these Rules provide a much needed relief to all the stakeholders of FSPs for smooth and clear implementation of Resolution and Restructuring, a comprehensive framework which can be considered a one stop solution, just like the Code, is what should be the aim of the government in the long run.

5https://ibbi.gov.in//uploads/order/d9c77ba13d4eea5107ae79715a8c0402.pdf

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 44 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

COVID-19 AND UNPRIVILEDGE CLASS: AN ANALYSIS

Dr. Hajra Masood Assistant Professor – Sociology Karamat Husain P.G.Collage Lucknow

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines for safety against COVID-19 are extremely simple& basic. The guidelines states people to wash their hands regularly with soap, practice social distancing, with a strict stay at home if one happens to be in an affected area or has been exposed to the virus in any way possible. Home quarantine is also advised for people who are in or have recently visited (in the past 14 days) COVID- 19 affected areas to avoid the spread of the disease (World Health Organization, nd). India’s most populated state with over 200 million people, Uttar Pradesh has managed well to keep the cases below 500 (451 at the time of writing). The state has further sealed all the 160 hotspots completely. Uttar Pradesh had no laboratory to test the Sars- CoV-2 pathogen when the first positive case was reported on 3 March; it now has 10. The state government has established a Covid Care Fund, and is getting support from public representatives and the general public. The money is being used to expand testing and treatment facilities; 2,400 tests are being done daily. The government is already working to boost the manufacturing units of PPE, N95 masks, triple-layer masks, thermal analysers, ventilators and other equipment.

Since healthcare systems in progressive nations, like the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), & Italy, has failed to contain the rapid increase in the number of cases, then in this case it becomes crucial to follow such advice to pre-empt the spread of this dangerous virus, especially in low- & middle-income countries where healthcare systems are a luxury for millions to afford. The reality of such a densely populated country like India, it becomes questionable as how practical it is to adhere to these guidelines? It is the question every mind follows and is scared to even admit to self. By examining and analyzing the latest National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) reported data on housing & sanitation (76th round, 2018), we make an assessment of the accessibility& availability of basic housing & related amenities of an average Indian household, such as sanitation facilities, which are set at minimum requirements in order to follow WHO guidelines effectively. We consider per capita availability of rooms, access to fresh hygienic water for bathing & toilet facilities as fundamentals to comply with the social distancing norms and to maintain hygiene.

Cheek-by-jowl Living Spaces

Investigating on the housing substructure in India, it reveals that almost a third of the rural population & a half of the urban population in India live in houses which as per capita space available are less than a single room, which effectively means that isolating

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 45 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 a person with risk of infection is extremely difficult in these compact spaces. This implies that home quarantine/self-isolation measures would be difficult to implement among 60% of the population of India in the event of spread of infection (Table 1).

Table 1: Per Capita Availability of Rooms

Rural Urban Total

Less than a room 66.08 45.16 59.6

Just a room 14.71 17.1 15.45

More than one room 19.21 37.74 24.95

Total 100 100 100

Water Woes

Accessibility of running water in homes is an important part of hygiene and a necessity to ensure regular hand washing with soap. The NSSO data reveals that 40% of urban households & 75% of rural households in India do not have access to tap water in their homes or even in radius of their residential premises (Table 2).

Table 2: Source of Water

Drinking Water Domestic Needs

Source Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Bottled water 3.4 10.3 5.5 0.1 0.4 0.2

Piped water into houses 11.5 43.7 21.4 13.9 49.6 24.8

Piped water to yard/plot 9.8 14.1 11.1 9.8 10.8 10.1

Piped water from neighbor 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 46 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Source Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Public tap/standpipe 9.1 7.1 8.5 7.4 5.4 6.8

Tube well 10.8 10.3 10.7 11.5 17.2 13.2

Hand pump 45.3 8.0 33.9 41.4 7.9 31.2

Well: Protected 2.9 1.6 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.6

Well: Unprotected 4.3 2.5 3.7 4.5 2.8 4.0

Tanker truck: Public 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.5

Tanker truck: Private 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

Spring: Protected 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2

Spring: Unprotected 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3

Rainwater Collection 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Surface water: Tank/Pond 0.4 0.1 0.3 4.9 1.0 3.7

Other surface water (river, dam, stream, canal, lake, etc. 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

Others (cart with small tank or drum, etc.) 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 47 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

It implies that majorly households obtain their basic resource of water from public taps, wells, or other shared water sources. This denotes that while maintaining any sort of hygiene & social distancing is itself difficult in these unusual circumstances, there is a higher risk of contamination of water resource & also the spread of infections during public health crises.

Furthermore, it has been observed that average time required to collect water from community sources is close to approximately an hour every day, certainly implying that social distancing is difficult task to follow& execute for a large proportion of households with no proper regulations & measures for this daily need crisis (Table 3b). As is the practice in many developing or under-developed countries, the liability of collecting water from open resources is predominantly on females of the household (73%) exposing them to greater health risks (Table 3c).

Table 3: Access to Drinking Water

Rural Urban Total

(a) Access to drinking water

Within dwelling 30 59 39

Outside dwelling but within the premises 31 22 28

Outside premises

Less than 0.2 km 28.6 13.7 24.0

0.2 km to 0.5 km 8.0 3.2 6.5

0.5 km to 1.0 km 2.1 1.2 1.8

1.0 km to 1.5 km 0.4 0.4 0.4

1.5 km or more 0.5 0.5 0.5

Total 100 100 100

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 48 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Rural Urban Total

(b) Average time (in minutes) required to fetch water in a day from outside 48.5 40.0 47.0 premises

(c) Who fetches water?

Male members 20.8 33.8 23.0

Female members 77.5 56.6 73.9

Hired labour 0.6 4.7 1.3

Others 1.1 4.9 1.8

Total 100 100 100

Poor Sanitation Facilities

Following on, we examine Indians access to exclusive washrooms & latrines required to maintain hygiene to avoid coming into contact with viral discharges of infected persons (Table 4). Among the rural households, 45% have no access to exclusive washrooms, & 39% have no access to exclusive latrines, while 5% each use public facilities.

In urban areas, while the percentage of people without access to washrooms & latrines are lower at 9% & 4% respectively, a higher proportion of households use common/public washrooms & latrines (11% & 13.5% respectively).

Overall, about 8% of the Indian population uses public sanitation facilities & a quarter of the population has no access to any sanitation facility, making it difficult to follow good hygiene.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 49 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Table 4: Access to Bathrooms & Latrines

Bathrooms Latrines

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

For the exclusive 51.5 79.7 60.2 65.0 82.2 70.2 use of household

For common use of households in a 4.8 10.7 6.6 5.7 10.6 7.2 building

Public/community use without 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.6 payment

No bathroom 0 0 0 0 1.2 0.4

Others 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Prevalence of proper hand-washing practices

Finally, we examine hand-washing practices amongst Indians, prior to meals & after defecation to comprehend in what way these are strongly embedded is this idea of washing or cleaning hands with soap & water (Table 5). We find that while 75% of the population washes their hands using soap & water after defecation whereas only 34% of it performs cleaning of hand before having a meal. The majority of the population (62%) uses only water to wash hands before meals. This displays that the fundamental practice required to curtail infections through hand-washing with soap several times a day is a practice that majority of Indians are yet to adopt.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 50 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Table 5: Hand-washing Practices

Rural urban Total

(a) Hand-washing regularly before

meals

With water & soap detergent 25.0 55.3 34.3

With water & ash mud/sand etc. 3.6 1.4 2.9

With water only 70.1 42.7 61.7

Do not wash 1.3 0.6 1.1

Total 100 100 100

(b) Hand-washing regularly after

defecation

With water & soap detergent 68.4 89.2 74.7

With water & ash mud/sand etc. 18.1 2.1 13.2

With water only 13.5 8.7 12.0

Do not wash 0.1 0.0 0.1

Total 100 100 100 Our study & breakdown of the situation exhibits that maintaining social-distancing, following proper hygiene, &observing self-isolation guidelines in the case of this deadly infection are practically difficult for majority of the population residing in India, due to existing housing patterns& sanitation facilities. Even if information regarding protective measures& safety norms is circulated to reach & go rounds through the entire population, the lack of basic amenities & resources makes the financially & resourcefully less-privileged sections of the Indian society defenceless against COVID- 19. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ India shares two SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 51 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

SUICIDE CASES AND CAUSES REPORTED IN FORENSIC MEDICINE DIRECTORATE AND ISTEQLAL HOSPITAL OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, KABUL AFGHANISTAN

Faridullah Rahiq1,2,3,4,5, Li Xiguang2, Muhammad Rehman1,3,4,5,8, Azizaqa Zahed1,3, Khalil Ahmad Pashtoonyar1,4,5, Bashir Ahmad Taseer 6, Ahmad Shah Wazir 7, Mohammad Mustafa Amarkhil1,3 1. Forensic Medicine Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan. 2. Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China. 3. Forensic Medicine Strengthening Project, Forensic Medicine Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan 4. Forensic Medicine Laboratories, Forensic Medicine Directorate of the Ministry of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan. 5. Forensic Medicine Services, Forensic Medicine Directorate of the Ministry of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan 6. Mental Health and Substance Abuse Department, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan. 7. Plastic and burn surgery Department, Isteqlal Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan. 8. Noor Rahman Medical Laboratory, Kabul Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT

Suicide is serious public health problems globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, an estimated 804,000 suicide deaths occurred worldwide, representing an annual global age-standardized suicide rate of 11.4 per 100,000 populations.

Afghanistan’s public health ministry officials said that over 9,000 suicide attempt cases happened in the country during 2014.

The majority of reported cases of suicide and suicide attempts in Afghanistan are women. Gender- based violence is among the main causes for women’s suicides and self-immolation. According to research, the most common reason for self-immolation is forced or child marriage. Since there is no proper data collection system about suicide neither in the Ministry of Public Health, nor in other ministries, the only source of data is represented by some research done by human right commission or NGOs and their main focus is on gender base violence and human rights violations against women rather than suicide.

Evidence in recent years shows that after the fall of Taliban, the number of suicides increasing amongst Afghans every year. Country-wide investigations showed that the vast majority of suicide cases in Afghanistan were amongst woman and young girls experiencing physical abuse, according to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Afghan women experience some of the highest rates of domestic violence in the world the cases of violence and self-immolation against women were higher in 2013 than in 2012.

The reactions of the Afghan Government towards suicide issues, has been differ widely. Some condemn the act, pointing to the Islamic belief that: those who commit suicide will not be forgiven by Almighty Allah. On the other hand, there have been real attempts at the governmental levels to understand the situation.

The complicity of silence, the general hesitancy to address the issue and the lack of reliable statistics are all reasons not to understanding the underlying structural roots of the problem. The aim of the study is to review the frequency of the suicide cases recorded. There is little information on suicide and majority of the attempted suicide remains hidden as it is considered

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 52 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

shameful in the society. This behavior is strongly influenced by socio-cultural and psychological factors.

In general policy and judicial actions are needed to prevent and/or reduce suicides in the county. In addition the suicide reporting process must be strengthened in order to develop efficient interventions; awareness rising on the issue is also considered very effective and practical on the issue.

The study is mostly quantitative and the study population is the referred suicide cases recorded in Forensic Medicine Directorate and Isteqlal Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health in Kabul, Afghanistan during the past three years. Data collection is based on the past year data records in both sites, interview from personnel and questioning from relevant staff.

Key words: Suicide；Afghanistan；Quantitative Study；Ministry of Public Health Afghanistan；

INTRODUCTION

Identifying the Problem

Suicide is an irrational desire to die. The term "irrational" because no matter how bad a person's life is, suicide is a permanent solution to what is nearly always a temporary problem. Suicide is a symptom and sign of serious depression. Depression is a treatable disorder, but often the treatment takes time, energy and effort on the part of the person who is feeling depressed. It is during this time in treatment that many people turn to suicide and suicidal acts.

Suicide is serious public health problems globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, an estimated 804,000 suicide deaths occurred worldwide, representing an annual global age-standardized suicide rate of 11.4 per 100,000 populations. The World Health Organization (WHO) also estimates that for every suicide there are at least 10–20 attempts at suicide. Seventy five percent of all global suicides occur in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Risk factors for suicide are many and varied including physical and sexual abuse, childhood neglect and deprivation, parental separation, maternal physical and mental health problems, lack of family, personality disorder, psychiatric disorders (particularly depression), as well as current life-stressors.

Suicidal behavior is complex. Some risk factors vary with age, gender and ethnic group and may even change over time. The risk factors for suicide frequently occur in combination. Research has shown that 90 percent of people who kill themselves have depression or another diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorder. Difficult life events in combination with other strong risk factors, such as depression, may lead to suicide.

Warning signs prior to suicide are significant and divided in to three groups: verbal, behavioral and environmental: I. Verbal warning signs include; any written letter, verbal communication may be direct or indirect. II. Behavioral warning signs are behavioral signals which demonstrate emotional changes, mood changes, and behavioral changes of a person.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 53 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

III. Environmental warning signs are any major changes in at the home, family or job, which leads to mood variation and emotional attacks.

”The number of lives lost each year through suicide exceeds the number of deaths due to homicide and war combined. Every 40 seconds another family loses a loved one to suicide,” said Dr. Peeperkorn. “Policy and legislative actions are needed to prevent suicide, together with awareness rising of suicide as a public health problem in Afghanistan. Surveillance and reporting on suicides and suicide attempts also needs strengthening to devise effective interventions“. Over 800,000 people die due to suicide every year and there are many more who attempt suicide. Suicide occurs throughout the lifespan and was the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds globally in 2012 .

Suicide is a global phenomenon in all regions of the world; in fact, 75% of global suicide occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Suicide accounted for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide, making it the 15th leading cause of death in 2012. Effective and evidence-based interventions can be implemented at population, sub-population and individual levels to prevent suicide and suicide attempts.

Research Methodology

Study Design

The study is quantitative. The study population is the referred suicide cases recorded in Forensic Medicine Directorate and Isteqlal Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health in Kabul, Afghanistan during the past three years .

(Some samples (suicide attempts through poisoning) of the last year from other 5 hospitals are also included for comparison)

NATIONAL SITUATION

Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a land-locked country (current estimated population 29 million and 2 hundred thousand) that connects central to South Asia. 99% of its population is Muslims. Kabul (current estimated population 4 million) is the capital city. The country has poor social and health indicators made worse by over three decades of continuous war, which has caused enormous social, political, & economic disorder and suffering.

Afghanistan’s public health ministry officials said that over 9,000 suicide attempt cases were recorded in the country during 2014. Deputy public health service chief said 4,466 cases of poisoning and 707 cases of burns were recorded in the capital, while 4,136 cases of burns were recorded in the provinces during the year 2014.

The majority of the victims who are females attempted to commit suicide by setting themselves on fire. Hanging and use of weapons are the other means used to commit suicide.

Evidence shows that after the fall of Taliban, the number of suicides increasing amongst Afghans every year, At least 184 cases of self-immolation was registered by the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) in 2007 against 106 in 2006.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 54 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Country-wide investigations showed that the vast majority of suicide cases in Afghanistan were amongst woman and young girls experiencing physical abuse, according to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Afghan women experience some of the highest rates of domestic violence in the world. According to UNAMA's mid-year report, cases of violence and self-immolation against women were higher in 2013 than in 2012. The real prevalence may be higher than what is mentioned, because of general knowledge of silence attached to this issue, as suicide is a criminal act in Islamic ‘Sharia’ and also in the Afghani civil and criminal laws.

The reactions of the Afghan Government towards suicide issues, has been differ widely. Some condemn the act, pointing to the Islamic belief that: those who commit suicide will go to hell. On the other hand, there have been real attempts at the governmental and para-statal levels to understand the situation.

However, majority of the attempted suicide cases remains hidden since the act of attempting suicide is considered shameful in the society.

“The majority of reported cases of suicide and suicide attempts in Afghanistan are women. Gender-based violence is among the main causes for women’s suicides and self-immolation. According to research, the most common reason for self-immolation is forced or child marriage,” noted the UNFPA representative for Afghanistan, Dr. Annette Robertson, according to the public health ministry.

The women’s rights chief at the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, told Afghanistan Times that methods of suicide used by Afghan women last year include “self- immolation, self-poisoning, drowning, hanging, and cutting off the artery.” “Sexual abuse, domestic violence, forced and early marriages” are among the primary reported reasons for female suicides, she added.

Most “suicide incidents remained covert due to family disgrace, but suicides would decline substantially if the ministry of health cooperates with the police,”

In the Afghanistan Times article, a Kabul University lecturer, said, “Democracy has not expanded across the country to protect the women’s rights and it’s quite challenging to defend women in such a society. Women are very vulnerable and often undergo drastic atrocities in their social lives.”

Violence against women in Afghanistan reached record levels in 2013, according to the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan (AIHRC). Figures released between 6 months of 2013 witnessed a 25 percent increase in recorded attacks. As Seema Samar, the chair of AIHRC, told Reuters, attacks were more frequent and more brutal, with incidents including “the cutting of [women’s] noses, lips and ears,” and “public rape.”

