Research Needs and a Bibliography of the United States and Canada

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AUTHOR Morrison, Denton E.,Ed. TITLE Farmers' Organizations and Movements: Research Needs and a Bibliography of the United States and Canada. INSTITUTION Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Agricultural Experiment Station. SPONS AGENCY Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.; Farm Foundation, Chicago, Ill. REPORT NO NCR8P-200 PUB DATE May 69 NOTE 117p.

FERS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Research Projects, *Bibliographies, Cooperatives, Farm Management, Historical Reviews, *Organizations (Groups), *Research Needs, *Rural Economics, Sociology

A PSTR ACT One of the purposes of the North Central Rural Sociology Sub-committee on Farm Organizations is to serve as a mechanism through which statewide studies of farm organizations in Wisconsin and Michigan would be partially coordinated. To communicate both the knowledge needs and the accumulated literature on farmers' organizations and movements to other researchers is the purpose of this bulletin. Part I of the bulletin comprises 3 essays that outline the sub-committee members' views on needed research. The first 2 essays, "Some Needs in Farm Organization Research" and "Needed Research on Farmers' Movements," deal primarily with research that would contribute to the development of basic sociological knowledge and theory on organizations and movements. The third essay, "Applied Sociological Research on Farm Organizations and Farmers' Movements," focuses specifically on research of practical utility to those concerned with building viable farm organizations. Part II of the bulletin is "A Bibliography of U.S. and Canadian Gener-1 Farm Organizations and Farmers' Movements," consisting of 998 items published between 1846 and 1969. The bibliography is alphabetized in a single list by author, but a "Title Index" and an "Index of Place, Person, Specific Organization, and Specific Movement Names in Titles" are also provided. (JH) NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL RESEARCH PUBLICATION NO. 200 1970

Farmers' Organizations and Movements

RESEARCH NEEDS AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY 0011 OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM REcovE0 THE PERSON DR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY JUL221971 REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU -CATION POSITION OR POLICY NMSU E. R .I. C.

j'osp CYZ DENTON E. MORRISON, Editor

Research Bulletin 24 1-t'D Published by the Agricultural Experiment Station C:::) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS

Page

Preface 4

Introduction 6 Denton E. Morrison, Michigan State University

PartI.Research Needs 11

Some Needs in Farm Organization Research 11 W. Keith Warner, University of Wisconsin

Pr Needed Research on Farmers' Movements 93 Cr% Denton E. Morrison and James R. Hundley, Jr. r114 LtN Michigan State University Applied Sociological Research on Farmers' 6441 Organizations and Farmers' Movements 36 Donald E. Johnson, University of Wisconsin Harvey J. Schweitzer, University of Illinois Denton E. Morrison, Michigan State University

Part II. A Bibliography of U.S and Canadian General Farm Organizations and Farmers' Movements 47

Title Index 91

Index of Place, Person, Specific Organization, and Specific Movement Names in Titles 109 Farmers' Organizations and Movements:

Research Needs and a Bibliography

of the United States and Canada

Denton E. Morrison, Editor--

4-?..4;

Sponsored by the agricultural experiment stations of Alaska, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wis- consin; and the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The North Central Regional Sociology (NCRS-5) Sub-Committee on Farm Organizations:

James R. Hundley (deceased), Michigan State University Donald Johnson, University of Wisconsin, Past Chairman Harvey Schweitzer, University of Illinois W. Keith Warner, University of Wisconsin Denton E. Morrison, Michigan State University, Chairman

3 In Memoriam James R. Hundley, Jr., one of the Sub-Committee's members, died of cancer on November 3, 1967, at the age of 28. In addition to his contributions to the Sub-Committee and to this publication, James Hundley made noteworthy contributions to the literature on farmers' movements, as indicated by the Bibliography references in this bulletin which bear his name (326; 452; 453; 454; 588). The enthusiasm he communicated for research on the topic of this bulletin was in no small measure responsible for the Sub-Committee's decision to undertake the project. He also influenced the research directions of Sub-Committee members. The Sub-Committee members share with the sociological profession a keen sense of loss in James Hundley's passing.

3 Preface LATE 1964 the North Central Rural Sociology Sub-Committee on Farm INOrganizations was formed with Donald Johnson of the University of Wisconsin as its first chairman. One of the immediate and specific purposes of the Sub-Committee was to serve as a mechanism through which statewide studies of farm organizations in Wisconsin and Michigan would be partially coordinated.' Further, the Sub-Committee served from the begin- ning as ft vehicle to facilitate a general discussion of research needs and to share and discuss literature references. From these initial activities we became convinced that both the knowledge needs and the accumulated literature on farmers' organizations and movements were of sufficient import to warrant a formal Sub-Committee project to communicate these needs and references to other researchers. This bulletin is the result. In compiling the list of references we have received valuable help from many sources. Allan Steeves and John Steeves, research assistants at Michi- gan State University, did much early library searching. Later these tasks and the checking and editing of references and manuscript were done by Valerie Restivo and Judy Bennisato, student assistants at Michigan State. James Shideler of the Agricultural History Center at the University of California at Davis suggested many new references and provided useful advice on techniques of compilation as did Morton Rothstein of the Depart- ment of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. John Schlebecker of the Smithsonian Institution provided similar help.Charles Press of Michigan State University made available his extensive list of references on the Nonpartisan League. Joe Bohlen of Iowa State University provided a copy of Louis Schmidt's list of references on the farmers' movement in the United States (802), from which many references were drawn. For many of the theses and dissertations as well as the references on the Grange we are indebted to Dennis Nordin's lists (662; 663). In addition, many persons from various academic disciplines in the United States and Canada were kind enough to peruse an earlier list of references and make suggestions or otherwise encourage our enterprise. A special debt is owed to the Farm Foundation for its support of the Sub-Committee. The Agricultural Experiment Station at Michigan State University isalso acknowledged for provt:ing research assistance and clerical support. Finally, credit is due to Dorothy Tervo, Valerie Restivo

1The following items in the Bibliography have resulted from these studies: 295; 401; 402; 468; 407; 480; 484; 827; 628; 830; 631; 832; 681; 734; 735; 737; 940; 925; 941.

4 and Mary Wilson for their patient and capable typing of various drafts of the manuscript, and to Nancy Hammond and Ann Ries for editorial assistance.

Denton E. Morrison, Chairman NCRS-5 Sub-Committee on Farm Organizations Department of Sociology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan

May, 1969

6 Introduction DENTON E. MORRISON Michigan State University It is common to hear farmers' problems explained by the claim that farmers are not organized. The great oversimplification of such an explanation is shown in the extensive quantity and scope of farmers' past and present organizational activity documented in the Bibliography comprising Part II of this bulletin. The list, moreover, contains only references on general farmers' movements and organizations and excludes writings dealing specifically with commodity groups and cooperatives. A list of the latter categories would be extensive. Breimyer, for instance, reports that, in the 1962-1965 period, 22,651 U. S. farmers' cooperative associations had nearly twenty-two million members or participants, most of whom were nonfarmeis ( 107: 136 ). Tontz estimates that in 1960 the three largest U. S. general farm organizations (The American Farm Bureau Federation, The National Farmers' Union, and The National Grange) had over two and one-quarter million family members or participants (905:5). The number of individuals who are members would be much higher. Given the existence of about 4 million farms in 1960,1 assuming an average of one family per farm, and allowing for the fact that many farm organization members are not actively farming, the crude indication would seem to be that members of about half the U. S. farm families belong to a general farm organization. One possible conclusion from the above figures is that not enough farmers are organized. It is well established, however, that the farmers most likely to be farm organization members have more education and operate larger, more productive farms than nonmembers (629:48-55; 73S:281; 57:157). Regardless of their limited number, those who become involved in farm organizations would presumably be the ones most able to organize themselves effectively. Those observers who agree that not enough farmers are organized would probably also agree, however, that the more crucial problem is that those who are members of organizations are not organized enough. Concern with increasing the effectiveness of farm organizations rather than with further increasing their number or the number of members was shown by the Commission on Country Life in 1909. Initially, the Commis- sion described the farmers' situation in words that still ring true today: .. The farmer is almostnecessarily handicapped in the development of his business because his capital is small, and the volume of his transactions

lNational Advisory Commission on Food and Fiber, (July, 19G7), Food and Fiber for the Future, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.: 155.

6 limited; and he usually stands practically alone against organized interests. In the general readjustment of modern life due to the great changes in manu- factures and commerce, inequalities and discriminations have arisen, and naturally the separate man suffers most."2 But the Commission also noted that in agriculture "there is a multitude of clubs, and associations for social, educational, and business organizations; and the great national organizations are effective. But the farmers are nevertheless relatively unorganized."3 Later in the Commission's report this observation was reiterated and ex- panded slightly: While there are very many excellent agricultural cooperative organizations of many kinds, the farmers nearly everywhere complain that there is still a great dearth of association that really helps them in buying and selling and developing their communities....Farmers seem to be increasingly feeling the pressure of the organized interests that sell to them and buy from them.' The underlying notion of the Commission is clear and is as valid today as in 1909: On the whole, farmers are organized in ways that are relatively ineffective, that is, ineffective in comparison with organizations of laborers, professionals, and other businessmen. It is a paradox that, while sociology is substantially concerned with th 3 study of social organization, relatively few of the studies in our Bibliography provide analyses from the sociological perspective or employ the concepts and research tools of modern social science. Mostly, the literature consists of historical-descriptive case studies of organizations or their leaders, or essays in which the conversion of the reader to particular philosophical or ideological points of view is the paramount goal. This lack is not a valid indicator of the importance of the analysis of farm organizations to sociology, nor of the potential contribution of sociological analysis to farm organizations. Analyses of farm organizations could contribute to fundamental theoretical issues in sociology just as do studies of industrial organizations, trade unions, hospitals, welfare organizations, military organizations, and the like. And, just as sociological research has made important applied contributions to these organizations, such research has great potential for contributing to the solution of some of the practical problems of farm organizations.Moreover, sociologists have recognized both the importance and the lack of research on farmers' organization for some time (932; 479). The lack of sociological research on farm organizations reflects the relatively small proportion of resources that colleges of agriculture have devoted

=Commission on Country Life, (1911), Report of the Commission on Country Life, Sturgis & Walton, New York: 18-19.(Re-edition of original report of 1909). 'Ibid., 27. 'Ibid., 130-131.

7 to sociological research generally. Also, both college of agriculture administrators and rural sociologists have been reluctant to become involved in research on topics of potential political implication and controversy. Clearly such behavior has in the long run proved neither politic nor responsible. Farmers are becoming painfully aware that their political power, both in voting numbers and in elected representatives, is declining. Further, they recognize their own economic problems are caused partly by the way other highly organized segments of the economy such as labor can increase farm costs. Farmers are searching for improved modes of organization to help them relate adequately to a society in which the fortunes of individuals are increasingly tied to the fortunes of large scale organizationsvoluntary and otherwise. In a recent state-wide sample survey in Michigan, for instance, 88 percent of the farm operators agreed that, "If you want to solve agriculture's problems it's the production and marketing system as a whole that needs to be changed, not just the practices of individual farmers" (629:57). Moreover, farmers are increasingly looking to the colleges of agriculture for help and guidance in achieving new modes of organization. Research must be an integral part of the response of the colleges of agriculture. Research will, of course, require support, perhaps even a partial diversion of support away from other research areas.Strong support is, however, justified. Colleges of business and schools of labor and industrial relations are much more concerned with the organizational problems of their sectors of the economy than are colleges of agriculture. Colleges of agriculture have stressed individual accomplishments through better farm management and technological efficiency. Research and extension efforts on the biological and technological aspects of agriculture have accounted for tremendous progress in solving ,he problems of food supply, but they have not solved the problems of the vast majority of those who produce food for a liveli- hood. There is optimism that this disturbing fact is receiving increased recognition by those who develop policies for and fund agricultural research. The recent National Program of Research for Agriculture recommends a substantial increase in research on "problems of people and their organizations," an increase disproportionately larger than that recommended for technical and other research.5 This is not to imply that either organized efforts or sociological research contributions to these efforts will be helpful in solving the problems of a majority of farmers. There are substantia: surplus and impoverished human resources in farming and it is doubtful that voluntary organizations will do

5United States Department of Agriculture and State Agricultural Experiment Station Task Force, (October, 1966), A National Program of Research for Agriculture, Report of a Study sponsored jointly by the Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges and the United States Department of Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.: 186-188.

8 much le help make the occupation of farming an economically viable one for this group!' Some recent research, however, shows that "it is clearly only farms with sales of $20,000 o; more than can come near providing family ironies sufficient to permit a level of participation in a mark( t for consumer ;clods that is consistent with :1merican standards."' Only ;limitI percent of U. S. commercial farms fall into this catch try.'Dissatisfaction in agriculture is by no means limited to fanners with small, marginal operations. in the Michigan study already mentioned, two-thirds of the farmers with gross sales above the median for all fanners in the sample were, taking their labor and investment into account, dissatisfied with their previous year's income. On the whole, those dissatisfied farmers who engage in militant, organized, protest actions have average or above average socioeconomic levels (631:416-422). That organized efforts -re not necessary for some engaged in agriculture or possible for others is no reason for reluctance to support and engage in relevant research. Part I of this bulletin then is comprised o: '.tree essays that outlino the Sub-Committee members' views on needed research. We do not necessarily provide specific and concrete guidance to he followed by researchers. Rather, we provide stimuli for generating an interest in research on farm organizations and farmers' movements. While we aim our statements mainly at those professionals and graduate students who actually do research, we hope our statements wiii have meaning for those who fund. direct, and use ruse:A-eh, and will result in a fruitful dialogue between these parties and researchers. The statements of research needs necessarily overlap, but they are made from three somewhat distinctive perspectives.'1-he first two essays, "Some Needs in Farm Organization Research,- and -Needed Research on Farmers' Movements," deal primarily with research that would contribute to the development of basic sociological knowledge and theory en ortzanizations and movements. Such research often has clear practical implications, which arc briefly explored in the essays, The distinction between "organizations" and "movements" is critically discussed n the second essay and some issue is taken with it, but the distinction is too well developed in sociological theory and research to disregard easily. The third essay. ''Applied Socio- logic;x1 Research (in Farm Organizations and Farmers' Nlovements," focuses specifically on research of practical utility to those concerned with building viable farm organizations. Just as theoretically oriented research has practical implications, this essay shows that applied rt sum( it can both contribute to and draw upon theory.

^NationnlAthltnry Committion nn rood and 1.41,,r. op.r d .IN1.1n1; rr n1. n, Nminn.1 410x1 Cnonnit%ion nn Ilut31 Povritv, 10117). the r,o; !, fr f'ttrt Gnminlnt hinting Oilier, Wa,hmizton, I), C.1 rwrc. 141445, :11nttin, Vrt non W., (Drermln.r, 14)(()4 "Agl nil!tni al rolicy in:al t y," Plana of reran LcAtom irsf, 0, 5:1111. '1hnl.. 1114.

9 11) Part IT of the Bulletin is "A Bibliography of U. S. and Canadian General Farm Organizations and Farmers' Movements." In the summer of 1967 we submitted a list of about 200 references to interested sociology colleagues as xvell as to scholars in political science, history, and agricultural economics and asked for additional entries, corrections, and suggestions. These persons responded generously and the annotated bibliography we originally planned was impossible as a short-term project with the available resources.° We hope the Bibliography will be of use to scholars, but we are fully aware of its inadequacies. We are confident it omits many pertinent items, and has incomplete and probably inaccurate information on some of those included. We have not been able to put our hands on every item. We solicit additions, corrections, and suggestions from readers. Arbitrarily we have limited the list to items from the U. S. and Canada. it is hard to delineate precisely what is to he included under "general" organizations and movements, but we excluded vast literature on farmers' cooperatives and commodity associations, except as the cooperatives arc tied to organizations with broader goals.Fortunately, a recent bibliography on cooperativesisavailable.1°Additionally, we excluded literature on the general organizations in the popular press and in the periodicals of the organizations, except as this literature is of general historic import. Since the relationship between farmers' organizations and movements and the politics and policies of agriculture is often a close one, we have been fairly liberalin including items on the lattertopics and on agrarian reform generally. Only parts of some of the book-length items on the list deal with farmers' organizations or movements. Where these parts are specifically known and can be efficiently indicated in the reference, we have clone so. The Bibliog- raphy itself is alphabetized in a single list by author and is not organized by sub-topics such as "Grange," "Farmers' Alliance," and "Iowa." However, the "Title Index" and the "Index of Place, Person, Specific Organization, and Specific Movement. Names in Titles" will facilitate location of specific items.

oAn annotated bibliography of part of the items on the list is, however, available in mimeographed form from the bulletin editor on request. "Grovcs, Frank and Richard Vilstrup, (January, 1969),Cooperative Communications, Member Relations, Mmicogion and Behavioral Studies:Selected Annotated Bibliographywith References from Belated Fields,Cooperative Extension Programs, University Extension, University of Wisconsin, Madi- con, Wisconsin.

10 11 Part i.Research Needs

Some Needs in Farm Organization Research W. KEITH WARNER University of Wisconsin Farm organizations constitute complex and important subject matter for sociological study. Some of them are concerned with a general range of farmers' interests, whereas others specialize in the concerns surrounding particular agricultural commodities, or kinds of services. Some emphasize federal legislative programs on behalf of farmers and some emphasize private collective bargaining programs. General organizations and cooperative associations are interrelated in complex ways. Research on these organizations involves a wide array of concepts and propositions relating to voluntary associations, bureaucracy, the sociology of law, and social movements, as well as to other fields such as economics and political science. The purpose of the following discussionisto outline some of the problems, needs and opportunities in developing a sociological understanding of farm organizations. The object is not to develop a research proposal but to sketch questions and issues that, with further elaboration, seem worth research effort. My focus will be primarily on general farm organizations, although much of the discussion might apply to other kinds of agricultural organizations. The listing is not intended to be comprehensive, only indica- tive of needs.

THE NATURE OF FARM ORGANIZATIONS Farm organizations are essentially voluntary associations. (As they move further toward collective bargaining aims, voluntariness, however, will likely decrease.) As in other voluntary associations, membership participation in farm organizations is intermittent. The frequency of interaction in organizational roles is low and most leaders (especially at local levels ) are volun- teers. The intensity of behavioral involvement in organizational activities is low, compared with work organizations. Normative modes of compliance (compared with utilitarian and coercive modes) predominate.1 Problems of continuing practical interests to the farm organizations are similar to those of other voluntary associations: membership recruitment and loyalty, leadership development, membership involvement in organizational affairs, etc. An additional, perhaps complicating, factor is the geographic dispersion of the membership. The major purposes of the general farm organizations emphasize °co-

Amitai, (1961), A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, Involve- ment, and Their Correlates, The Free Press of Glencoe, New York; Part One

11 19 nomic matters. Program approaches include legislative, educational, and fraternal, as well as cooperative services and collective marketing and bargaining concerns. Several issues are involved in the development of viable farm organizations. One is developing common purposes and bonds to the organization. Although we hear about "the farmer" and "the farm problem" as though all farmers were alike and shared a common problem to be solved by either private organization or governmental programs, this view obscures as much as it illuminates. The notion of common interests hides the fact, for instance, that farmers with different commodities compete with each other as much as with nonfarmers. It also obscures fundamental ideological differences like the role of government in agriculture and the appropriateness or necessity of collective bargaining. The notion of common economic problems avoids the fact that some farmers are involved in large-scale, profit- able, commercial agriculture, and some are engaged in operations that are commercially marginal. Programs needed by one group may provide little or no help for others. Another issue is the extent to which farm organizations are associations of farmers or of farm enterprises. If they are associations of farmers who retain completely autonomous control over their enterprise, how can power be generated in the marketplace? Emphasis on political power and legislative programs has been compatible with this approach, because the issue is then votes rather than coordination of production and marketing. But what are the consequences of seeking greater economic power? Two possibilities are more emphasis on organizing the farm enterprises (e.g., devising alternative forms of collective bargaining approaches ) and new concerns about issues of interdependence and autonomy. If greater coordination and control are introduced regarding the farm enterprise, further organizational problems await. The perishability of the product restricts organizational maneuverability in the competitive process. Interchangeability of the production and consumption of various agricultural commodities requires multi-commodity organization which brings problems of intercommodity competition in members' interests.Issues involved in reconciling the diverse labor, management, and investment interests in the operation of a farm enterprise must be confronted. The existing general farm organizations have primarily developed out of the farmers' movement and have been major rivals in ideological competition. They have been or are social movement organizations and experience the processes of institutionalization and bureaucratization that accompany the survival and longevity of such organizations.2

=Social movements and their relations to organizations are discussed in the next essay inthis bulletin: Denton E. Morrison and James R. Hundicy, "Needed Research on Farmers' Movements." For a general discussion of social movement organizations, see Zald, Mayer N. and Roberta Ash, (March, 1966), "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change," Social Forces, 4-1:327-341.

12 13 THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT An adequate understanding of farm organizations must include an understanding of the salient aspects of their societal context.' The following selected aspects have a potentially important influence on the farm organizations. Changes in most of them are familiar to students of rurar society. The questions are: how do these aspects of the societal context affect the nature and development of farm organizations and how do the organizations respond to such changes?

Political Organization The reapportionment of state and federal political power is an important reality. What isits consequence for farm organizations: a reduction of success of the organizations' legislative program or an inducement to form coalitions or to merge to compensate for loss of power? Is it an attempt to enhance economic power and use it to enhance political power?

"Urban Fundamentalism" The agrarian origins of American society have often provided a traditional baseline for evaluating proposals for change. The shift of power to urban-industrial areas apparently resulted in the rise of provincial "urban fundamentalism" equivalent to "rural fundamentalism,"1 long espoused by farm organizations and others. How will organizations respond to these ideological changes: by holding on to old fundamentalistic values of agrarian life, by devising new ideologies compatible with the realities of the shift in power, or by emphasizing nonideological(i.e.,utilitarian or coercive) aspects of their efforts on behalf of farmers and ignore the changes in ideological orientations in society?

