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Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL of INDIAN HISTORY and CULTURE Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE September 2016 Twenty Second Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018, INDIA September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 1 Journal of Indian History and Culture Editor : Dr. G. J. Sudhakar Editorial Board Prof. Nanditha Krishna Dr. K.V. Raman Dr. V. Mohan Dr. G. Balaji Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi Published by Prof. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 / 2435 9366 Fax : 91-44-24351022 E-Mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org Layout Design : R. Sathyanarayanan Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 1 issue) Rs. 290/- (for 2 issues) 2 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS ANCIENT HISTORY 1 Buddha in Kushana Art - Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi 11 2 Some Rice Cooking rituals as gleaned from Ancient Indian Literature and Culture - K.G. Sheshadri 16 3 Soul in Jain philosophy and development of Indian Society in the Sixth Century BCE - Dr. Samarendra Narayan Arya 25 4 Some rare depictions of Naigamesha - Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi 32 5 Compassion towards Animals - The Tamil Tradition - Prashanth Krishna 37 6 Buildings in Ajanta Paintings - Dr. J. Sumathi 44 7 Ancient Coinage of South India - Dr. D. Mercy Ratna Rani 52 8 Sri Vaikuntanatha Perumal Temple, Heaven on Earth - Dr. G. Balaji 64 9 Tripurantaka Siva at Thiruvathigai - A Cultural Perspective - C. Uma 73 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 3 Journal of Indian History and Culture MEDIEVAL HISTORY 10 A Critical Study of the Authorship of Pandyan Records at Aragalur - J. Murugan 90 11 The Non-Producing Class and Trade in Mithila in Thirteenth-Fourteenth Century - Nisha Thakur 107 12 Contribution of Women to Jainism in Medieval Tamilnadu - Dr. M. Valliammal 138 13 Groves, Gods and Slaves: A Study on Agrestic Slavery in Medieval Malabar - Rohini Krishnan, R 152 14 Perspectives of Environmental Studies during the Mughal Period - M. Amirthalingam 178 MODERN HISTORY 15 British Commercial Interests in Assam and the ‘Otherness’ of Nagas: A Study of Colonial Ideas and Motives - Louis Mushary 188 16 National Liberal Federation: Ultimate Outcome of Montagu’s Visit - A Critical Analysis - Dr. Shalini Pathak 221 17 Historiographical Critique of Selected works on Gender Studies of South India - Dr. G.J. Sudhakar 234 4 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture 18 Towards Women’s Emancipation: The Foundation of India’s First Women’s University - Dr. Prabha Ravi Shankar 247 19 Transgender - The Third Sex : Their Problems and Prospects - Dr. S. Babu 264 20 Book Review - I 281 21 Book Review - II 286 22 Book Review - III 291 23 Book Review - IV 294 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 5 Journal of Indian History and Culture 6 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture EDITOR’S NOTE The Journal is maintaining its all-India character in terms of contributions to it from various parts of the country. I would like to thank our referees for sparing their valuable time for us. Most of the papers are well researched. But, a few of them deserve special mention here. They are contributions by Ms. Nisha Thakur, Dr. M. Valliammal, Mr. J. Murugan, Mr. Louis Musharay and Dr. S. Babu. I am pleased to mention here that there are five papers on Medieval Indian History this time! We need to continue this. This time, we are carrying four Book Reviews. They are by Dr. B. Pramila, Dr. S. Ananthakrishnan, Prof. Bishwambhar Jha and Prof. S.N. Arya. We thank them sincerely and request other readers also to contribute to this section so that we could strengthen it. We are requesting all future contributors to send Abstracts and Key Words along with their papers so that we could implement this tradition too! I appeal to Senior Professors through this note to encourage their research scholars and like minded persons to contribute much more high quality papers. However, I am happy to record here that some of them are already supporting us. I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Nanditha Krishna, President, The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, Mrs. Malathy Narasimhan, Mr. Narayan Onkar, Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi, Dr. G. Balaji, Mr. R. Sathyanarayanan, Mrs. Pitchu Lakshmi and all other members of the Foundation who have helped in bringing out this Journal. Dr. G. J. SUDHAKAR September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 7 Journal of Indian History and Culture 8 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture ANCIENT HISTORY