The struggle to secure women’s rights in Afghanistan has been an embattled one. After years of faltering campaigns, the landmark Elimination of Violence against Women Act (EVAW) was passed in 2009 by presidential decree. The unprecedented law criminalizes 22 offences, from forced prostitution to denying women their inheritance (Article 5), prescribes punishments for offenders (Articles 17 – 42) and outlines a number of state responsibilities (Articles 8 – 16). Most significantly, Article 6 enshrines seven victims’ rights, including the right of prosecution, legal representation and compensation.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 55 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The 2009 act marked a major turning point in the legal status of Afghan women. Before the EVAW was passed, cases of violence against women were governed by Afghanistan’s penal code, in force since 1976, which contains no reference to violence within the family or underage marriage. Even these scant legal protections were illusory during Taliban rule, when women were denied free movement and access to education and when women were even stoned to death. Since then, Afghanistan has signed numerous international rights treaties and as a signatory is obliged under international law to respond to reports of attacks on women. And yet, according to UN statistics, out of 650 reported cases between October 2012 and September 2013, the law was applied in a mere 109. On average, over the past three years, the EVAW act has only been applied to between 15 and 17 percent of reported cases. The failure to enforce the law is a chief concern among activists. Speaking to Al Jazeera, Latifa Sultani, an AIHRC spokesperson, recounted a case in which a man evaded justice despite being accused of using an axe to dismember his wife. With perpetrators at large, many victims do not speak out for fear of reprisals, leaving countless women to suffer in silence. Heather Barr of Human Rights Watch accuses the Afghan government of failing women, attributing low rates of law enforcement to a lack of political will. In a 2012 report entitled “Still a Long Way to Go,” the UN made 71 recommendations for strengthening protections for Afghan women. The UN found that only four of these proposals had been implemented. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan notes that a major challenge is the lack of resources and technical and political support for police, prosecutors, and the courts. Securing women’s rights had become one of the prime justifications for intervention. Activists fear that the prospect of withdrawal has fuelled an attitude of impunity, contributing to the intensification of attacks against women. According to UN Women Chief PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka violence against women in Afghanistan is “pandemic,” with 87.2 percent of women experiencing some form of physical, psychological, sexual, economic or social violence. 2014 is a year of flux for Afghanistan. With a looming general election, crumbling economy and concerns over security, activists fear worsening of the already hostile environment for women in Afghanistan. Vulnerable groups i. Women: especially young girls between age of 14 -19 years, which are most vulnerable due to gender base violence and violence against their rights. ii. Drug users: nowadays data showed 11% of general population is using some kind of drugs such as opiates, opioid, heroin, sleep pills or pain killers and hashish (INL Afghan rural drug survey result 2015). iii. Returnees and displaced people with facing acculturation. iv. Disables, family of martyrs. v. Poor people/ jobless. vi. People with mental disorder and psycho-social problem. vii. People affected by serious infections such as HIV/AIDS, HBV and HBS. viii. People who have lost their dear ones. ix. People who are affected from civil war. x. People who have suddenly faced a very big economical loss. xi. People specially youth who are disowned by the family and/or face some sort of dishonor by society. Causalities There is little information on suicide in Afghanistan-behaviors that are strongly influenced by socio-cultural and psychological factors . Afghanistan is a poor and post conflict country with huge burden of health, Mental Health- psycho-social problems, large risk factors prohibit people from seeking help such as, gender

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 56 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

imbalance, gender base violence, poverty, domestic violence, mental disorders, cultural changes, kinds of human right violation, women and children rights violation and related results. Most of these risk factors contribute to increase vulnerability for suicide and the situation is going to be worse when, we knew the low level of awareness of people, and the extreme cultural restrictions to suicide and suicide attempts cases and highlights. SUICIDE CASES AND CAUSESREPORTED IN FORENSIC MEDICINE DIRECTORATE Forensics or forensic science is the application of science to questions which are of interest to the legal system as well as social sciences. Today forensic doctors are claimed by courts, law enforcement, offenders, and accusers to analyze evidence and report conclusions. Sometimes forensic experts are asked to be expert witnesses in court and report those findings. As Forensic science is the application of the scientific method to help the judicial system. Therefore Forensic doctors collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during the course of an investigation. Some forensic doctors’ travel to the scene of the crime to collect the evidence themselves; others are in laboratory performing analysis on objects brought to them by other individuals. Worth to mention that In addition to forensic doctors’ laboratory role, they also testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defense. Forensic Medicine Directorate in Afghanistan was established in the year 1981with some basic resources and facilities. At present Forensic Medicine Directorate operates under direct supervision of Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan. Currently the Directorate operates 24 hours and over passage of time, certain sections have developed to incorporate the majority of forensically related cases. Forensic specialties that are currently developed in Forensic Medicine Directorate, Kabul Afghanistan; 1. Forensic Pathology 2. Forensic Toxicology 3. Forensic Anthropology 4. Forensic Evidence 5. Forensic Chemistry 6. Forensic Odontology 7. Forensic Genetics 8. Forensic Psychiatry 9. Forensic Serology 10. Criminalistics 11. Document Examination 12. Forensic Autopsy Examinations 13. Medical Malpractice & Mispractice Investigation Though, Forensic Medicine Directorate can’t give specific opinion about the cause of death as it is not part of their authority, therefore they only describe and record the cause of death. The cause of death can clearly indicate the intention behind it. The suicide attempts that had led to death and were recorded in Forensic Medicine Directorate during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016.

Suicide Cases – Forensic Medicine Directorate, Kabul Afghanistan During the year 2014, 2015 and 2016, total 119 deaths (suicide cases) were recorded in Forensic Medicine Directorate; the breakdown is shown in below table and the graph chart.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 57 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 58 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 59 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 60 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 61 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 62 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 63 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 64 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 65 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 66 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 67 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 68 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 69 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 70 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 71 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 72 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 73 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 74 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 75 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 76 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 77 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 78 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 79 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 80 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 81 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 82 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

FINDINGS

The basic goal is to prevent suicide both injury and death; study results indicate that standards by which progress can be documented could empower government to actually implement their plans. This can include constantly connecting suicide prevention to other issues to which the public, government agencies, or the educational system are already committed. More work is needed at the national level to assist in developing these standards. There are some findings indicated during the research that are concluded as below; 1. The total number of recorded suicide attempts in Forensic Medicine Directorate that has led to death during the years 2014-2015-2016 was 119. The average of suicides that are recorded in Forensic Medicine Directorate per year was 39.6 suicides. 2. Among the cases in Forensic Medicine Directorate 44% percent of the suicides were committed by female and 56% were committed by male. 3. Mostly the age group that is recorded was between 15-35 years old people in Forensic Medicine, however still 55% of them are between 15-25 years old. This reveals that younger people are much vulnerable. 4. The methods used for suicide were hanging, mouse killer; drown in water, gun shot and Burn. As per available data, hanging was the most common method used i.e. 74%, while other methods usages was 19%, 2%, 4% and 1% respectively. 5. The total number of recorded suicide attempts in Isteqlal hospital that has led to death during the years 2014-2015-2016 is 41. The average of suicides that are recorded in Isteqlal Hospital per year was 13.6 suicides. 6. Among the cases 80% percent of the suicides were committed by female and 20% were committed by male. 7. Mostly the age group that is recorded was between 15-35 years old people, however still 68% of them are between 15-25 years old. This reveals that younger people are much vulnerable. 8. As per detailed information provided in chapter 4, there were 4 female suicide cases (Poisoning) reported in Isteqlal hospital in the years 2015 and 2016. This number shows that as per chapter 5 data from five hospitals where 391 women who had attempted suicide, 4 have died which shows the average ratio of 100:1, that means in every 100 poisoned cases in women, 1 die. 9. Forensic Medicine Directorate can’t give specific opinion about the type of death as it is not part of their authority. They only describe the cause of death. 10. Forensic medicine directorate is not well equipped and not trained and authorized to give exact opinion. 11. There is no proper database available that records suicides and suicide attempts with all possible details. Most of the cases are recorded quantitatively while lots of details related to the quality of the case are missing. 12. Registration and medical records of hospitals don’t have sufficient data available to enhance related researches. 13. Strong coordination and cooperation lack between Forensic Medicine, Police, Prosecutors and Courts. 14. The final decisions taken on cases are not shared with Forensic Medicine by Courts. 15. The recorded cases show that the age group is in between 15 – 35, with higher percentage between 15-25, which means young age group is much vulnerable. 16. The method of suicide is different by sex, men usually use hanging as a method, however women usually choose poisoning and self-immolation. 17. Though as per observations female suicide cases are higher than male, but most of the cases related to women are hidden at family and community level and are not referred for investigation, therefore there are fewer records available in Forensic Medicine Directorate.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 83 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

18. Overall in Kabul with an estimated population of Four million, the number of poisoning cases recorded in 5 hospitals is 2061 cases. According to authorities almost more than 90% of all these cases are attempts to suicide which means there are 52 people attempting suicide in every 100000 people. 19. The present analysis found that Afghan women attempted suicide 1.13 times more than men. 20. Finally there is no certain prevention strategy in place yet.

Conclusively it can be stated that though suicide rate is not high in Afghanistan but still suicide prevention strategies must be developed within the context of social, economic, and political realities. There will be challenges that may come during the processes of planning and implementation. But it is really important to compare experiences of several governments, discover commonalities, and gather recommendations about national level suicide prevention planning and implementation strategy.

SUGGESTION & CONCLUSION

This study shows that incidence of suicide may have increased in Afghanistan but also there is a lack of information of the subject. The prolonged war and the socio-political and socio- economical disorder in Afghanistan have all but destroyed the social order of the country and this may be reflected in the suicide statistics of the country. Suicide is strongly prohibited in Islam. Attempting or committing suicide offends the whole family socially and could be one of the reasons why suicides are under- reported and under-researched in Afghanistan.

In case of hospitals, (as shown in records of Isteqlal Hospital) the number of female cases are high; because for treatment purpose, family members do bring the victim to the hospital and the case is recorded both by the hospital authority as well as the investigative department. In such cases family members can’t deny the incident and therefore the real data is recorded in hospitals.

Most acts of self-immolation by young Afghan women are due to some factors such as arranged and forced marriages, trading women with the intention of marriage and the outdated and illegal practice of “baad” (the giving away of a female to settle a dispute). The lack of family support in many cases appears make the situation worse. Therefore, suicide in Afghan women is a form of social protest against the domination they face. However, the majority of the suicide victims have no intention to kill themselves; they just want to express their pain by burning or eating poison. Still due to immediate effects, adverse harm complications and complication and non-availability of time, the victims lose their lives.

Though government has passed different laws such as EVAW law - Elimination of Violence against Women but the politics and logistics of moving from paper to practice present a significant challenge. The number of female attempting suicide by any mean is high, the more women learn about their rights; the more they will less go to the extreme that is attempt suicide. Therefore, the effectiveness of the human rights system at the national level needs to be improved and an effective advocacy initiative or strategy is required at national level.

More than three decades of almost continuous conflict in an impoverished country of Afghanistan has severely compromised the mental health status of the population. From the small number of scientific reports (and a growing number of media reports), it appears suicidal behavior has become a serious public health problem in Afghanistan. This is neither unexpected nor surprising. However, in order to understand the problem better and to inform policy for developing suicide prevention programs, there is need for more and better research. My review is an initial attempt to

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 84 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 draw attention to this problem in Afghanistan. In order to reduce the growing number of suicides, in addition to give the sufferers’ immediate health care, the below points are recommended: 1. To decrease illiteracy and promoting literacy in each and every community. 2. To provide long term awareness sessions in order to show families broader ways to struggle in reducing violence against women, stop domestic problems, etc. through media i.e. TV and radio. 3. To create jobs and provide occupations to improve people’seconomicstatus and reduce related tensions. 4. To seek assistance of influential community people, religious leaders and teachers/professors to publicize the issue of domestic violence. 5. To expand and well equip the burn and attempt suicide wards within hospitals, in addition to establishment of specialization programs. 6. To establish proper psychosocial sessions for the survivors in order to convince them not to commit suicide again and help them to return to their normal life. 7. To establish an emergency department equipped by emergency call number to speedily prevent and cover the cases. 8. To keep away insecticides, pesticides (poison) and firearm from all certain people who are under observation with different behaviors, characteristics and mental issues. 9. To conduct a national wide research on identifying the main and frequent causes behind suicides lead by Forensic Medicine Directorate and Mental Health Department of MOPH. 10. Scope of government responsibility needs to be expanded for protection of women's human rights at each and every level.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION This research was conducted in Forensic Medicine Directorate and Istiqlal Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan, FR carried out experiment and collected data, LX carried data analysis, FR and MR drafted manuscript, BAT, ASW, AZ, MMA and KAP conceived of the study and participated in the research coordination, the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. MoPH, 2014b. Suicide Report Press Report MoPH, Kabul, Afghanistan. 2. Epidemiology and outcome of burns in Isteqlal Hospital of Kabul, Afghanistan. Burns 36, 1101–1106. 3. General Directorate of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan 4. Records and files, Interview and questions from doctors, responsible of Isteqlal Hospital of Kabul, Afghanistan 5. Records and files, Interview and questions from doctors, responsible of Forensic Medical Department of Kabul, Afghanistan 6. http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2014/09/13/afghanistan-4-136-cases-of-self- immolation-primarily-involving-women-registered-so-far-this-year/ 7. http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ 8. http://www.khaama.com/over-9000-suicide-attempt-cases-recorded-in-afghanistan-6666 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.004 10. http://www.therichest.com/rich-list/the-biggest/10-countries-with-the-highest-suicide-rates- in-the-world/ 11. A study of deliberate self-harm and its repetition among patients presenting to an emergency department. Crisis –2011

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 85 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

12. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 13. Guanglin He et al, 2019, A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara, Forensic Science International: Genetics 42 (2019) e1-12,doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. 14. Shahzad MS, Kalsoom S, Bajwa JI, Arif A, Khan MAU (2018). Detection and comparison of light metals in hair among workers of different industries using Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) for forensic casework. Adv. Life Sci.5 (4): 154-158. 15. WAQAS M et al, 2019, trace elemental analysis of hair for toxicity using partial induced x- ray emission (pixe) testing for forensic science applications, IJBPAS, 8(11): 2181-2194.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 86 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

COVID-19: ECONOMY IN JEOPARDIZE

Gurpreet Kaur Research Scholar, Desh Bhagat University, Amloh, Ludhiana

Abstract

The rampant spread of COVID-19 outbreak, across borders and geographies, has severely impacted almost the whole world and triggered significant downside risks to the overall global economic outlook. India too suffered decline in its economy due to the lockdown. It was assumed while presenting the budget in February that GDP growth rate will be higher from last few years. However, now this task seems next to be impossible as the growth rate in spite of inclining has started declining. This is a serious issue as many industries has been fallen . Even it can be said that industries are at the last stage of survival. This paper tends to highlight those sectors which suffered a lot . Along with that, this paper also tries to find steps that can be taken to combat this problem.

Keywords: Rampant, Growth Rate, GDP, Economy, Outlook, Global

Introduction

Coronavirus has almost broken all the norms and boundaries which has been set in the world. As its breakdown resulted in locking almost everything. It just stop the movement and it seems that only time has been running and rest of the things are being paused. The major impact it had on the lives of human being and at the economy of the any country. It can be estimated that globally the economy has suffered a lot. This pandemic has even broken the record of the loss that has occurred in the Great Depression which happened in 1930. Due to the lockdown announced by the Indian Government, the economy may slow over the next few months. For most businesses, the slowdown could be in the form of supply disruptions, fall in consumption demand, and stress on the banking and financial sectors.

Objective This paper tries highlight  The major sectors which suffered the most due to pandemic.  The impact of COVID-19 in the economy of India  The future challenges that need to be taken to combat this situation.

Research Methodology The method used to write this paper is purely descriptive. The secondary sources has been opted to write this paper. The matter is gathered from articles, journals, books and so on.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 87 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Reality Check It is a matter of fact that after the lockdown, a humanitarian crisis unfolded. It forced people into starvation, joblessness, poverty, destitution, depression and many more. This is apart from health infrastructure crisis.

Prediction of GDP growth rate before the Breakdown of Coronavirus Amid the coronavirus pandemic, several countries across the world resorted to lockdowns to “flatten the curve” of the infection. These lockdowns meant confining millions of citizens to their homes, shutting down businesses and ceasing almost all economic activity. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the global economy is expected to shrink by over 3 per cent in 2020 – the steepest slowdown since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

As the annual year was around the corner before the spread of hazardous virus . The Union - Government has already passed the Budget. While presenting the Finance Bill for the year 2020-21, the Union Government on 01.02.2020 had reasonably estimated India's nominal GDP growth rate (i.e., real growth + inflation) of 10 percent, however, the same now seems far from reality and certainty. The slowdown in demand, closure of production activities, fall in the global price of crude oil, ban on foreign trade, price decrease in the commodities like energy, metals and fertilizers, restrictions on the aviation industry as also on tourism, amongst others, are bound to exert downward pressure on the inflation, thus adversely affecting the economy chart. It is believed that India's aggressive lockdown could bring the country's growth down to 2.5 percent from 4.5 percent it had earlier estimated. However, as per a statement released by Chief India Economist of Goldman Sachs on 09.04.2020, the economic growth of India has been estimated at a low figure of 1.6% only. It is really a matter of concern. As the incline in Indian Economy is also estimated by the World Bank. In the latest World Bank's assessment, India was expected to grow 1.5 % to 2.8%1. Even the IMF also projected a growth rate of 1.9 % for India in 2020. However, all seems to be mere a dream.

Adversely affected Sectors The manufacturing, an important part of any economy, suffers from total lack of clarity. Lockdown has put great stress on the supply chains of essential commodities, and

1 World Bank Assessment Report

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 88 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 therefore, many of the Indian companies have focused on the production and supply of essential items only, thereby stopping all other production activities, thereby bringing down the production graph. Likewise, the other sectors like agriculture being the primary sector and the tertiary sector are also not free from its impact. There is hardly any manpower available for the agricultural purposes in different states. Lockdowns have manifestly made the farmers difficult to take their produce for sale to the markets. Informal sector of India, the backbone of its economy, will be hardest hit in view of economic activities coming to a total standstill. These lockdowns and restrictions on commercial activities and public gatherings are necessarily likely to strongly impact domestic growth. As estimated by Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) on 07.04.2020, the overall unemployment rate may have surged to 23 per cent, with urban unemployment standing at nearly 31 per cent. International Labour Organisation (ILO) has estimated about 40 crores workers of unorganised sectors to be unemployed.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)2, has suggested that India's trade impact due to the COVID-19 outbreak could be around USD 348 million. For India, the overall trade impact is estimated to be at 129 million dollars for the chemicals sector, textiles and apparel at 64 million dollars, the automotive sector at 34 million dollars, electrical machinery at 12 million dollars, leather products at 13 million dollars, metals and metal products at 27 million dollars and wood products and furniture at 15 million dollars. As per UNCTAD estimates, exports across global value chains could decrease by USD 50 billion during the year in case there is a 2% reduction in China's exports of intermediate inputs. What is also worrisome is the effect of all the circumstantial conditions on the Rupee value which is at its lower value of more than Rs. 76 per USD, exerting extra burden and pressure on the cost of import of commodities and services in India, and on the accumulated foreign reserves.