Farm Organizational Clientele Associated with the foregoing aspects of society and their changes is the decline in the number of farm operators in the United States. What are the direct consequences for the farm organizations? A major concern of current farm organizations is to help as many farmers as possible to remain on the farm. Long-run organizational success may be increased by short-run failure in this regard.Paradoxically, there is reason to expect that the smaller the number of farmers, the better the prospects for organizing larger portions of them into more viable organizations.'

aBlau, 1eter M. and W. Richard Scott, (1962), Formal Organizations: A Comporative Approach, Chandler Publishing Co., Snn Francisco: 11-14, and Chapter 8. 413onnen, James T., (1965), "National Policy for Agriculture and for Rural Life: Trends, Problems, and Prospects," in 427:106-107. POlson, NI:Incur, Jr., (1965), The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Croups, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

14 The Agricultural Enterprise Increasing capital requirements in farming and increasing scale of operation are familiar changes in the agricultural enterprise.Possible consequences include greater selectivity and homogeneity of members in farm organizations. They also include the potential of farm operators' obtaining some benefits directly through their own scale of enterprise rather than through the collective efforts of the farm organizations. Larger farm enterprises may necessitate organizational forms closer to those needed by large farm organizations. An increased transferability between organizational aspects of the farming enterprise and the farmer organizations may result. Will these possible consequences become a reality? Under what conditions? In what other ways do the nature of, and changes in, the farming operation influence the organization of farmers? Agricultural Organization The farm enterprise is changing not only in scale, but also in organizational form. Corporation farming, vertical integration, and contract farming, for example, appear to be increasing in relation to the "family farm" (107). Will these changes constitute alternatives to the traditional nature of general farm organizations? Will the changes elicit new functions for the organizations or new organizations (e.g., more like labor unions) to serve farmers who manage the farms or produce and market by contract? Will the changes bring new problems or advantages in recruiting and organizing farmers? Ecological Patterns The production of agricultural commodities is differentially distributed around the country, some areas dominated by one particular commodity. Similarly, the concentration and dominance of urbanism and industrializa- tion and the distribution of the farm organizations form ecological patterns. How does geographical dispersion or concentration affect the development and performance of farm organizations, interorganizational cooperation and conflict, etc.? Does industrial dominance in a state provide more immediate problems for general farm organizations than does substantial competition among dominant agricultural commodities? How do regional limitations on the production of certain commodities enhance organization(e.g., by diminishing the number of producers and concentrating them geographi- cally) or hinder it (e.g., by restricting the national base of power)? What are the effects on one farm organization when another one is dominant in an area? Community Organizations Farm organizations, as voluntary associations, rely on obtaining participation from members in their "leisure time." There are, of course, many

14 1K competing demands for such participation, and the specialization of associations has led to increased numbers of groups and multiple memberships of individuals. At the same time, there is increasing recognition that, because the solution of many important problems is beyond the scope of interest and resources of any given organization, some larger grouping of organizations is essential. How do farm organizations both compete successfully for members and resources and cooperate with other organizations toward solving larger problems? How can farm organizations with more general interests compete with community organizations specializing in some of those same interests? Other Factors Many other aspects of the societal environment may have an important influence on the nature and operation of farm organizations. The cultural environment is of particular interest when social movement organizations attempt to make substantial changes in traditional ways of doing things as did the National Farmers Organization (NFO). How is public opinion mobilized for or against such organizations on the basis of existing societal norms and values? How are members recruited from an environment in which important norms and values challenge the organization? Community structure is another potential influence of importance. For examplhow does the community stratification structure affect public support for farm organizations, for the legislative programs they seek on behalf of farmers, or for their efforts and methods in collective bargaining? One general way of systematically delineating important segments of the environmental context of farm organizations is to identify their "task environment":° who supplies the resources or competes for those resources? Who receives the benefit or competes for the "market" and loyalty of the beneficiaries? Who exercises any regulatory influence on the conduct of the organization? How are the attributes of this environment changing? EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM AREAS Following are several problem areas that represent needed research in the context of all the foregoing questions. These areas are as fundamental to understanding farm organizations as they are to understanding other kinds of groups. Study of them could provide a useful basis for testing proposi- tiJns and otherwise enriching the accumulating literature on the sociology of organizations. Organizational Effectiveness One of the most crucial problems is the conceptualization of what organizational effectiveness is, what elements are involved in it, and how it is to

°See Thompson, James D., (1967), Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administratioc Theory, McCraw-JIM Book Co., New York: 27-29.

15 16 be measured.' Without considerably more theory and evidence about effectiveness, studies of farm organizations will largely be sterile. The first steps require delineation and operationalization of organizational goals and products. Subsequent, useful research will not be one-time evaluations of the various farm organizations. It will emphasize organizational effectiveness as a central dependent variable in the testing of various theories about organizational structure and operation.° This requires measures of effectiveness that can be repeated with some frequency and compared across organizational units. A basic issue is whether to measure effectiveness by the degree of goal attainment or by the "products" or benefits made available to people. These are not the same. Organizations can, and do, provide benefits that are not closely related to their major objectives. Another important issue is beneficiaries: Are they members or nonmembers? Especially in legislative programs, benefits are likely to be diffused among farmers (or others) in society and not specific to members of farm organizations. How effective are farm organizations and compared to what other groups? How does relative effectiveness change with the age of the organization or with competition from other farm organizations? For whom are the organizations effective? Organization-Individual Exchange Belonging to a voluntary organization costs members time or energy or money. For such costs some tangible or intangible benefits are presumed to be available. A fundamental problem for organizations is how to achieve and demonstrate a favorable costbenefit ratio. In research, calculation of such ratios might be attempted from either the organizational or members' point of view. To what extent do members make even an approximate calculation of this sort? To what extent is nonmembership or dropping-out a result of arriving at an unfavorable ratio? How does faith in the future of the organization intervene in the interpretation of past benefits? What modes of influence are used by the organization to induce support and resources in lieu of any costbenefit ratios or in spite of unfavorable ones? What means are used by organizations to help members interpret their costs and benefits.° What is the degree of contingency attached to the organizational benefits? Under what conditions do normal costs exceed some upper limit the member is unwilling to surpass? What alternatives to the organization does the member have? How does the remoteness or the intangibility of the goals affect the exchange? How do these ideas apply to organizations with Tart of this problem for voluntary associations is discussed in Warner, W. Keith, (Fall, 1967), "Problems in Measuring the Coal Attainment of Voluntary Organizations," Adult Education, 19:3-14. 8For example, this might be done by adapting Hare's axiomatic theory: see Ilage, Jerald, (Decem- ber, 1965), "An Axiomatic Theory of Organizations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10:289-320. °See; Copp, James (June, 1964), "Perceptual Influences on Loyalty in a Farmer Cooperative," Rural Sociology, 29:168-180; also 940.

16 a service or philanthropic interest? What are the unique costbenefit problems in farm organizations? When neither the member nor the organization calculate costs and benefits what are the chief factors in membership recruitment and loyalty, obtaining necessary resources for organizational operation, and determining policies and programs? How much and what kind of social pressure, ideological commitment, casual impulse, etc., play influential parts iu determining the course of events in farm organizations? Organizational Measurement In order to calculate costbenefit ratios, as well as to test other assertions and presumed principles of organization, measurement of the variables is obviously essential. What is not so obvious is that our conceptualization and measurement are relatively less well developed for the central organizational variables (e.g., effectiveness or productivity) and better developed for less theoretically potent aspects (e.g., characteristics of participants). Furthermore, the internal measurement and feedback mechanisms in most voluntary organizations are grossly inadequate for rational administrative decision making and for rigorous testing of principles of organizational operation.1° How extensive and adequate are they in farm organizations? What would be the effects of improvement in the routine measurements available to the organization leaders and members? Certainly, one of the most fundamental and urgent areas of research is in the development of devices for measuring the input, output, and consequences of policies and procedures. The more abstract and intangible the major inputs and outputs, the more urgent is the need to develop adequate measurement. In addition to the well-known needs for validity and reliability, there is substantial need for developing economically feasible Methods that are quick and simple. Alternative Organizational Forms An important issue is special commodity versus general organization. Which form yields the most effective performance for the marketing problems of agriculture or other farm organization interests at the least social and economic costs? What organizational devices are used in general farm organizations to minimize the undesired effects of intra-agricultural conipe- tition? What coalitions emerge among commodity organizations? To what extent is the degree of specialization by a farmer related to his membership in a general or a commodity organization or both? A second issue is unitary versus federated organizations." Which kind lowarncr, W. Keith, (Spring, 1967), "Feedback in eV:ministration," Journal of Cooperatice Ex- tension, 5:35-46. uSimon, Hcrbcrt A., Donald W. Smithburg, and Victor A. Thompson, (1950), Public Adminis- tration, Alfred A. Knopf, New York: 266-272.

17 18 provides greater control by the membership: the monolithic, unitary structure or the pluralistic, federated structure? Which kind is more effective for a voluntary association in attaining its professed goals? Is there any relationship between special commodity and general organizations and between unitary and federated structure? More generally, how are alternative designs of structure related to the activities of the organization?" The logic of organizational design suggests a sequence. Organizational purpose rationally should determine the activities necessary and sufficient to accomplish the purpose. The activities should determine the structure necessary and sufficient to coordinate and facilitate the activities. Is it true that the closer this sequence is followed, the more productive the organizations are? What organizational problems result when the sequence is not followed? What special problems regarding organizational forms arise from growth, diversification of programs, or mergers? Membership and Personnel Roles For general farm organizations, what role activities of personnel (members, leaders, employees) would add up to the performance necessary for attainment of goals or production of desired benefits? What kinds of knowledge, attitudes, and skills are necessary to perform those roles? What socialization programs ( member education, personnel training, etc.) would provide the required knowledge, attitudes, and skills? How do these programs compare with current socialization programs? What inducement patterns best elicit the desired performance?" The same kinds of variables could be used to describe existing patterns or to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for goal attainment. Organizational Change The improvement of organizational performance usually requires some changes of structure, activities, or both.Frequently, such changes are blocked by personnel in the organization. Seldom are adequate mechanisms built into voluntary associations for "self renewal."14 Consequently, institutionalization and bureaucratization prevent the accomplishment they are presumed to insure. Further work is needed to study how organizations can and do accom- modate the conflict arising from the desires of some personnel for structure and program changes while others block changes." What do organizations do with personnel who block improvements, new programs, the abandon-

"See: Perrow, Charles, (April, 1967), "A Fratnework for the Comparative Analysis of Organiza- tions," American Sociological Review, 32:194-208; and Thompson, op. cit., Part One. .'warner, W. Keith and A. Eugene Havens, (March, 1968), "Goal Displacement and the Intangi- bility of Organizational Goals," Administrative Science Quarterly, 12:539-555, "Gardner, John W., (1965), Self-Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society, Harper and Row, Inc., New York. 1513lau and Scott, op. cit., 43-58. is 1q ment of old programs, etc.? How do organizations adjust their policies and programs over time and from crisis to crisis: by rational planning or other means? How can they establish regular and effective procedures for change and improvement? Leadership and Membership Control The tendency toward oligarchy in organizations has received considerable attention. Membership control remains a crucial problem in mutual benefit associationsn at local, state, and national levels.Increased com- plexity of the farming enterprise requires a variety of skills and managerial decisions and constitutes a full-time business. How can the farmer have either the time or the range of skills to make him both an organizational and an agricultural specialist? -. When full-time personnel are hired, how are their interests reconciled with those of part-time participants who make up the rank-and-file membership? How does this reconciliation affect membership loyalty, organizational effectiveness, etc.? What alternative structural forms and procedures help or hinder local membership control in relation to state and national levelsor vice versa? How do differences in organizational objectives (e.g., legislative programs versus collective bargaining in the marketplace) influence the centralization of authority? Other important questions focus on the leadership. How important are personal attributes and values of leaders in determining organizational policies? In general farm organizations, are leaders given more or less freedom and responsibility to "run the organization" than in other kinds of organizations? What are the criteria by which leaders are selected and accepted by the membership? What have these criteria to do with observ- able organizational success? What are the processes of leadership succes- sion? How are they related to problems faced by the organization in its growth and development? Voluntary Associations in the Marketplace To what extent can membercontrolled voluntary associations of farmers compete successfully in the marketplace with business firms? What legislation would help or hinder such a situation? Voluntary associations have little ability to secure the compliance of members and control their actions. To what extent is some kind of membership contract a solution to membership compliance? What does this situation do to the voluntary nature of the organization? To what extent isit necessary to hire full-time, well- trained specialists to insure organizational success in the marketplace? How are relationships worked out among hired specialists, volunteer leaders, and general memberships?

uPerrow op. cit.; Thompson, op. cit.

211 Interorganizational Analysis Most of the accumulates' literature on the sociology of :.iganizations is best understood as intraorganizational analyses.Some studies deal with structural parts or programs of organizations. Others focus on the behavior of persons in the context of organizations. Interorganizational analysis and comparative studies of organizations are increasingly important. To what extent can general propositions and frameworks in organizational analysis be applied to voluntary associations.17 To what extent can those applicable be employed to study farm organizations? What are the relationships among general farm organizations, special commodity associations, cooperatives, government agencies relating to agriculture, processing firms dealing with agricultural products, etc.? What are the processes of competition and conflict and the conditions governing them? What is the relative salience of ideological positions, organizational survival, leader personality, and farmers' common problems as bases for rivalry or cooperation among farm organizations? Extensive government involvement in various aspects of agriculture provides the basis for studying relationships between public and private organizational approaches. What are the public-private coalitions?Are government agricultural agencies co-opted by private farm organizations or vice versa (817)? How is the declining number of farm operators affecting the relationship between private organizations and publicagricultural agencies? Are tlie organizations losing influence with agencies or are both joining to advance the interests of agriculture (or their own organization's survival interests) in relation to nonagricultural interests? How does competition among government agencies for funds affect their relationships to farm organizations? how does competition among farm organizations affect their ability to obtain favorable responses from agricultural agencies or the Congress?

GENERAL RESEARCH NEEDS Most of the foregoing questions are familiar. Asking them does not imply that we know nothing about the answers. Something is known but lack of synthesis and codification obscures the extent of our knowledge. Providing answers without developing explanatory, generalized propositions is relatively useless. Many general research needs are also very familiar: (1) the chronic need for developing a closer relationship between theory and research, (2) the utilization of available literature from research on other relevant subject matter, (3) larger and more broadly-based samples, (4) multivariate analysis, and (5) codification of results. These needs are as appli-

rConsider: Mayntz, Renate, (1964), "The Study of Organizations: A Trend Report and Bibliog- raphy," Current Sociology, 13, No. 3:110; also Thompson, op. cit., viii.

21 cable to the study of fans organizations as to all sociological reward), same is true of need, less oft( 11 disenssesl, smell as the following. (:ritria Ilegarding Tliort ..tical Quality \ve need to establish criteria for judging quality of theoretical work. \\(ien ;Ir the theoretical foundations of a research project properly developed so results mak ;,1 lonti rent contrilmtion to generalized explanation? 11'lial constitutes 61(4)1(.6c:el adequacy for design, analysis, and interpretation of a iesarch project and report? Nfore Intensive and liepresentatise 1)ato \VC :level more intensive and representati\-e data oil the phenomena studied. Questionnaire cr intrvie\v responses are inaderptate.'They are relatively superficial and co\ er a \side latele of t(iPics. The (inestioris often make unreasonable demands to recall or express clear, rational, and consistent feelings or facts about topics to which the respondent has given little careful consi:lration. Adequate data may also it:quire repeated interviews or observations. It is difficult to obtain data for the organization as the unit of analysis rather than for individuals.1V1,0 can speak for the (w4ani,,,Atiiin?\vkit data portray the organization rather than the views or actions Of some of its personnel?1)csigns needt .1)lie developed for extensive sampling of observations to obtain a single fact or set cf facts or to represent a single unit of analysis (the organization or some unit of it). Need for Holistic. Research liesearch designs need to account for as nanny relevant major variables iii an organization as possible. 1:e important problems 55111 have shr4le variable solutions.If organizational vaiiables ale interdependent, ;JS social systems theory suggests, then all major variables prsoniably aro lokvaiit to Mai.)1 111(11)1rInti.iltscatch (Ilk 1)(1(1111(' illau:V.F11:41 holistic. taking all the (Lots topythcr and anal,thp,t the orgailii;itimi in its envitohinitt. 1)ifTerent Nitliotls of 'resting l'ropositions Consistent with the need ler mule holistic and multivariate stir& sis the impor tante of stipplernvntit,.; sari ey methods with either forms of %toils.. svo of the se in( 'hods are simulatinn and (T(11111(10:16(111, Simulation provides a Nvay of tloiw.: psultdr).(Aptliinctif(i.e.,11-ittial c\pciimcnts iii lahol.ttoly situations) while aoidih!..,, some of the (ARk. Uf actioils Mid el 1(0 oil tt:1)11,Ai1)/0, Sinn:1;6111 Ball he duA'eloped either for imiplolmenl.11ien Ily «unpureis or as training and !use:lull in- \ ol\ hitt people in simulated oigaitizational action, E:\p tint +mtali0n ill 1e .11 01 is difficult not only to do, but to

99 legitimize.Whether done by research-and-development consultation or small pilot projects, it provides the "acid test" for organizational propositions. Nonnative and Descriptive Research We need to distinguish between descriptive and normative or prescriptive research." Many important questions regarding farm organizations require prescriptive answers on how to accomplish something new or to bring about some change, rather than descriptive facts or generalizations about past or present happenings. Prescriptions must be based on empirical evidence from methodologically careful and theoretically powerful research. Future Orientation We are too accustomed to studying patterns and processes as they existed in the past. By the time our research results are reported, even about the present, situations and problems often are changed. We need more future orientation in the design of our research. We need to ask not only what conditions influence farm organizations now, but what will be the conditions ten or twenty years from now. The societal context of farm organizations is changing. We need not only to document those changes, but to project them, anticipate them, and then attempt to anticipate the consequences and alternative modes of adaptation to, or control of, the changes. We need to develop our skills in forecasting organizational changes and consequences of organizational programs. For example, how much will urban and industrial competition with agriculture for water intensify in the future? What problems will this pose for organizations of farmers? What would be the consequences if Farm Bureau, Farmers' Union, Grange, or National Fanners' Organization were to obtain their complete program for farmers?

CONCLUSIONS Perhaps the greatest research need is for good examples. Sociological studies of farm organizations based upon quality research with important questions answered would serve to stimulate further research and to build a body of sound knowledge. Some present sources and systems of research support do not adequately recognize the importance of or criteria for quality sociological research. Sorport for research, like the researchers themselves, seems somewhat prone to follow fads. Important needs and opportunities to study farm organizations await adequate money, trained manpower, and desire by persons related to agricultural organizations and agencies.

11'anu r,w, ( August, 1907), "Normative and Descriptive Theory in the Study of Orizani- iatioos." n pper putuntril ut the annual tneetingi of the floral Sociological Sockty, San Francisco. lifoioia.

1 Needed Research on Farmers' Movements DENTON E. MORRISON and JAMES R. HUNDLEY, IR. (deceased) Michigan State University

In social science literature, social movements art generally characterized as emerging collective efforts to bring about or block changes that are in some sense unconventional or extraordinary in character, degree, methods employed, or in all these ways. Similarly, those persons who participate in the movement are characterized by the urgency with which they desire the changes.' A useful, though not completely clear, distinction can be made between power or controloriented movements and participation oriented :aove- ments.2 In participationoriented movements personal transformation or the conversion of persons to beliefs or behavior patterns is the main method used to bring about change. Examples are the hippie movement, the moral rearmament movement, and the pentecostal movement. In poweroriented movements changes are achieved by carefully disciplining and coordinating followers to employ whatever methods or tactics are necessary to allow the movement to exercise group influence to achieve its ends. Poweroriented movements generally are distinctive in the extent to which there are deliberate and systematic efforts to organize individuals to act in concert. In poweroriented movements, group actions are not in and of themselves viewed as a source of benefits or gratifications to individual participants. Such actions are thought necessary to force the larger social context to respond in some way desired by the members of the group. Most manifestations of the labor movement, the civil rights movement, and the farmers' movement are examples of poweroriented movements. Movements of this type will be the special theoretical focus of this essay. Poweroriented movements do not typically consist of a single organized effort, More often such movements are characterized by an expanding cluster of loosely related efforts, like the current collective bargaining movement in agriculture. Growth, momentum, and diffusion of interest in change appear to be as important as interest in unconventional change per se in

IThe specific designation of collective behavior, including social movements, as "extraordinary" is found in Brown, Roger, Social Psychology, (19(35), The Free Press, New York: 709ff. The notion is, however, implied in most of the standard textbook or popular treatments, for instance:Blimier, Herbert, (1946), "Social Movements," Principles of Sociology, Barnes and Noble, New York: 199-220; William Bruce Cameron, (1965), Modern Social Movements, Wiley Science Editions, New York; Heber le,Iludo Ife,Social Movements, (1951), Appleton, Century, Crofts, New York; Hoffer, Eric, (1951), The 7'rue Believer, Harper and Row Publishers, New York; Killian, Lewis, (1964), "Social Movements," hi R. E. L. Faris (ed.), Handbook of Modern Sociology, Rand McNally, Chicago:. 426-455; King, Wendell, (1956), Social Movements in the United States, Random House, New York; Lang, Kurt and Gladys Lang, (1961), Collective Dynamics, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York: 489-542; Snie 1st-, Neil, (1963), Theory of Collective Behavior, The Free Picss, New York: 270-381; Toch, Hans, (1965), The Social Psychology of Social Movements, The Dobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Turner, Ralph and Lewis Killian, (1957), Collective Behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; 307 -511. =Killian, op. cit., 448-452.

23 24 calling forth the label "movement" for certain more or less specific collective efforts to induce change. Repeated occurrence of specific movements among some category of persons over considerable time often leads to the use of the term "movement" in a more general sense (i.e., when broad reference is made to the "farmers' movement"). Some of these specific efforts may persist and develop into more or less conventional organizations, like the Grange. Others, such as the Farmers' Holiday Association, come and go in short order.Still other new efforts such as the NFO emerge on the contemporary scene and make their bid for success and longevity. The above may suggest that we can attempt to treat organizations and movements in a common conceptual framework simply by looking upon movements as organizations that are relatively new, somewhat diffuse, emerging, unstable, and, above all, oriented toward achieving changes that are unconventional and urgently desired by the participants. In fact, one could argue that there is no fruitful basis for special theories, concepts, or approaches for the study of social movements. Although one of the most important needs in this area is for a greater theoretical integration of research on movements with that on organizations, we will not undertake this difficult task. The ability of organizational theory to inform research on movements and vice versa will be apparent at many points but we will also indicate why the two areas have emerged as semi-distinct foci. The essay consists of three main parts.In the first part, social movements per se are the main units of our interest and analysis. Needed research regarding conditions related to emergence of movments, stages of development, and consequences for social change are discussed.These aspects are more purely "sociological," in contrast with the social psycho- loical emphasis of the second part dealing with attracting, recruiting, organizing, and maintaining adherents in social movements. In the third part we discuss methodological needs in the study of movements.