September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 9 Journal of Indian History and Culture 10 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture 1 BUDDHA IN KUSHANA ART Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi Assistant Professor C.P.R. Institute of Indological Research, Chennai Buddha as an icon is extremely interesting and has brought numerous studies and discussions. Buddha’s aesthetic representation as an icon has evoked immense feelings of awe and reverence. This paper tries to study the Buddha during the early Kushana period with some sculptures that have not been studied before. The Kushana art of Mathura earned its fame in the 20th century in producing hundreds of excellent Buddhist images that were installed in Mathura and other regions. Buddha was represented in symbolic form before the Kushana period. But Brahmanic icons had already evolved and gained popularityat Mathura and paved the way for Buddhists to introduce image worship. The Parkham yaksha image served as a model, hence all standing Buddha and Bodhisattva figures are in the yaksha style1, but devoid of ornamentation. Mathura was the first centre of Buddhist art in India. Kanishka contributed to the growth of Buddhist culture. Buddha statues of the second and third year of Kanishka are extant; it is almost certain that Buddha statues of Mathura date from the first half of the second century CE. In the early Kushana art of Mathura, Buddha was represented both in seated and standing form. The circular halo September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 11 Journal of Indian History and Culture is carved with a scalloped border and emerges from the back of his shoulders. Sometime the halo is filled with foliage of the Bodhi tree. He stands with two arms, the right hand held slightly sideways in abhaya pose, with a cushion decoration between the back of the right hand and the shoulder, and the left hand resting at the waist, holding the hem of the sanghâti. The hair is arranged into topknot in the form of a coil of hair (kapardin) in the style of a snail shell instead of a cranial bump (ushnisha). The urna is indicated by a raised dot between the eyes, which are wide open. The expression on the face indicates a smile, while some stiffness is suggested by the posture. The ear lobes though elongated do not touch the broad shoulder. The chest is prominent and the navel is deep. The thin, diaphanous robe is worn over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. The lower garment reaches below the knee and a waist band is fastened around the waist supporting the lower garment, with two fillets from the band hanging on the thigh. Buddha in Seated Form Buddha is seated in padmasana on a throne supported by a pair of seated lions considered to be of Scythian origin. Kushanas introduced the throne in the shape of a chair with a high back and arms and seat supported by lions, showing the royal insignia. This type of throne is very similar to its Iranian counterpart2. Symbols indicative of his greatness (mahâpurusalaksana) which have been marked on the body and soles of his feet are svastika, chakra and triratna. There are additional thick pleats on the left shoulder. Two celestials hovering in the sky are depicted in the upper part of the halo 12 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture and acolytes flanking the deity. The right hand is raised in abahya mudra and the left hand is clenched as a fist and rests on the thigh. There are some important sculptures which are worth consideration: The earliest standing stone images of Buddha from Mathura now in the Mathura museum (plates 1 & 2). In these images has faint traces of schematic lines are seen in the lower garment whereas in image (plate 2) a scarf is suspended on the left wrist. Plate -1 Plate -2 Plate -3 September 2016, Twenty Second Issue 13 Journal of Indian History and Culture The stone image of a seated Buddha from Mathura is now in Kimbell Art Museum, Texas, USA (plate 3) belongs to early Kushana period. An inscription on the pedestal says that the image belongs to the first century CE. (probably 80-82 CE). The upper part of the halo and the top knot kapardin are broken in this sculpture. Here Buddha is seated on a throne supported by a pair of seated lions. In between the lions there is a standard of dharmachakra which is flanked by a devotee on each side which is similar to the sculpture at Kolkata Museum. Two identical red stone sculptures of seated Buddha from Mathura were carved in second century CE. One is now in the National Gallery of Australia (plate 4) and another is in Singapore’s Asian Civlization Museum (plate 5). These sculptures were smuggled away to Australia and not yet returned3. In these sculptures, the lion pedestals are not seen.
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