Industries

Corona virus had its impact in the industry in general, which has seen, not only cutting the salaries but also laying off its employees. The hotels are vacant and airlines have closed their wings. The live events industry has also estimated a loss of more than Rs. 3000 crores. It is also resulted that businesses are grappling with "tremendous uncertainty" about their future. According to the survey3, COVID-19 is having a 'deep impact' on Indian businesses, over the coming month's jobs are at high risk because firms are looking for some reduction in manpower. Further, it is added that already COVID-19 crisis has caused an unprecedented collapse in economic activities over the last few weeks.

2 UNCTAD Statistics available at unctad.org 3Survey conducted by Industry body FICCI and tax consultant Dhruva; Responses are from about 380 companies across the sectors.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 89 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The present situation is having a "high to very high" level impact on their business according to almost 72 per cent respondents. Further, 70 per cent of the surveyed firms are expecting a de growth sales in the fiscal year 2020-21.  Apparel &Textile get hit adversely due to disruption in labour supply, raw material unavailability, working capital constraints and restricted demand due to limited movement of people and purchasing ability.  Auto sector4 (which includes automobiles and auto parts) will continue to face challenges on account of lack of demand, global recession and falling income levels.  Aviation & Tourism5 is one sector which has the highest probability of going under without direct government intervention. Due to pandemic, there are high chances that in the next 12 months, it’s highly unlikely people will travel for leisure apart from very essential travel. Dependency of earning money by tourist depends on the visitors. It is certain that this industry will be affected the most as people would not like to travel without any reason. This will not only drop economy rate in own country but also has a great impact on global economy.  Building & Construction6 businesses are generally leveraged and hence will face the dual challenges of high-interest payments and lack of sales. Lack of work and payment are the greatest hurdle in the way of building and construction industries.  Hotel industryis among one such industry which has suffered a lot. As their hotels are totally shut down and they have no other mode of earning.  Gym industryalso faced a huge loss. Due to lockdown, everything is closed. Trainers, owners are facing huge loss. Large number of population has become unemployed. This problem would not resolve quickly. It would take time. In other words anything which involves personal interaction will face problems in the next 12 months – real estate or big-ticket items/luxury products.

Sectors with a possible uptick

 Digital & Internet Economy: Online based products & services companies will find new takers. o Ed-tech and Online Education along with firms involved with online-skill development have become popular which also resulted in the growth of E-Learning. Almost every school has opened their arms for online teaching.

4 www.smallcase.com 5 Ibid 6 Ibid

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 90 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 o Online groceries also gain. With the lockdown, people are now become habitual to buy things online. As a result, online grocery gain profit and other retailer would suffer. o There will be a sudden spike in the demand for Content, with digital content being in demand more than ever.  FMCG & Retail7 will benefit immensely. With continued fear, food-based retail chains, and companies catering to low-ticket consumption demand will emerge as winners.  Speciality Chemicals8: Firms dealing in Chemicals will see a jump due to increased demand for disinfectants, drugs and medicines.

Measures to Combat this Situation

With COVID-19 spreading rapidly in India, policymakers are worried about how to fight the virus and minimise its impact on the economy. There are no easy answers. In addition to containing the spread of the disease and support those who are affected, policymakers have to be prepared for the long-term challenges and opportunities that may arise once the crisis is over and it will eventually be. To minimise the effect in the economy caused by the COVID -19 outbreak, the Union Finance & Corporate Affairs Minister, on 24.03.2020, announced several important relief measures taken by the Government of India, especially on statutory and regulatory compliance matters related to several sectors. The Central Government, amongst others, announced much-needed relief measures in areas of Income Tax, GST, Customs & Central Excise, Corporate Affairs, Insolvency &Bankruptcy Code (IBC) Fisheries, Banking Sector and Commerce, intended to boost the economy.

What is next in the list ?

It might be a mouthful but here’s a look at what’s to come in the immediate future. Liquidity is expected to remain tight as the cost of borrowing in real terms will jump upwards. This is despite central banks’ efforts to reduce interest rates. Banks and financial institutions will be under immense pressure as the fear of NPAs, insolvency and bankruptcies increase multi fold. The government will focus on meeting hyper demand for essential goods while non-essential businesses will focus on recovering their receivables/outstanding money due from debtors. New strategic alliances or business partnerships will not emerge during this period. A smallcase is a basket of stocks/ETFs based on ideas, themes and strategies. They are professionally managed and offer investors more transparency and control over their investments. Many lives will be lost and millions more affected. Countries will introspect, businesses will realign. But as Jackie’s 21st-century take on turning lemons into lemonade goes, there may be a silver lining. We may have to wait for the rain clouds to depart.

7 www.smallscale.com 8 Ibid

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 91 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Technology & Future of Work

Technology for many businesses, until today, was considered to be a support function with it being used as a means to get to an end. This is set to change as technology will now become the frontline requirement in most organizations. Its importance will be comparable to that of revenue-generating functions – sales and business development. Trends will accelerate. Automation will gain momentum as the spend on sophisticated IT infrastructure outpaces human resources. Job creation will be limited with more offers being rolled out on a contractual basis than on a full-time basis. This sort of gig economy will emerge in the emerging markets as well as the more developed markets. Work from home will be the new normal. Firms in some sectors will realise that employees working from home are equally productive as compared to when they are working from the office. This will also help in saving infrastructure costs.

Back to basics

Businesses will rethink their strategy of focusing on sales without profitability/profitability growth. Organizations claiming hefty valuations just on the basis of sales growth will no longer find buyers – focus on profit and profit growth will be the new normal.

Data is the new oil

That is, as long as the price of oil doesn’t drop to $0 again. (FYI, only the expiring futures contract dropped to zero)

Data will become even more valuable, and with it, data misuse through AI will also become rampant. We’re already seeing governments and private entities roll out contact tracing tools which have poor implementation and pose severe threats to data security and privacy. As these entities have realized, data can play a huge role in limiting the impact of viral phenomena – diseases, protests, misinformation….the list goes on.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 92 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Data and IT security will become even more important for businesses. Traditional businesses, including heavy industries, will find it difficult to survive without access to information that would help with optimization and extracting efficiency.

All about the money

Finally, big financial conglomerates with large balance sheet exposure will become history. We’ll see the emergence of specialized segmental lenders who will strive to make better lending decisions through AI & social intelligence. Traditional lenders will exit the game.

There is no doubt that COVID-19 will have a large impact on the Indian economy. With respect to India, the discussion can be bifurcated into 2 parts – India’s economy, and its stock markets.

The recovery of the underlying economy will be slow, and it will take around 2 years for normalcy to come back across sectors. While the overall economy might take a hit because of the government lockdown, some sectors are set to see immense growth in the post-COVID era – FMCG, B2C specialised lenders, gold-dependent companies, food retail and pharmaceutical companies to name a few.

Stock markets have a mind of their own, formed by the collective emotions + intelligence of millions. They are often skewed and aren’t the best indicators of the underlying economy. Stock markets will have a strong recovery, not due to the fundamentals strength, but due to global liquidity which is available for almost free (as interest rates tend to near zero). Availability of debt capital will be scarce in India, whilst equity capital will be available in plenty over a period of time.

What can the Government do?

Like its counterparts across the globe, the Indian government has announced a slew of measures to prevent total collapse. However, it isn’t enough. This works to alleviate some of the pain, not counter it.

1. Loosen its purse and spend money on infrastructure development – ‘Rebuild India, Rejuvenate India’ 2. Public sector financial institutions need to be further capitalized and nudged by the RBI to lend out low-ticket loans below INR 1 Crore in the form of working capital to ensure that liquidity comes back into the system 3. Banking sector needs to be nudged to pass on rate cuts induced by RBI to the borrowers 4. Personal tax cuts & tax holidays for 6 – 12 months can be adopted to revive consumption, which will help spur economic growth

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 93 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

These are not an exhaustive list of measures but could help alleviate the impact of COVID-19 on the Indian economy while stimulating growth.

To conclude, I would like to pen down by saying that this pandemic may wreck the Indian economy. The level of GDP may further fall, more so when India is not immune to the global recession. In fact, it is believed that India is more vulnerable, since its economy has already been ailing and in a deep-seated slowdown for several quarters, much before the COVID-19 outbreak became known. The Prime Minister of India has already spoken of setting up an Economic Task Force to devise policy measures to tackle the economic challenges arising from COVID 19, as also on the stability of Indian economy. However, the concrete plans would have to be kept in place to support the economy and its recovery. At last but not the least, as the disruption from the virus progresses globally as well as within India, it is for us to forget, at least for the time being, all talking only about economic recovery, and instead join hands whole heartedly to tackle the outcome of COVID-19.

References

1. Siddhartha Rastogi,"The impact of COVID-19 on the Indian economy" 2. Shikha Goyal ,"What is the impact of Coronavirus on Indian Economy?" 3. Annual Budget presented by Union Government 4. https://www.jagranjosh.com 5. https://m.economictimes.com 6. https://m.economictimes.indiatimes.com 7. www.business-standard.com 8. www.indiatoday.in 9. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/goldman-sachs-revised- global-growth-forecast-for-2020-to-2-and-that-of-us-to-6-prachi- mishra/articleshow/75065449.cms 10. https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/MPRAPRIL2020E3D4AD82457 34F27B6C5688F22B4FA2F.PDF 11. https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-fallout- unemployment-rate-spikes-to-23-after-lockdown-says-cmie/story/400349.html 12. https://en.gaonconnection.com/more-than-40-crore-workers-in-indias-unorganized- sector-may-be-affected-due-to-the-lockdown-which-will-affect-their-employment- and-earnings-ilo/ 13. https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/PR22761B4E43FCBED94A129 55FD65458EBEEDA.PDF 14. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/school-books-to-path-labs-delhi-govt-relaxes- lockdown-1671877-2020-04-28

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 94 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

PROBLEMS IN SHIP BREAKING INDUSTRY OF INDIA: A CASE OF ALANG SHIP BREAKING YARD

Hrudanand Misra Professor, Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, , India Abstract The requirement of steel production in India, the ship breaking industry has become a vital for the country’s economy. After four decade of growth, India continues to compete with Bangladesh to lead the international ship breaking industry. In Alang area, the ship breaking sector, and related downstream activities, provides employment and resources to nereby communities. The industry is profitable and income generating, poor working practices and low environmental standards tarnish the image of the sector at national and international levels. A huge number of accidents and fatalities in ship breaking processes highlight the lack of adequate Occupational Health and Safety Standards. Seasonal migrant workers, many of whom are unaware with the industry. These labours are recruited through sub-contractors, most of the workers in India lack sufficient hazard awareness and basic safety requirement necessary to work in a ship breaking yard. This paper focuses on the Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry (SBRI) of India to access its present situation, impact on environment as well as worker rights and safety. The paper also puts light on how India Ship Breakers Association (ISBA) reacts to unhygienic, unsafe scrapping facilities and what remedies shall be taken to overcome the challenges of this potential industry.

Keywords: Ship Breaking And Recycling, Challenges; Environment; Worker Right

Introduction Ship breaking is the process of dismantling of old ships to recover steel scrap and other materials. Ships breaking industry is a recycling industry which recover steel from the ship which is expected to constitute 90 percent in terms of value. The other materials constitute the remaining 10 percent and consist of machines and equipment, furniture and fittings, asbestos, wood panels, oil, chemicals, electrical fittings etc. These items can at best be considered as by-products of this industrial activity. Ship breaking is a challenging process involving a complexity of issues like ecology environment, labour health and safety. Thus it has been recognized as one of the hazardous industries and this activity is mainly concentrated in developing countries of Asia.

The ship breaking activity shifted gradually from high-income countries to middle income countries and then to low income countries due to growing environmental concern and stringent regulations in developed countries. During this process the ship breaking industry has transformed from being a capital-intensive industry to labour

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 95 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 intensive industry. Although Ship breaking industries produce the potentiality for economic growth, it also brings with it dangers of environmental imbalances. Until the 1970’s ship breaking activities were concentrated in developed countries. But after 1980, due to availability of cheap labour, a shift of these activities from the developed countries to developing countries is witnessed. Countries like India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan have less stringent norms or legislation pertaining to environment and also the availability of huge labour force.

It is estimated that on an average 700 ships are taken for decommissioning every year world over. Out of these 350-450 ships are scrapped in India. The ship breaking activities are carried out at various places in India along the sea coast of the country Viz, Alang in Gujarat, Sachana in Gujarat, Dharukhana near Bombay, Tadri in Karnatka, Maipe in Karnataka, Baypore in Kerala, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Valinokan in Tamil Nadu and at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu. However, the main ship breaking centre is located on the west coast at Alang, Gujarat. The ship breaking activity at Alang began in 1982 and currently, 141 plots are in operation and Alang is considered to be the largest ship breaking yard in world. India has the world’s largest ship breaking facility in terms of volume. According to Basel convention report of 2003, 38 percent of ship breaking activities are concentrated in India, followed by China 25 percent, Bangladesh 19 percent and Pakistan 7 percent.

Alang has grown from small coastal village with a small population of fishermen and farmers to become world’s largest ship breaking yard. Upto 1980’s ship breaking activities were limited to the breaking of small-sized ship at Darukhana yard near Bombay. At the end of 1970’s, the Metal Scrap Trade Corporation (MSTC) of the Government of India decided to import non-useable ships from foreign countries and the Government decided to set up ship breaking yards. During 80’s there was a tremendous demand for scrap from large number of foundries and re-rolling mills in Gujarat. Therefore, Government of Gujarat adapted policies in favour of ship breaking industry on Gujarat coast. The Gujarat Maritime Board made intensive survey and identified Alang as the most suitable site for developing ship breaking activity. In 1983, the first ship was beached and this laid the foundation of ship breaking at Alang, which has now grown as world’s largest ship breaking yard.

The working environment and negative impacts on the environment have become a growing concern over the time by the industrialists, some social groups, NGO’s and local and global media. Some sort of comprehensive plans are need to be established to improvise current problems in the Alang ship breaking yards. So the overall objectives this study include are

• To study the general overview of Ship Breaking Industry. • To evaluate the impact of environmental adversity. • To assess the issues involved in workers safety • To recommend for the challenges occurred in SBRI.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 96 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Ship Breaking Industry: Its Global Impact

Ship breaking or ship scrapping as defined by the U.S occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) is “any breaking of a vessel’s structure for the purpose of scrapping the vessel, including the removal of gear, equipment or any component of a vessel” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000).

A ship consists mostly of steel. At the end of its useful life, it becomes a source of ferrous scrap. The scrap is particularly reprocessed for manufacturing simple steel products such as steel rods used in civil engineering. A large portion of the waste generated following the demolition or scrapping process is largely returned to good use. Useable equipment is such as pumps, motors, generators etc are sold as it finds alternative applications and the scrap steel is reprocessed (Andersen, 2001: 1-2).

Ships were historically broken at regulated European dry dock facilities by skilled workers. After 1970’s the high cost of environmental controls and employees safety standards shifted the work onto cheaper shores. As a result, during 1980’s these countries delocalized their activities to developing countries. Besides, the availability of cheap labour in developing world, the adoption of stringent environmental norms by developed countries acted as the major reason for the shift of these activities toward the developing countries. The ship breaking industry creates enormous employment opportunities and generates income, as it also provides with recycling of products and scrap materials for further production. According to 2001 OCED report on ship scraping, “ship demolitions remove large volume of obsolete tonnage from fleets, recycle many of the materials used in ships construction and are a major employer in the main ship breaking areas” (International Federation of Human Rights, 2000:4).

On average a ship has an active life span of 25 to 30 years. After it fails to meet the safety requirement, it is sent for breaking. The ship is sold through international broker or via cash buyers. Until 1960’s, ship breaking activities was highly mechanized and concentrated in industrialized countries like United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. The United Kingdom accounted for 45 percent of ship breaking industry. During 1960’s and 1970’s ship breaking activities shifted to semi- industrialized countries, such as Spain, Turkey and Taiwan mainly because of availability of cheaper labour and also the existence of re-rolling mills in these countries. About 79 countries were involved in ship breaking activity. Asian yards come into existence during 1980’s. Despite their late establishment, at present this region account for over 95 percent of the industry. Alang ship breaking yard of India has become eminent industry holding first position in Asia and also in world market. Bangladesh holds second position after India.

Table 2.1 presents the number of vessels that were dismantled during 1994 and 2002. Out of 3854 vessels that were dismantled during this period 58 percent were dismantled

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 97 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 in India alone. Table also reveals that out of top eight destinations for these ships six are Asian countries. More than 80 percent of ships dismantled were done in Asia. The Asian countries also account for more than 80 percent of tonnage of these ships. Out of 35,789,303 million tonnes of Ldt worldwide, approximately 45 percent from the ships dismantled in India. The table clearly shows the important place of India and Asia in the ship breaking industry world over.

Table 1 Number of Vessels by Breaking Location and their tonnage, 1994-2002 Country Number of Total of Ldt % of all % of total Vessels (Million Vessels tonnage tons) India 2245 16,135,949 58.25 45.09 Bangladesh 529 7,737,562 13.73 21.62 China 379 4,734,533 9.83 13.23 Pakistan 192 3,521,888 4.98 9.84 Turkey 109 379,641 2.83 1.06 Vietnam 29 372,882 0.75 1.04 Spain 18 59,439 0.46 0.17 Mexico 18 75,746 0.46 0.21 Other Countries 345 2,771,663 8.71 7.74 Total 3854 35,789,303 100.00 100.00 Source: Clarkson’s Demolition Database, 2002. Note: These are some of the major countries involved in ship breaking activity. Light displacement tonnage (Ldt): the lightweight is the displacement, without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh water and feed water, consumable stores and passengers and crew and their effects, but including liquids in piping.

Ship Breaking Industry in India

At present, India has large share in ship breaking industry (OCED, 2001) and most of the activity is concentrated in Alang and Sosiya, the two villages situated in the coast of Arabian Sea in the district of Bhavnagar in Gujarat.