NEEDED SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON FARMERS' MOVEMENTS Attempts at changeoriented organized action in rural society are riot limited to farmers. Movements can and do occur among migrant farm workers and others in the hired agricultural labor force. They also occur among absentee agricultural landowners and among businessmen in agricultural communities. 'Agrarian" movements would be a broader, more appropriate designation for the general theoretical concern of this and the following section. "Agrarian" is a better term for what should be the research concern of sociologists: a view broader than one encompassing only farmers' movements. The research needs sketched here are important mainly for testing and building general theory about movements and are applicable to farmers' and other movements. Many of the needs outlined stern from the authors' research and observations on one of the most manifestly organized

7Cti aspects of the contemporary farmers' collective bargaining movement, the National Farmers' Organization (NFO) (326; 452; 453; 454; 538; 627; 628; 629; 630; 631; 632). The current U. S. scene also offers a unique opportunity to study the Mexican-American farm workers' movement. 1,1e United Farm Workers is the movement's most visible and successful organized aspect. The Emergence and Development of Movements The NFO points up the necessarily close relationship between the study of movements and organizations. Although carrying the name "organization" from the start, the NFO could not have been studied fruitfully ten years ago by means of the same questions that would have been most appropriate for studying the Farm Bureau, Farmers' Union, and Grange. The latter organizations were relatively stable, well respected, fully legitimized, and well bureaucratized. Their problems include keeping and improving relatively sophisticated states of organization, not bringing a viable organization into existence. A dramatic improvement in farmer' income situation in the last few years might have dissolved the NFO but made the other organizations stronger. Still, some of the "established" general farm organizations started as movements, much in the way the NFO started. There is every indication that the NFO has developed somewhat toward the stability, bureaucratization, and so on, which characterize the established organizations. But it is also fruitful to continue studying the NFO within the theoretical framework of movements. These observations seem to support a popular theoretical position in the literature that social movements or at least specific movement organizations pass through a life-cycle of stages. These theories vary in particulars but generally posit the following: (1) a condition of structural strain; (2) precipitating, crystallizing events or crises; (3) incipient organized efforts around a changeoriented ideology or belief;(4) growth; (5) formal organization; and (6) decline, death, or institutionalization.3 Although this scheme generally seems to describe many "successful" or persistent social movements, it needs further development and testing. What are the economic, social, and political conditions that constitute the structural "strains" that generate farmers' movements? What crises and precipitating events are necessary to trigger a movement? Do such crises occur more often in certain types or scales of farming or where certain tenure or ethnic or ecological patterns prevail? What are the common elements in the ideologies, programs, and strategies of farmers' movements? Are there commonalities in the types of groups or social forces that farmers' movements "move against," i.e., villains and scapegoats such as bankers, urbanites, or middlemen? How do the existing organizational and agency

,Sec, for example: Turner and Killian, op. cit., 308-321; Smelser, op. cit., 270-312; Wendell King, op, cit., 39-56; Herbert Blumer, op. cit., 203-211; and Zald, Mayer N. nod lloberta Ash, (Starch, 1966), "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change," Socha Forces, 44, 3;327-341.

PR structures interact with and react to the incipient movement to influence its effectiveness and development? Why do many movements never get beyond the incipient stage? Why do others achieve growth, formal organization, and institutionalization? Under what conditions do counteror competing movements arise? What are the changes in ideology, leadership strategy, and goals that facilitate or hinder the legitimation process? What are the factors that contribute to a movement's decline and death? Farmers' movements seem to provide an excellent opportunity to test and refine the life-cycle scheme. Obviously, however, the study of movement life-cycles requires more than the typical sociological survey approach. As the list of references in this bulletin attests, the literature is rich with case-history descriptions of farmers' movements or associated organizational efforts. These reports and their sources can be approached in a systematic way to provide a rigorous study of the life-cycle notion. Such approaches may prove fruitful, but the movements primarily studied persisted beyond the incipient stage. Thus, the opportunities for incorrect inferences in studying the life-cycle scheme are great. Although it is often possible on a case- study basis to identify the structural strains and precipitating factors that give rise to movements, it is also necessary to demonstrate that movements have a lower probability of occurrence where the strains are absent. Similar to the life-cycle theory of movements is Taylor's idea of a general farmers' movement with specific movements historically unfolding within this general phenomenon (892: 490-500). Later movements are thought to incorporate certain elements of ideology and structure of earlier movements, since each specific movement leaves an historic residue of ideas. Historical literature could be useful in testing this notion. The Consequences of Movements Even movements of relatively short duration have a direct or indirect impact on the social environment. This environment, in turn, has its impact on the movement. What is the nature of the existing farm organization structure that precedes the emergence of new movements? What kinds of ideologies, strategies, and programs do the established organizations promote? Are the existing organizations meeting the demands imposed upon farmers by the changes affecting agriculture? Under what conditions and to what extent do the methods, programs, and ideology of the movement affect those of the established organizations? For example, what is the nature of the relationship between the collective bargaining notions of the NFO and similar programs of the Farm Bureau and other bargaining associations? Under what conditions are farmers' movements able to form alliances with existing organizations to increase the movements' legitimacy, prestige, power, and membership or simply to reduce threats and survive?

2/7 To what extent do movements of agrarians get support and advice from other kinds of movements such as the labor movement and the civil rights movement? Not only the existing farm organizations, but other organizations, institutions, and agencies in the rural community must respond to the emergence of a movement. Militant, collective bargaining movements like the NFO evoke responses from local businessmen, processors and retailers, churches, law enforcement officials, the press, politicians, and educators, including Cooperative Extension personnel. Are certain responses typical of the various categories when a movement arises? The above are likely to have well-worked-out relationships with existing farm organizations and power structures in agriculture. How are these relationships adjusted when a new organization makes a bid for community legitimacy, power and support? What arc the stages in accommodation of the local rural community to a movement? To what extent do movements disrupt or consolidate family and neighborhood cohesion, integration, and leadership? To what extent are the controversies involved in the growth of a movement structured along lines of class, status, and political power? To what extent do personnel of existing organizations and agencies provide leadership and ideology for the movement? Do existing organizations help cause movements by failing to give leadership opportunities and thereby frustrate potential leaders in rural communities? How do farmers' movements relate to public programs in agriculture? Do public agricultural bureaucracies react as if threatened by private movements that press for alternatives to public organization in and control over agriculture? Under what conditions do "direct action" farmers' movements (such as collective bargaining movements) arise in contrast with movements that attempt to operate by influencing the farmers' situation by legislative political means? How are varying types of government farm policies related to the rates and types of farmers' movement emergence? Some of these questions involve obtaining data from individuals. Mainly they deal with analysis of movements as special aspects of social structure having structural causes, developmental processes, and consequences. The following section deals mainly with research questions concerning the individual in relation to the movement: the causes and consequences of his participation, the ways individuals interact and assume roles in movements, and related questions. Questions of both these general types must be studied and integrated in research designs if knowledge about movements is to approach completeness.

27 NEEDED RESEARCH ON THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF MOVEMENTS The Causes and Consequences of Movement Participation Economic goals of higher income and prices for farm products are often central in farmers' movements. While dissatisfaction of a movement's participators over their economic situation is great, there is evidence that at least earlier joiners and participants in movements, including farmers' movements, are not among the most deprived economically.4 There is also some evidence that the social psychological phenomenon of 'relative deprivation" may help explain this paradox. Participators are dissatisfied not because they have less, but because they have come to want more (have higher aspirations) through their more affluent "reference groups."Moreover, participators perceive structural blockage in their attempts to reach their aspirations as individuals. They do not regard their difficulties as caused by individual shortages of talent, education, motivation, or resources, but, rather, by institutionalized features of the social system that keep them from reaching their goals (631:422-433). These notions need further study before they can be considered firmly established. What are the processes by and the conditions under which higher income aspirations are formed and frustrated? What ecological and interactional "density" of blocked aspirations must occur to generate a movement? What is the role of urban contacts and off-farm work experiences in formation of such aspirations? In developing countries, do the ruralurban contacts that necessarily increase in the course of agricultural and economic development create a high level of relative deprivation in rural areas? How does the shape of class structure (pyramidal, diamond-shaped, or bottom-heavy hourglass) affect income aspirations and income mobility? What is the role of "class consciousness" in movement formation and participation? What are the conditions, if any, under which the economically deprived in rural and other areas lose apathy and organize on their own behalf?' How is "economic insecurity" related to movement formation and participation?° Is insecurity about subsistence or insecurity about economic goals more closely related to movement formation and participation? Lipset's hypothesis that insecurity involved in reliance on a single crop is an important factor in generating agrarian movements is plausible but inadequately tested (546: espec. Chap. 1 and 2).It is also a form of relative

',For evidence on a farmers' movement see 631:416-422. Broader evidence for other movements is in Pittard. Maurice, (Fall, 1967), "Poverty and Social Movements," Social Problems, 15, 2:250-263. 6For an elaboration of some notions on this point, sec: Morrison, Denton E., (December, 1966), "Relative Deprivation and Rural Discontent in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Proposal," paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Wash- ington, D. C., (mimeographed). °See: Zeitlin, Maurice, (February, 1,66), "Economic Insecurity and the Political Attitudes of Cuban Workers," American Sociological Review, 31, 1:35-51.

28 29 deprivation when individuals suffer economic setbacks and take their former, better income positions as points of comparison. Are the types of movements and participators related to this phenomenon ( "decremental deprivation") different from the situation in which structural blockages in reaching economic aspirations ("aspirational deprivation") are involved?' Most of the above questions deal with the nature and extent of "depriva- tions" related to movement participation. There are alternatives to understanding movement participation in terms of deprivation ( economic or other kinds). One might study movement participation within the framework of theory and findings connected with research on diffusion of innovations. Does the goal "adoption" process of a movement follow the sequence of awareness, interest, trial, evaluation, and so on? Do early and late joiners of farmers' movements differ from each other in personal, demographic, and farm characteristics in the same way early and late adopters do?s There are good reasons why the adoption model, tested mainly on technological innovations, should not hold for organizational innovations such as a movement. Most technological innovations studied produce demonstrated bene- fitsto the user and are recommended by high status persons in the community. Social movement participation seldom, if ever, has this characteristic. Movement participation involves greater risk-taking in several ways. There are interesting possibilities in considering movement participation from the standpoint of research or diffusion of innovations. Cantril and Hoffer's early and popular attempts to account for movement participation in terms of basic learned need or personality states (need for meaning, authoritarianism, dogmatism) are not carefully and empirically explored.° Are movements interchangeable so far as the participants are concerned, as Hoffer says? To what extent does recruitment to a social movement resemble religious conversion in terms of adherence to a "true belief?" Do movement participators exhibit strong feelings of powerlessness and meaninglessness (at least before recruitment and participation)? To what extent is recruitment to a radical movement and involvement in deviant behavior similar?1° How is the individual's social participation and integration in the rural community related to movement participation? Do movement participators exhibit high status inconsistency (401, 402)? What is the relevance of cognitive dissonance theory to movement participation, either as a cause or a consequence? What are the unique attitudinal and behavioral consequences of movement participation? Is organizational (adult) socialization in a movement

Morrison, op, cit., 5 if. ',Sec 871 and 872 for some evidence that this is so. Sec Cantril, op. cit.; and Hoffer, op. cit. loPor some interesting research and theory on this notion see: Lofland, John, and Rodney Stark, (December, 1965), "Becoming a World Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective," American Sociological Ilevicte, 30, 6:862-875.

29 substantially different from that in an established voluntary or other large- scale organization? What are the c. ommonalities in beliefs of participators in various types of movements? Certainly there is some basis for the notion of common beliefs in structural blockage, persecution, moral legitimation of the movement, distrust of nonparticipants, scapegoats to absorb blame for difficulties, etc. Are movement participators more homogeneous in beliefs than participators in other voluntary organizations? Are participators more extreme in belief, more dogmatic?'1 Is the language of movement participators more stereotyped than non participators'? What are various types of membership careers in a social movement? Participators defect from movements, too. Why, when, and how?" How are selective perceptions of a movemel,L's "success" developed and maintained when the evidence ( to nonparticipants) is clearly to the contrary? How do participators react to a movement's gradual demise?" Certainly it is erroneous to treat all nonmembers of a movement alike. What differences exist in attitudes of empathizers, sympathizers, bystanders, and active opponents? To what extent is empathy with the economically deprived a motive operating independently of relative deprivation for the more affluent participators in a movement with economic goals? Interaction, Organization, and Leadership in Movements Movements are unstable and emerging forms of organization.Early participators in movements are in a different situation than participants in long-established, voluntary organizations. Movements are a good place to study the emergence and change of norms and values through the interaction of members. The interaction as governed by the emerging norms and values can also be studied. Are the circle and content of interaction of movement participators narrower (more circumscribed) than in established organizations? To what extent are participators' beliefs developed and reinforced by selective interaction with participators and constant proselytizing in relations with nonparticipants? (The notion of cognitive dissonance is relevant here.) To what extent can interactional and expressive rewards of movement participation substitute for instrumental benefits?Are hostile outbreaks and violence accompanying some movements instrumental or simply the mani- festation of aggression stemming from members' frustration? Benefits offered by movements are, by definition, risky and often intangible. How do benefits

nEvidence that this is the case is reported in 627. iq,or some theory on this see: Weiss, Robert Frank, (March, 19631, "Defection from Social Move- ments and Subsequent Recruitment to New Movements," Socionictry, 26, 1:1-20, "Some tentative leads on member reactions to failure are found in Festinger, Leon, ct al.,( 1956), When Prophecy Fails, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis; and Derneratb, N. J., Ilf, and Victor Thiessen (May, 19G6), "On Spitting Against the Wind: Organizational Precariousness and American Irreligion," American Journal of Sociology, 71, 6:674 -087.

30 perceived by movement participators contrast with benefits received by participators in conventional voluntary organizations? Leadership of any organization is crucial, but particularly so in a social movement organization. How does the leadership in a social movement arise? How do the careers of leaders differ between movement and other organizations? How do bases of power and influence within a movement differ from other organizations? To what extent is leadership based on technical skill in farming, persuasiveness, charisma, or community position? What is the culture of leadership in movements, in terms of conformity to ideology, dedication, etc.? Do levels of activity required of leaders induce conflict between family and farm roles? How do leaders in movement organizations relate to leaders in other organizations? People often retain other conventional organizational memberships when they join movements. Do overlapping memberships pose value and role conflicts? How do non- participating associates react to attitudes and behaviors of movement participants? A movement in a rural community is partially an attempt to organize on nontraditional (nonfamily, nonneighborhood) lines. How are power and other relationships in traditional modes of organization influenced by emergence of a movement? We typically speak of movements as becoming more bureaucratized over time if they survive. Do early leaders change their leadership styles or do new leaders take over when a movement becomes bureaucratized? Does the changing and broadening nature of membership in a relatively successful movement require more bureaucratic leaders? How do leaders develop and change strategies and programs in a movement? How is communication (mass and other) related to the movement's diffusion and mobilization for action? How are participants recruited into leadership posts? How relevant arc urban union and political experiences as training for movement leadership? Do organizations such as churches, unions, and the military serve as leadership training schools for movements? How are effective agrarian movements established in developing countriesif youth and leadership potential is systematically drained-off through rural to urban migration? What basis and degree of member loyalty exist in a movement? How do bases of member cohesiveness and discipline differ between movements and conventional voluntary organizations? How is the movement's legal framework (sanctions available, etc.) related to member loyalty, discipline, and recruiting? How is morale maintained? How are participants in a social movement motivated to perform somewhat deviant and extraordinary acts? What sanctions are applied when members fail to conform to the norms of a movement? What are the rewards and costs of movement participation? Do stronger "we" group feelings emerge in movements than in conventional organizations? How do participators feel about the degree of democracy in their movement and their role in decision making? What

31 32 limits do farming ecology and occupational characteristics put on the nature, frequency, and success of movements arising in agriculture? Ideology, Beliefs, Symbolism, and Values What are the common ideological, value, and symbolic elements in farmers' movements? How universal are concerns with government, prices, credit and interest, land tenure, work hours, marketing institutions, taxes, rents and shares, exploitation by urbanites, agricultural fundamentalism (value of food, the naturalness of farming as an occupation), the family farm, middlemen, retailers, and consumers? How are beliefs about these topics integrated into a coherent system? How are various beliefs tied to a movement's core beliefs about change? How are efforts to broaden or narrow the 5asis of membership related to changes in ideology? What roles do farmer or nonfarmer intellectuals play in developing the ideology of the movement? How do the concerns of a movement vary during the agricultural development of a nation? What means for coercion and obtaining power are most and least effective in farmers' movements: political, mass communication appeals, education, violence, or threats? To what extent are abstract symbols, including symbolic enemies, important in gaining broad support for recruiting and moti- vating participators? We intend the above array of questions to be stimulating, not bewildering.If they are bewildering this indicates the extent to which rigorous research on farmers' (and other) movements is neglected by social scientists. Knowledge is available, but few questions are satisfactorily answered at the present time. The above questions are a challenge for social scientists to sift, sort, establish priorities, and subsequently assault. They are not a basis for further retreat.

NEEDED METHODS FOR STUDYING MOVEMENTS Many of the research needs on farmers' movements involve methods, techniques, and strategies applicable to social research in general. Never- theless, they deserve mention. There is a wealth of literature on farmers' movements, but itis not codified to indicate what we know and exactly what we need to know from fu; :her research.14 A codification in the context of a set of generic categories and hypotheses constituting a theoretical framework on social movements would be helpful. But it might be fruitful to codify knowledge on farmers' movements into other frameworks. It has already been suggested that efforts to subsume social movements in organization theory might be useful. "The general analysis of this essay is, of course, not intended as a substitute for precise codification, and the questions are intended only to be heuristic, not as the basis for formulating precise hypotheses.

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5O(N1 jo) qt.trktlItt) rt r.Iir ..)tr r 1,q 7 trou(t1),..ut ..1511rtrdtir,) )0.)( ) )L.): ,7)111!. .10; \Anti. '.,01.111{,) i.1)))).1 p) 1)111[1110) .c.i',1171. itf:Ir irtilitti WOr 111 pi 11).04.)tirit 1a11: 0107)11;11'1a I.) 111'114t1111 '0.011 tav)1 Num( I11) dt,)/ p) ,a111,011).).1 111 .11 ) 111 ,)111) 1!111)' )1111,01{).» )9110(1 ir 1p:0'11111 al 1 dill .)t1111 1)111. \\()Gi III \0111 A second type of comparative study involves comparisons across movements of diffelent typos. This means comparisons across various farmers' movements and comparisons of farmers' movements with labor movements, Linn %vorkers ninvenn las, the civil rights movement, student movements, etc. A third typo of needed compte alive study involves studying organizations on a continuum of change, ss ith a farmers' movement at ono end and an established farm crganization on the other. Such research is important to at llieve the aforementioned integration of movement and organizational tin oty, The transitory and often ephemeral nature of In(wenients requires quick eseat ch response, patlicrilarly to obtain reliable knowledge on early stages of the Inovcitwnt. Because emergence of MoVeinents cannot at this time be piedit t( (I, early stages must often be immediate, inform', and in clegarn-e of design, eNecution and analysis.Special funds and pet somiel for tesearh arc not typically available in advance. Only if institutions sponsoring research and the researchers are flexibleis optimally data gathered svhile the Inirevincliiisinitsearliest stages. lkhespt.i. tive (inek,tioinwg ancl historical-reconstructive analyses are always 1't >tiihlemid usually valuable, bid they will never substitute for on-the-spot ellsert-ations and questioning. NIodern means of communication and tram- p:tit( timbined with modern means of data recording such as tape recorders and motion pit hue cameras increasingly allots. fruitful -firehouse" responses to ntntenteut activitis. Such responses are enc ouraged as long as observa- ti")1:11 techniques are substantially thought out ill advance and at:it lev;uit to scientific rather than journalistic cenuern, There is no \\ltesear( hers should not hilly e:sploit all f( asible technology. For ititante, 10111 aeettraev and efficiency of studies of ro:n1 illockagt,S, tractor leli [ales. ,group )Wilk-du)uping actions, and picketing actions might be int- pt(is eta tlitom;lt the use Of aerial photographic technique:. of Co1ocil UM\ ersily eiliplOys inctil0(1 1.0 for -testing- general hypotheses about peasant Iris.Itt oUsisli. l""juallY of lnuiding espoilS Oil various inoements with a gcncial socio/o4gc(ii frainesvork for analyzing the move- 1:0 Its,"IL; lucid 1111':ht lit' rti'lltll II) contemporary fartnet s' movements. istilltMed samples of movvimnt p:isticipators, leaders. opponents, and ie:standees (mild be get en a flaineventk of sociological hY1)"tlit's". ,1,141 te,puilsildo for eh mentary 'viol-ding and analysis of their actis ties itl and oliorsations en the tnoenint within this frainesvork. 11:('this pr011 S1114111(1 *Ail) ,1,1);1)//( (1;11j i)111)/1)Vii)...t hypI)t)!CM'S, if the tilt 1110,1 \V(.10 "11111)31.ati\VIY actors Vari(MS 111()VenWiltS. hi.% un thud, st steul,itit illseitiplov(1. 'night meaningfully combine the lit 'mess of qualitati\ o (tit( with tho rigor (11 hypothesis testing, mother tetefill ,tpproat it is to study movement participators ill a labora-

3%) tory rather than in a field setting. Groups of movement participants or nonparticipants might systematically discuss their motives for participation or non-participation, their beliefs about goals of the movement, etc., under controlled and standardized conditions. Gaining techniques and computer simulation also offer research possibilities Data collection methods for studying movements, regardless of the stage of the movement, should be imaginative, varied, and flexible. Controversial issues and polarized opinions surrounding most movements often mean data cannot be collected in standard ways. The researcher attempting to gather data objectively may find movement participants allow observations and questions only to the extent that the researcher seems to be "on their side." Quasi-participantobserver roles seemingly required are not easily sanc- tioned by agencies currently supporting research in agriculture.Conse- quently, both ethical and strategic questions are difficult. However, movement participants and leaders are often anxious to be understood. They are often willing to talk openly to anyone, researchers included, who is interested enough to lend a reasonably sympathetic car. Surveys of persons inside and outside the movement, content analyses of movement documents and farm press editorials, ecological analyses, and election analyses have considerable potential for study of problems outlined in the previous two sections. "Snowball" sampling of movement and non- movement leaders (i.e., using known leaders to identify and contact other leaders) can be a fruitful technique for holistic analysis of movements. Nearly all research on farmers' movements involves a relatively limited locale, seldom as large as the area of a state.Studies of such scope limit the extent and type of analysis done. A wellconducted, nation-wide study of farm organization (including movement-organization) membership and related background and attitudinal data may reveal more than previous research with smaller samples, particularly if the study builds meaningfully on questions and hypotheses raised in previous research. The greatest methodological need is for systematic advanced planning of varied designs and techniques. These can be applied to various stages of a movement's development and subsequently refined on the basis of experience. Much current research is journalistic.It produces interesting information but provides little basis for building systematic scientific knowledge on crucial questions about movements.