In India, upto the 1980’s the ship beraking industry was concentrated in Darukhana yard near Mumbai. However, the activities were limited as it involved breaking of small-size ships. It was in the late 1970’s that the MSTC decided to import non-useable ships and consequently the government decided to set up ship breaking yards. Ship breaking activities was recognized as a major source of steel supplier for the re-rolling steel plants. Subsequently in 1979 ship scrapping was recognized as an industry. The initiation of this move was also the growing demand of scrap from the large number of foundries and re-rolling mills. The state of Gujarat was one of the states where the demand for scrap was high for meeting the needs of the re-rolling mills. Therefore, the Government of Gujarat adopted policies in favour of ship breaking and set-up ship

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 98 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 breaking yards on coast of Gujarat. This step was also backed by the reports of various committees that recommended the development of ship breaking activities.

Gujarat’s has been blessed with one of the longest coast lines. Besides, it also has a long glorious past, dated to almost 3000 years, manifested by the maritime commercial ties that it had developed with countries such as China, Egypt, Sri-Lanka, Greece, African and Arabian countries.

Following the demand for steel and also the recommendation of various committees, the Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) carried intensive survey of the coastal region and identified Alang as the most suitable site for developing ship breaking activity. The GMB as well as the groups of ship breakers endorsed the selection of this site for the following reasons:

1. The site falls in the high tide zone where the highest tide reaches upto 10 to 11 meters. This is considered to be most favourable for ship breaking activities. 2. This site is located in the Gulf of Khambhat and whose harbours are protected areas during rainy season, which allows ship breaking activity. 3. The coast of Alang is sloping and has a long dry area which facilities reaching up vessels. 4. The seabed at Alang dries up very quickly even during monsoon, thus facilitating the handling as all kinds of material and equipment. 5. The area along the coast as Alang is free from other competitive users, like merchant shipping, fishing and even salt work.

Alang is a small coastal village as the district of Bhavnagar in Gujarat, dominated by a small population of fishermen and farmers. Presently, it has turned out to be one of the largest shipbreaking yards not only in India but also in the world. The yard stretches over 15 Km and actually covers two yards (Alang and Sosiya). The Alang ship breaking yards have the capacity to break VLCCs and ULCCs vessels, a facility not available to any other ship breaking countries in the world. Furthermore, unlike other countries where the ship breaking activities is capital intensive in India it is labour intensive. Being a labour surplus country labour is available in plenty and that too at competitive rate. Alang ship breaking yard provides large number of employment opportunities to number of skilled and unskilled labours. Moreover, there are many other activities and industries which are directly and indirectly dependent on Alang ship breaking yard, and the number of such workers directly and indirectly employed is estimated to be in between 1.5 to 1.6 lakhs (International Federation of Human Rights, 2000: 56). This also includes the downstream industries generated by the ship breaking industry such as re-rolling mills, foundries, oxygen plants, local scrap store, transportation companies and other small local businessmen and upstream activity such as brokers, service sectors

 Very Large Crude Carrier: Tanker of 160,000-320,000 Dead Weight Tonnage. Ultra Large Crude Carrier: Tanker of 320,000 Dead Weight Tonnage.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 99 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 etc. A survey conducted by the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) found that 100 re-rolling mills are functioning in the area and each generally employs between 80-120 and thus employing about 8,000-10,000 workers.

The existing site of Alang-Sosiya ship breaking yard (ASSBY) comprises of 183 plots of different sizes. The breakup of these plots is as given below. Table 2.3 which clearly indicate that more than half of the plots are of larger sizes which are used for breaking ships of higher Ldt, while the small size plots are used for breaking medium sized ships of lower Ldt. All these plots are developed by Gujarat Maritime Board which is also the owner.

Table 2 Distribution of Plots of Alang Ship Breaking Yard Plot Size Number 120 × 50 Mt 10 80 × 45 Mt 24 50 × 45 Mt 56 30 × 45 Mt 93 Total 183 Source: Gujarat Maritime Board

Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) is an autonomous institution which monitors all the ports of Gujarat and is responsible for the development of ship breaking yard at Alang. All the plots are owned by the GMB which lease out the plot to the ship breakers. The initial lease period is for ten years which has to be renewed thereafter. Upto 1990’s, the Gujarat Maritime Board played a direct role in the business as it used to buy the vessels from the world market and dispatch them to the ship breakers on first-come, first serve basis. However, with the opening of the markets in the post 1990’s the ship breakers compete in the open international market to purchase ships.

On February 13th 1983, M. V. Kota Tenjong was the first ship to be beached at Alang. Thereafter, ship breaking at Alang has grown in number and reached world-class status. Table 2.4 gives the number of ships beached and average ship LDT. During 1982-83, 5 ships were broken and the average output was 24,716 Ldt. It was a small but a good beginning of ship breaking activity at Alang. In year 1983-84 and 1984-1985, the number of ships broken was 51 and 42 with an average output of 259,387 and 228,237 Ldt respectively. This rise continued till 1987-88, however a sudden decline in the ship breaking activity was recorded in the year 1987-88, but thereafter the activities marked an upward swing. Upto 1991-1992, total number of ships broken were 601 and total output was 3,514,783 Ldt. From February 1982 to January 2005 Alang ship breaking yard processed 4,135 and total Ldt recovered was 29,875,654 million tons with an average 180 ships with 1,298,942 Ldt per year. The rise in the breaking activities is attributed to the cost advantage involved in the breaking large ships. Alang and Sosiya have become the destination of all type of ships viz, oil tankers, war ships, cruise ships etc that have surpassed their active economic life span. Presently it has become the

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 100 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 largest yard for ship breaking activities placing India on the top of the world’s list in terms of ship breaking activities. Table: 3 Ships Broken at Alang Ship Breaking Yard Year No. of Light Displacement % of all % of total Vessels Tonnages(Ldt) (Million Vessels tonnage Tones) 1982-83 5 24716 0.12 0.08 1983-84 51 259387 1.23 0.87 1984-85 42 228237 1.02 0.76 1985-86 84 516602 2.03 1.73 1986-87 61 395139 1.48 1.32 1987-88 38 244776 0.91 0.82 1988-89 48 253991 1.16 0.85 1989-90 82 451243 1.98 1.51 1990-91 86 577124 2.08 1.93 1991-92 104 563568 2.52 1.89 1992-93 137 942601 3.31 3.16 1993-94 175 1256077 4.23 4.20 1994-95 301 2173249 7.28 7.27 1995-96 183 1252809 4.43 4.19 1996-97 348 2635830 8.42 8.82 1997-98 347 2452019 8.39 8.21 1998-99 361 3037882 8.73 10.17 1999- 296 2752414 7.16 9.21 2000 2000-01 295 1934825 7.13 6.48 2001-02 333 2727223 8.05 9.13 2002-03 300 2424522 7.26 8.12 2003-04 294 1986121 7.11 6.65 2004-05 164 785304 3.97 2.63 Total 4,135 29,875,659 100.00 100.00 Source: Gujarat Maritime Board.

Economical Benefits India has a demand of 5 million tons of metal/steel. But, the domestic production is insufficient to meet this demand. In this case the ship breaking industry plays a vital role via providing steels. More than 350 re-rolling mills have been using scrapped metals from the breaking yard. Ship breaking industry is currently supplying about 60 percent of raw materials for local steel industry. Almost everything on a ship can be recycled, reused or resold. The scrapped materials are used as raw materials of steel mills, steel plate re-manufacturing, asbestos re- manufacturing. They can be used as furniture, paint, electrical equipment and

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 101 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 lubricants. Problems in Ship Breaking Industry

Environment Pollution

With lots of assets scrapping a vessel provides us tons of waste up to various asbestos, noxious substances, thou- sand litter oils; approximately about 1000 cubic meters of lasting oil too. In India vessels are scrapped on open beaches. As a result, harmful substances have easy access to the environment. Substances like Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s), Asbestosareathreat to both human health and marine environment. POP’s are highly to xicchmicals that have long term effect on environment. These type of pollutants can be distributed easily and pose a threat by accumulating fatty tissue in living organisms i.e. human body, wildlife, marine environment. In some cases POP’s are the cause of death to many lives. In old ships asbestos was a used as heat insulator. It is often mistaken that the disposal procedure is free from asbestos fibers. But, the workers all surrounded by this dangerous fiber. The workers often handle asbestos particles with bare hands. Asbestos is said to be one of the lethal because it cause diseases like asthma, mesothelioma (a rare cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, chest cavity or abdomen. It should be noted that there is a synergistic effect between smoking and asbestos exposure, which creates lung cancer [8]. Moreover, materials such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB), heavy metals, poisonous paint i.e. Tribtylin (TBT) and some other harmful substances come in contact to the environment and pollute it. All these harmful elements are originated from ship breaking yards. Recent World Bank research (2010) found soil contamination in beaching sites of India. This contamination is indicative of the threats to the environment caused by the practices and improper management of hazardous materials during the dismantling of ships. Workers safety and worker-rightviolation

More than 50peoplesweredeathduetotheexplosionat various sites of Alang between 1990-2003.From the data it is clear that there is a lack of safety for labors working in ship breaking yards. Most of the labors are uneducated. They don’t have any knowledge or guidance about their work. Hence, more accidents are occurring causing serious injuries and deaths. The prime accidental cause is the explosion of left over gas and fumes in the tanks. Falling from high height is also one of the major accidents. Workers intend to cut the side shells at first. This kind of practice results in falling of plates from high positions. Due to lack of safety measures like measurement devices, safety suite, ventilation etc. serious accident occurs while working in confined space. While cutting plates from cargo vessels improper gas freeing and gas monitoring procedures causes serious fire hazards that pose a risk to workers. Minor accidents like brushing, broken bones while carrying heavy metals, cutting due to sharp edge are often occurred every

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 102 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 nowandtheninshipbreakingyards.Lackoffirstaid,emergencyexit,emergencyresponse andrescueisalsocommon in ship breaking industry in India. When a worker dies while working in a ship breaking yard the family don’t receive that much compensation from the ship breaking yard. But the scenario is different for the local workers.

Recommendations

For the economical development of India ship breaking industry is one of the potential industries. One hand it is developing the economical status of India, on the other hand it is destroying the environment, causing damage to people, workers of the ship breaking yards. For workers safety a training program shall be arranged by the ship breaking yard. Training program must include tasks like- • Awareness and communication of information about Hazardous Materials. • Job hazard awareness, including handling and management of Hazardous materials. • Personal protective equipment. • Fire protection and prevention. • Emergency response and evacuation. • Safety and health training. • Environmental awareness • First aid awareness.

Besides ship breaking yards must have functions like- • Safe for entry criteria • Safe for hot work procedure • Safe for hot work criteria • Proper health and sanitation programs.

Further recommendations are put forward for the better living and working conditions:

1. Gujarat State Government and Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) should implement various labor laws in the right earnest. Their implementation of rules and regulations, in a way, will lead to safe working and better living conditions at Alang. This can ultimately increase the productivity of labour and also the growth of the industry. 2. GMB and the State Government need to take initiative to create proper infrastructure at Alang as there is total absence of any civic amenities for workers. Better working and living conditions in the industry will lead to inflow of better skilled labor. Even local labor who keeps away from working in this industry should express preference to be employed in this industry. 3. There is a necessity for creation of labor union, which can protect the rights of the workers. With the creation of union the bargaining power of the workers would increase and the employers are likely to act more responsibly.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 103 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

4. The provision of medical insurance and life insurance for workers employed at Alang is of prime importance. The provision of medical and life insurance will increase the working conditions of the workers enormously. GMB also needs to take initiative for monthly medical checkup for workers. 5. GMB should provide requisite training to the workers. The workers employed in hazardous and risk prone activities must be trained and provided with proper equipments. The training will reduce the frequency of accidents and increase the productivity of workers at Alang.

1. Conclusion

Over a period, the ship breaking industry has gained one of the top place in the national economy. The benefits of ship breaking are enormous in sectors like steel company, ship building company, small businesses etc. Despite having so much benefits, the ship breaking industries have some problems i.e. environment pollution, workers safety. Environment pollution can be kept to minimum by following international regulations for dumping leftover ship materials. Safety issues and health factors of the workers can be ensured by following some strict rules. Safety gears like goggles, helmets, hand gloves, face masks aprons should be provided to minimize the casualties. To hold the position in world ship breaking India needs upgrade the infrastructure for waste management, health issues of workers.

References 1. Arora. R (2000) “Labour Laws”, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 2. Aziz. A. (1984) “Urban Poor and Urban Informal Sector”, Ashish Publishing House. 3. Bailey. P (2002) “Is there a decant way to break up ships”, ILO Discussion Paper, 4. Barik. B.C (1987) “Unorganised Migrant Labour in the Textile Industry of Surat: A Case Study”, in Vidyut Joshi (ed.), Migrant Labour and Related Issues, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 5. Clifford. J. Jansen (1969), Some Sociological Aspects of Migration”, in J. A. Jackson (ed.), Migration, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. 6. Connell. J, B. Das Gupta, R. Laishely and M. Lipton (1976) “Migration from Rural Areas: The Evidence from Village Studies”, Oxford University Press, Delhi. 7. Deogaokar C. K (2003) “Evolving a Health Causing Water Supply and Sanitation System-Public-Private Partnerships in a Developing Economy”, Proceedings of Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India. 8. I.L.O (1978), “Social Security and National Development”, Report of the National Seminar in India, New Delhi. 9. I.L.O (1981), “Accident Prevention- A Workers Education Manual”, I.L.O, Geneva, Vol. I & II. 10. IMF-FNV project (2006) “A Survey on Working and Socio-Economic Conditions of Ship Breaking Workers in India”, International Metalworkers Federation, New Delhi.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 104 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

11. Investigation Mission (2000), “Where do the Floating Dustbin end up, Labour Rights in Ship Breaking Yards in South Asia: The Cases of Chittagong (Bangladesh) and Alang (India)”, International Federation of Human Rights 12. Justino. P (2003), “Social Security in Developing Countries: Myth or Necessity? Evidence from India”, Prus Working Paper No. 20, University of Sussex. 13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2000), “A Guide for Ship Scrappers: Tips for Regulatory Compliance”, Washington, D.C. 14. UNESCO (2004) “Impacts and Challenges of large Coastal Industry: Alang-Sosiya Ship Breaking Yard, Gujarat, India”, Coastal Region and Small Island Paper. 17, Paris. 15. Upadhyay. G (2005), “Environmental Problems of Ship Breaking Activity: A Case Study of Alang Ship Breaking Yard”, National Seminar-Cum-Workshop on Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, M.S.University of Baroda, Gujarat.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 105 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND CHALLENGES TO EMERGENCY REMOTE LEARNING IN INDIA: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

Janetius, S.T.1, Nayan, K.S.2, and Mini, T.C.3 1 Principal and Professor of Psychology, St. John College, Dimapur 2Assistant Professor of Computer Science, St. John College,Dimapur 3FreelanceStatistician and Education Consultant, Kerala

Abstract

The educational institutions across India were shut down due to COVID-19 on March 17, 2020. To reduce the inconvenience of students, the Indian educational system came with the solution of emergency remote online learning. This sudden change of platform from face to face classroom to remote online learning was a temporary solution without any institutional physical, psychological and technological preparedness. The unexpected situation caused problems to the management, teachers, and students as well. In this backdrop, this study was focused on the challenges of college teachers due to this sudden change of teaching mode. Collecting survey data from college teachers all over India, the sample was set at 90% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. The research findings show that the teachers did their best in the given situation to impart knowledge to the students. The study also brought out various issues and challenges that the students, teachers, and institutions faced that need better attention if the pandemic situation continues and the institutions plan to do remote online teaching for a prolonged period.

Keywords: COVID-19 and higher education, emergency remote learning, college teachers and e-learning, online learning preparation, traditional vs virtual classroom.

Introduction and the problem:

COVID-19 distorted the face of the earth, not only economically but also physically. Human life has changed a lot as the pandemic lingers around and threatens every sphere of life with no signs of improvement. From lockdown and suspension of activities, some relaxation in the movements are permitted here and there; however, signs of quarantine exhaustion are seen everywhere. COVID-19 is a pandemic affecting many countries globally. World Health Organisation identifies COVID-19 as an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus, an outbreak started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. A locked up due to lockdown began in the month of March and continues partly or totally for more than four months now in India. Pundits predict that this pandemic effect would remain till the end of 2020. The first case of COVID-19 in India came to the attention of the public at Thrissur district of Kerala state on January 30, 2020. It is said to have tested in a girl medical student who returned from China with the symptoms of flu with

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 106 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 cough, running nose and fever (Vara, 2020). Although many conspiracy theories in America suggest a virology lab in China is the starting point of the disease, the global sources identify a wet market in Wuhan - China as the ground zero of this pandemic (Gan, 2020). COVID-19 started as an epidemic in China in 2019, began to spread to other countries and continents in the first and second months of 2020.

Pandemics and epidemics are not new in human history. The first recorded pandemic in human history was in the north-eastern city of Pelusium, Egypt often referred to as Plague of Justinian in the sixth century AD recorded by the Byzantine historian Procopius (Orent, 2004; Gage&Kosoy, 2005). WHO declared Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020 and on the 1st of July 2020 there have been 10,357,662 confirmed cases around the world, including 5,08,055 deaths, and India has 5,85,493 confirmed cases with 17,400 deaths (WHO, 1 July 2020). Although WHO promptly gave strategic guidelines to have a lockdown, requesting people to stay at homes, wash hands frequently using water and soap or, use hand sanitizers, wear masks in public places and practice social distancing, these are not cures or remedies; these are precautions not to get affected by the virus. As the pharmaceutical companies are competing among each other to find a medicine for this virus, so far, no vaccines or remedy medicines available in the market.

In India, as a first preventive measure, the government announced the total lockdown on March 25 (Chandrashekhar, 2020). This sudden lockdown has affected the higher education sector in the worst possible manner just as other social, religious, or business establishments. As the months stack up in the lockdown, the younger generation finds it entertaining, spending time carousing their mobile phones connected to the social world, find life more comfortable and carefree. Some people working in the government sector enjoy life as if they received a bonanza, once in a lifetime experience, of doing nothing and getting the monthly salary, which many dreamed of for years. Nevertheless, it is a different situation for many people. The daily wage workers who became jobless instantly, private sector employees who do not get their monthly salaries, small scale business that closed partly or fully disrupted, all increased the economic liabilities of insecure people. The pathetic, painful life situations of stranded migrants all over India became a major concern. The unpreparedness, poor planning and the dismal implementation of the movement of migrant labourers to their hometowns after the initial lifting of lockdown by central and state governments resulted in many unreported deaths all over India (Agarwal, 2020; Dutta, 2020; Khan, 2020). Not bothering much about the root cause of this misery, the media hailed some people as unsung heroes who ventured to travel miles and miles by foot, or bicycles or any stray vehicles on the road. The central government of India announced on March 16 that all universities across the country would be closed to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. The ruling came into effect the next day. A similar declaration came into force in different countries at different dates, some in February, some in March and some in April. The top-notch education institutions around the globe were easily shifted to online teaching mode and comfortably framed their teaching schedules and online exams, as they were familiar with the online system that ran parallel to face to face classroom teaching. However, the

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 107 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Indian educational system came to a standstill due to the non-practise of online learning in educational institutions. Since the government suspended all academic activities, the higher education sector was confused about the semester classes and exams. The suspension announcement came in the middle of an academic calendar in many States, and in some States at the time of end semester exams. To save the situation, many colleges jumped into emergency remote teaching through online mode without any preparation. Some institutions instantly associated themselves with NGOs, research foundations and other private sector EdTech companies to provide online education to their wards (Wadia, 2020). Some small institutions requested their teachers to be in constant touch with the students to help them learn and to teach in every possible way. In general, the higher education sector in India was not prepared to respond promptly. Although not ready for the digital initiative, many institutions shifted to the digital or e- learning mode for the sake of doing something. Lack of institutional preparedness and investment, lack of human resource in computer and internet operations for online learning, institutions and individuals jumped into the fray. Using the social media platform, which is the primary medium of entertainment and social communication, a platform commonly polluted and misused for spreading rumours and scandals, became a medium of education.

Education went to the extreme level of disturbance and distortion further when there were demands from various sectors to promote all students without any regular end- semester exams (Sharma, 2020). The inability to conduct final exams on the one side, the uncertainty of opening colleges on the other side, the higher education authorities are further pressured by various student bodies to take decisions for which they were not prepared. The University Grants Commission (UGC) formed two committees in the month of April 2020 to deliberate on the issues and outcome of lockdown to avoid academic loss and the welfare of the future of students (Pandya, 2020). The local universities and autonomous institutions sometimes became hapless in making any announcements to their students regarding the course of action. As the universities were unprepared and unauthorised to take individual decisions in the pandemic situation, the whole ruling was done by the UGC, which in turn heavily dependent on HRD Ministry for all its announcements.

The non-availability of adequate internet facility in some towns and villages, not having laptops or personal computer by teaching faculty and students in the higher education, not having a Smartphone by students, all crept in as a complex issue, stumbling blocks for every possible meaningful teaching-learning process to continue. Even some teachers who own a laptop or computer tried to hide this from their management to avoid serious remote teaching works. The undeniable fact that almost all teaching faculty and students carry a Smartphone these days became a source of satisfaction, saving the situation and became the ultimate medium of education to many. Thus, most of the initiative taken by the educational institutions in India were emergency remote teaching, not online education per se.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 108 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Online teaching is a powerful medium of imparting knowledge today. After the advent of internet and information technology, online teaching has become a well-established educational practice all over the world. It originated in the form of a correspondence course in England in the 19thcentury (Rumble, 1986). When the railway network became very stable in England, learning materials were delivered in the mail, which was fast and more reliable and thus, correspondence learning became popular (Moore &Kearsley, 2011). This mode of learning went further into radio learning when such communication became trendy. Furthermore, when satellites were launched for the use of education in the western countries and TV lectures and live broadcasting became available, distance education became popular among both adult and young learners (Casey, 2008). Finally, by the arrival of information technology, based on the existing strong correspondence and distance learning platform, online learning evolved. Therefore, online education has all the elements of quality learning outcome with a well-designed curriculum as well as evidence-based practices. The online teaching- learning process is considered a paradigm shift in the way people teach and learn in the era of information technology.

Some educationists consider this mode as a more active process of learning in which passive students of the classroom become more interactive and collaborative learners (Nilson& Goodson,2017). Online learning requires students and teachers to possess computers, the Internet facility, and the motivation to learn through the non-traditional classroom. Similarly, it also needs the active involvement of teachers, trained in the art of online teaching and the institutional infrastructure (Picciano, 2018; Bullen& Janes, 2007). If COVID-19 pandemic prolongs the lockdown situation, a serious online teaching initiative is needed, and the educational institutions need to be prepared for that. The three immediate needs that could be foreseen are institutional infrastructure, trained faculty members, proper equipment like Laptop/computer and other audio/visual aids for communication (both for teachers and students) and finally, good internet facility across the country. Therefore, it is a collaborative act of individual students, teachers, management, and the government.

There is a general perception in India among the public that online teaching is inferior to face-to-face education. The quality of online education provided by some universities in India in the name of distance education or correspondence courses in the past has an extremely poor record and tarnished the meaning and quality of remote learning. There is an ongoing debate among different sectors, whether to consider the degrees of distance learning in par with regular education degrees (Sharma, 2015). Although UGC recognises many distance education degrees as valid qualification, the programmes that need hands-on training, like engineering, medicine, dental, pharmacy, nursing, architecture, physiotherapy and similar programs are not permitted under Distance Learning mode(Kunju, 2018; UGC, 2018). Some well-designed online courses of universities around the globe provide better knowledge to students and the graduates are better equipped with skill sets than degrees obtained from regular classroom learning from shabby universities. In this backdrop of the unforeseen pandemic, the study is focused on the emergency remote learning in India and the issues related to that.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 109 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic made the world standstill in many areas. The unprecedented lockdown and the unexpected closures of educational institutions in India forced the institutions to initiate remote online teaching. This abrupt change of teaching platform, from face to face classroom to remote online learning is neither pre- planned; it is a temporary solution. Therefore, it is presumed that there is no physical and technological readiness from the part of the institutions; no psychological preparedness from the part of teachers and students, which would pose a challenge to the teachers. The study, therefore, focuses on the challenges and issues related to remote learning done through the online platform from three areas: the institution, teachers, and students.

1. What is the institutional preparedness for change to remote online teaching during COVID-19 lockdown? 2. Teacher’s readiness and effectiveness to remote teaching-learning. 3. Student’s response to remote learning perceived by teachers. 4. What are the key challenges of the unexpected shift in the mode of teaching?

Methodology:

This is exploratory survey research. The data was collected from teachers working in higher education institutions of different states of the country through Google form survey method. Convenient sampling was used to collect data. As per the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) by the HRD Ministry, there are 12,47,453 college teachers in India (Ministry of HRD, 2014). Based on this universe, the minimum sample size for the survey was set at 273 considering 90% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. The college teachers who can access the email or WhatsApp communication app were asked to answer 30 item survey questionnaire prepared by the researchers. Besides demographic data, the questionnaire was focused on the four objectives of the study. Further, the data were analysed qualitatively as per the objectives of the study. Results and Discussion: In this section, the data obtained from the survey is given below in percentage and results were discussed as per the objectives of the study. The following table gives details of some of the demographics. Table 1: Showing the demographic details (n=279).

Teaching Gender Age Education Working Institution Experience

< 24 6.3% Masters 56.3% < 3 34% Pvt. Col 56.3% M 49.1% 25-34 52.6% M.Phil 16% 4-7 28.6% Pvt. Uni 8.9% 35-44 22.3% PhD 25.9% 8-12 14.2% G. Col 19.6% 45-54 14.3% G. Uni 7.1% F 50.9% Post Doc 1.8% > 12 23.2% > 55 4.5% Other 8%

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 110 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The collected data comes from both the genders almost equally. As for the age distribution, 83.9 per cent of the teachers who responded fall below the age of 45 belonging to Xennials, Millennials and Gen Y. Therefore, they are more prone to the use of computers and information technology than the rest of the elder generation (Belinne, 2017). Majority of the respondents (56.3%) have a Master’s degree. Only less than 2 per cent of the subjects have a Post-Doctoral degree. Concerning the teaching experience of the respondents, 23 per cent has more than 12 years of experience and the majority (62.6%) have less than seven years of teaching. Few subjects (26.8%) have industry experience also. Majority of the teachers work in private colleges, whereas 26.7 per cent in government colleges or universities. Out of 28 Indian States and 8 Union Territories, there were respondents from 17States and the Union Territory of Delhi. There were no data from Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Telangana, Tripura, Uttarakhand. The participated subjects from states range from 25 per cent to 0.9 per cent.

Institutional preparedness:

Institutional readiness is a particularly important point while turning physical classroom education into digital education. The study results show that majority of the institutions were not prepared at the time of COVID-19 lockdown for online teaching. Only 31.3 per cent of the subjects received some orientation for emergency online mode of education. Majority of the colleges did not offer any training. 48.2 per cent of the teachers did not receive any training at all. However, 86.6 per cent of the respondents expected some basic training from the institution for emergency remote online teaching. Regarding the software used or prescribed by the institutions, 35.7 per cent of the subjects reported that no specific platform was used or prescribed by their institutions. Only 6.3 per cent answered that their institution has specialised software used by the institutions which effortlessly facilitated online teaching. The common platforms used by the teachers were: Google classroom, Zoom Video conferencing, MS Team and Skype video and chat discussion. Although from 2017, UGC had allowed universities to offer 20% of their course material through the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) platform called Swayam and conduct regular online exams for students: it was not taken up by colleges seriously and not practised fully.

As per the free facilities provided by the institution to facilitate emergency remote online teaching, 90.2 per cent of the subjects expressed concerns that no free provisions were given to them. Those who received free facilities from their institutions reported laptop, free Wi-Fi, recording instruments and tab. However, 47 per cent of the teachers expected from their organisations one or other following facilities: internet allowance, laptop or a Tab, good teaching-learning software and other instruments needed for online mode of teaching. Few teachers were desperate to mention that they do not expect any freebees except their regular salary. Nearly 75 per cent of the teachers opined that the college needs some encrypted safe software and 33 per cent fear that the intellectual property could be stolen, or cyber-attacks can disturb them if no proper encrypted software is used.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 111 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Teacher’s preparedness to adopt remote teaching: The readiness of the teachers comes from a few factors. Primarily, it was assessed by the instruments they possess. Most of the teachers have a laptop (82%), computers (30.4%) and Tab (15.2%). Almost all the teachers can use computers well, 38.3 per cent of the subjects learned it by certificate or degree course. Also, the computer use expertise scale is skewed positively between 5 and 9 on the scale of 10 being the highest computer knowledge. This result is because most of the subjects of the study are below the age of 45.

69.6 per cent of the teachers find it hard to be fully involved in online teaching. Also, the majority of the teachers (64.3%) felt boredom and were uninterested without students in front of them. This answer shows a lack of training teachers had to shift to this emergency online teaching. However, 42 per cent believe that it could be made interesting if teachers involve fully. More than half of the subjects (52.7%) took extra steps and helped the students for active involvement in the teaching-learning process. They used video lessons and other video materials, motivational talks, continuous regular assignments, interactive discussions, MCQ, surprise quiz and personal contacts to reach out to the students. To make the learning process stimulating, used video conferencing, provided online links to read, gave Podcasts, PPT slides, and requested submission of assignments in video mode.

Student’s response to emergency online teaching: In the opinion of teachers, the current level of active involvement (51.8%) and paying attention to the teaching- learning process (61.6%) are acceptable in this situation. A good majority of the teachers (84.8%) believe that if the students were given training or orientation for online learning, the many problems they faced could be avoided. The teachers perceive that student’s education was affected by COVID-19, but they are optimistic that the emergency remote learning would bring excellent results in the students. The following graph shows the expected per cent learning happens in the students, as per the view of teachers. Figure 1: Showing the percentage of learning benefited by the students due to emergency learning

37.50% 32%

15.30% 12.50% 2.70%

<20% 20 - 40% 40 - 60% 60 - 80% >80%

Majority of the teachers (52.7%) believe the percentage of learning among students would be between 40 to 100 per cent and, 15.2%indicated that it is above 60 per cent.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 112 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

However, 15.3 per cent of the teachers opined that the learning would be below 20 per cent.

The main challenges: The main challenges faced by teachers in organising emergency online teaching in the colleges, could be viewed from three factors. Firstly, the institutional issues, second teacher’s concerns and finally student-related issues. In the institution-based problems, the primary constraint teachers faced is related to infrastructure. It means the need for high-end technology and equipment, both hardware and software needed for this venture. In addition to that, the uncertainty of job and income is raised by some faculty members as an issue because the management is confused by the repeated conflicting reports and announcements by the university, UGC, MHRD ministry, state government and central government. The higher authorities gave no clear guidelines and, the management kept the teachers in a limbo situation in which many private institutions failed to pay the full salary.

As far as the issues and challenges coming from the faculty members, teachers who are trained only for face-to-face teaching mode reported that online teaching is inferior to regular classroom teaching. They further opined that the classroom could never be replaced by online education. Therefore, 64.3 per cent of the teachers consider lecturing without seeing students face to face is uninteresting. There are evidence-based findings that prove that online teaching is not inferior to the regular classroom. The belief of the teachers regarding the superiority of classroom teaching also reveals the fact that they lack training and proper orientation for online education. Some teachers even think that the online classroom is limited to sharing notes in Google classroom or WhatsApp group. Even in emergencies, these are not sufficient for imparting knowledge.

Another challenge identified by teachers is the attitude of students towards learning. It is a known fact that not all students are interested in acquiring knowledge. There are a good number of students who want to get degrees or diplomas and, they are least interested in learning. Placing proxy students or copying assignments, or quizzes cannot be verified when a proper sophisticated software system is not in use. These became constraint for some teachers. Also, students are not trained or prepared for online classes, resulting in less enthusiasm among students for learning during the pandemic emergency period. As some teachers suggested, the level of motivation among students to acquire knowledge is limited, and those who are committed towards academics will benefit quite remarkably from online learning. Some teachers narrated that the Indian system of education that focuses on memorising notes and omitting them in exams does not give room for learning concepts in an application-oriented way. Therefore, online teaching-learning becomes a challenge for both teachers as well as students.

Another major issue raised by nearly 35 per cent of the respondents is the slow data connection and weak signal strength. This issue lies with the Telecom policy of the government and the major service providers. It is a shocking fact to know that Telecom network is an issue in the 21st century. When the government encourages online transaction, to boost transparency in money matters, the government should provide

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 113 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 proper network facility not only in rural areas but also in the cities. Therefore, the Indian infrastructure development in Telecom affects emergency education services too. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic made the world standstill, comma and the unprecedented lockdown forced the sudden closures of educational institutions which in turn, initiated emergency remote online learning. Therefore, there was no physical, technological, psychological, or social readiness from the part of the institution, teachers, and students. The study findings reveal that the teachers expect some essential facilities like Wi-Fi/internet allowance, laptop or tab, good teaching-learning software and other instruments needed for remote learning from the institutions. They also expected some training for teachers and orientation for students on this new platform. The findings thus bring out the fact that many higher education institutions were lacking in IT facilities and do not have adequate preparedness to cater to the concept of e- learning. Teachers, on the other hand, despite having computers were not aware of the intricacies of online learning and the usefulness of technology in imparting better knowledge than classroom education. However, the efforts some teachers put to attract the attention of students were truly commendable. The study also brings out the fact that the students need a change of attitude towards online education and how to make use of it for improving knowledge. Although UGC and NAAC repeatedly requesting colleges to implement ICT based teaching, imparting technology-oriented education is far from reality in the Indian scenario.

Recommendations:

1. Due to the uncertainty arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, institutions and teachers need to be ready for online teaching. 2. Institutions should have necessary infrastructures like uninterrupted power supply, Internet with sufficient bandwidth for audio/video communication, and encrypted software. 3. Adequate training for staff and students. 4. Use of smartphone as the only equipment for virtual classroom limits the vibrant remote learning process. Therefore, the use of a computer /laptop/tablet would be ideal.

References:

Agarwal, K. (2020). Not Just the Aurangabad Accident, 383 People Have Died Due to the Punitive Lockdown, Retrieved on June 26 from https://thewire.in Belinne, J. (2017). The Care and Feeding of Your Young Employee: A Manager's Guide to Millennials and Gen Z, Amazon CreateSpace. Bullen, M. & Janes, D. (2007). Making the Transition to E-Learning: Strategies and Issues, Information Science Publishing. Casey, D. M. (2008). The Historical Development of Distance Education through Technology. TechTrends, 52(2), 45–51. Chandrashekhar, V. (2020). 1.3 billion people. A 21-day lockdown. Can India curb the coronavirus? Retrieved on June 22 from www.sciencemag.org

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 114 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Dutta, A. (2020). 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report, Retrieved on June 26 fromhttps://www.hindustantimes.com Gage, K. L., and M. Y. Kosoy. (2005). Natural history of the plague: perspectives from more than a century of research. Annual Review of Entomology, 50:505 – 528 Gan, N. (2020). China to lift lockdown on Wuhan, ground zero of coronavirus pandemic, CNN online edition, Retrieved on June 25 from https://edition.cnn.com Khan, F. (2020). Mapping Accidents That Killed Over 100 Migrant Workers on Their Way to Home During Lockdown, Retrieved on June 28 fromhttps://www.news18.com Kunju, S. (2018). Open Degrees Are Equivalent to Regular Degrees: UGC, Retrieved on June26 from www.ndtv.com Ministry of HRD. (2014). All India Survey on Higher Education 2011-2012, Govt of India, Delhi. Moore, M. G., &Kearsley, G. (2011). Distance Education: A Systems View. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Nilson, L. B.,& Goodson, L. A. (2017). Online Teaching at Its Best: Merging Instructional Design with Teaching and Learning Research, Jossey-Bass Inc. Orent, W. (2004). Plague: the mysterious past and mystifying future of the world's most dangerous disease. Free Press, New York. Pandya, J. (2020). HRD Minister Asks UGC to Revisit College Exam Guidelines; Says 'focus On Health & Safety', Retrieved on June 25 from https://www.republicworld.com Picciano, A. G. (2018). Online Education: Foundations, Planning, and Pedagogy, Routledge. Rumble, G. (1986). The planning and management of distance education. London, UK:Croom Helm Sharma, J.P. (2015). Is an open and distance learning degree substandard?Retrieved on June 26 from https://www.hindustantimes.com Sharma, K. (2020). Colleges could drop plan to conduct offline exams in July as Covid cases rise, Retrieved on June 25 fromhttps://theprint.in UGC (2018). Public Notice on Recognizing and treating the Degrees/Diplomas, Retrieved on June 24 from https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/5628873_UGC-Public- Notice---treating-all-degrees.pdf Vara, V. (2020). Coronavirus in India: how the COVID-19 could impact the fast- growing economy, Retrieved on June 15 from www.pharmaceutical-technology.com Wadia, L. C. (2020). Graduating from emergency remote teaching to online higher education in India, Retrieved on June 10 from https://www.orfonline.org WHO(2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, updated on July 1, 2020 6:08pm CEST, Retrieved on July 1 from https://covid19.who.int

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 115 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE STUDENT DEVELOPMENT

Virendra Singh Ph.D Scholar, S.S.J. Campus Almora, Kumaun University, Nainital

Abstract

COVID-19, Compassion is not just a virus but a vicious circle of a serious crisis, one to ten, ten to hundred, and hundred to thousand, it is spreading, one man in The Wuhan must have been infected, and today, the whole world has been affected by it, do not come to your own house, we are all inviting it with my own small negligence if it comes to the doorstep of the house. Will not go empty handed. In these circumstances, we should think about how education can be spread to children in all the rural areas of the country where there is no means of telecommunications Millions of students from schools and colleges around the world are joining the class through Zoom, although such distance education is not just for the youth, it can be very useful for 4 people like us as well. The epidemic has brought millions of working Indians to the brink of scarcity by the already widespread social inequality and deepened job and income losses, Now we will not only have less food to eat but also the quality of it, which will make them far more vulnerable to not just COVID-19 but also to different kinds of diseases. The epidemic is not just a biomedical issue but also a social issue, there have been indications that the COVID-19 alcohol ism has caused an increase in domestic violence and suicide, and death and disease poverty and unemployment are also the essential consequences of the epidemic, so not only public health expert economists but also experts in their subject should consult the government with sociologists and psychologists.