35 36 Applied Sociological Research on Farmers' Organizations and Movements DONALD E. JOHNSON, University of Wisconsin, IIARVEY J. SCHWEITZER, University of Illinois, and DENTON E. MORRISON, Michigan State University

The term "applied" sociological research implies that there is another kind of research, namely "nonapplied," "basic," or "pure." The distinction usually has meant the latter categories address questions of relevance for development of general sociological principles or theory. "Applied" research deals with questions of relevance to laymen, regardless of import or implications for sociological theory. There is a basis for arguing, however, that these two categories do not necessarily require different kinds of research. Certainly the distinction is blurred when we consider the tools, techniques, and designs of research. If adequate theories were available, sociologists could possibly speak of "applied sociology" rather than "applied sociological research." Those interested in solving specific, practical problems of farm organizations could simply apply the genera] principles of sociology just as an electrician, after some elementary fact gathering and diagnosis, can apply the laws of elec- tricity to solve the problems of his clients. In reality a consensus does not exist on the current state of development and utility of social theory nor on the role of research in problemsolving situations.Zetterberg argues that applied sociologists are not utilizing existent sociological theory, much of which is adequate for many consulting situations. Research is extremely expensive and clients are more likely to apply recommendations of theoreticallybased consultation than they arc to utilize advice emanating directly from research, he maintains.' Gouldner points to the scarcity of well-articulated and empirically supported theories. He points out that existing theories often have a static or "equilibrium" orientation that renders them unsuitable for solutions to problems involving socio-cultural change? Both positions contain arguments of merit. In applied work, theory and research are not "allornone" propositions. The emphasis a particular applied sociologist usually gives to theory or research as his principal applied tool is relative and not absolute. It is characteristic of scientists in relatively immature disciplines to rush to the field with research instruments every time they encounter "new" problems. The thoughtful applied sociolo-

,Zelterberg, Flans L., (1962), Social Theory and Social Practice, Bedminster Press, New York: 1S6-190. 2Gouldner, Alvin \V., (1965), "Explorations in Applied Social Science," in Alvin W. Goulding and S. M. Miller (eds.), Applied Sociology: Opportunities and Problems, The Free Press, New York: 7 -S.

2 7 gist will plan his strategy carefully. He knows his clients want economical solutions in the least possible time. his first step may be to examine existing concepts, principles, and theories (hopefully already researched) to find acceptable and workable solutions for the problem at hand. He recognizes that even highly theoretical notions of "pure" researchers are tested on specific data from movements and organizations. Inevitably such research provides information of practical value on or for these types of groups. The practitioner also searches for results of ease studies involving solutions to practical problems to extrapolate the results to his ease. The applied sociologist looks for answers on the basis of existing theory and in results of basic or other research. He often finds existing knowledge inadequate for his purposes. Much sociological theory today is inadequate in conceptual and propositional structure and in degree and scope of empirical support. Even a theory adequate from a scientific standpoint (i.e., systematic, formally consistent, and empirically supported) may not be of practical value. The practitioner discovers that conditions for operation:di- zation of many theoretical concepts or variables cannot be practically created. The applied sociologist often finds that some type of research is necessary. This situation creates a responsibility and an opportunity for the applied sociologist to make contributions to the development of general sociological knowledge about movements and organizations. lie can do so by formulating tentative answers to applied problems on the basis of existing theory, doing the necessary research, and subsequently relating the findings back to the theory. By formulating research according to theoretical principles and by relating his findings back to these principles, he contributes to development of theory. This processtheory-oriented applied research rather than problem-oriented applied researchis the most fruitful for theory and application. Perhaps the clearest distinction between applied and basic research lies in the researcher's meansends orientation to general principles and specific timeplacebound research findings. The applied researcheris interested in general principles because of their possible instrumental bearing on solving the problems that are his central interest.If his research informs general theory, this result is a useful byproduct. The basic le- searcher is interested mainly in general principles.His specific findings arc of interest to him mainly because of the way they bear on the principles. If his general principles or specific findings are relevant to concerns of laymen, this is a useful byproduct. Basic and applied research orientations describe end points of a continuum. In practice sociologists take positions along the continuum. There is no reason for a researcher to be clearly polarized,Particularly in the study of movements and organizations, those interested in basic or pure

37 92 research discover that some app/icil emphasis is required to get support to do research and to obtain the rapport necessary to gain access to groups. Leaders and members of organizations and movements are not interested in sociological theory per se.'Meaningful research often cannot proceed without close relationships with these groups.

TYPES OF AUDIENCES FOR APPLIED RESEARCH Applied research usually is justified on the basis of "usefulness." We prefer to emphasize "relevance" for laymen as the central characteristic. Often there is no one specific audience for applied research. Findings useful to one party may have negative consequences for another, although both could agree On the "relevance" of the information to their interests. Research questions about farm organizations and movements are usually relevant to laymen in three broad classes: (1) farm organization leaders, members, and non-member farmers; (2) agents, agencies, and institutions connected with agriculture who must relate directly to farm organizations, movements, and members ; and (3) the general public. Questions of relevance for the last category are likely to be quite general in nature. They are typically a basis for generating a broad range of "relevant information" for long-range formulation of public policies and opinions of various publics. Answers relevantto farm organization leaders and members are more likely to guide decisions on specific, immediate actions and changes. Farm Organization leaders or leaders in the agricultural community typically ask questions of a researcher. The researcher himself usually determines questions relevant to interests of the general public. This does not mean that questions a farm organization poses toa researcher necessarily are those he studies.According to Couldner, two models are available to a researcher approached by a specific client such as a farin organization." The engineering model is diaracterized by the client formulating the problem and asking the researcher to study it and advise. In the clinical /node/ the "cliniciatt" (researcher), after consultation with the client, makes an independent identification of the problem and develops research accordingly. In both instances the researcher has a specific responsibility to a client and is often supported by the client. Under the clinical model the researcher has more freedom to identify the basic problem. Ile may also have to convince or reassure his client that the research should be framed in the manlier he describes. To these we should add the public nuidc/, Wherein a researcher is not approached by a client or does not respond to a single client. Rather, the researcher takes the initiative, perhaps by virtue of his role responsibilities or interests in a public institution. He asks questions relevant to general public interest rather than to any particular organization or agency. 'Ibid., 17-21.

T-1 Questions of Relevance to Leaders, Members, and Nonmembers of Farm Organizations and Movements Perhaps the key areas of concern to leaders of farm organizations and movements are building and maintaining large and loyal membership support. Relevant research questions include: 1) What causes low attendance at meetings and lack of interest in policy development? 2) What motivates farmers to join and to participate? 3) Why are there differences in degree of membership participation and why do some farmers never join any group? ) What causes dissension, dropouts, and reform movements among members? 5) Why do some farmers hold membership in more than one general farm organization and what are the effects of overlapping membership on loyalty and participation in each? The search for better organizational structures, procedures, and programs is given high priority by farm organization leaders. There is need for evaluation of effectiveness of existing structures and programs and of proposed alternatives for change. In general, major questions are: 0) What goals and objectives are most realistic, attainable, and worth- while for the organization? 7) What programs or methods can be used most effectively and efficiently to reach these goals and objectives? S) How can various individual, county, state, and regional interests and opinions be accommodated within the same organizational structure? Nlany leaders and members are concerned about longrun prospects for agriculture, in view of changing types and scales of farming enterprises and the changing structure of the entire food industry. For example: 9) How are agriculture generally and farm organizations specifically affected by the diminishing number of farms and farmers? 10) As the trend to vertical integration continues, what are the implications for farm organizations? What programs, structures, controls over members, etc., are necessary to assure farmers a voice in the changing power structure of agriculture? Many farm organizations are interested in assessing various characteristics of their members. Relevant characteristics include: 11) Age, type and size of farm operation, socio-economic status, basic values, and attitudes and opinions regarding relevant issues.

39 40 Some organizations are concerned about reaction of the general public to their goals, policies and programs: 12) What is the public image of the organization or of farmers in general? 13) What is likely to be the consumer's reaction to bargaining efforts by farmers and to possibly higher food prices? 14) Will the public support certain types of farm programs? Often there are problems relating to development and education of leaders within farm organizations. For example: 15) How can the potential for voluntary leadership among younger members be developed? 16) What kinds of in-service training are most effective? How should leadership training be provided for volunteer and professional leaders at all levels? 17) What kinds of paid, professional leaders are needed to assure successful competition with private firms performing similar services? How can farmers' distrust of this type of leadership in farm organizations be lessened? Finally, members often are concerned about the decision-making process in their organization. They wish to know: 18) Who makes final decisions and how is policy made at various levels? 19) How can members be given greater voice in policy making? Farm organization leaders and members generally do not express their needs in researchable propositions. Nor do they always correctly identify real problems. The task of the sociologist is to distinguish between symp- toms and basic causes of problems and to design appropriate research if answers cannot be drawn from existing knowledge. Farm organization leaders' concerns about obtaining and keeping strong membership support provide the basis for a brief discussion of an elementary hypothetical example of how applied research may profit from and contribute to a theoretical perspective. An organization leader poses the problem as simply, "How can we increase our membership?" or "How can we stop members from dropping out?" The researcher finds it fruitful to trans- late this problem into more general and abstract terms. Using elementary notions from social exchange theory and the notion of the costbenefit ratio, the researcher reasons as follows: From the standpoint of an individual there is no benefit in joining a group if the individual gets what he wants (goals, aspirations, needs ) without paying the various "costs" (money, time, energy, submission to organizational control, etc.) of organization membership and participation. This implies the hypothesis that, when costs are low

40 in relation to benefits received, individual incentive for membership is highest.'' There are problems in developing the concepts and measures of "costs" and "benefits" in this context. Work on these problems makes a direct contribution to theory. There are theoretically relevant questions about the role of other variables (such as participation) in the scheme, exploration of the conditions under which the hypothesis is expected to hold, etc. (940). The researcher may attempt to study benefits the organization provides as well as costs as perceived by leaders, members, and nonmembers. He may study how participation in the organization influences the way members perceive benefits. He may find it fruitful to study the more general aspirations of members and nonmembers. Members may think their aspirations are obtainable more "cheaply" outside the context of membership in the organization (perhaps in other organizations). Members may perceive benefits much differently and more positively than nonmembers. In this instance efforts to inform nonmembers of benefits seem appropriate. Nonmembers may be fully cognizant that the organization effectively provides its members certain things, but these are not what nonmembers desire, i.e., nonmembers do not define these things as "benefits." For instance, nonmembers may feel no need for fellowship or leadership opportunities provided by membership in a particular organization. (They may have "cheaper" alternative sources.)In this instance, information demonstrating "benefits" and lower membership costs will not recruit nonmembers. Shifts in organizational goals and activities are called for and of course these changes may be too expensive ideologically or too costly in terms of losing existing members to be attractive to leaders. No one piece of research completely develops or tests the general hypothesis outlined above. However, if we had some general and empirically supported notions about how people evaluate various organizational benefits in relation to various organization costs and how these ratios relate to membership and participation, both applied sociology and sociological theory would gain. Usually, when organization leaders ask questions they are looking for quick and easy solutions to their problems. Seldom do leaders think their problems should lead to research that may cause a basic reassessment of the organization's goals, means, and structure. Yet such considerations probably are essential for the long run benefit of organization and members. A theoretical perspective forces scrutiny of problems which goes beyond the immediate and the specific. A theoretical orientation forces the applied researcher to be socially responsible.

'For relevant theoretical discussions of social exchange, see Homans, George Caspar, (1961), Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, Harcourt, Brace and World. New York: Chs. 3-4. An application of the idea of exchange to the process of participation can he seen in March, James C., and Ilerhert A. Simon, (1958), Organizations, John Wiley and Sons, New York: 83-88.

41 Questions for Agencies Dealing with Farm Organizations College of agriculture administrators, extension personnel, various agri- business groups, educators, and clergy in rural communities have more or less constant relationships with farm organization leaders and members. These groups often have specific needs for information about farm organizations in order to make these relationships meaningful. With respect to existence of farm organizations and relationships of members and leaders with other groups, relevant and researchable questions might include: 20) To what extent do farm organizations and specific organizational programs develop because of gaps or shortcomings in programs of public and private agencies? 21) What are and what influences attitudes of farm organization members and leaders toward the Cooperative Extension Service, colleges of agriculture, the USDA, nonfarm groups such as labor organizations, political parties, schools, churches, nonfarm businessmen in rural communities, and various branches and agencies of state and federal government? Agents and agencies in rural communities are concerned about establish- ing meaningful relationships with the various farm organizations and movements: 22) What types of information do organizational leaders and members need and desire of other agencies? 23) Are there organizational and leadership training and development needs and opportunities for farmers' groups that can be provided by extension and colleges of agriculture? 24) What ways can farm organizations help in disseminating technical and other information generated by colleges of agriculture, business groups, etc.? Agencies and organizations frequently wonder about their potential role in promoting cooperation and coalition between various farm organizations and betty en organizations and other groups. Relevant questions may include: 25) What are the e2ects of competition behNeen various farm groups? Can they accomplish more through cooperation and coalition? 26) If so, can colleges of agriculture or groups such as churches, schools, and rural businessmen provide information, facilities,or other services to promote such cooperation between farm organizations? 27) What types of relationships are desired and possible between farm organizations and food processors and retailers? What can agencies do to promote accommodations with justice for all parties?

42 43. Questions of Relevance to the General Public The general public has the right to have accurate information to intelli- gently interpret activities and programs of various farm organizations and movements. For example: 28) How do activities such as holding actions or lobbying for or against legislation affect public interest? 29) What problems are encountered by farmers and their organizations in using power to obtain equitable returns while still providing a sufficient supply of food for the nation? What types of support can the general public give farm groups in accomplishing these goals? Legislative and other policy makers in agriculture also need objective information upon which to base decisions that affect not only the farmer and his organization, but the general public as well: 30) What kinds of government help, control, enabling legislation, etc. are necessary and acceptable in developing viable farm organizations? 31) What types of organizational structures are acceptable or unaccept- abletofarmers? What types tendto be most successful or unsuccessful in reaching various goals in areas such as bargaining, lobbying, and education? 32) To what extent do activities, such as recruitment tactics, road blocks, sabotage in holding actions, or food adulteration, infringe upon the civil rights of individuals or upon the public interest? 33) To what extent are programs, tactics, and experiences of farm organizations relevant for expert as part of the activities of U. S. foreign aid programs aimed at developing agriculture abroad? Many questions in the previous two chapters of this bulletin also have direct, applied implications. There is no need to repeat questions about conditions under which reform movements in agriculture arise, their stages, etc.; such questions obviously qualify as being of considerable pragmatic relevance.

TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH DESIGNS Applied research ranges from collection of simple and basically descriptive data to complex experimental designs. Many studies utilize more than one approach in the same project. Much of applied sociology is "library research" of accumulated sociological literature.It is possible that existing census materials and data card archives may hold answers to some questions, so that at times only data analysis, not original data gathering, need be performed by the applied sociologist.

43 44 The design probably used most frequently by the applied researcher is the cross-sectional design. In this type of design, the data are gathered at only one point in timc, as in a survey of an organization's members or a survey of organization leaders in a county or state. Retrospective questions aimed at recalling past facts or attitudes and prospective questions aimed at measuring future behavioral intentions are used to introduce the time dimension. With longitudinal designs the data arc gathered at more than one point in time so that changes and trends are analyzed. Control groups, experimental groups, and experimental "treatments" arc employed by the applied researchers in experimental designs, so that inferences of causality can be definitive. Experimental design can be utilized in combination with either cross-sectional or longitudinal design. In the area of experimental design, applied research on farm orgaliza- tions can make its greatest contribution to knowledge needs of organizations and sociological theory. Often the only sure way to know effects of various programs, differences in organizational structure or in leadership style, or differences in effectiveness of various recruitment procedures or procedures to stimulate participation is to do an experiment. Such designs provide the greatest confidence fcr the inferences made and thus the firmest basis for specific recommendations to organizations.Also, these designs provide the firmest basis for decisions about the validity of sociological theory. An organizational researcher cannot perform experiments on organizations unless he has the kind of organizational support and rapport that allow him to manipulate and make important changes in organizations. Thus, there are good reasons why "pure" theoretical research on organizations cannot take place. A researcher who wants to study and experiment with organizations must take into account their needs and problems. Developing countries seem to provide certain unique opportunities for experimental studies of farm organizations. Often these organizations are at very early and searching stages where they are not yet committed to specific kinds of programs, leadership structures, etc. They may be willing to cooperate in experimental designs to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of various ways of organizing. The longestablished bureaucracies of farm organizations in developed countries may be so committed to certain programs and methods that they are unwilling to experiment. These same bureaucracies can, however, be extremely helpful in providing the kind of information and setting up the kinds of designs necessary to adequately carry out an experiment.

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6 Part II. A Bibliography of U. S. and Canadian General Farm Organizations and Movements

I.Abbey, Kathryn T., "Florida versus 14.Allen, L. L., History of New York the Principles of Populism, 1896- State Grange, Watertown, New 1911;' Journal of Southern His- York: flungerford-I' arook Co., tory, 4 (1938), 402-475. 1031. 2.Al ell, I lelen C., "Attitudes of Sonic 15.Althoff, Philip, and Samuel C. Pat- Rural Leaders in Sinicoe County, terson, "Political Activism ina Ontario," Economic Annalist, 27 Rural County," Midwest Journal (April, 1957), 40-42. of Political Science, 10 (Febru- 3.Abramowitz, Jack, "The Negro in ary, 1966), 39-51. the Populist Movement," Journal ofNegroHistory,38(July, 16.Alvord, Wayne, "T.L.Nugent, 1051), 257-289. TexasPopulist,"Southwestern 4. "The Negrointhe Historical Quarterly, 57, No. 1 AgrarianRevolt,"Agricultural (July, 1953), 65-81. History, 24, No, 2 ( April, 1950), 17.Ander, 0. Fritiof, "The Immigrant 89-95. Church and the Patrons of Hus- 5.Adams, C. F.."TheGranger bandry," Agricultural History, 8, Method of Reform," Tlw Nation, No. 4 (October, 1934), 155-168. 19 (July 16, 1874), 36-37. 18.Anderson, C. Arnold, "Agrarianism 6. "The Granger Move- in Politics," in Joseph S. Roucek ment," North American Review. (d.), Twentieth Century Politi- 120 (April, 1875), 391-424. cal Thought, New York: Philo- 7.Adams, Herbert B. (ed.), History sophical Library, 1946. of CooperationintheUnited 19.Anderson, F. W., "Sonic Political States("Studiesin I listorical Aspects of the Grain Growers' and Political Science," Series 6, Movement, 1915-1935, With Par- 1-12) Baltimore:TheJohns ticular Reference to Saskatche- Hopkins Press, 1888. wan," unpublished Nlaster's the- 8.Aesehbacher, William D., "Politi- sis,U. niversity of Saskatchewan, cal Activity of Agricultural Or- ganizations, 1929-1939," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univer- 20.Anderson, W. A., "Farmers in the sity of Nebraska, 1918. Farm Bureau: A Study in Cort- land and Otsego Counties, New 9.Aiken, D. \V., The Grange: Its Ori- York," Ithaca, New York: Cor- gin,Progress, and Educational nell University, Agricultural Ex- Purposes,Pliiladelphia: J.A. periment Station, Department of Wagensellcr, 1884. Rural Sociology, Bulletin 4, No- 10.Albjerg,VictorL.,"AllanBlair vember, 1941( mimeographed). Kline: 'File Farm Bureau, 1955," Currenthistory, 28 (June, al , "Farm Families in the 1955),362 -36S. Grange: A StudyinCortland 11.Aldous, Lois, "The Grange in Kan- andOtsego Counties, New sasSince1895,"unpublished York," Ithaca, New York: Cor- Master'sthesis,Universityof nell University, Agricultural Es- Kansas, 191. Periment Station, Department of 12.Aldrich, Charles R., "Repeal of the RuralSociology, Bulletin 7, Granger Law inIowa," Iowa March, 1943 ( mimeographed ). Journal of history and Politics, 22. ,"The Granger Move- 3 (April, 1905), 256-270. ment in the Middle West with 13,Allen, Emory A. (cd,), Labor and Special Reference to Iowa," Iowa Capital,Cincinnati:[nopub- Journal of History and Politics, lisher given], 1891. 22, No. 1 (January, 1924), 3-51.

47 48 The Membership of 55.13aglien,David,"The McKenzie Farmers in .Veic York Organiza- Era," unpublished Master's the- tions, Ithaca, New York; Cornell sis, North Dakota State College, University,AgrienituralExperi- 1955. ment Station, Bulletin 695, 1938. :36.Balmier. Robert II., "The American 2-1.Anderson, William, -rh, Mission, Society of Equity," Agricultural History and Times of the Na- History. 1-1, No, 1 (January. tionalFarmers'Organization." 1910 ), 35-63. unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- 57. "The Economic, and versity of Chicago, 1965, Political Background of the Non- Andrews, ElishaIt., The History partisanLeague,"impiiblished of the Last Quarter-Century in Ph.D. dissertation, University of the United States. 1870 -9:3. New Minnesota, July, 1911. York: [no publishergiven], 38.Bailey, L.II., "..kinerican Agricul- 1896. tural Societies." in L. 11. Bailey Farmers' (ed.), Cyclopedia of American 26.Andrews,Stanley,The Agriculture, Vol. 1, 4th ed., New lennna,Washington,D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1961. York: The M:icmillan Co., 1912. 39. Formers'Institutes: 27.Arndt, James, "Farm Strikes, 1931 - IliJory and Status in the United 1961: A StudyofEfforts by Stoles and Canada, Washington, American FarmerstoImprove D. C.: United States Department Their incomes Through Direct of Agriculture, Office of Experi- ActioninPeriods of Economic ment Stations, Bulletin 79, 1900. Distress,"unpublished Master's 40.Baker, Gladys Lucille, 7'hc County thesis.Michigan StateUniver- Agent ("Studies inPublic Ad- sity, 1964. ministration," Vol. 11), Chicago: 28.Arnett, Alex Mathews, "The Popu- The University of Chicago Press, list Movement in Georgia," Geor- 1939. gia Historical Qutert:/, 7 (De- 41.Balch, Clifford P., "Agrarian Move- cember, 192:3), 3134:18, ments in the South to 1891," un- 29. The Populist Move- published Master's thesis, Duke ment in Georgia: A View of the University, 1930. "Agrarian Crusade" in the Light 42.Barcus, George L., "The People's ofSolid-SouthPolitics.New Party,"unpublished Master's York: Columbia University Press, thesis,UniversityofKansas, 1922. 1902. 50.Asheraft, James, "Agrarian Reform 43.Bannon, Aileen D.. "The Platform Newspapers inMissouri,1888- of the Populist Party in Histori- 1893," unpublished NIaster's the- calPerspective," unpublished sis, University of Missouri. 1917. laster's thesis, Long Island Uni- 31.Atkeson, Thomas C.. Outlines of versity, 1966. Grange History, Washington, D. 44.Barnard, Daniel Dewey, The "Anti- C.: National Farm News, 1928. Rent" Movement and Outbreak 32, ,The Semi-Centennial in IV( w York, Albany, New York: Ilistor:t of the Patrons of Hus- Weed, Parsons and Company, bandry, New York: Orange Judd 1816. Publishing Co., 1916. 45.Barnhart, John D., "The History 33. and Mary Meek At- of the Farmers' Alliance and of keson, Pioneering in Agriculture: the People's Party in Nebraska," One Hundred Years of American unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, Farming and Farm Leadership, Harvard University, 1950, New York: Orange Judd Pub- 46. "Rainfallandthe lishing Co., 1957. ' PopulistPartyin Nebraska," 34.Babcock, j. 0., "The Farm Revolt American Political Science Re- in Iowa," Social Forces, 12, No. view, 19, No. 3 (August, 1925), 3 (March, 1934), 369-373. 527-540.