When we look to the future, we can expect, based on the fact that our population is somewhat young compared to Europe and North America. The epidemic in India probably took the lives of fewer people than luck, so it is being said that once this passes, we will need to re-constitute with re-formations of our economy for far greater protection and caution to our society and our health system

Keywords: COVID-19, Epidemic Unemployment, Rural telecommunications, Online Education.

The closure of schools, colleges and educational institutions due to corona virus has affected the education of 157 crore students in 191 countries of the world, which is 91.3 percent of the total students enrolled at various levels. This information has been revealed in the study of UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It said that the most impact of the closure of the school is affecting the students and girls of the disadvantaged sections.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 116 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

According to UNESCO's global monitoring study of school closures due to COVID-19, an estimated 1,575,270,054 students (learners) in 191 countries have been affected by 14 April 2020. The number of girls in it is 74.3 crore.

According to the World Bank's education team, the corona virus (Corona virus) Covid- 19 epidemic poses a risk of very poor education outcomes. He has said that if no aggressive policy is adopted, it will have a very bad effect on the education and health of children and youth.

World Bank experts have said that even before the epidemic the world was going through an education crisis and had already deviated from the path of achieving the goals of Sustainable Development Goal. Under the Sustainable Development Goal for all countries commit to, among other ambitious goals, that all girls and children complete free, equal and quality primary and secondary education. He said, the epidemic has already had a profound impact on education as schools are closed almost everywhere in the world, this is the biggest setback for all education systems in our lifetime. The damage will be further aggravated when a health emergency turns into a deep global recession. The World Bank's education team said it is possible to counter the setback and turn the crisis into an opportunity.

The report states, the first step is to successfully withstand school closures. This can be done by protecting health and reducing the harm to students using distance education. Also, countries need to start planning to reopen schools. This means preventing students at school from dropping out of education, ensuring healthy conditions at school, and using new technologies to promote rapid learning in key areas once children return to school. More than a million people have been infected with Covid-19 and the number of deaths from it is 2.83 lakhs.

In the wake of the epidemic, all the educational institutions were suddenly stopped so that the Corona could be protected from infection, after which all the institutions made a commendable effort to run the teaching work at their home by using Google Meet Zoom, etc., with the help of internet for teaching. In spite of all the difficulties, people are able to work through this medium, in the meantime, various Webinar are also getting a lot of possibilities for academic action, and this digital medium has been used for infinite possibilities while teaching from the Internet, the teacher also has to be ready.

His work becomes an account of his class video and his text content may be used later, it is also possible to improve and expand a particular kind of creativity in doing such work. A primary student is attending his class through a laptop or mobile in a village in Uttar Pradesh, several 100 kilometers away from Delhi. He is talking to the teacher and reading, not only the teacher, the student also has to pay attention during the class period because all is transparent and there is no option to engage in educational work so that new dimensions are also added.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 117 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Taking online education as an opportunity to use it on ideal education can give a positive direction to compulsion virtually online education is in both alternative and complementary roles

The work started several years ago, some of the measures provide one-sided information, but there are many who give active participation to the student who is using it. Of course, the teacher's behavior gestures and social differences are also not possible to reach the opportunities that the students give to them to learn, but the difficulties with the teacher, such as his unavailable, can also be overcome by not preparing properly for the classroom or behaving unfairly with the students, etc. In independent India, the network of educational institutions has expanded, yet the satisfaction of ministrations in every sector has not been provided and the centers which are there face all difficulties in their operation when we consider that the number of school-going children has grown exponentially, the problem looks even more formidable. It is constantly being experienced that there are many hurdles in the way of meeting the needs like school building teacher textbook hostel and library and a certain level of quality required in teaching work.

Red tape is legal difficulty due to the vandalism of permanent elements, etc., most of the educational institutions have been battling continuously for many years, meanwhile, institutions with systems below standard levels also spread like mushrooms* for other reasons. The private sector has been flooded with institutions ranging from nursery and primary to university, which are charging arbitrary fees, some are good in terms of quality, Some of them are good in terms of quality, so a large number of standards do not meet, the result is that both students and parents have started spreading discontent, so the number of certificates that pass the exam has increased, The number of such certificates has increased, but there is also a shortage of qualified candidates in terms of capacity and skill, etc., in this skewed environment of demand and supply in the academic business, the system of distance education has shown a new path.

The National Institute of Open Education and IGNOU have taken a flexible stand in the system of formal education but have not compromised in terms of quality, there have been good results in such a system which is being found to be satisfactory and the qualifications and capacity of the students are being found satisfactory. Many state governments have also set up universities for distance education. But the mental stress of adolescent student’s increases greatly when even those who get good marks do not get admission in the next class, in such an environment, important work has started under the National Mission on Education of Information and Communication Technology, which has the most ambitious programmed called self. It provides for conducting 2000 courses which are available to both formal and informal students of school college and university level.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 118 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

The study on the emerging dimensions in the field of education after the passing of Covid-19 said, "Due to Covid-19 epidemic, more people are studying in digital medium and short duration courses are also becoming popular. Huh. These changes are causing difficulty, but they are also showing examples of innovation in the field of education. This indicates that the impact of digital medium is going to be long lasting in the academic world.

According to a study conducted by Pearson after the corona virus epidemic and its ensuing lockdown, schools and colleges will have to invest in sustainable technical infrastructure in which the training of teachers will be focused on the skills of working in a digital environment and higher educational institutions. The examination will be conducted online through traditional methods. London-based Pearson is a leading global service provider of schools and students in the field of academic publishing and testing. The study said, "Digital medium will be used more to study in schools and colleges. Use of apps and email like WhatsApp, zoom, team will increase to achieve educational goals. Academic institutions will develop such infrastructure in which teachers and students will be able to read and study while remaining outside the academic campus. Institutions will invest in such permanent technical infrastructure through which quality online education can be imparted. According to the study conducted on the basis of the methods being adopted in different countries, higher educational institutions will evaluate students through online instead of traditional methods of examination.

Work Cited: http;/khabar.ndtv.com/news http://www.india.com https://www.who.int

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 119 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

REVIEW ON NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN CLOUD COMPUTING RELATED TO DEPLOYMENT MODELS AND CLOUD SERVICE MODELS

T. Srajan Kumar1, K. Bharath Reddy2, E. Lingamurthy3 Vignan’s Institute of Management and Technology for Women, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT:

Cloud computing technology is a better and unique way for modern era. The reason for cloud computing is different kinds of resources are shared on network platform. The resources are storage, servers, power consumption, security and other computing infrastructure in several multiple locations which are connected by network. For many cloud computing applications are completely depends on network performance and security. So it is a key issue for any cloud computing performance with good results.

Keywords- Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing, Deployment Models and Service Models.

1. INTRODUCTION: In the cloud, when an application is submitted for its execution, needy and suitable resources are allocated from the collection of resources; as all these resources are connected through the network, the cloud user will get their required results. So cloud computing has four deployment models, we consider those important aspects relate to the cloud and their accessibility from the view of network connectivity [1] [3].

1.1 CLOUDCOMPUTING: Cloudis another name given as a network or internet. Cloud Computing is the process of resource sharing for online applications. It provides huge space for data storage. Cloud computing is a platform independent [1] [5].

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 120 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

2. NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN CLOUD COMPUTING: For many cloud computing applications, the network connectivity performance will be the key issue for good results over cloud. Cloud computing has various deployment options; we now consider the important aspects related to cloud deployment models and their accessibility of network connectivity [2] [5].

2.1 Public cloud access network connectivity: In these public cloud access network connectivity though some cloud providers are able to support virtual private network VPN for Users. While accessing the public cloud will always creates an issue related to security and performance. One of the possible approaches can be maintained for security and performance is the network connectivity should be in encrypted tunnels. The data can be exchanged through the pipes via secure fashion without any problems. The procedure may be overhead in the connectivity, if we want to reduce the delay in time without any compromising we have to select good routing protocol or suitable routing methods for any transiting hops. The end-to-end connectivity is provided between the cloud provider and cloud consumer.

2.2 Private cloud access networking connectivity: In these private cloud accesses network connectivity the cloud is among organizational network and the technology approaches are local to the in-house networking structure. In this virtual private network is provided for services. In an organizational network structure application submitted for execution is properly done. Some private networks have been architected for on-premise application and security. 3. CLOUD DEPLOYMENTMODELS: Cloud deploy models are essential for any cloud services which are divided into four types [2] [5] i.e, 3.1 Public CloudModel In Public Cloud Model, cloud systems and services are accessible to public. Public cloud is a type of shareable storage services. Eg. Microsoft, Google, Email

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 121 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Advantages [1]. CostEffective [2]. Reliability [3]. Flexibility [4]. LocationIndependence [5]. HighScalability Disadvantages [1]. Low Security [2]. Less customizable

3.2 Private Cloud Model In Private Cloud model, cloud systems and services are accessible within an organization. It can be internally managed or by third- party. Private cloud is a type of dedicatable storage services. E.g., Meeseva, ERP etc,

Advantages [1]. Higher Security and Privacy [2]. More Control [3]. Cost and energy efficiency Disadvantages [1]. Restricted Area [2]. Inflexible Pricing [3]. Limited Scalability [4]. Additional Skills

3.3 Hybrid Cloud Model The Hybrid Cloud is a combination of public and private cloud. Critical activities are performed using private cloud and non- critical activities using private cloud.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 122 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Advantages [1]. Scalability [2]. Flexibility [3]. Cost Efficiencies Disadvantages [1]. Networking Issues [2]. Security Compliance [3]. Infrastructural Dependency

3.4 Community Cloud Model In Community Cloud model, cloud system and services are accessible by group of organizations. It shares the infrastructure between several organizations. It can be internally managed or by third-party.

Advantages [1]. Costeffective [2]. Sharing Between Organizations [3]. Security

Disadvantages [1]. Since all data is housed at one location, therefore one must be careful in storing data in community cloud because it might be accessible by others.

4. CLOUD SERVICEMODELS There are three cloud service models. They are [1]. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)Model [2]. Platform as a Service(PaaS)Model [3]. Software as a Service(SaaS)Model

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 123 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

4.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) In this model, ability given to the infrastructure to deploy or implement any software on the computing resources which are provided by the service providers. The infrastructure underline the following things are compute, network, load balancer and storage are managed by the service providers.Using server virtualization, the above resources are made available to end client or customer.IaaS provides access to resources such as [3] [4], [1]. Virtual machine disk storage [2]. Virtual local area network(VLANs) [3]. Load balancers [4]. IPaddresses [5]. Softwarebundles [6]. Physical and virtualmachines. Advantages [1]. Portability, [2]. Interoperability with Legacy Applications. Disadvantages [1]. Compatibility with Legacy SecurityVulnerabilities [2]. Virtual MachineSprawl [3]. Robustness of VM-levelIsolation [4]. Data ErasePractices Characteristics [1]. Virtual machines with pre-installedsoftware. [2]. Virtual machines with pre-installed Operating Systems such as windows, Linux, andSolaris. [3]. On-demand availability ofresources. [4]. Allows storing of particular data in particularlocation. 4.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS) In this model, ability given to the infrastructure offers development & deployment tools that are required to develop applications and run time environment for applications. Some of the popular PaaS providers include Google App Engine, Red Hat Open Shift etc,

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 124 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Advantages [1]. Lower administrative overhead [2]. Lower total cost of ownership [3]. Scalable Solutions [4]. More current system software

Disadvantages [1]. Lack of portability between PaaS clouds [2]. Event Based Processor Scheduling [3]. Security Engineering of PaaS applications 4.3 Software as a Service (SaaS) In this model, ability given to the infrastructure it refers to software that is deployed on a host service and is accessible via internet. Software as a Service (SaaS) model provides applications as a service to the end users.

Applications [1]. Billing and Invoicing System [2]. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) applications [3]. Help Desk Applications [4]. Human Resource (HR) Solutions

Characteristics [1]. SaaS makes the software available over the internet. [2]. They are available on demand. [3]. They can be scaled up or down on demand. [4]. They are automatically upgraded and updated.

Advantages [1]. Modest Software Tools [2]. Efficient use of Software Licenses [3]. Centralized Management & Data [4]. Platform responsibilities managed by provider [5]. Multitenant solutions.

Disadvantages [1]. Browser based risks [2]. Network dependence [3]. Lack of portability between SaaS clouds

CONCLUSION: This paper discussed the definition of cloud computing, network connectivity in cloud computing, deployment models and service models. It also address the challenges and issues in cloud computing. In spite of these limitations, cloud computing has many advantages and is used in many businesses purpose.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 125 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

REFERENCES:

[1] https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/overview/what-is-cloud-computing/ [2] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cloudcomputing/index.htm [3] https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/ [4] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cloud-computing.asp [5] https://Cloud-Computing Books/Essentials of cloud computing(2015)

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 126 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

A STUDY OF SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT OF GIFTED SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS OF VIJAYAPUR DISTRICT IN RELATION TO THEIR SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT

1Smt: Jyotilaxmi.M.Irasur and 2Prof.V.V.Malagi 1Research Scholar and 2Professor Department of Education , Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women’s, University Vijayapur

Abstract

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the Scholastic Achievement of gifted secondary school students in relation to their School Adjustment. The sample consisted of 600 gifted students studying in 9th std secondary school students of Vijayapur District. The Academic Achievement is the marks scored by the students in their previous class have been collected and School Adjustment Inventory for School Students by Dr. A.K.P. Sinha and Dr.R.P.Singh was used to collect the data from the sample subject. The statistical techniques used are Differential analysis, Mean, SD, correlation, T-test, ANOVA and Regression analysis. The result shows that the gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district with low and high School Adjustment have different scholastic achievement scores. The gifted boy students have significant lesser School Adjustment scores as compared to gifted girl students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district. The gifted students of rural schools have significant lesser School Adjustment scores as compared to gifted students of urban secondary schools in Vijayapur district. The gifted students of English medium schools have significant higher School Adjustment scores as compared to gifted students of Kannada medium secondary schools in Vijayapur district. The gifted students of government, aided and unaided secondary schools in Vijayapur district have different School Adjustment scores.

Key words: School Adjustment and Scholastic Achievement

Introduction:

In the present society, education is widely understood as an important factor scientific and economic development of a nation. The importance of achievement in educational institutions is a matter of great social salience and concern. It has now become an imperative for educationalists to ensure maximum achievement of all students enrolled for higher education, both for the benefit of society and for the individual himself. In spite of the numerous reforms those are being made for maximizing the academic achievement of pupils in educational institution. The research topic aims to clarify the concepts of School Adjustment and Scholastic Achievement of the students and provide some insight into a topic, which teachers and parents are likely

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 127 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 to encounter. It may be also even to embrace for their children to remain successful and competitive in this new knowledge era. Man is a social animal. He is sensitive enough to adjust to his environment. Adjustment is process by which the individual tries to have cordial and co-operative relationship with his surroundings. Adjustment can be understood as both, process and the outcome of that process in the form of some attainment of goal. When a poor child studies under the candle light because he has no lighting arrangement at home he is said to be in a process of adjustment. What he attains in terms of success in his examination or the fulfillment of his ambition or pride in his achievement is nothing but the result of his adjustment to his self and his environment. Thus, adjustment as an achievement means how the potency with which an individual can act in changed circumstances and is, as such, related to his sufficiency and regarded as an achievement that is attained either badly or well. Adjustment as a process describes and explains the ways and means of an individual’s adaptation to his self and his environment without reference to the quality of such adjustment or its outcome in terms of success or failure. It only shows how individuals or a group of people cope under changing circumstances and what factors influence this adjustment. Gifted students learn differently from their peers. They learn and understand new matter in a very a smaller amount of time. They distinguish facts and concepts at more concrete and difficult levels than do their peers. They are more interested in definite topics and have complexity in moving on to other learning tasks until they feel contented that they have learned as much as they probably can about their zealous interest. Lastly, gifted students are able to execute on many different levels of concentration, so without paying direct and visual attention to them they can monitor classroom activities and they should have opportunities to function at more advanced levels of complexity and depth and to tie their own passionate interests into their schoolwork. Scholastic achievement is the criterion for selection, promotion or recognition in various walks of life, the attention of educators are being increasing down to it. In the present study scholastic achievement refers to the marks obtained by the students in different subjects and also their performance in other activities are considered. It is defined as the desire to excel regardless of social reward and the desire of wining or doing better than someone else. Scholastic Achievement is defined as success in completion with standard of excellence.” This is also defined as the desire to exceed regardless of social rewards. Objectives of the study: 1) To identify the gifted students studying in secondary schools of Vijayapur District. 2) To find out the relationship between scholastic achievement and school adjustment among the secondary school gifted students of Vijayapur District. 3) To study the difference in school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur District with respect to gender (girls and boys). 4) To study the difference in school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur District with respect to locality (urban and rural).

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 128 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

5) To study the difference in school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur city with respect to type of management (government, aided and unaided). 6)To study the difference in school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur District with respect to medium of instruction (Kannada and English).

Hypotheses:

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between scholastic achievement and school adjustment of gifted secondary school students of Vijayapur district. Ho2: There is no significant difference in the level of school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur district with respect to gender (girls and boys). Ho3: There is no significant difference in the level of school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur district with respect to locality (urban and rural). Ho4: There is no significant difference in the level of school adjustment among the gifted secondary school students of Vijayapur district with respect to type of management (government, aided and unaided). Ho5: There is no significant difference in the level of school adjustment among the secondary school students of Vijayapur district with respect to medium of instruction (English and Kannada).

Variables: Independent variables is school adjustment Dependent variable is Scholastic Achievement.

Limitations The present study was confined to 9th std gifted secondary school students of Vijayapur District.

Methodology The study was designed to find out Scholastic Achievements and School Adjustment of gifted secondary school students of Vijayapur District. The study conducted on sample of 600 students of 9th std gifted secondary school students of Vijayapur District. Stratified random sampling technique was employed.

Tools The scholastic achievement is the marks scored by the students in their previous class have been collected and school adjustment tool was prepared by the investigator.

Statistical Techniques used: Mean, SD, correlation; T-test and ANOVA were used for calculating and for analyzing the data.

Analysis of data:

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 129 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Table-1 No significant correlation between scholastic achievements with school adjustment of gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district. Variables Correlation between scholastic achievement with

r-value t-value p-value School adjustment 0.7410 26.9818 0.0001,S

Table-2 No significant difference between boy and girl gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. Sex Average Std. Dev df t-value Critical P-value, Signi. value Boys 17.36 3.29 Girls 18.10 3.36 598 2.7149 1.9600 <0.05, S Table-3: No significant difference between gifted students of rural and urban secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores.

Location Average Std. Dev df t-value Critical P-value, Signi. value Rural 17.50 2.55 Urban 17.93 3.80 598 1.5390 1.9600 >0.05, NS Table – 4 No significant difference between Kannada and English medium gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. Location Average Std. Dev df t-value Critical P-value, Signi. value Kannada medium 17.44 3.07 English medium 18.18 3.65 598 2.7112 1.9600 <0.05, S Table – 5 No significant difference between gifted students of government, aided and unaided secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. Managements Government Aided Unaided Average 16.68 18.23 18.34 SD 2.38 3.7 3.54 Government - Aided P=0.0001, S - Unaided P=0.0001, S P= 0.9281, NS -

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 130 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

From the table 1, it can be seen that a significant and positive relationship was observed between school adjustment and scholastic achievement scores of gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district. From the table 2, it can be inferred that a significant difference was observed between boy and girl gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. From the table 3, it can be seen that a non significant difference was observed between gifted students of rural and urban secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. From the table 4, it can be seen, that a significant difference was observed between gifted students of Kannada medium and English medium secondary schools in Vijayapur district with respect to school adjustment scores. From the table 5, it can be seen, the gifted students of aided and unaided secondary school have significant higher school adjustment scores as compared to students of government.

Major findings

1. The higher or lower in school adjustment supports in increase or decrease thescholastic achievement scores of gifted students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district. 2. The gifted boy students have significant lesser school adjustment scores as compared to gifted girl students of secondary schools in Vijayapur district. 3. The gifted students of rural and urban secondary schools in Vijayapur district have similar school adjustment scores. 4. The gifted students of English medium schools have significant higher school adjustment scores as compared to gifted students of Kannada medium secondary schools in Vijayapur district. 5. The gifted students of aided and unaided secondary schools have significant higher school adjustment scores as compared to gifted students of government secondary schools in Vijayapur district.

Conclusion

The secondary school gifted students with high school adjustment have higher scholastic achievement scores as compared to students with low school adjustment. The girl gifted secondary school students have significant higher school adjustment as compared to boy students. The gifted students of urban secondary school have significant higher school adjustment scores as compared to students of rural.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 131 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

References

1. Advanced general Psychology: course-I, lesson I-20, M.Sc applied psychology, Annamalai University press. 2. Afshan, (1991) M.Phil, Edu, Univ.of Kashmir. A study made on gifted rural and urban girls their vocational interests and creativity. Surveys of educational research, M.B.Buch, Vol-II-(1988-92). 3. Aggarwal, Kantaprasad-(1988): Ph.D, Edn, Jamia Millia Islamia, Investigated the types of schools and corresponding factors as predicators of creativity at secondary level surveys of educational research, M.B.Buch, Vol-II(1988-92). 4. Aggarwal.J.C, “Educational Research an Institution” New Delhi- Arya Book Depot. 5. Basabtia J.M and Mukhopadyaya.D.(2001): “Effects of Environmental Factors on Achievement a study on Rural Students” The Educational Review, Vol144.No.II,Nov.2001.pp.201-204. 6. Bhaskar Rao, D. Somasuraya Prakash Rao, A.BhuvaneswaraLakshi, G (2004): The Educational Review, Jan.2004, 387, 9th cross, Mahalaxmin Layout, Banglore- 560086. 7. Best.John.W. “Research in Education” Fourth Edition, New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India (1977). 8. Chadha.N.K and Chandra, Sunanda-(1990). A study made on creativity, Intelligence and scholastic achievement.Indian educational Review Vol. 25(3): 81-85. Surveys of educational research, M.B.Buch, Vol-II-(1988-92). 9. Dandpani.S“Advanced Educational Psychology” Anmol publications Pvt.Ltd New Delhi 1 1002. 10. S.K. Mangal:- Advanced Educational psychology second Edition published by Asoka, G. Ghosh, prentice Hall of India Pvt New Delhi 110001 (2007)

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 132 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

ADVANCED MACRO MODIFIED TEXTURAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Jitendra Khatti[1], Prof. Kamaldeep Singh Grover[2] PhD Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, RTU, Kota[1] Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, RTU, Kota[2]

Abstract – Soil classification is a method and system of identify, classify and nomenclature of soil, which is based on particle size and consistency limits. There are many soil classifications are present i.e. AASTHO classification system, MIT classification system, HRB classification system, Indian soil classification system, USDA soil classification system, Unified soil classification system and many others. These all present available soil classification or classification systems are consisting of limitations. Due to these limitations, a new soil classification is required to develop. The developed new soil classification is named as Advanced Macro Modified Textural Soil Classification System. This classification system is based on sum of percentage weight retained and percentage weight retained of soil particles. The first coarse – grained textural triangle is introduced by advanced macro modified textural soil classification system. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is made by coarse – grained triangle, fine – grained triangle and middle – grained triangle. The middle – grained triangle is consisting of properties of coarse and fine – grained triangle. This classification system also introduced the twenty – four nomenclatures of soil.

Keywords: Middle – Grained Triangle, Percentage Weight Retained, Ultra – Sand Soil Particle, Coarse – Grained Triangle

1. Introduction In this universe everything is divided or classified by their properties or formation or formation process. Similarly, the soil is also classified and these classifications were introduced by numerous scientists and organizations. Scientists and researchers introduced the two types of classification of soil on the basis of field or research area i.e. agricultural soil classification and mechanical or engineering classification. The present available soil classifications or classification systems are Massachusetts Institute of Technology System, Textural Classification System, International Classification System, Unified Soil Classification System, Indian Soil Classification System, US bureau of Public Road Association and AASTHO classification system.Every soil classification or classification system is consisting of limitation. The Indian soil classification system, introduced many terms to define soil i.e. Well Graded Soil, Poorly Graded Soil and Uniformly Graded Soil. These terms of classification of soil were not well defined and given statements were not also cleared. A statement “Well graded soil is a soil Which is consisting of good representation of all the particle” was given for well graded soil. The good representation of all soil particles may be based on physical

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 133 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 appearance or parentage weight of particle of particles. Unified soil classification system introduced the dual classification of soil but the criteria of dual classification was not cleared. The textural classification system was introduced for classifying agricultural soil. These limitations showed the geotechnical engineering is requirement a new soil classification system.

2. Advanced Macro Modified Textural Soil Classification System On the basis of limitations in present available soil classifications or classification systems, a new soil classification system is required to develop. For the better classification of soil, a classification of soil is proposed and it is named as Advance Macro Modified Textural Soil Classification System. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is based on the concept of percentage weight retained of soil particles. This classification system is introduced twenty – four types of classified soil. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 – Advanced macro modified textural soil classification system 2.1 Size of Particles and Their Designations The proposed advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is consisting of six soil particles i.e. gravel, sand, ultra – sand, silt, clay and ultra – clay. The particle size of gravel more than 2.0mm, sand 2.0mm to 0.1mm, ultra – sand 0.1mm to 0.02mm, silt 0.02mm to 2.0microns, clay 2.0microns to 0.2microns and ultra – clay less then to

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 134 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

0.2microns are introduced by international classification system. The sand particle is sub – classified as very coarse, coarse, medium and fine sand. Similarly, silt and clay particles are sub – divided as coarse and fine – grained particles. 2.2 Development of Triangles The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is consisting of gravel, sand, ultra – sand, silt, clay and ultra – clay soil particles. The gravel, sand and ultra – sand soil particles are known as coarse – grained particles and remaining soil particles (silt, clay and ultra – clay) are known as fine – grained particles. By the overlapping of coarse and fine – grained triangle, another triangle is evolved and it is named as middle – grained triangle. The middle – grained triangle is consisting of sand, ultra – sand, silt and clay soil particle. 2.2.1 Coarse – Grained Triangle The coarse – grained triangle is evolved by gravel, sand and ultra – sand soil particles. The gravel, sand and ultra – sand particles are arranged at left, bottom and right axis of triangle respectively. The coarse – grained triangle is shown in Fig. 2 with classification of soil.

Fig. 2 – Classification of soil by coarse – grained triangle 2.2.2 Fine – Grained Triangle The fine – grained triangle is evolved by silt, clay and ultra – clay soil particles. The silt, clay and ultra – clay particles are arranged at left, bottom and right axis of triangle respectively. The fine – grained triangle has introduced ten classification of soils. The fine – grained triangle is shown in Fig. 3 with classification of soil.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 135 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Fig. 3 – Classification of soil by fine – grained triangle 2.2.3 Middle – Grained Triangle The middle – grained triangle is formed by the overlapping of coarse – grained triangle and fine – grained triangle at fifty percentage weight retained of soil particles. The middle – grained triangle is consisting of sand, ultra – sand, silt and clay soil particles. The silt and clay soil particles are arranged at left and right axis of triangle respectively. The sand and clay soil particle are arranged at bottom axis of coarse and fine – grained triangle respectively. Similarly, the sand and clay soil particle are arranged at bottom axis of triangle. The middle – grained triangle has introduced ten classifications of soil. The middle – grained triangle is shown in Fig. 4 with classifications of soil.

Fig. 4 – Classification of soil by middle – grained triangle

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 136 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

A triangle is formed by three axes, hence; the middle – grained triangle is further sub – divided as upper middle – grained triangle and lower middle – grained triangle. a. Upper Middle – Grained Triangle The upper middle – grained triangle is evolved by silt, sand and ultra – sand soil particles. The silt, sand and ultra – sand particles are arranged at left, bottom and right axis of triangle respectively. The upper middle – grained triangle is shown in Fig. 5 with classification of soil.

Fig. 5 – Classification of soil by upper middle – grained triangle The axis of silt, sand and ultra – sand is varied from 50% to 100%, 50% to 100% and 0% to 50% respectively. If a soil specimen is consisting of silt, sand and ultra – sand soil particles only, the percentage weight retained of silt, sand and ultra – sand soil particle is re – calculated for fifty percentage weight retained of these soil particles and the axis of silt and sand is scaled from zero to fifty percent. b. Lower Middle – Grained Triangle The lower middle – grained triangle is evolved by silt, clay and ultra – sand soil particles. The silt, clay and ultra – sand particles are arranged at left, bottom and right axis of triangle respectively. The lower middle – grained triangle is shown in Fig. 6 with classification of soil.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 137 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Fig. 6 – Classification of soil by lower middle – grained triangle The axis of silt, clay and ultra – sand is varied from 50% to 100%, 0% to 50% and 0% to 50% respectively. If a soil specimen is consisting of silt, clay and ultra – sand soil particles only, the percentage weight retained of silt, clay and ultra – sand soil particle is re – calculated for fifty percentage weight retained of these soil particles and axis of silt particle is scaled from zero to fifty percent. 3. Method of Classification of Soil The classification of soil is based on the sum of percentage weight retained of soil particles. Each triangle of advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is consisting of three soil particles. If the sum of percentage weight retained of these three soil particle is higher as compared sum of percentage weight retained of other set of three soil particles, the classification of soil is done by triangle of higher sum of percentage weight retained.The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is based on the star key method. In the classification system, the rays are drawn with respect to next axis of triangle in clockwise direction. If star key is drawn in coarse – grained triangle, the ray of gravel is drawn with respect to axis of ultra – sand, ray of ultra – sand is drawn with respect of axis of sand and ray of sand is drawn with respect to axis of gravel particle. For the classification of soil, the following steps are given below – i. Take a 1000gram soil specimen, now put this soil specimen in sieve set of advancedmacro modified textural soil classification system and cover the top sieve by lid. ii. Now put the sieve set on the sieve shaker and start sieving for 5 to 6 minutes. After sieving of soil specimen, determine weight of soil specimen for particular

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 138 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

sieve or sieve size by weighing machine or balance. The weight of soil specimen is known as weight retained of soil specimen or particles. Now, the percentage of weight retained of particles is calculated. iii. After calculating percentage weight retained of soil particles, the percentage weight retained of particle for coarse – grained triangle, fine – grained triangle, upper middle – grained triangle and lower middle – grained triangle. A triangle is selected for classification of soil which is consisting of maximum percentage weight retained of soil particles. iv. Now, the selected triangle and classification of soil is drawn. The rays are drawn in selected triangle with the help of percentage weight retained of soil particles. These rays are met at a point, which is known as STAR KEY. v. The classification of soil is done by star key and the method is known as star key method. vi. If a soil is consisting of ultra – sand, sand or clay and silt soil particle. The classification of soil is done by middle – grained triangle. While classifying the soil, the percentage weight retained of ultra – sand, sand or clay and silt particles are re – calculated for fifty percentage weight retained. The rays/ star keyis drawn for re – calculated percentage weight retained of soil particles. 4. Results A soil specimen is tested in geotechnical laboratory.From the test results of soil specimen, the specimen is consisting of maximum quantity of gravel particles. The percentage weight retained of soil particles of soil specimen is calculated in Table 1.

Table 1 – Calculation of Percentage weight retained of soil specimen Particle % Sum of Percentage Weight Recalculation of % Name Retaine Retained of Soil Particles Wt. Retained of d Coarse – Grained Particles Coarse Fine Upper Lower Gravel (G) 44 51 Sand (S) 24 28 86 Ultra – 18 21 52 Sand (U ) s 32 Silt (Ms) 10 - Clay (C) 4 - 14 Ultra – 0 - Clay (Uc)

From the calculation, the percentage weight retained of gravel, sand, ultra – sand, silt and clay particle are determined as 44%, 24%, 18%, 10% and 4% respectively. The sum of percentage weight retained of coarse – grained triangle, fine – grained triangle, upper

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 139 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 middle – grained triangle and lower middle – grained triangle is calculated as 86%, 14%, 52% and 32% respectively. The sum of percentage weight retained of coarse – grained triangle is higher as compared other triangle of advanced macro modified textural soil classification. Hence, the classification of soil is done by coarse – grained triangle. The percentage weight retained of particle of coarse – grained triangle is re – calculated for hundred percentage weight retained. The axes ofcoarse and fine – grained are ranged from zero percent to hundred percent. The percentage weight retained of gravel, sand and ultra – sand is re – calculated as 51%, 28% and 21% respectively. For the classification of soil, the star key is drawn by the re – calculated percentage weight retained of gravel, sand and ultra – sand particles. The star key is drawn in coarse – grained triangle and it is shown in Fig .8.

Fig. 8 – Classification of soil by coarse – grained triangle (star key method) From Fig. 8, it is observed that the classification of soil specimen A is done as Gravel Ultra – Sand Sand Blend. Here, blend is presenting the mixture of soil particle which is formed by sand soil particles. 5. Discussion From the study of present available soil classifications and classification systems, it is observed that the classification of soil is not done by US. Bureau of Public Road Association, MIT classification system, International Classification System because these classification or classification system is defined range of particles size only. The USDA soil classification system is used for agricultural soil classification. If a soil is evolved by coarse – grained particle, hence; the classification of soil is not done by USDA soil classification system. The Indian soil classification system is not classified soil on the basis of quantity of soil particles or mix state of soil particles. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is introduced the “how a soil is classified on the basis of quantity of particle and mix state of soil particles”. In

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 140 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 advanced macro modified textural soil classification system, it is also observed that the classification of soil is done by soil particle which is consisting of maximum percentage weight retained. 6. Conclusions

From the experimental results and study of different soil classifications and classification systems, the following conclusions are mapped – i. The range of size of sand, silt and clay particles were introduced by MIT classification system, US bureau of public road association classification system, international classification system but the classification of soil was not introduced by these classifications or classification systems. ii. AASTHO classification and HRB classification was developed for classifying the soil for pavement design. The soil particles are classified as per requirement of pavement. iii. Indian soil classification system introduced dual symbol system but the symbol system was not described for combination of coarse and fine – grained particles. iv. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system, introduced the classification of soil on the basis of quantity of particle or percentage weight retained of soil particles. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system introduced fifty classifications of soil. v. From the test results of soil specimen A, it has observed that the percentage weight retained of coarse, fine, upper and lower middle – grained triangle has determined experimentally as 86%, 14%, 52% and 32% respectively. It is also observed that the coarse – grained triangle is consisting of maximum percentage weight retained of gravel particles. The axis of each particle of coarse – grained triangle is ranged from zero to hundred percentage. Hence, the percentage weight retained of coarse – grained particles is re – calculated for hundred percent. From the re – calculated percentage weight retained of coarse – grained particles, the soil has classified as Gravel Ultra – Sand Sand Blend. From the conclusions, it is summarized that the advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is based on percentage weight retained of soil particle as well as on quantity of soil particles. The advanced macro modified textural soil classification system is sophisticated classification of soil.