4S 49 47.Barns, William D., "Farmers Ver- 57. "SocialParticipation sus Scientists: The Grange, the iatfloral Society," in Alvin Reit- Farmers' Alliance, and the West z-and (ed.),RuralSoc5.7og:/, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Neva' York: McCraw-JIM Book Station,"ProceedingsofOw Co., 1958. West Virginia Academy of Sci- 53.Deal, Arnaluil Lucille. "The Popu- ence. :37 (1965), 197-206. listPartyisCusterCounts'. IS "TheGrangerand Nebraska:ItsBolein Local, Populist Movements in West Vir- State and National Politics." un- ginia,1873-1914." unpublished published Ph.D. dissertation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of University of Nebraska, 1905. West Virgiria, 1917. .59.Beal. George M., Joe M. Bohlen, 49 , "The Influence of the andRex 11. Warland,Rural West Virginia Grange upon Pub- Value Orientations and Farm- licAgriculturalEducationof PolicyPositionsandActions. College Grade,1873-1914," Ames:IowaAgriculturaland West Virginia History, 9 ( Janu- home EconomiesExperiment ary, 1918), 125 -157. Station,Rese.irchBulletin 561, 50 , "The Influence of the 1968. West Virginia Grange upon Pub- 60.Beard. C. A., and M. R. Beard. "In- licAgriculturalEducationof dependence and Civil Conflict." Less Than College Grade, 1873- and "Populism and Reaction." in ).914,"WestVirginiaHistory, The Rise of .1112CtiCall Civiliza- 10, No. 1 (October, 1948), 5-24. tion,Vol.1. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927. 51. "Oliver H. Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange:A 61.Beard. Earl S., "The Background Reappraisal,"AgriculturalHis- of State Railroad Regulation in tory, 41 (July, 1967), 229-242. Iowa," lowa Journal of History, 51 (January, 1953), 1-36. 52 "Record of Achieve- ment: Historical Sketch of the 62.Beddic. Ruth D., "The North Star Grange in West Virginia," Grange," Minnesota History, 19 Farmer of West Virginia, 2 (No- (March, 1933), 98-99. vember, 1955), 11, 16, 21. 6:3.Beecher.J.,"Who's Behind the 53.Barrett, Charles Simon, The Mis- Farm Bureau?." 7'he New Re- sion, History and Times of the public,103(June 23,1943), Farmers' Union: A Narrative of S55 -S58. the Greatest Industrial-Agricul- 61. Beinhauer,Myrtle, "Development tural Organization in History and of the Grange in Iowa," Annals ItsMakers,Nashville, Tennes- of Iowa, 34 (April, 1959), 597- see:Marshall and BruceCo., 618. 1909. 65. , "History of Farm Or- 54 UncleReubenin ganizations in Iowa, 1838-1931," Wasizingion, Washington, D. C.: unpublished Master's thesis, The Farmers' National Publish- Drake University, 1932. ing Co., Inc., 1923. 66.Bell, Daniel, The End of Ideology, 55.Barton, Richard H., "The Agrarir,n Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, Revolt in Michigan, 1865-1900," 1960, unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, 67.Bell, Sidney, "Farm Holiday Move- Michigan State University, 19,778. ment, 19,32-33," nnpublished 56.Bander, Ward \V., Objectives and Master'sthesis, Universityof Activities of Special Interest Or- Wisconsin, 1956. ganizations in Kentucky, Lexing- 68.Bemis, EdwardW., "The Discon- ton: Kentucky Agricultural Ex- tent of the Farmer," Journal of periment Station,Bulletin639, PoliticalEconomy, 1 (March, March, 1965. 1893), 193-213.

49 69.Benedict. Murray Bred, Can We 80.Bidwell. Percy Wells, and John I. Solve the Farm Problem?An Falconer, History of Agriculture Analysis of Federal Aid to Agri- in ihe Northern United States, culture, New York: Twentieth 1020-1860, Washington: Carne- Century Fund, 1955. gieInstitutionof Washington, 70. "Firmer Organizations Publication 358, 1925. and Their Policies. 1870-1900," 81. Birmingham,AlphonseJ.,"The and -Organizationfur Action," Knights of Labor and the Farm- in Farm Pidn.ies of the United ers' Alliances," unpublished Mas- States,1790-1050, New York: ter's thesis, Catholic University, The Twentieth Century Fund, 1955. 195:3, 82.Bittinger, Richard D., "History of 71. , -Ind Oscar C. Stine, thePatronsofHusbandryin TheAgricultural Commodity Kansas, 1872-1882," unpublished Programs: Two Decades of Ex- Master'sthesis,Universityof perience, New York: The Twen- Kansas, 1961. tieth Century Fund, 1956. 83.Bizzell, WilliamBennett, The 72.Bennett, James I)., "Some Notes Green Rising: An Historical Sur- on Christian County, Kentucky, vey of Agrarianism, with Special GrangeActivities," Kentucky Reference to theOrganized Historical SocietyRegister, 6 -1 Efforts of the Farmers of the (July, 1966), 226-234, United States to Improve Their 7:3.Benson, Ezra Taft, Cross Fire: The Economic and Social Status, New EightYearswithEisenhower, York: The Macmillan Co., 1926. Carden City, New York: Dou- 84.Black, John D., Agricultural Re- bleday & Co., 1062. form in the United States, New 74. FreedomtoFarm, York: McGraw -hillBookCo., Garden City, New York: Double- 1929. day & Co., 1960. 85. "The MeNary-f Bingen 75. (astoldtoCarlisle Movement," American Economic Bargeron), Farmers at the Cross- Review. 18, No. .3(September, roads, New York: Devin-Adair, 1928), 405-427. 1956. 86 Parity, Parity, Parity, 76.Benson, Lee, "The Patrons of Hus- Cambridge, Massachusetts: llar- bandry in New York," in Mer- yard Committee on Research in chants, Farmers, and Railroads: the Social Sciences, 1912. RailroadRegulationand New York Politics, 1850-1887, Cam- 87.Blackburn, Helen M., "The Popu- bridge, Massachusetts: Ilarvard listPartyinthe South,1890 University Press, 1955. 189S," unpublished Master's thesis, Howard University, 1941, 77.Bartels, Sister M. Thomas More, "The National Grange: Progres- 88.Blackorby, EdwardC.,"Political sives on the Land, 1900-1930," Factional Strife in North Dakota unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, from 1020 to 1932," unpublished Catholic University, 1962. Master'sthesis,Universityof 78.Bertrand, Alvin L., "The Farmer's North Dakota, 1938. Movement,"inAlvin Bertrand 89. PrairieRebel:7'lle ( ed. ),RuralSociology,New Public Life of William Lemke, York:McGraw-Hill Book Co., Lincoln: University of Nebraska 1959. Press, 1963. 79.Besser, V. M., "Administration of 90 "William Lemke: Governor Waite and the Populist AgrarianRadicalandUnion Party inColorado, 189:3-1895," Party Candidate,"Mississippi unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- ValleyHistoricalReview,49 versity of Colorado, 1924. (June, 1962), 07-84.

50 51 91.Blegen, Theodore C., "The Farm- 102.Boyd, James, A Historyofthe ers' Crusade in Minnesota,' Min- Pennsylvania Horticultural Soci- nesota Alumni Weekly, 32 (May ety,1827-1927,Philadelphia: 20, 1933), 511-512. PennsylvaniaI lorticultural Soci- 92.Block, Joseph, The Sepa- ety, 1929. rationr f the Farm Bureau and 103.Boyle, James E.. "The Agrarian the Extension Service: Political NlovementintheNorthwest," Issue in a FederalSystem American Economic Review. 8, ("Studies in the Social Sciences," No. :3(September, 1918), 505- Vol. 47 ), Urbana: University of 521. Illinois Press, 1960, 10 -1. Bradford, William Rufus, nty- 9.3.Blood, Fred C., Handbook and His- One Co :errors of South Caro- tory of the National Farmers' lina, Tilanan to Byrnes, Includ- Alliance and IndustrialUnion, ing Both, Fort Mill, South Caro- Washington, D. C. [no publisher lina: [no publisher given], 1954. given], 1893. 105.Bradley, Phillips, "The Farm Bloc," 9 -1. Musser, Robert II., "A history of Social Forces, 3(1925), 714- MajorAgriculturalMovements 715. in the U. S. Before 1920," un- 106.Brandsberg,George,TheTwo published Master's thesis, Ohio Sidesin:VFO's Battle, Ames: State University, 1937. The Iowa State University Press, 95.Bobbett, T. N., "My Recollections 1964. oftheEarly GrangeinNe- 107. Breimyer,IlaroldF.,Individual braska," Nebraska History and Freedom and the Economic- Or- Record of Pioneer Days, 5 (Janu- ganizationofAgriculture,Ur- ary, 1923), 13-14. bana: University of Illinois Press, 1965. 96. Bond, Beverly W., "The Quit-Rent System inthe American Colo- 108.Brenckman, Frederick C., History nies," The American Historical of the Pennsylvania State Grange, Review, 17, No. 3 (April, 1912), Harrisburg:PennsylvaniaState 496-516. Grange, 1049. 109 , "Three Generations of 97. The Quit-Rent System the Grange," Southern Planter, in the American Colonies ("Yale 103 (December, 1942), 12-1:3. Historical Publications," Miscel- 110.Bricktop [George C. Small], Join- lany, Vol. 6), New Haven, Con- ing the Grangers; or Trying to necticut: Yale University Press, Bc a Patron of Husbandry, New 1919. York: [nopublishergiven], 98.Bonner, James Calvin, A History of 1873. Georgia Agriculture, 1732-1860, 111.Brinton, Job IV., Wheat and Poli- Athens:Universityof Georgia tics, Minneapolis: Rand Tower, Press, 1964. 1931. 99.But-tiding, Kenneth E., "The Farm 112. Bronson, Henry, Farmers' Unions Organization Movement," in The and Tax Reform, Jackson, Ten- Organizational Revolution: A nessee: [nopublishergiven], Study in the Ethics of Economic 1873. Organization, New York: Harper 113.Brooks, Robert P., The Agrarian and Row Publishers, 1953. RevolutioninGeorgia,1865- 100. Bowman, Clifford E., "The Popu- 1912 ("History Series," Vol. 3, listPressofNebraska,1888- No. 3), Bulletin 639, Madison: 1896," unpublished Master's the- University of Wisconsin, 1914, sis, University of Nebraska, 1936. 114.Brooks,ThomasJoseph,Origin, 101.Boyd, Hugh, New Breaking: An History and Principlesof the Outline of Co-operation Among Farmers' Educational and Co- the Western Farmers of Canada, operativeUnionofAmerica. Vancouver,BritishColumbia: Greenfield, Telmessec: National J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1938. Union Farmer Print, 1908.

51 52 115. Brown, Loren N., "A History of 126.Buell,Jennie,"The Educational theFarmer-LaborParty,"un- Value of the Grange," Business published Master'sthesis,Uni- America,13(January,1913), versity of Oklahoma, 1928. 50-54. 116.Bruce, Andrew A.,Non-Partisan 127 , One Woman's Work League, (The Citizen's Library for Farm Women: The Story of of Economics, Politics and Soci- Mary A. Mayo's Part in Rural ology), New York:The Mac- Social Movements, Boston: Whit- millan Co., 1921. comb & Barrows, 1908. 117.Bruduig, Glenn L., "The Farmers' 128.Bunje, Ralph B.,B.I.Freeman, Alliance and Populist Movement S. C. Cashman, and S. K. Chris- in North Dakota," unpublished tensen, "Panel Discussion: Bar- Master'sthesis,Universityof gaining in Practice," Journal of North Dakota, 1956, Farm Economics, 45, No. 5 (De- 118.Bryan,J.E., The Farmers' Alli- cember, 1963), 1292-1303. ance-Its Origin,Progress and 129.Burdick, Usher L., George Sperry Purposes, Fayetteville, Arkansas: Loftus, Militant Fern: Leader of [no publisher given], 1891. the Northwest, Baltimore, Mary- 119.Bryant, Keith L., "Alfalfa Bill Mur- land: Wirth Brothers, 1939. ray:ApostleofAgrarianism," 130. History of the Farm- unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, ers' Political Action in North Da- University of Missouri, 1965. kota, Baltimore, Maryland: Wirth 120. Buck, Solon J., The Agrarian Cru- Brothers, 1944. sade: A Chronicle of the Fanner 131.Burritt, M. C., The County Agent inPolitics, New Haven, Con- andthe FarmBureau, New necticut: Yale University Press, York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1920. 1922. 121. "Agricultural Organi- 132.Butterfield, Kenyon L., Chapters in zationsinIllinois,1870-1880," RuralProgress,Chicago:The IllinoisStateHistorical Society UniversityofChicagoPress, Journal, 3 (April, 1910), 10-23. 1908. 122. "Grange," in Edwin 133 ,"Farmers' Social Or- R. A. Seligman and Alvin John- ganizations,"inL.H.Bail)' son (eds.), Encyclopedia of the (ed.), Cyclopedia of American SocialSciences,Vol.7,New Agriculture, Vol. 4, New York: York: The Macmillan Co., 1932, The Macmillan Co., 1909, 289- 150-151. 297. 123. The Granger Move- 134. "The Grange," Forum, ment: A Study of Agricultural 31 (April, 1901), 231-242. Organization and Political, Its 135.Campbell, Angus, et al., "Agrarian Economic, and Social Manifes- Political Behavior," in The Amer- tations, 1870-1880, Cambridge, icanVoter,New York:John Massachusetts: Harvard Univer- Wiley and Sons, 1964. sity Press, 1913. (Re-issued, Lin- coln:UniversityofNebraska 136.Campbell, C. A., "The Grange, Its Press, 1963.) Work and Ideals," New England 124. "Independent Parties Magazine, 42 (April, 1910), 184- inthe WesternStates,1873- 191. 1876," in Peter Smith (ed.), Es- 137. Campbell,ChristianaM., "The says in American History Dedi- Farm Bureau and the New Deal, cated to Frederick Jackson Tur- 1933-1940: A Study in Agricul- ner, New York: Henry Holt and tural Sectionalism," unpublished Co., 1910. Ph.D. dissertation, University of 125.Buehler, Lillian M., "Agrarian Dis- Chicago, 1960. content in Iowa, 1866-1876," un- 138 , The Farm Bureau and published Master's thesis, State the New Deal, Urbana: Univer- University of Iowa, 1935. sity of Illinois Press, 1962.

52 53 139. Campbell, Rex, The Joiners, Who 152. Cerny, George, "Cooperation in the Are They? Columbia: University Midwestinthe Granger Era, of Missouri, Agricultural Experi- 1869-1875," Agricultural History, ment Station, Bulletin 786, Au- 37 (October, 1963), 187-205. gust, 1962. 15:3.Chamberlain, H. R., "Farmers' Alli- 140. Capper, Arthur, The Agricultural ance and. Other Political Parties," Bloc, New York: Harcourt, Brace Chautauquan, 13, No. 3 ( June, and Co., 1922. 1891), 338-342, , TheFarmers'Alli- 141. ,"The Farmers' Atti- 154 tude," 7'he North American Re- ance: What It Aims to Accom- view, 212 (August, 1920), 156- plish( Minerva Series, No. 39), 167. New York: The Minerva Pub- 142. Carey, James C., "The Farmers' In- lishing Co., 1891. dependence Council of America, 155. Chambers,ClarkeA.,California 1935-1938," Agricultural History, FarmOrganizations,Berkeley 35 (April, 1961), 70-77. and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1952. 143.Carey, Kenneth J., "Alexander Mc- Kenzie, Boss of North Dakota," 156 "The Cooperative unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- League of the United States of versity of North Dakota, 1949. America, 1916-1961: A Study of Social Theory and Social Ac- 144.Carleton, William G., "Gray Silver tion," Agricultural History,36, and the Rise or the Farm Bu- No. 2 ( April, 1962), 59-81. reau," Curren: History, 28 (June, 157 , "A History ofthe As- 1955), 3-i3-350. sociated Farmers of California, 145. Carr, Ezra Slocum, The Patrons of Incorporated,1934-1939,"un- Husbandry on the Pacific Coast, published Master'sthesis,Uni- San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft versity of California (Berkeley), and Company, 1875. 1947. 146.Carrier, Lyman, "The United States 158. Chestnut,EarlyM., "The Mid- Agricultural Society, 1852-1860," West Agricultural Demand for Agricultural History, 11 (Octo- LegislativeReliefSince the ber, 1937), 278-288. World War," unpublished Mas- 147.Carroll, Nancy K., "Major Agricul- ter's thesis, Kansas State Univer- tural Problems and Movements sity, 1929. from 1880 tothe1920's with 159. Chew, A. P., The Response of the SpecialReferencetoIllinois," GovernmenttoAgriculture, unpublished Master's thesis, Dc- Washington, D. C.: United Paul University, 1954. States Government Printing Of- 148.Carstcnscn, Vernon, "The Genesis fice, 1937. of an Agricultral Experiment Sta- 160. Cheyncy, Edward Potts, Anti-Rent tion,"AgriculturalHistory, 37 Agitation in the State of New ( January, 1960), 13-20. York, 1839 -18 -16 ("Political Econ- 149.Carter,Floella, "The Grange in omy and Public Law Series," Missouri, 1878-1939," unpublish- No. 2), Philadelphia: University ed Master's thesis, University of of Pennsylvania, 1887. Missouri, 1940. 161.Childs, Marquis W., The Farmer 150. Cathey, Cornelius Oliver, Agricul- Takes aIland:TheElectric turalDevelopmentsinNorth Power Revolution in Rural Carolina, 1783-1860, Chapel America,GardenCity,New Hill: The University of North York: Doubleday & Co., 1952. Carolina Press, 1956. 162.Chrislock, Carl II., "The Alliance 151.Cawley, Troy J.,Agrarianism: A Party and the Minnesota Legis- Program forFarmers,Chapel lature of 1891," Minnesota His- The University of North tury,35,No.7 (September, Carolina Press, 1935. 1957), 297-312.

53 54 163. "The Politics of Pro- ].75.Cochrane, W. NV., The City Man's testinMinnesota,1890-1901, Guidetothe Farm Problem, from Populism to Progressivism,- Minneapolis: University of Min- unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, nesota Press, 1965. University of Minnesota, 1955. 176 FarmPrices,Myth 164.Christensen, Alice M., "Agricultural and Reality, Minneapolis:Uni- Pressure and Governmcnt Re- versity of Minnesota Press, 1958. sponse in the United States 1919- 177.Coldwcll, J. W., Left Turn, Can- 1929," unpublished Ph.D. disser- ada,Toronto: Due II,Sloan & tation,University ofCalifornia Pearce, 1945. (Berkeley), 1937. 178.Cole, Houston, "Populism in Tus- 165. , "Agricultural Pressure caloosaCounty,"unpublished and Governmental Response in Master'sthesis,Universityof the United States,1919-1929," Alabama, 1927. Agricultural History,2, No.1 179.Colquette, R. D., The First Filly (January, 1937), 33-42. Years: A History of United Grain 166.Christenson, Rco M., The Brannon Growers Limited, Winnipeg, Plan: Farm Politics and Policy, Manitoba:PublicPress,Ltd., Ann Arbor: University f Michi- 1957. gan Press, 1959. 180. Commons, JohnR.,"Radicalism 1G7.Christiansen, Martin K., The Im- andtheFarmBloc,"North pact of Milk Holding on Mid- American Review, 217(April, westernMarkets,Minneapolis: 1923), 443-448. Universityof Minnesota, Agri- 181.Conklin, Paul K., Tomorrow a New cultural Experiment Station, Bul- World: The New Deal COMIMM- letin 493, 1969. ity Program, Ithaca, New York: 168.Clapp, Geraldine S., "The Farmers' Cornell University Press, for the Holiday Association: A Move- American Historical Association, ment of Organized Farm Pro- 1959. test," unpublished Master's the- 182. ConnecticutStateGrange,The sis,KansasStateUniversity, Connecticut Granges: An His- 1960. torical Account of the Rise and 1G9.Clark, John B., "Populism in Ala- Growth of the Patrons of Hus- bama,"unpublished Master's bandry, New Haven: The Con- thesis,New YorkUniversity, necticut State Grange, 1900. 1926. 183.Connor, James R., "National Farm 170. Clevenger, Homer, "Agrarian Poli- Organizations and United States tics in Missouri, 1880 - 1896," un- Tariff Policy in the 1920's," Agri- published Ph.D. dissertation, culturalhistory,33(January, University of Missouri, 1940. 1958), 32-43. 171. "The Farmers'Alli- 184.Conrad, David E., The Forgotten ance in Missouri," Missouri His- Farmers: The Storyof Share- toricalReview,39 (October, croppers in the New Deal, Ur- 1944), 24-44. bana: University of Illinois Press; 172.Clinch, Thomas A., "Populism and 1965. Bimetallism in Montana," unpub- 185. Conrad, Frederick Arlen, "Agrar- lished Ph.D.dissertation,Uni- ian Movements inthe United versity of Oregon, 1964. States Since the Civil War: A 17:3.Cloud, D. C., Monopolies and the Study in Clas:: Conflict," unpub- People,Davenport, Iowa:[no lished Ph.D.dissertation,Stan- publisher given], 1873. ford University, 1933. 174. Clutts, Betty Carol, "Country Life 186.Cordle, Charles G., "Activities of Aspects of the Progressive Move- BeachIslandFarmersClubs, ment," unpublished Ph.D.dis- 1846-1862,"GeorgiaHistorical sertation, Ohio State University, Quarterly, 36(Mardi,1952) 1963. 22-31.