References

Casagrande, A. (1948), “Classification and Identification of Soils, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 113, 901 – 930. Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes; Annual Book of ASTM Standards, D 2487-83, 04, 08, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1985, pp. 395 – 408.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 141 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Indian Standard, Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purpose (First Revision), IS 1498 – 1970, Edition 2.2 (1987 – 09). Jitendra Khatti, Prof. N. P. Kaushik, Prof. J. K. Sharma, Prof. K. S. Grover, “Modified Textural Soil Classification, Indian Geotechnical Conference 2018. Krumbein, W. C.; Aberdeen, Esther (April 1937). “The Sediments of Barataria Bay”. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 7(1). Retrieved 11 May 2014. Sieve Analysis and Particle Analysis -. Grand Solution Manual. SJ Soft Technologies, 2008, October 13, 2009. Dr. K. R. Arora, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Seventh Edition - 2011) – ISBN – 81-8014-112-8,. Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, Soil Mechanics and Foundations (Sixteenth Edition – March 2005) – ISBN – 81-7008-791-0,.

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 142 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

कािलदासय नाटकयेषु िशशुचराणां योजनीयता –एका समीा ड. दलीपकुमारपडा सहयोययापकः संकृतवभागः घाटालरबीशतवाषक महावालयः घाटालः , पममेदनीपुरः पमवगः भारतबषः भूिमका वालेित शदेषु कोमलता,नधता,पवता,मौिलकता च वते ।पुपसशवालः कृयाः एकः अनयसाधारणसृः यमन ् अनावलानदं वते ।सूेण यथा मायं िथतं भबित तत ् परवारपय माययाप वाल एव सूससृशः ,येन संसारय ीवृभबित ।परतु नाटके चरिमदं कदाच िमलनातकपरसमाेः ,कदाच नायगितवृौ ,कदाप वा नायोकषवधनाथ योजनं भबित ।एताशानां िशशुचराणां तमन ्नाये कं योजनिमयमवषये अालोयते मया । वमोवशीयम ् पुरवा-ऊवयोः िमलनातकिमदं पचाकविशनाटकं कािलदासेन िथतम ्।नाटकयाय पचमाके तयोः सतानसगः कािलदासेन चमकारपेण उपथापतः । “असतानवं वजियवाय न कमप शोचनीयम ् ”(पचमाकः) –अयाथः इयमनपयता यतीतः तय शोकः नात ।अनेन ायते यत,् नृपः पुरवा अपुक आसीत ् ।अनतरं कािलदासेन सगमणहरणवषयमुपथापतम,् य वलासवतीययाः असरसः ललाटथरवपमणः एकेन शकुनेन मांसखडं मवा अपतः ।तदथ नृपेण उम ्– “रिमित न मे तमन ् मनौ यवं वहगमाेः ।यया तेनाथ सखे सगमनीयेन सगिमतः” इित ( ५/५) । अयाथः वहगेन अपते तमन ् मणौ मम आहः नात।परतु अनेन मणना यतमया सह मम िमलनं संघटतमासीत ्।अः नृपय समीपे रय यवहारकमूयापेया िमलनय हेतुपेण तय मूयमपरसीममत ।अतः येन तेन उपायेन नृपेण रः ईसतः ।अनया नृपयोया कािलदासः वािभायय चरताथ कृतः ।अतःपरं यते वाणवः शकुनः यमन ्वाणे ोदतासीत ्– “ऊवशीसभवयाय ्मैलसूनोधनुभृतः । कुमारयायोषो वाणः हतुषदायुषाम ्॥” इित ।( ५/७ )। अयाथः ऊवयाः गभजातय पुरवसः च ऒरसजातय कुमारय आयुसः अयं वाणः अरणामायुयकार ।अतः कािलदासः वहगेन रापहरणवषयमुथाय मातापतृयां सह सतानय िमनमागय सुगमं कतु चेते ।अनेन कारेण आयुसः वंशलितकादानातरं कािलदासः अयुवषये कचत ् अाततयमुथापयित ।यथा, यवनमुिनना लािलतम ् आयुः, त च आमे तय जातकमानुानं भबित ।तदुरं तत ् आयुः घटनावाहेन पुरवसं िनकषा उपथतं भबित । परतु अमन ्थले आयुसः चरोपथापनय भूतकारणािन सत ।यथा –

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 143 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

१) आयुचरं वना पुरवसः दये अनपयतायाः कात ् अपयनेहय रसिसः न भबतुमहित – “ वापायते िनपितता मम रमन ् वासयवध दयं मनसः मादः । सजातवेपथुिभझतधैयवृ – रछािम चैनमदयं पररधुमगैः ॥”इित । ( ५/९) । पुाभावात ्ेिमकपुरवसः चरं कदायप पतापेण न कािशतं भबतुमहित । २) आयुचरं वना तय दये पतरं ित गभीरनेहः यथा य न भवतुमहित तथैव दघवछेदात ्अनाकातवषयं ित तय अकृमभावावेगः अप न यः भवतुमहित – “ यद हादिमदं ुवा पता ममायं सुतोऽहमयेित । उसगविधतानां गुषु भवेत ्कशः नेहः ”॥इित ।( ५/१०) । आयुसःदये नेहाभावात ् पतरं ित तय वेषसृः भवतुमहित येन नाटकं कदाप िमलनातकं न भवतुं पारयित ।पुनरप िनवकारिचय आयुसः नाटके न योजनं भवेत ्। ३) आयुसः चराभावात ् सगमनीयमणेः सगः अयोजनीयः भवेत ् ,यतः मण-चरौ परपरयोः परपूरकौ । ४) नाटके आयुसं आमवकमकतु यते ।अथात ् त तेन वालकेन एकः शकुनः वाणवः भबित – “गृहतािमषः कल गृः पादपिशखरे िगलीयमानो लयीकृतो वाणय ”इित ।( पचमाकः )। अनेन कारणेन यवनेन स आमात ् वहकृतो भवित ।अमात ् ायते यत,् ततकाले आचायगृहे वाजनकाले पादयय हननं पापमासीत ्। ५) पुरवा यथाथपेण वृषवत ्वरनृपासीत ्इित न केवलं कािलदासेन परतु आयुसा अप वयते – “ नाहित तातः पुगवधारतायां धुर दयं िनयोजित ”इित ( पचमाकः ) । आयुसा ईशपतृवशेषणेन दघवछेदादप रसबधः न कदाप िमया भवित इित कािलदासेन कािशतमत। ६) कािलदासेन आयुसा सह महाभारतय कणय एकः सामीयः वीकृयाप नायय योजनात ् कचत ् परवतनं संघटतमत ।तृतीयाके वग ऊवशीं ित इय शतः – “यमन ् वभावािस वं तय मे रणसहायय राजषः यं करणीयम ् ।सा वं पुरवसं यथाकाममु यावत ्स परसतानो भबतीित ”(तृतीयाकः ) । अथात ् पुरवसा सतानय मुखदशनपयतं भबती तय नृपय इछानुसारतः सेवतुमहित ।अतः यद ऊवशी मय पुरवसा सह थातुिमछित तह पुय सगः नोथापतो भवयित ।एतदथ ऊवया जातणादेव आयुः परयमासीत ् ।अयमन ् दिश माा कुया अप कणः परयः आसीत ् ,यतः स कानीनः ,लोकलजाच तया स परयः ।अतः ेये तु पुयागय हेतुः वायवाधकता एव आसीत ्इित यय अिभनवम ्।

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 144 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

मातापतृयां सह पुय िमलनेन ेये वैषयमत ।कणन माता या भबित अिभमानात,् परतु आयुसा तय पतरौ गृहतौ भबतः ाभावादेव ।ईशेन वैशाशेन एव नाटकय िमलनातकपरसमािभबित । ७) कािलदासेन आयुसः सगाभावात ् चतुथाके एव नायसमािः भवतुमहित ।यतः पूवरागः मेलनेन वछेदेन वा समािभवित ।तदथ नाटकयाय गधमादनपवते ऊवशी-पुरवसोः मेलनात ् थमाके एव पूवरागय िमलनातकपरणितभवतुमहित ।अप च चतुथाकपयतं नाटकं कदाप नाटखपदवायं न भवित, यतः नाटकय लणम ् –“पचािधका दशपरताका ”इित ।एतदथ कािलदासेन अवयमेव पचमाके कािचत ् घटना संयोजतया ।परतु िभनकाहनीमसंयोय तेन आयुसः चरमुपथापतम ् ,तृतीयाके इय शतसायुयवात ्। ८) आयुसः चरमुपथापनेन पीकृतिमदं यत,् सतानय जमनः अिभशापय च वृातािन ऊवया ातािन न तु पुरवसा ।एतदथ शरिनेपकारणः नानः आराण ानातरं पुरवा वाुो भबित ।तदा तेनोम ्– “आवलपयोधरां लबलीदलपाडुराननछायम ्। तािन िनदािन वपुरभुत ्केवलमालसेणं तयाः ॥”इित ( ५/८) अयाथः अयं ,कितदनं यावत ् तयाः (ऊवयाः )तनाभागः आवलः ,मुखकातः लबलीफ़लसशा पाडुवणा, हतवलय थः अभबन ् ।परतु वृातिमदं यवनेन ातमासीत ् –“िनयातय हयासिमित ’वचनात ्। महाराजात ् वछेदभयात ् ऊवशी जमहणमाैव पुं वालाभाथ भगवतः यवनय आमे महामायायाः सयवयाः हते समपतवती –“मया महाराजवयोगभीतया जातमा एव वागमनिनिमं भगवतयवनयामपद आयायाः सयवया हतेऽकाशं िनः” – पचमाकः )। अ ऊवयाः समीपे कतययं धानपेण ितभातमत । थमतः पतीं िनकषा जीवनाितवाहनम ् तीयत यथायोयथाने पुय सुरा । अतः यप पुयागपं कम ् गहतं ,तथाप उकतयपालनाथ नाययोजनात ्ऊवयाः दोषिमदं माम ्। अिभानशकुतलम ् कािलदासय अमरकायं साकविशनाटकमिभानशकुतलम,् य सवदमननामकय िशशुचरयोपथितः यते ।दुयतशकुतलयोः मेलनमेव नाययाय ितपाम ्।अय नाटकय थमे अके कवामे दुयतशकुतलयोः पूवरागः ,ऋणमुये अगुरयकदानम,् हतवृातेन च यय णकवछेदः, तीयाके दुयत-वदूषकयोः कथोपकथनम,् रा दुयतय च तपोवनात ् गमनयासः, तृतीयाके दुयतशकुतलयोः गाधवववाहः रादूरकरणाथच दुयतय गमनम ् ,चतुथाके पितिचतायां िनमनां शकुतलां ित दुवाशसः शापः कवय च िनदशात ् शगरव- शारतायां सह शकुतलां दुयतय गृहे ेषणम ् ,पचमाके दुयतेन शकुतला यायाता, कुतलायाः सतीवमाणे ववधवधानदानं, सानुमया च शकुतला गृहवा अयीभवनम ्,षाके धीवरवृातम ् ,अगुरयकदशनेन दुयतय मृयुाटनं तय च वलापः, समाके मारचामे

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 145 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

शकुतला, सवदमनम ् ,दुयतय च मेलनम ् ।अतः नायय समाके एव िशशूचरय उपथापनं कृतं नायकारेण ।यथा नद सागरे पितते सित पूणवाा भबित, तथैव शाकुतलनाटकय नदसशः षडाकः सागरसशे समाके पिततो भबित य सवदमन एव सागरसगमः ।अमनाटके अय िशशुचरय योजनमत िननपम ्: १) नाटकय तृतीयाके लताकुजे शकुतला-दुयतयोः िनभृतालापानतरं कवामय सािधकायाः गौतयाः आगमनात ् यय वछेदो भबित गौतया च सह शकुतलायाः गमनं कृते सित नृपेणोम ् –“कथमयुनिमतं न चुबतं तु ’इित ( ३/२२) ।अथात ् केनाप उपायेन आननोोलनं कृते अप चुबतुं न पारयािम ।िशशुचरय उपथयां रा ईशय कथनय असयता माणता भबित ,यतः यद तकाले दुयतः चुवतुमप न पारयितम तह कथं अयं िशशुः जातोऽभबत ् ?कं चुवनं वना तयोः मेलनं अभबत ् ? राा कामशाय ईशमुलघनमसभवम ्। अयमन ् दिश तयोः गाधवववाहः माणतो भवित अनेन िशशुना ।यतः गाधवववाहवषये मनुना उम ्– “इछया योयसंयोगात ्कयाया वरय च । स तु गाधवः वेयो मैथुयः कामसभवः ”॥ इित ।( मनुसंहता – ३/३२) ) यो ववाहः वरकययोः समितपूवकः गुजनानामाते सपनो भबित स एव गाधवववाहेित कयते ।अतः िशशुना एव एतत ्माणतं भबित यत,् दुयतशकुतलयोः मेलनमभबत ्। २) चतुथाके पितिचतायां िनमनया ,अगुरयकं ित िनेपरतया शकुतलया कोपनवभावय मुनेरागमनं अातमत। तदथ सा दुवाससा अिभशा ईशैः वायैः – “ विचतयती यमनयमानसा तपोधनं वेस न मामुपथतम ्। मरयित वां न स वोिधतोऽप सन ् कथां मः थमं कृतािमव ”॥इित । ( ४/१) । अथात ् यं विचय मसशमुपथततपवी तया अवमािनतोऽभबत ् तेन वमुमवत ् वमृता भवयित ।अतः अनेन शापेन वहुघटना संघटता भबतुमहित , यथा – क) दुयतेन शकुतला आजीवनं यायाता भबतुमहित ख) पुनः सा कवामे यावतनं कतु पारयित ग) सा आमघाितनी भबतुमहित घ) सा समाजे कुलटानारपेण ितभाता भबतुमहित परतु शकुतलायाः सतानसभायतया वृातिमदं असामायपेण पयविसतं भबित ।एतदथ उपयुवृातानां सभायता सवेऽप अपरा घटना संघटता ,ता यथा – क) अिभशापय िनरसनाथ मारकिचदशनं यते । शकुतलया दुयतय नामाकतात ् अगुरयकादशनात ्दुयतय पूववृातं वमरणं भबित । ख) ऋषकुमारायामप शकुतला आममानयनाथमवीकृता अभबत ्।

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 146 of 209

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

ग) पुवंशय राजपुरोहतेनोम ् , दैवबायानुसारतः दुयतय थमसतानं राजचवलणयुं भबयित ।तदथ सतानय जमनः परमेव हणं वजनं वा ेयकरम ् । आतसिशशायाः मयादागतः सूयालोकः यथा केभूवा कागजं दते तूपः सभामयथानां सवषां सदेहः शकुतलायामगछत ् येन तयाः दयं अपमानानलेन दधं भबित । अतः समाके राजचवलणयुय सवदमनय उपथयामेव शकुतलायाः कलकिमदं मोचनं भबित । घ) सोमतीथात ् यावतनादनतरमेव कव आकाशभाषतं शदं ुवा जगकयाणाथ शकुतलया दुयतय तेजधारणसदेशं ातोऽभबत ्– “ दुयतेनाहतं तेजो दधानां भूतये भुवः । अवेह तनयां ननगभा शमीिमव ॥” इित । ( ४/४ ) तदथ िशशुचराभावात ्अशररछदोमयीवाणी िमया अभबत ्। ङ) षाके धीवरवृातात ् परं घटनाचे समाके दुयते मारचामं वेशे सित िसंहशावकमुपीडनरतं वालकमेकं वा तय दये अपयनेहः जागरतो भबित –“कं नु खलु वाले मनौरस इव पुे नित मे मनः ।नूनमनपयता मां वसलयित ’( समाकः ) । अतः सवदमनय उपथतौ वतकतय दुयतचरय वासयेमः जागरतं भबित शोणतसवधय च ाधायं माणतं भबित, यतु दघकालयवधानेऽप िमया न भवित । च) कािलदासेन सवदमनचरं नोथापते सित नाटकसमां भबतुमहित ।अयमन ् दिश िशशुचरय वकपवपं कमप अयवृातं अय नाटकय ईशं माहामदानं कतु न शनोित । अतः अनेन कारेण माणीयते यत,् न केवलं कािलदासीयसाहयेषु, अप च संकृतसाहयेषु इमािन चराण न केवलं चरपायनाथ सृािन तेषां योजनीयता अत ।

सहायकथाः अिभानशकुतलम ्–अयापकः अिनलचवसुः- संकृतपुतकभाडारः –किलकाता अिभानशकुतलम ्–अयापकः सयरजनवोपायायः- संकृतवुडपो –किलकाता संकृतसाहयसभारः –डः गौरणाथशाी –नवपकाशनम ्

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 147 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 148 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 149 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 150 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 151 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 152 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 153 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 154 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 155 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 156 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 157 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 158 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 159 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 160 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 161 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 162 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 163 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 164 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 165 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 166 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 167 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 168 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES MOOCS: FUTURE OF E-LEARNING HIGHER EDUCATION PLATFORM IN INDIA

1Dr.Abdul Jalil and 2Iftikhar Islam 1Librarian, Rupahi College 2Department of Political Science, Rupahi College

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 169 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 170 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 171 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 172 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 173 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 174 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 175 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 176 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 177 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 178 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 179 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 180 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 181 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 182 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 183 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 184 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 185 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 186 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 187 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 188 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 189 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 190 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 191 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 192 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 193 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 194 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 195 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 196 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 197 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 198 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 199 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 200 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 201 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 202 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 203 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 204 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 205 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 206 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 207 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 208 of 209

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286

Peer Reviewed: VOLUME www.ijmer.in : 9, ISSUE: 7(3), JULY: 2020

Page 209 of 209