0,)rr. 187.Cornell,CorwinD.,"Smith W. 197.Cravens,Hamilton,"The Emer- Brookhart and Agrarian Discon- gence of the Farmer-Labor Party tent in Iowa," unpublished Mas- in Washington Politics, 1919-20," ter'sthesis, State University of Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 57 Iowa, 1949. (October, 1966), 148-157. 188.Cory,Lloyd W., "TheFlorida 198. , "AJistoryofthe Farmers'Alliance,1887-1892," Washington Farmer-Labor Party, unpublished Master's thesis, 1918-1924,"unpublishedMas- Florida State University, 1963. ter's thesis, University of Wash- 189. Couch, Carl, "Agent Contact and ington, 1962. Community Position of Farmers 199. Crawford, Harriet Ann, The Wash- Belated to Practice Adoption and ington State Grange, 1899-1924: NFO Membership," East Lan- A Romance Democracy, Port- sing: Michigan State University, land, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, Institute of Extension Personnel 1940. Development,PublicationNo. 16,February,1965 (mimeo- 200, Crawford, Harriet P., "Grange At- graphed). titudesinWashington,1889- 190 "Correlates of Mem- 1896," Pacific Northwest Quar- bership in Farm Bureau and Na- terly, 30 (July, 1939), 243-274. tionalFarmers'Organization," 201. Cummings, Gordon J., "The Major EastLansing:MichiganState Value Orientations of New York University, Institute for Exten- State Farmers with Reference to sion Personnel Development, the Role of the Federal Govern- Publication No. 18 and Tabular mentinAgriculture," unpub- Supplement No. 19, June, 1965 lished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell (mimeographed). University, 1954. 191. "Interaction and Pro- test," Paper presented at the An- 202. , and 0. F.Larson, "A Study of the Grange Community nual Meetings of the American Service Contest Reports in New Sociological Association, San Francisco, August, 1967 (mimeo- York State," Ithaca: New York ofAgriculture, graphed). StateCollege 192. Coulter, E. Merton, "The Move- Cornell University, August, 1969 ment for Agricultural Reorgani- (mimeographed). zation in the Cotton South Dur- 203. Dah linger,Charles William, The ing the Civil War," North Caro- New Agrarianism: A Survey of lina 1.vical Review, 4, No. 1 the PrevalentSpiritofSocial (January, 1927), 22-36. Unrest,andaConsideration, 193. ,"Southern Agriculture New York: Putman's, 1913. andSouthern Nationalism Be- 204.Dailey, Alan D., "Agrarian Move- fore the Civil War," Agricultural mentsinIndiana,1870-1896, History, 4, No. 3 (July, 1930), Compared with the Movements 77-91, in Other Middle Western States," 194,Coulter,JohnL.,"Organization unpublished Master's thesis, In- AmongtheFarmersofthe diana University, 1947. United States," Yale Review, 18 (November, 1909), 273-298. 205. Da land, Robert T., "Enactment of 195. Crampton, John A., The National thePotterLaw,"Wisconsin Farmers Union: Ideology of a Magazine of History, 33 (Sep- Pressure Group, Lincoln:Uni- tember, 1949), 45-54. versity of Nebraska Press, 1965. 206.Daniel,LuciaElizabeth,"The 196.Craven, Avery 0., Edmund Ruffin, Louisiana People's Party," Loui- Southerner: A Study inSeces- sianaHistoricalQuarterly,26, sion, Hamden, Connecticut: No. 4 (October, 1943), 1055- t.rchon Books, 1964, 1149.

55 207.Daniels, Dawn, "Lorenzo D. 218. Derr,Ray,Missouri Farmersin Lewd lingA Leader of the Kan- Action: A Public Relations Study sas Populists," unpublished Mas- of the Missouri Farmers' Associa- ter'sthesis,Northwestern Uni- tion, Columbia: Missouri Farm- versity, 1931. ers' Press, 1953, 208. Darrow, James Wallace, Origin and 219. Destler, Chester, "Agricultural Re- Early History of the Order of adjustment and Agrarian Unrest Patronsof Husbandryinthe in Illinois, 1880-1896," Agricul- UnitedStates,Chatham, New tural History, 21 (April, 1947), York:CurrierPrintingHouse, 104-116. 1904. 000 , American Radicalism, 209. Davenport,FrederickM.,"The 1865-1901, New London: Con- Farmer'sRevolutioninNorth necticut College, Monograph No. Dakota," Outlook, 114 (October, 3, 1946. 1916), 325-327. 201 , "The People's Party in 210.Davis, Andrew McFarland, The Illinois, 1888 - 1896,' unpublished Shay'sRebellion,A Political Master'sthesis,Universityof Aftermath (Proceedings of the Chicago, n.d. AmericanAntiquarianSociety, 222.Dethloff, Henry C., "Populism and Vol. 21), Worcester, Massachu- Reform in Louisiana," unpublish- setts: American Antiquarian So- ed Ph.D. dissertation, University ciety, 1911, 57-79. of Missouri, 1964. 211.Davis,Granville,TheGranger 223. Detrick, Chalks R., "The Effects Movement in Arkansas," unpub- of the Granger Acts," The Jour- lished Master's thesis, University nal of Political Economy, 11, No. of Il lir's, 1931, 2 ( Mar :11, 1903), 237-256. 212.Davis, Posey Oliver, One Man: Ed- 224. Deutsch, Herman J., "Disintegrat- ward Asbury O'Neal III, of Ala- ing Forces in Wisconsin Politics bama, Auburn: Alabama Poly- of the Early Seventies," Wiscon- technic Institute, 1945. sin Magazine of History, 15 (De- cember,March,June,1931- 213. Day,ClarenceA.,Farmingin Maine, 1860-19-10, Orono: Uni- 1932),168-181, 282-296, 391- versity of Maine Press, 1963. 411. 225. , "PoliticalForcesin 214 , A History of Maine Wisconsin During the Seventies," Agriculture, 1604-1860 (Univer- unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, sity of Maine Bulletin, Vol. 56, University of Wisconsin, 1926. No. 11), Orono: University of Maine Press, 1954. 226.Devine, Edward T., "North Dakota --The Laboratory of the Non- 215. Day, Frank, "The Populist Con- partisanLeague,"Survey,43, gressmen from Colorado, 1893- No. 19 (March 6, 1920), 684- 1895," unpublished Master's the- 689. sis, University of Colorado, 1947. 227. Dew, LeeA.,"PopulistFusion 216. Deane, William Reed, A Biographi- Movements as an Instrument of cal Sketch of Elkanah Watson, PoliticalReform, 1890-1900," Founder of Agricultural Societies unpublished Master's thesis, hi America, Albany, New York: Kansas State College, 1957. J, Munscll, 1864. 228. Dewey, Thelma Abbott, "The Na- 217. Dclap,SimeonAlexander,"The tionalGrange Manual:1875,- Populist Partyin North Caro- Michigan history, 46 (Decem- lina," Historical Papers, 14, Dur- ber, 1962), 330-332. ham,NorthCarolina:Trinity 229, Diamond Jubilee of the Delaware College Historical Society, 1922, StateC; mge,n.p.:Delaware 40-74. State Grange, n.d.

56 57 - 2:30.Dick,PaulR.,-JerrySimpson. 210.Douthit, D.cvis. ,Vohodu Owns Us: Populist,"unpublished NIJACCS The Stem of Joe Giihclf, Arid- thesis,UniversityofColorado. Chic.igo: Cooper- 19:38. ative League of the U.S.A., 231.Dickenson, W. 0.,"Chain Store 19.18, Development andtheGrange 241. Drew,FrankM..-ThePresent Cooperative Wholesale," Co- FarmersMovement,"Political oporation, 14 (September, 1;128), ScienceQuarterly, 6,No. 2 16:3-164. ( 1891), 282-310. 232.Dimit, R. M., Factors Influencing 2.12.Dudley, Harold M., -The Populist the Organization, Function and Movement," unpublished Ph.D. Afembership of the Ohio Farm dissertation,AmericanUniver- BureauFederation,Columbus: sity, 192$. OhioAgriculturalExperiment 241 Dunning, N. A. (cd.), Thc Farmers' Station, Department of Agricul- Alliane'' and Agricultural Digest. tural Economics and Rural So- Washington. F. C.: The Alliance ciology. July, 1958. Publishing Co., 1891. 244.Easterly,J.II.,"The Granger 233. , A. T.Wink,and !MovementinSouth Carolina," NI.E. John, Factors associated South Carolina Historical Associ- with the Success of Pcnnsufrania ationProceedings, 1 (1931), Granges, State College: Pennsyl- 24-22. vaniaAgriculturalExperiinent Station,Bulletin No. 556, Au- 2.15.Ecrod. DonaldII., "An Analysis gust. 1952. ;01(.1 Evaluation of Populist Politi- cal Campaign Speech Making in "Directory of Farmers' Organiza- Kapsas, 1890-189.1," unpublished tions and Marketing Boards in Ph.D. dissertation, State Univer- Canada 1965,"Ottawa: Co- sity of Iowa, 1919. operativesSection,Economics 2.16.Edsall. James K., "The Granger Branch, Canada Department of Cases and thePolicePower," Agriculture, April, 1966 (mimeo- American BarAssociationRe- graphed). ports, 10 (1887), 288-1316. 235.Dour, David, A Sketch of the Agri- 3.17.Edwards.EverettE.,"American cliltio.alSocietyofSt.James, Agriculture - The First .300 SantiT, South Carolina, Charles- Years," in Farmers in(7 Chang- ton,SouthCarolina:Calder- ing World, The 1940 Yearbook Fladger Co., 1908. of Agriculture, Washington, D. 236.Dodd, James W.,"The Farmer C.:UnitedStates Government Takes a Holiday," unpublished Printing Office. 19.10. Master'sthesis,NorthDakota 049 , A Bibliography of the State University, 1960. HistoryofAgricultureinthe United States,Washington,D. 237. , "Resolutions, Programs and Policies of the North Da- C.:UnitedStates Government kota Farmers' Holiday Associa- Printing Office, 190. tion, 19.32-19:37," North Dakota ',19 , References on Agri- History, 28, Nos. 2 & 3 (April- cultural History as a Field for July, 1961), 107-117. Research,Washington,D.C.: United States Government Print- 2:38. Dodge, John II,, "The Discontent ing Office, 1957. oftheFarmer,"Century,21 250.Edwards,GladysTalbott,The (Januar, 1892), 447-456. Farmers' Union Triangle, James- 239.Doscher, L. 13., "Survey on Farm- town,NorthDakota:Farmers ers'Attitudes," Edmonton, Al- Union Education Service, 1941. berta: Farmers' Union and Co- 251. This is the Farmers* operative Development Associa- Union, Denver: National Farm- tion, ca. 1964 (mimeographed). ers' Union, ca, 1951.

57 251.Edwirds, N1artin 1... -The Fanners' 262.Everitt, James A.. The American N1ovement 111 C1/1111t) Society of Equity and Its Need (1 (AAS),"unpublished\taster's in Our Country, ..\ddress at the thesis. East Tesus State Univer- Annual Session of the :American sity, 1961. SocietyofEquity,St.Louis, 1906. 25:3.Eisenhower, Milton S.. and Boy I. Kimmel, "Old anal New in Agri- 263. Thr Power, cultural Organization," Farmers Farmers to the Eront. in a Changing 51'orld, The 1910 [no publisher given], 190:1 Yearbook of Agriculture, Wash- 261.Fairman, Charles, -Tla] So-Called ington,D.C.:UnitedStates Granger Cases, Lord Ilale, and Governinent Printing Office, Justice Bradley," Stanford Law Rcricte. S ( July, 1953),587 -671). 265. -Farmer Folks aholiday." 251.Eliot. Clara. The Farmer's Cam- 40 (Summer, paign for Credit, New York: 1). 1967, 300-301, Appleton and Company, 1927. 266.Farnr,Hattie,-TheEconomic 255.Elkins. Francis C., "The Agricul- BackgroundofFrontier Popu- tural 'Wheel in :Arkansas, 1882- lism," Mississippi Valley Histori- 1890,"unmildislicdPh.D.dis- cal Berictc,10. No. .1 (March, sertation,SyracuseUniversity, 192.1), 06-127. 195:1. 267. -The Economic Back- -Arkansas Farmers Or- ground of Southern Populism." AtlanticQuarterly, gmize for Action:1882-1881." The South 29, No. 1 ( January, 19:50), 77- ArkansasIlistori,w1()trader/ft, 13, No. :3 (Autumn. 1951), 231 - 91. 2.18. 268. theRailroads:ind FrontierPopulism,"Mississippi 257.Ellis. David, Landlords caul Farm- ValleyHistoricalII(Ticu', 13, ers in the Hudson-Mohatck Re- No. 3 (December, 1926), 387 - gion,1790-18.30,Ithaca, New 397. York: Cornell University Press, 269.Ferguson. James S., -Agrarianism 1916. in Nlississippi,1871-1900: A 258. Em rick. C. F., "An Analysis of the StudyinNonconformity."un- Agricultural1)iscontentinthe 1 u11ished Ph.D. dissertation, United States," Political Science Uniyersit'rofNorthCarolina, Quarterly, 11,12(September 1952. and1)eccinher, I S , Nlarch. 270. "Co-operative Activity 1897),113-163,601-69, ofthe GrangeinNlississippi,- 127. Journal of Mississippi History, -I (January, 19 12), 3-19. 259.Engler, Robert and Rosalind, The Farmers' Union in 1Vashington, °71 "TheGrangeaid Denver:Farmers'Educational FarmerEducation in Missis- :on! Cooperative Union of Anwr- sippi,- Journal of Southern His- ia, September, 1918. tory. S( November, 19.12), .197- 512. 260.Erdman, II. E.. Organizations 272.Ferkiss, Victor, -Populist Influences Among OhioFarmers:Extent on American Fascism," in Sidney and NatureofBusinessand Fine and Gerald S. Brown (eds.), Farm Improrcment Associations, The American Past: Conflicting Wooster, Ohio: The Ohio Agri- Interprctaloins of the Great Is- cultural Experiment Station, Bul- sues, New York: The N1acmillan letin 3-12, June, 1920. Co., 1961. 261.Essler, Elizabeth, -The Agricultural 273.Fine. Nathan, Labor and Farmer Reform Movement in Alabama, PartiesintheUnitedStates, 185(1-1860," A/abama Reviett, 1 1828-1928,NewYork: Rand (October, 19.18), 213-260, School of Social Science, 1928.

58 59 of 27.1.Finneran. Helen T., "Records of -186 "Historical Skchhi the Nmional Cringe in fts National Agricultural Orz,aniza- inaton °Tee,- Ann (icon Al of elorcctlirigs 1.11cfifth of io is( .27(.1aniniry,196-1).1(13- annual Sit 111. ca ural Congress, (it/call(); PI-A- 27.5.Fklitir. Cinimiodoro 13., Thu Farm- lit` P.:L[11(1 Co., 1877. cis' n ion l'ilic;&ciiis of the 287.Pletcher. L.II.. "Market Structure L'iiiversity of Kentitti:y: Studies and Nlarket Po\N',1%,- in FfItlfirri; inEconomies;aidStu .i °logy ." in the rkot Economy:Imo's: Vol.1, No. 2), Lexington.: Uni- Center for .\i_tricultural ,-.11(1 Eco- vIsity of Kentucky Press, March nomic 1)evelopment, Iowa State 192(1. University Press, 1961. 27(3.[in. Gilbert Courtland. '188.Pletcher.Stotlai,on 11 9ilconi9, grhadroandFuror ronsa Ira ilia L.oicor' «to arid 2 nco 1 9 ( 1 0 - New )(irk:'I lie nol, lc, 1640- 13.;10, Macmillan Co., 1961. I 1 arrislairtt-: Pennsylvania 1 lis- 277. "The Changing Politi- tork-al and 7\ Insulin) Coimuist,ion. cal Role of the Farmer," Cur- 1959. rant iiistoey. :31 1056), 289.Fossnin,PaidIi.. L!rarian S1-9(1. ou (Inca( inNorth 1)aliot,i,

_ , Georgo . Pock and 13,Altimor.: .101rns qic Fight fit I; Pari t y ,Nor- Press, 1925. man:Universityof Oklahoma 290.Foster, liorence J.. -The rd. a» L.41, Press. 19.71. and the Cooptnitilo En tor pri!,,-s 279. -GeorgeN.Peck: in Ni xc1 ?n Id."muds of II ic Lioicilltnro," Cur- _An, erica Acaii c o f Poi it ical rcnt 017,,,28 (Jon)',1955). and Social Science. -1 (189-1). !351-855. 798 -8(15. 280. Nonportisan 291.Fox, Leonard P.. "The Oriain and League in Oklahoma," Chroni- 1) ,-velopment of Populism c/esof Oklahoma,2.1.No.2 in Colm-ndo," impublished 1'9.1). (Summer, 19-161, 116 -157. dissertation. University u1Pt-1M- 5 11A/ia, 19) 6. 281. Recon- struction League: An 1:A1)t--intent 292.Frnk, Kent, -.Att Analysis of the inFartner-1,abor Politics," The Vote for the PopulistParty )cornet of .Sonthorn 1 I istary, South Dakota in 1 ) 2 rip121,- ( 19.17). 5:35-555. lishodM.,Lst o . 8( nithioii Illinois University. 1965, 280 "Peter Norbeck and the Defeat of the Non-Partisan 2(1:3.Franks. Keith, "Jerry Simpson: A League in South 1)akota," Ati.s- KansasPopalist.-unpublished Nortlisvi. stern sisstitpi I 1 i storicc 1lice. talc , Muster's thesis, (June, 1916, to March, 19-17!. University, 1910. 217-T-36. 29-1.I'vattz, orl R. \ \'..-Nliehigan PurchasingCoopera- 28:3. Strategy Farmers' and the Farm Vote in the Nest- tives: Testing for au Ideology,- thintial Campaign of 1896," unpublishedPli.D.dissertation, itt(7.ira nI I i.s.1 ()lira] Rrcicrc, -15 Michigan State University, 196.7. 1060}, 787-806. 205.Frese,NVolfgang, "General Farm 28.1. "South Dakota's Rural Organizations OF Normative Ref- l.tUdit System," AgrictiOn all I(s- erence Croups," tart]. 21, No. -1(October, 1917), Master'sthesis.Universityof Wisconsin, 1967, 285.Flagg, Willard C., "The Farmers' 296.Frost, Janes, Tmen1ey 6: Ca, and Nloveineut in the\Vestern the N'on partisan LC(10,11C, States," Jonrnal ofSocialSci- North Dakota: Publicity ence, 6 (Jnly, 187.1), 100-105. Association, 1918.

80 ler, I.con Pop,ilist Re- 505.Gardner.CharksNI.,-1)iamoral gime iu Colorado." impultisl,,11 Ili tort'oftheMassa- Ph.D. dissm-0tion. Univ, rstty chils ItsStateCringe. 1573- 19 17 ,- l'roor(lings of the Masvi- chrorts Slate(;rang,'( 19-17), Varden, -Bargaining in Ag- 02-75. rieultare And Industry: Compari- :309, The 1,"/(mgc..Friend sons 111d'7"emr,:st.s, 1,ri rnalof of the NV:ishington,1). FarmFeonomic.s.,45.No. 5 C.: National Grange. 1919. (December, 1963), 1257)-1292. , -lielping Youtig Peo- 21)1). Labor11(lationsin pleto!Lip Themselves: The ..-1,:ri(ulturc,Berkeley:Ingitim C.raitge NI(-tliod and Its of lialmtrial110atious. Univer- Filucolion. 61Nlay, 1921), 558- sity of California, 1955. 598. :31 1,Carvim I,., of the 300. , Pressures (:ramlStateFarmers' :Alliance unlIncome 1)ist.rilmition of Texas., J:it.1.-,,,boro, 'Pesos:J. N. culture." Journal of T arm ECO- Rogers mid Co., 1555. 110111irS,-17.No. 5 (December. :312. and S. 0, Oases, Ifis- 19651. 12,15-1251. ion/oftheNational Farmers' :3(11. Metter, Wayne E.. "The Craig Alliance mu/ Cooperative I711/011 Colc.rado," Co7orado .11aga- zinc,:1(i(October, 1959), '_5 -1- J. N. Rogers and Co,, 1557. 26.5. Gaston, Herbert Earlo, purl isan 1,c agur,NewYork: 3112. "(lister) of thy Grange in Colorado,- unpublished Mas 11.trcourt,Braceand 1lowe, 11)20. ter'sthesis.University ofDen- 311.Gak-s. Paul).1'.(ed.),California ver, 1948. Ranchos and Farms, 1:516-1502, 303.Fulmer,johnLeonard,Agrieta- NI;idkon:Slat('Historical Sod- haulProgrc.csiutheCotton (Ay of \ti;c011,11), 1967.

PeltSince1920, Cl :ipelI lill: . TimFfIrnicr'sAgc: The University of North Caro- Agrieulturr, 1815-1S60, New linaPress, 1950. York:I fait, Rinehart and 'Win- 301 Cagan. Richard J.. "The Relation ston, 19(10. ofOrgmizationalIdeolog:yto :7)16. , Ei fly pillion Acres. Conflif Kan.Fas Bole Structiire, Means :tnd (leer Land Analysis of the Na- 1S51-159O. Ithaca, New tionalFarmers'Organization," York:Cornell Univm-sity Press, impulhished Master's thesis, Uni- 195-1. 1, Reissued.New York: versity of Wisconsin, 1966. Atherton Press, 1968.) 517.Gee, Amcrican Farm Pol- 305.Galbraith, j. K., "Farm Policy: The icy, New York: W, \V. Norton CurrentPosition"Journalof and Co., 1934, FarmEconomics,37,No,2 Si F.', "The Development of ( May, 1955), 292-904. Farmers' Organizations," in 711(' Social Economics. of A3ric::Th,10, 51113. Cattier, WilliamII., -The Social Ideas of the Southern Agrarians," N( -n' York: The Macmillan Co., unpublished Nlaster's thesis, Uni- 1932. versity of North Carolina, 1993. Geeslin, A. NV. (ed.), Exposition of the Grange, Chicago: E. A. Cook 307.Gan-thrill, OliveNI,,"John13eale Co., 1875. Borclley and the Earls' Years of 3,-)9.Giese, Kenyon, An Analysis of the the Philadelphia Agricultural So- Sauk County National Farmers' ciety." Fenn.sultania :Magazine of Organization," unpuBlished Mas. History and Biography, 66 (Oc- teesthesis,University of 'Nis- tober, 1942), 10-159, consul, 1965.

60 61 Sidney, "Labor and the 321.Gillette, lchn \l., -Agrarian Politi- 351.Glazr r, cal Nhormients \\Jib Special. 11ef- Agrarian\love:marts in'Michi- crania- to the Nrinpartisan gan. 187(9-1890."unpublished Lirr.gu,"Proceedingsof the Ph.1), ilkscrt Won. rsily of AmericanSociologic/1/Scuriein, Viciligan, 1932. 18( 192.1), 191-198. 3:32.(31enti, Charles NV., -1:arisas Farm lima-am-I:arm ana..,einont As- "The Nor thDakota 19.31-ft;O:' I larvest of the Nonpartisan dirsis,Kansas League," The Surf-, -11. No. 22 State I'Alivcrsit)',1151, ( \larch1.1919), 75:3-769, th,f),..01,Antooides, lieniiing.andArthur 323.Kilpatrick, T.N'.."Price Support 1.conard ('olio)and the Slide m stFarm Mat ,on. Group iturLraining i'ourer Vote.' .11(drecsi Journal of 1'ohti- inArr..-ir ulture. Brookings, South 1),:kota: South Dakota State Col- (711 Science. No, 1r November, 1951)), :119-315. lege. Coop( native Estension Ser- vi«'. F. S. 17.1, September, 1963. 11.1.Gilson. 1. C., -Flip Importance and I.cd(rver, \V,11.,-11,r- Agricultural Impliertions of Alterrnitiv pes College' Crisis of 1885," IP/sem:- of Farm Organizations." Paper Ai/1 Ahma:inc .of111story,32 submitted to the Faro (September, 1918), 17-25. Confereirc-. , Farm andCollege: isilyof Manitoba.1900, Th.' (:ollege of ..1.gricultute of lire 12-2.1. Unicer.s.ity of ll'iscon,sin, A ins_ Nhirli.son: L'iliversityof 3-7). 1, NI.Nesbitt.an'. tory. E. I. Tler, I(..nrt of are Alani \\'isarrosin Press, 1952. tmha Commission on Farm Or- 13:10. Goals mu! Values inAgricultural 19',55State ganizations. Win' (no Pub- 1'oliey. Anus: lisher givcni, December, 1902. University Pres. Codkin, -The Cr:urger Col- 326.(;iven, Charles NV., and lames 11. 1.ipse." The .Vation, 2222(linnary Ilundley. Jr.. -Movement Organi- 27.I S70 ), 57-:5S. z-tion and Formal Organization Coin .\ 1.. "The Re- The S 35. Toward a Convergence: volt."inA:dimS. Link:Ind Case of the National Farmers' Item! a'rt \V. Patrick ( cds.), Organization."Paperpresented Southern 11T,tory. Baton at the Annual Meetings of the liouge: Louisiana Stare Univer- BurstSociological Society, San sity Press, 1905, :102-182. Francisco. August, 1967 (mimeo- 129.Goldberg.Pay, Vic .Vonpartisan graphed). I i 11 North 1)ak(-ita: A Case 327.Glaab, aarles N, "John Binke StudyofPoliticalAction in and the North Dakota Progrcs- Anieliell, Fargo, North Dakota: si..c :Movement, 1900-1912," un- Niithvest Printing Co.. 19-18. published Master'sthesis,Uni- 310.(101i/en Jubilee 11 i.s.tory, 1872-1922, versity of North Dakota, 1952. n.p.: Ohio State Grange, nal. 328. Clad. Prod \V., McKinleu, Bryan, 311.Cond.NVilliamCharles,Farmer .1111 1' ears in the am!thePeople,Philadelphia: Citi7cn: Fifty Lippincott, 1901. CanadianFarmers'Alorement, Toronto:The11yersonPress, 329. , The Trumpet Sound- 1958. cap William Jennings Bryan and 5-12.Cornell, C., Gauss Roots Politics, his Democracy, 7896-1912, Lin- ashiml.ton,I).C.:American coln:Un1versityofNebraska Council on Pnldie Affairs. 1912. Press, 1960. 3-13.Coss, A.S., 1,egislative Program 330.Gladden, Washington, "The Em- of the National Grange," Journal battledFarmers,"Forum,10 ofFuror Economics, 29 (Febru- (November, 1890), 315-322. ary, 19-17), 52-6:3.

61 rp .',1 1. (Mai ,e ker.Si+ter)1ary II -3 C:r .111,1W.P.1.61S.,"1-.11111C..!11111,

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ii ILL. So( 111 11 LII l'olitiiII .\ 11111'1111- Tcni Is an tilt.JC)Wa SLAV I:ICC- (1. Ahedi i. thosis. C1,,ik Loi- 1591 -] 5117."tLtiptIiL!jdllII s 195:3. the,is. Catholic l'iliver- :1.56. CTINV;iN j1)1111, Ai/I1 i'oik- sity.1962. ,.ouigsofi'roii 'q. 1111 III .31:i.Graf, Truman 11., IS lit'FujI r,ityifl'i 1111,!,\ I1:tti_iiiiitii.t tilt' ,1ns\verlo Press. 1953. of 11,1;.ry i'oiccer/iirgs .357,Groor, Thomas If_ .'\tltl'III Ill the National (: sAocia- hi form 11e, cna.nt,',Their Pat- ;ion, Tliirt-st..w.ci1111111;2 it pi 51111.1. 1.11,21, wood

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3.16. _ _ . "(lpportiinities and ton. V.Irk; l';( LimitationsofCellective

gainingin1)airying,"l'rocceil- (Sr t''_', It.,1"1.11( tilgS of the Nineteenth Annual N1c),..,1111 111in Cr( limit Cimii:ty." .1 halves(lilk mkcling Conf,.r- unpul,611(11 Slit-tot's 1.1)csis. Sits-

ency.St. Paid:tTniversityof sissiltiliStAc 1961 \linni.!..ota. :151). (41-nor' .Clifford V., Flit. The (;rung' Pine Bonk, NV ioIling- l';:ri6 116 n.aii 1..cdcr.tliun too, 1). C.: The N,itional Grange. tilt. ,1roirtis or the .10Heri- .1r,u1l'tIli.1 ,I11(1 :31S. rho Grange in the Great Valli.v," Stilt? Si ?J('I', 179 ( Historical 13, eletc (If Perks 152.157. (ounta. Petnearl(ania, 13( April, 1360. ill_ A snub/ 1951)), I91-197. ttj l'orm Orgiiiii:ution in Ct ut(ol 13.19. The (:rouge Aforemeni iiiKan.sits, Kan.sos. \V.Ishingt,,n, 1). C.: Reportof theilistoricu/ Com- Cu/tI Sit s I.).p.tItuiont of Ag- mittee, n.p.: Kansas St. de rieulton.,llt:Ih,'iiu12)16.1911/Ill Grative, 1952. Shill sCoSorriim-it. Printing (11- :350.(raper. Elmer 1)., Ainorican January :id, 1925. Farmer 11diters Current C;r15voilil,Alin( IIWhitnen., Farm- Ilisiorn, 19,No. .5 1 l'ehruary, ing (111(1 1;einacraca. Nev.. 11,11111, 192-11, 517-526. (:0,,occ tient: 3:19' Ctnvc'rils' :551.Gras.. Norman Scott Fr iss. I (..)6 NIweeinciitsfinthe United 3(12.(71.4):11., (:1:;Ir11, V., ..i.filitj( CrOC11- States],-in A /Ii.storri of Agri- 1):1(1.6111 inNi.vYorkState, culture in Europe and AllirriC(1, 1576-18S1" intpuldi,,116(1111.1). 2nd ed... Nes.v York: F. S. Crofts disq.rUttion, Co. 19.1(1. 1116-5. 1152, Gray, Lewis Cecil, History of Agri- 3Cil.Groves.FrancisW.,1-,..ventiedi culture in the Southernrititerl (111111 try farm Strikes: A Colo- Slates io 1SHO, 2 yids., \Viishing- meld," Agricultural1 I i.,.tory, ton, 1). C.: The Carnegie Insti- No. 1 ((h 6)1)(T, 11)65). 217-219, tution, 1932. also nos,1131 and .5:3.1.)

ri7:1.Gray, S.L., "Thomas E. NN'iltson, 361. . toP Vereon IS. Schnei- Leader of GeorgiaPopulism," der,"liar:zaining 1>1) 551 . . unpublished Master's thesis, 'WhatItIsI lowtoGotIt Eileiry University, 1922, \Ilea It Can 1)o.1' Economic In- 35.1.Green, PerryL..."History of the Formation for li-iscon.sin Farm- Ohio Farm Iltirean Federation," ers, 29, No. 2, Special Circular, Columbus:(Slut) Ntitdimin: University of \ 'Gs( on- Ii 'Per: October, 1955( un- sin,17. \ tensionService,1)eceiii- publi:died her, 1962.

62 Crobbs. Donald 11.. ''The Southern ) I iii AziN111.;01 mmt Lam, rs' Union AIM the Policu Forion. 1)eLember. h 5-13. 1111111dil,' (1111.1). No, -1 (Ijssel tation, UM/ ersity Ocr "Fa/ii Politir,il Pow( r 1903. 111/1 theU.S. Covernmental Coistin,NI.I"... /.:xpesi. of the crisis,"fotirmdi if TerraI.:co- (5oingcr.s.1),i ton,()filo: noiitics,-10,No. SriSeeninkur, .\sso, Lition.1S75, 195`i), 11.1,1wi:4(r. I)., -Thy Farm :379. Politn sam! Tarot Policy 1:0- American 1)mimeme." Jour- ruin, 1(1, No. :3 190.3-19011 nal of Politics,IT, Nu. .1 ( No- vend:, r, 1955), (:51-003. _ /i/(lBossIi.Talbot. "VarmPricePolicy Kcn- :380. Pri smr,, s and Ploti :nul Vott. Journal of 1oa.9.antfoalthe ',(1111 Flom latinl'Srmiontir.s. .37. No. -1No- jell mbou of 199:). Si \mob( r, 1955), 001-021. FLI//1'iq 11: (11;/1,(111TPoldfdling (mil Fiber in 11105. :181. . l'ood .Vation's:I', lilies,National.Ati- :309.Haines, Anstin P.. "The Nonparti- san League and the le/y:illy Is- visory (onuH..:..:iuli 1:ood ;1119 Fiber, Technical Papers, Vol,:3, sue," The :Vete blew/Hie (Sep- United t( nbet I-1, 1918), 188. \Vashile,.,,ton, 1). C.: States Covermie :itPrinting( I.."The Agrerian :370.Hair,Vtilliani fico, 1907. Protest in Louisiana, 1877-1900," unpublishedPli.1).dissertation, :382. Fruciloinin.litricul- Louisiana State University, 1902. tura/1.:(Ittortion, Hato:(imt- Sirsity of Chicago l'ress, 371.Halluook, VVilliamF.., "A Ilevic\v of Nly Nlembership in the l'/r//i- :38:3. , Polities of Agri- ris'U111011: Arkansits Historical eliftert':Soi.C'ori.sCirrition Onarterly.15, No. :3 1 Autumn, Strttl.,:glc for Poircrii!t//ma' 195(i), 202-208, Ann:riot, (;lencoc,1lliiuin,T he 372.Hall.Itar\vinS..andIteturn 1. Free Press, 1952, 11oleombe, History of the Alin»c- 38.1 111:11CCIIMIS 011 Agr)- .sotaStale Socirty ('ultural Policy Formation in the from Its Origin inI,S.5.1to the United States," Alicrican Politi- Annual.11i.ctin9of1910,St. Cul Scicnce 11cricic..12.No. 5 Paul: The NI(C;i11-,\Varnsve Co., ( ()ember, 19.18), 881-905. 1910. :3h5.Harrington, Marion, "The Populist :37:3. Hall, Sam 13., Tile Tr:Ibb 1.1a: Nlovementni ()regon, 1859- Form Bureau, Colilt.n. ( olorado: 1890," unpublished Master's the- Golden Bell Press, 195.1. sis, University of ()regon, 1935. :37.1. John, History of Farnicrs' I larringt-,;:, NVayne P., "The Popu- 1,159010's in the United Stair's, 380. list Party in Ka//s_/S. 11111)111111S11- NVasliington, I).C.: United cd Master's thesis, University of Agricul- StatesDepartment of Kansas, 192-1. ture,()Ifice nil'Aperiinent Sta- tions, Bulletin17.1, 1906. :387. 1)avidA.. "ThePolitical Career of SlilfordNI',Howard, :375.Ilardin.Charles NI., "American lir viewof Popelist Congressman from Ala- Agriculture,"The Nlaster's Politics. 20, No. 2 (April, 1958), bama," unpublished thesis., Auburn University. n.d. 1116-208. :35.5 Ilarrison, Hortense NI., "The Popu- .376. "The lire/: of .5911- cultural Feonoinics Under Iirc list1)elegalionintheFit ty- A Study in Valuation Conflicts," SecondCongress,1891-1893" Journal of F111711E(1)11(»IiirS. 28. unpublished NI/St crs thesis, Uni- No. 13 (August, 19.16), 0:35-66S. versity of Kansas, 193:3.

P 11.111Ectr,is,1).i1-E..".16-ri: 4(11. illi.1111I)., 111- y roeiloin: t.,11,1,4,11, V, 1)c-to'forSoi tad A S1:6-2.i,tcil fetir- mid Inch- ii,.?..ij Form Leonoin:e.s..:3-1. No. \ ;dual Impot 111-lither a Farris

1 ;Novi-111,-r,195;1, 496-510. 1'11.1). 190, Cerermiieiit (Ina l'ilivsisity of \Vi,c(iii- flO`ii. York: Thy 1112. tit_i11151 iicoilsi.icticy ..s.11<;itin,iii Cu., 190-i. in a `.11tiing."P,Iper pre- tilVd Slate s p,113 d for prosintationit the An- Nloetiiiiis ofthe Rural Su- c,f.rorni .11, N. cioleuicalSoi.1(.ty.Poston, Au- t. May, 195'4 1`41-E1. 463.Mini.. "(he Politic.:/liu- Witt,-.1._trieultural p.0 >einE.irui Soprort lmse folirn,..1 Pon lr,lr LowJormiiil,71, No. lit :31. No. :3 (Ali- 5 19621, 952-97S. :Dist, 1) iY2.. 411.1.1(i, I).11., "Our F'a'rm Or!i.atiitta- Jainc.s. lions-11m.y They Started; Their lmv,i City: Slaty StLind. Tody,-Fenno PolicyFo- Society ()I Iowa, 1919. rum. !"I, No. 11 ( Novendicr, , Sociu/ Polities in tlic 1959), 21-25. 1./1/91/ Slut -s Nonposti,1.1 405.Ifelinlico,..tcr, Peter,andSidney I.cogne, 13ostiiii Ni I loos,"CoolterativeEMerprise flointliton 11.1iillin Co., 192.1. and Organization Theory," Jour- Alorc- nal of ['arm Economies. 41, No. nicnts with 2 (N1,iy. 1962), 275-290. Socciffllief, -trits.c1,, Iowa:A .100. . Theory of Smell)inSochili'ofitie.y,fowl Ilrg,iitiing Jour- St.tic Sod- ii.3/ l'arnl .5 (De- ut:.. of low.s. 1916. r,196:3), 1272-1:189. 11,tr,1,,;11.1\\'.. "An Iona 167.Ilendricloini,Kennoth yrs'ProtactiviaAssoci.itimu A .,'The Populist Movement in South flarhd \V-ire Patent l'rotest Nlovcinctst," Intro mourn,/ of //is_ Nlaster's thesis, University of South Dakota, (093(111(1 l'olitics. :17. No. .1(()c. 1959. 13139) - :3:31.5922. 49S.11-arriint. -Farm -';97 . .rhoTionblorl IS:70-1990: Ailjusimont to Bloc,Uliittc1St ilex irel:rheir, 1)ol:;111): Northern 11. A. Seliummi and Alvin John- Ur.iversiLy .0t, ;eds.), Eticyciepeditt of the SoefaiSciences,Vol.6,New 595.Ile;crn, Thomas K., "The Populist York: The Macmillan Co., 19-31. NloyeinerititsNlars/i:ill County," unpublished N.1,ister's tin-is. Uni- 1(19. Herrmann, Hole of the versity of ..14sliansa, Economist in the l'orunilation of Farm Org:ini- :199. I lcbb, Douglas,"The NS.'osmin Nlioacincut iu the California State z.ition Policy," JournalofFarm Econorroos. :2!), Part 2( NOV(2111- Grande" (.1 Nlaster's thesis,University ofCalifornia., 1917), 1203-120S. 195(1. 419.Ilerseher, Julii4te NI., "Early Third .100.1ledlicr. 11. 0.,"The 01olvtliof Party Movi-nneots in Nebraska," Gro%vers. (10-operation in`,Vcst- unpublished Nlaster's thesis, Uni- (In Caliad.i \vitli Special Emplci- versity of Nebraska, 1931. sison theInfluence of Aaron -III,Ifeyiiiiin, Victor Kenneth, "The Na- Nlastr's tionall'armers'UnioninIts thesis.Urthcrsity of Sash:itch, - Politic..., I World: A Case Study in wan, 19-19. Influence and the factors of In-

64 E 5 11:11e.eaPon ot1,11." 1/111».111n,11, (13e-neu, II. P/.['opting'Tic- P6.1 11 W011, \\;111111,1n,:l non':.1 Iiitoifi of 11Pgrateo: \ clIn\ aro iI it- Fr. gtitsl'ai I An, (the.l itpii F.11-1i1 1:11'11. torals (1r_ throletli ;mist]. .123. in 11e- Politiis..- in centAn:uric:litHistory.'Idalto Maiki finO .1-__oictiliaiiiiPiot/ rico,. Yi.)6Triaris. 11. No. 2 (,S11111110r, Niv.Yolk int(1 1..ondont 1). 1.962). 11-15. 1S-21. Appleton and (1ouiprily, 1921. -121. Ildrty Tra- 11'1. _ . 1.1:111. 1:11-, dition in Anti Politiss." Ili 1't15111 Ifistiairci 11, riot., Pt. A. S11?111.1.1.1:Ind Al\ in Co( June. 19 3-1 eds.1, oftlrr Scicncrs,Vol. G. Ac se . :m:11011:I 1). 1.1frolnilt, York: 'Clio Co., 1931, rs: AM:Ince," Nora, .105-1(16. Coro/Poi/Ilis:iiiralFir nium,(,, 10..3 ( 1929), 231 -2511. 11.1. y of Oa' (:1(.(4 War n 0111.1i_oionitureintint 12.11. nrsaml rcirm- and Cil1;f 11;Hajn, o1s in all f ihan ...1;I.C, Now Ycrk: New'fort::SP,lordl-nivrrsity PwonticliiColiniryFund, Press, 1919. 106:3.

_ . y.110, -127.llildrellt,11.1. (ed.), licaiiiimsin Giwsps Annuls Agricuituoil Lincola: ofllieAtroticanitc:.;t1,7taiof tivorsityofNt'lI'ANkaPress, Political awl Social Science,179 1965. (slay, 111.35), 17-21. -12S. 11111,1).o:id11., Ilesitonsu of 111(1. Hicks, John U.. -The Birtli of the F,:riarrstitthe Aglf cult- PopMist l'arty, Alia:Jr-seta His_ lurid Adjmtinent Act of 1933", ton", 9 (Sc-pletill:er, 1928), 219. impliblisked \Lister's thesis, Uni- 247. verty of Illinois, 1963. .117. 41ie Farilwrs'Alli- 129.11111, :William ance in North Cfroloi.i.-.\-ortlt F., -History of Ike Gr.ume !dos r nientin CarolinaI iqta tealflerietr.2, Penirsl- Na. 2 (April. 1925), 1(32-157. vini1,1, C:ra:Ige 1\1.-1,..8, 20(Novi:nil:,T,1923), -118. ... I he Crigia and 1-5. Isurh111: tory ofti Farmers' AllianceinNliiinesot.i,".1Ihsls- 136.llirsclt, .Arthur 1i., "Tifoits of the ifpi'PalleyI liAttirectillit view, Crateleiiitlw Middle "West to 9. No. :31)i.-r-itliiker, 1922), 203- Control tie Price of Farm Ma- 2213. P-i70-15h1).-The AI bisis- sinoi Van( ifI! C.forical , "'Fin-l'eopli.:sParty l?crit tc, :1/innesota 15, Na. ( ALuch, 19291, -173 - ion-liar fin,5, No. S (:Nov(111- .196. i:cr. 1921), 7,31-560. Ill.I ligtia of ((lcCoil ' is Canada, 120. -Thel'or,kt(ncof D0111i111011 PDpelism, .1/nincsnf,1 I ! 1S76.

12, No. 1 (l1laii.11, 1931 ), :3-20. 32.1lullund,Cid J., "The Non- Partisan 421. "The Politieal Career Leiigne 1:11 oflinnitins .Nnasn:r'sthesis,Uni- 11cvirm. 8, versity of .`(oath 13.1.kota, 1910, Nos. 1 and 2 (lime to Septem- 43:3.11okt:idler, llichard, .ri,in ber, 11321), 89-12. Ni'. tli and Conniterci:-.1. Realities," 422. , Tin' Populist liccolt: Fite Folkfore of Populism," and A I lititory of the Forr,iers' Alli- From Pathos to l'arity," inTlv ance, Milano:walls: TileUniver- Age of Reform.New York. Al sity of Minnesota Press,19:31. [red A. Knopf, 1955.

65 I .1 11,._dund.\ W on s-!.`1 rui I le,,iratt 111 l'.11111 ,1 11132,u,(1 nft!k .3. 11)62- 11-;: .5.1 l(vaol. 1026. r,19(15 21 ;-2111, Scc 417.!Lot,',lok/1 11., ',IL,- //- ), ,L1,t) ci Its a:ill 411,j, : LtIlito a1:11 Iiitt1N11 N-\\. Dop.irtillout ol No. I Uturiary, :11111)1.111,i k. l'od1,1iii 161, 1!121. I!sl /. 1-15. 110 l',ihrolisit 114)11,u, S.. 1.11,- 1.1.11]iter- I

1 Limy limo sotrt's 12 k .S, ph-1111,1, I ,7.31, IAi:\to itlrin.1 1).1111..1/Oak' Ifist,+//f.3h, N. 7 St1icii11,.. -119. 1 7. 1911 1). :1(11- of t tlio 1;7. of Ow 1.c.o2.11,in Akin,- life, 5111,n 11;11,1[1)11,1H d 1921 Iuiiimildi!--11,(1.11Elli13,t I r-it:-.of C1i2 igo, 1 935. j.K.. -1o, -1,513e,,t !3S. or 551r.it? Jr ,(lIt' Aral f/f of I'opili-111 ricau. r of Ilte l'ett nms of I I 11A- 1.c.;.t.f toPoifitiai()loo- T111.k,,. IV111,:r.I. I II" t, r/o. 11,Nn.3 ( 13towbor, P i. 11'71. 196! I, 727-7:36. I5131 liudu-., S,ir.il, :it f 1,-,11,1oo1;, Slc w,iit If., -Gloat Does of fil Ciang 1;1111;1nm ;col koutui 1!)52-196IC imp:1,11,1u (1 (lily. (:And .4usl.14)16' '236- :211. 1961. I .11co Am, lic(n I listory, NCN' 11 ik: "4h, .1.5'. l Iiiii(11o, s, To,t of 'Ill, Lot Ci., 14116. in 0)11,4 ti' ;' 1111:ciur: Thy N.itiori,i1 11. 11 old, n, .Arnold, I)is,;(1tuoire Ni ) I PiiI:ct ittier T11,-(o of Soi.,11 Nlo\ (-wont A111:11,1 NI,61ilig of Cho lilir.tl So- S1ol111-r--.111p, NI.us- Sooioly. .5i,- t1 Michig,t11 State Cui- gust, 1966 friuAilii \ , 1967. 1_.1 loldou,1'1{13.\\ortliA.I cd. ), Sou- 53. . Ti-t of T1t-ori,s r, hir:Tilf' CoIli3 ti 13o14.0 for: 'the 1,;111S111g.Alichiq:ut: 11. Fdlitior3' 114toi,,ition." 1992. wiprililkli-dPhD. State 11:3. ilonan. los,-131,.. -Tito National Dr( (./r,..;:tiii/..tti611:AStudy bur, 1065. Proto-4,- iiiirm1)- -15-1. ;ridEver. ttliof4c/s, 11-1toi1 1'11.13. Mu 1062 Stiil,: 111souri. 1966. the N:itioo.11 NI- \\-/--4," -I II. I lop1.111,-:,J,i11( t history of thc tli ii/)/(I( bsboul Stoic (:P1142(', 11.p.: I'ver prm-lito(1It the ()filo V:11- gift -n].10:39. Icy Sociolo!".icAl Scwict:. '11,14-11u, 1!-Yi i (111111.1, 1 -1.5. 11orlou, (Sit Ilortraut, A II i.story of tbr (:ramty.' ire\"( rmor.!. !Omit- 1571. limit,Bob( rt1.(t. AI listorri r,Vvrinfnit:CapitalCity l'armr 3.110.cmcnts. in lire 1926. 1,1731-1925, (7. V/. Io Asher. The 1.,s,ab'r.s. of aft Their Aims, S..' I Elcc.- l'urposTsowlliCrOrds, 13(,pro- timi of tli( tbmi Irmo ()ri.2,Mal Lt ttcrs and Yaicy I)oco meld.; teith a Leiter to flit 11 10501. by Scooter Olt C. Sageng, 61:3-632.

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67 r 8 479.Johnson. Donald E., and Denton E. dissertation,Western Reserve Morrison, "The Significanceof University, 1956. Farm AdjustmentProblemsto .190 StruggleforFinial Sociology, Rural Sociology,25, OpportunThc Dirt Partners mul No. S (September, 1960), :352- the American Country Life Asso- 35.1. ciation, NewYork: Vantage 480 and \\', Keith Warner, Press, 1961. WisconsinFarmOrganizations 491.Kcenleyside, thigh L.. "The Ameri- and Cooperatives:Membership can Political Revolution of and Patronage, Madison: Univer- 19244" Current History. 21, No. sityofWisconsinAgrici.ltural (3(March, 1925), 3:33-840. Experiment Station, 13ullt tin 581. 492.Kelley. 0. II.. Origin amt Progress March, 1966. of the Order of Patrons of Hus- 481 Johnson, W. R.,"National Farm bandry in the United States. A Organizations and the Reshap- Historyfrom1866to 1373. ingofAgriculturalPolicyin Philadelphia: J. Wagenseller, 1932," Agricultural Vista /, 1875. ( January, 19(3:3), 35-2. 49:3.Kelsey. Rayner W., "Farm Belief 182.Jones, 11, 1., "Canadian Federation andIts Antecedents," Ili.sioricul ofAgriculture," unpuhlish,(1 Outlook, 22( 1931), :387-395. Master's thesis, Queen's Univer- 94. Kendrick, 13enjamin 13.,"Agrarian sity( Kingston, Ontario),19.54. Discontent inthe South,1380- .183.Jones,RobertL.,''AHistory of .1900," American Historical Asso- LocalAgriculturalSocietiesin ciation,AnnualReport, 192(1, Ohio to186.5," Ohio State Ar- 265-272. cluwoligical amt Historical 405 , "Agrarian Move- ments: United States," in Edwin telly(April-June,19.1.3), 12_0 - 140. R. A. Seligman :mod Alvin Jelin- son (eds.),ncyc/opedia of the .18,1.Jones. Romdd W.,":\ lumber and Social Sciences, New York: The Nonmemher Org,o ,Com- Filament: A Model and Corre- Nlaumillan Co., 19:36. lates," unpublished Master's the- 496.Key, Valdimer 0., Politics, Parties sis. UniversityofWisconsin, and Pressure Croup.,. New T,,,k; 1968. Thomas V. Crowell Co.,1058, 21 -lb. .185.Jordan, Weymouth T., Rebels in the Making:Planters' Coauen- 497 SouthernPolitiesin lions and Southern Propaganda, State and Nation. Ni w York: Al- Tuscaloosa, Albania:Confeder- fred A. Knopf, 1919. 98. Keyscrling, LeonII.,Agriculture ate Publishing Co., 1958. and the Public Interest: Toward 486.Jorgenson, Raymond C., "The Re- aNetc Farm Program(lased sponse to Group Frustration: The uponAbundance,Washington, Agrarian Basis of Isolation," un- D. C.: Conference cot Economic published:\ taster'sthesis,Uni- Progress, 1965. versity of North Dakota, 1963. 499. Kiehm, II. C., "Unionism in North 457. Karam Bradlee, "The Farmerin Dakota," American Fedcrationist, Politics: A Study of Minnesota 40 (June, 19:3:3), 606-607. Farm Group Members," unpub- 500.Kilo,O.NI.,The Farm Bureau lished Master's thesis, University Movement. New York: The :Mac- of Minnesota, 1961. millan Co., 1921. 88. Kaufman, Stuart, "Satanic] Campers 501. TheFarmBureau and the Populist Movement," un- Through Three Decades. Balti- publishedMaster'sthesis,Uni- more, NIaryland: The Waverly versity of Florida, 1961. Press, 1943. 489.Keener, Orrin L., "The Background 502.King,C. Wendell, Sochi/:Voce- of the American Country Life melds in the United States. New Movement," unpublished PhD. York: Random House, 1962.

68 69 593.Kingsley.Robert."Recent Varia- 516.Kornhauser, William. The Politics tions [ruin the Two-Party System of Mass Sorielif. Glencoe,Illi- as Evidenced by the Nonpartisan nois: The Free Press. 1959. LeagueandtheAgricultural 517.Kramer, D.. The Truth About the Bloc.," unpublished Master's the- larm Bureau, Falls Chnreb, Vir- sis, University of Minnesota, ginia: National Affairs Press, n.d. June. 1923. 518. , The Wild Jackasses: 50.1Kirkendall, Richard S., Soeisi Sri- The. American Farmer in Revolt, onUsts mid Furnt Pali/ if'sillthe NewYork: Ilastings Ilouse, ofRoosor , age Colninbia: 1 956. UniversityofMissouriPress, 519.Krueger, Thomas A.. 1966. "Populism in NV inning." unpublished Master's 505.Kirschner, Don Stuart. "Conflict in University the Corn 131.1t: Bond of Wyoming. to Urbanization, 1919-1929." me 1961). publishi.d Ph.D. dissertation. 520.Kin.ster, Frieda."TheFarmers' State University of Ti)wa, 1961 AllianceinNebraska," impub- 506,Kirw;in, Albert Dennis, Revolt of lklual Master's thesis. University tlw Rednecks: MississippiPoli- of Nebraska, 1927. tics, 1876-1925, Gloucester. Mas- 521.Ladd, George NV.%gricultural Bar- sachusetts: Peter Smith, 1951. gaining Power. Ames: Iowa State 507.Klement, FrankI,.."Hie Copper- University Press, 1961, heads in the Middle 'West. Chi- 522 :aid J. Hobert Strain, cago: UniversityofChicago "What About Bargaining Power Press, 1960. for Farmers?", Iowa Farm Sci- 503 , "Middle stern Cop- ence. 16 (1961), 3-5. perheadisin and the Genesis of 523. Lampara, Eric E., The Rise in the the Granger :Movement," Missis- Dairy Industry in Wisconsin: A sippiValley Historical Review, StudyinAgricultural Change, SS ( M.irch, 1952), 679-691. 1820-1920, Madison: State His- 509. Knapp,JosephG.,SeedsThat toricalSociety ofNVisconsin, Grew: A history of au. Coopera- 1965. tire Grange League FlY1Crathm 521.Langer, NVilliam, Nonpartisan Exchange, iiiusdale, Nov York: League: Its Birth, Actiritics and Anderson Ihmse, 1960. Leaders, Mandan. North Dakota 510.Kn.,,s, j.0., "The Farmers' Alli- MortonCC/lintyF;IMILSPres3, mice in Florida," South Atlantic 1920. Quarterly. 25 (192(1). 300-315. Larson, Grace, and Henry E. Erd- 511.Knight,J.W., Grass Roots-The man, -Aaron Stipirot Genius of Story of the North Dakota Farm- Farm Co-operative Promotion," era'Uni011,Jamestown:North The Mississippi Valley Ili.storicul Dakota Fanners' Union, 1927. Rcuicw, 19, 2 (September, 512.Knowles, Stanley, The New Party, 1962), 2-12-268. Ottawa, Ontario: :McClelland 526. Latham,HobertC., TheDirt e=nd Stewart, 1961. Farmer in Polities: A Study of 513.Kolko. Gabriel, Railroads and Regu- \Vebster County, Slississippi, lation, 1877-1916, Princeton, During the Rise o; Democratic New Jersey: Princeton University Factionalism,1880-1910,"un- Press, 1965. published:Master'sCoesis,:Mis- 511.Koopes, Alvis J.. "A Ilistory of the sissippi State University, 1951. Ellsworth County Farm Bureau," 527.Latta, William Carroll, Outline His- unpublished :Master's thesis, Kan- tory of Indiana Agriculture. La- sas State College, 1963. fayette, Indiana: Alpha Lambda 515.Korgan, Julies, "Farmers Picket the Gil:1liter of Epsilon Sigma Phi in Depression," unpublished PhD. Cooperation with Purdue Uni- dissertation,AmericanUniver- versityAgricultural Experiment sity, 1961. Station and the Department of

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77 '78 709.Preshaw, Ada,"ThePopidistic lie Law." Vol.I LI. No. ' Movement inKansas,- No. 2.55). N, (:olmiTia Mister's thesis. Columbia University l'r.w.192.1. University, 1926. 722.Ilich, S..1'.ti..-'.:;icutiumt Policy Priestley, Norman, ;111(1 Edward B. 710. in flit Swindlelmrst,Furrows. Faith 1)(Tclopmcsitof1'. S. Farm and Fellowship, Edmonton, Al- onI ti -)'or Legi,lotine berta: Co-op Press, Ltd.,1907, \V.1,11i1:gtml. I). C.: 711.Proctor,Samuel,"TheNational Conn ression.(1 Quarterly Ser i«.. Fanners' Alliance Convention of 1963. 1890 and Its '(teal;, Dimands'.- 725,111( Thirds. Char1(.... 31'.. "Au:M[11111ml 11 rich Iiisinrirul Quarterly, 2S Policy of the l'i.it(.(1 Strt,i. Goy- ( January, 19501. 161-1'1. erninent." 712.Putnam, 11.11., Ili,tory ofIhr thesis,College of\Villi,1111mid Farm Bloc, unpublished 7\ Iiii.tor's Mary.19:3"3. thesis,StateCollegeofIowa, 721,Iliehards, Thomas -The Iowa 1911. Farm Iloliilay--AirrriIanUnrest 713.Putnam, Jackson K., "The Socialist in the Early 10.30's." Partyof NorthDakota,1902- Master's eri.ity of E118,- unpublished Master's the- Maryland, 1951. sis, University of North Dakota, 725.Bicker, Ralph 13.. -Tim Greenback- 1956. L.aliorMovementin Penns. 711.Ralph, 'William Kirby, Henry Wise Ph.D.(h.:- Wood of Alberta, Toronto: Uni- sertation, Pennsylvania Slite versity of Toronto Press, 1950. University, 1955. 715.Ramsey, Ida L., -The Earm Bloc, 726.Ridge, Martin. -Ignatius Donn-lly 1919-1924,"unpublishedMas- and the GrallUCr Movement in ter's thesis. University of Wash- Minnesota." ington, 1925. IlLsforical 716.Range,Willard, A centuryof 195(1), 69.3-709. Georgia Agrieutture. 1S50-1950, 727. Ignatin, 1)0,111,41y: Athens:UniversityofGeorgia The Portrait (4 a Poli/Mian. Chi- Press, 1954. cago: Universityof Cl.'M ago 717.Bashed, Mohamed Carnal, "Loyalty Pre.,s, 1962. to a Marketing Cooperative," un- 728.Robbins. Hayes. The Labor Atone- published Ph.D. dissertation, ment and the Farmer, Ncw York: University of Wisconsin, 1967. Ilarc'ourt. Brace :out Co.,1922. 718,Rasmussen, \ 'Si ye D. (ed.), Read- 729.Robinson, \Villiani I... Thc ings in the History of Amcrican 1807-1907: First Century of Ser- Agricultwe, Urbana: University vice and i..robilion. \\'ashingtnn. of Illinois Press, 1960. D.C.: The NationalGrange, 719.Regnier, Earl II.. "Social Participa- 1966, tion and Membership Character- 730,Rol(ison, Daniel Merritt, Bob Tay- istics of Farm Bureau Afembers lor 0201 the Agrarian Pcroliin and Non - members of Cortland Tennessee,Chapel 'fill:The County, New York," unpublished UniversityofNorthCarolina Master's thesis, Cornell Univer- Press, 19.33, sity, June, 1011. 7.31 -'lennesseoIS liticc 720.Reynolds, Elmer E., "Turning Back and the Agrari:m Revolt,1886- History's Pages on a Ilalf Cen- 1896." At is.11.s.sippi turyof the Grange:" A'ational cal Review, 20 (June,19"3;to Grange Monthly, 36 (November, March, 193-1). 365-380, 1939), 5, 14, 2-1. 752.Robson, George 1.. Jr., "The Farm- 721.Rice, Stuart A., Farmers and Work- ers' UnioninMississippi," 1111- ers in American Politics ("Studies PUBIIShedMaster'sthesis.Nli- in Ilistory, Economies and Pub- sissippi State University, 1963,

78 733 Rochester,Anna, ThePopulist 745. "McCarthyismand Movement intheU.S., New and AgrarianRadicalism," un- York: InternationalPui4i,hers, published Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1962. 731.Rodefeld, Richard D.,The Gen- 746.Rohrer, Wayle C., "Conservatism- eralizedAttitudeofNlembers Liberalism and the Farm Organi- 'toward 'their Farm Organiza- zations,"RuralSociology,22, tions," Paper presentedatthe No. 2 (lune, 1957), 163-166. Annual Nleetings of the Rural 747. ,"Structure and Value Sociological Society, San Fran- Orientations of the Large Scale cisco, August, 1967 (dittoed). Farm Organizations and Their Relationshipto 735. , The Generalized At- Non-vocational titude of Members 'Inward Their Adult Education Programs," un- GeneralFarmOrganizations," published Ph.D. dissertation, unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- Michigan State University, 1955. versity of Wisconsin, 1967. 748. , cud Louis II. Douglas, TheAgrarian Transitionin 736.Bodine,FloydH.,"The Farm Bureau Federation in Nebraska, America, Indianapolis: The 1920-1950" unpublished Ph.D. Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1969. 749. , and Carl C. Taylor, dissertation,UniversityofNe- "Adult Educational Programs or braska, 1952. Activities of the General Farm- 737. Rogers, David L.,"Correlates of ers' Organizations and Coopera- Membership Attraction in Volun- tives," in Charles P. Loomis and taryAssociations,"unpublished J. Allan Beegle, Rural Social Sys- Ph.D. dissertation, University of tems and Adult Education, East Wisconsin, 1968. Lansing:TheMichiganState 738.Rogers, Everett M., "Farm Organi- College Press, 1953. zations as Pressure Groups," in 750. Rohwer,RobertA.,"Organized Social Change in Rural Society, FarmersinOklahoma,"Rural NewYorl::Appleton-Century- Sociology,17,No. 1 (March, Crofts, 1960, 252-284, 1952), 39-47. 739.Rogers, James II., "The Grange 751. Rosenblum, Victor G., 'The Courts Then and Now," Southern and Economic Enterprise: Judi- Planter, 97 (August, 1936), 6, cial Policy Making in the Milk 25. Industry," in Law as a Political 740.Rogers. William W., "Agrarianism Instrument, Garden City, New in Alabama, 1865-1896," unpub- York: Doubleday & Co., 1955. lished Ph.D.dissertation,Uni- 752.Ross,JosephB.,"TheAgrarian versity of North Carolina, 1959. Revolution in the Middle West," 741 , "Alabama'sReform North American Review,190 Press:MilitantSpokesman for (1909), 376 -391. AgrarianRevolt,"Agricultural 753.Rowley, William D., "Grass Roots History, 34, No. 2 (April, 1960), andImportedRadicalism in 62-70. Nebraska,1932-1934,"unpub- 742. , "The Alabama State lished Master's thesis, University Grange," The Alabama Rev of Nebraska, 1963. 8 (April, 1955), 101-118. 754. Rozwene, Edwin C., "The Group 743 , "The Farmers'Alli- Basis of Vermont Farm Polities, ance in Alabama," Alabama Re- 1870-1945," Vermont History, 25 view, 15, No. 1 ( January, 1962), (October, 1957), 268-287, 5-18. 755.Rubbles, C.0., "The Economic 744.Rogin, MichaelP., The Intellec- Basis of the Greenback Move- tuals and McCarthy: The Radical ment in Iowa and Wisconsin," Specter, Cambridge: Massachu- Mississippi Valley Historical As- settsInstituteofTechnology sociation, Proceedings, 6 (1912- Press, 1967. 13), 142-165.

79 80 756.Rude, L. G., "A Rhetorical Analy- 768. "The Decline of the sisofthe NIinnesotaFanner Equity Cooperative Exchange" Labor :Movement," unpublished Mississippi Valley Historical Re- Ph.D. dissertation, University of view, 34 (1947), 405-426. Minnesota, 1963. 769. , "The Decline of the 757.Russell,CharlesEdward,Bare WisconsinSocietyofEquity," Hands and Stone Walls, Some Agricultural History,15, No. 3 Recollections of a Sideline Re- (July, 1941), 137-150. former, New York and London: 770 "Edward A. O'Neal: Harper and Brothers, 1920. The Farm Bureau and the New 758. The Story of the Non- Deal," Current llistory, 27 partisan League: A Chapter in (June, 1955), 356-361. American Evolution, New York: 771. , 'The Expansion and Harper and Brothers, 1920. Decline of the Nonpartien 759.Russell,Ralph,"Membershipof League in the Western Middle the American Farm Bureau Fed- West,1917-1921,"Agricultural eration," Rural Sociology, 2 No. History,20,No.4( October, 1 (March, 1937), 29 -35. 1916), 235-252. 760.Russell,RobertRoyal, Economic 779 , Farmer Movements in Aspects of Southern Sectionalism, the South-1865-1933, Berkeley 1810 -1861 ("Studies in the So- and Los Angeles: University of cialSciences,"Vol.11,Nos. CaliforniaPress,1960, (Re- 1-2), Urbana: The University of issued,Lincoln:Universityof Illinois, 1924. Nebraska Press, 1964.) 761.Saby, Rasmus S., "Railroad Legis- 773. "Farmer Movements lation in Minnesota, 1849-1875," Since 1902," unpublished Ph.D. Minnesoto Historical Collections, dissertation,University of 'Wis- 15 (May, 1915), 1-188. consin, 19.10. 762.St.Aubin,ErnestB.,"Farmer 774 ,"The Grange inthe Labor Roleinthe Greenback South:1870-1877," Journalof Movement, 1867-1880," unpub- Southernllistory,19 (1953), lished Master's thesis, University 473-487. of Wisconsin, 1946. 775. , 'The N!ontana Society 763.Salt, Edward 'McChesney, "Agrar- of Equity," Pacific Historical Re- ian Pressure Groups," in Ameri- view,14,No.4(December, can Parties and Elections, rev. 1945), 393-408. ed., New York and London: D. 776. , "The NationalPro- Appleton-Century Co., 1939. ducers' Alliance," Minnesota His- 764.Saloutos, Theodore P., "The Agri- tory, 28, No. 1 (March, 1947), culturalWheel inArkansas," 37-44. Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 2, 777. ,"The Professors and No. 2 (June, 1943), 127-140. the Populists," Agricultural His- 765. ,"The Alabama Farm tory, 40, No. 4 (October, 1966), Bureau Federation: Early Begin- 235-254. nings," The Alabama Review, 13, 778. "TheRiseofthe No. 3 (July, 1960), 185-198. Equity Cooperative Exchange," 766 'The American Farm Mississippi Valley Historical Re- Bureau Federation & Farm Pol- view, 32 (June, 1945), 31-62. icy, 1933-1945," The Southwest- 779 , "The Rise of the Non- ern Social Science Quarterly, 28, partisan League in North Da- No, 4 (March, 1948), 313-333. kota,1915-1917,"Agricultural 767. "The American Soci- llistory,20,No. 1 (January, ety of Equity in Kentucky: A 1946), 43-61. Recent Attempt in Agrarian Re- 780. , "The Southern Cotton form," Journal of Southern His- Association, 1905-1908," Journal tory, 5, No. 3 (August, 1939), of Southern Ilist 6ry, 13 (1947), 347-363. 492-510.

80 81 781. "WilliamA.Ilirth: 792.Schlebccker,J.T.,"TheGreat Middle Western Agrarian," Mis- Ilolding Action: The NFO in si.s.s.ippi Valley Historical lievi(.?c, September,1962,"Agricultural 38 (1951), 215-232. listory,39,No.4(October, 782. , Ilirthand 1965), 204-213. theMissouri Farmers' Associa- 793.Schmidt, C rl Theodore, American tion,"MissouriHistoricalRe- Farmc).sinthe WorldCrisis, vicw, 30 (1948), 555-557. New York:OxfordUniversity 783. "lhe Wisconsin Soci- Press, 1941. ety of Equity," Agricultural His- tory,14, No. 2(April, 1910), 791.Schmidt, Lester F., "The Farmer- 78-95. LaborProgressiveFederation: 784. ,and John D.flicks, The Study of a `United Front' AgriculturalDiscontentinthe Nlovement among 'Wisconsin Middle West, 1900-1939, Madi- Liberals, 1934-1941," unpublish- son:UniversityofWisconsin ed Ph.D. dissertation, University Press, 1951. (Re-issued as of Wisconsin, 1955. Twentieth CenturyPopulism, 795.Schmidt, Louis B., "Andrew Jack- Lincoln: University of Nebraska sonandtheAgrarianWest," Press, 1964.) Current History, 28 ( June, 785.Sanderson, RichardLee, "An 1955), 321-330. Analysis of the Relationship Be- tween Grange Participation Fre- 796. "Farmers' Organiza- quency and Member Orientation tions," in A Century of Farming Type and an Exploration of the in Iowa, 1846-1916, Ames: The Social Characteristics Associated Iowa State College Press, 1946. with TypesofOrientationof 797. "Farm Organizations Members to Subordinate Granges in Iowa," Palimpsest, 31 (April, in NIichigan," unpublished Mas- 1950), 117-164. ter's thesis, Michigan State Uni- 798 , versity, 1967. "The History of the Granger 1\ lovement," Prairie 786.Schaber, James R., "An Interpreta- Farmer, 93(January22,29; tionoftheAgrarianReform February 5, 12, 19, 1921), pas- MovementinOklahoma from sim. 1890-1923,"unpublishedMas- ter's thesis, University of Tulsa, 799 "The Role and Tech- 1959. niquesofAgrarian Pressure 787.Schafer, Joseph, A Ilistory of Agri- Groups," Agricultural History, 30 culture in Wisconsin,1\ faclison: (April, 1956), 49-58. State Historical Society of Wis- 800 , Some Significant As- consin, 1922. pects of the Agrarian Revolution 788. , The Social History of in the United States, Iowa City: American Agriculture, New The State Historical Society of York: The. Macmillan Co., 1936. Iowa, 1920. 789. , "Some Enduring Fac- torsin RuralPolity,"Agricul- 801 Topical Studies and tural History,6,No. 3(July, References on the Economic His- 19:32), 161-180. toryofAmericanAgriculture, 790.Schell,HerbertS.,"The Grange Philadelphia: The McKinley and the Credit Problem in Da- Publishing Co., 1919. kota Territory," Agricultural His- 802. "Topical Studies and tory,10, No. 2( April,1936), References on the Farmers' 59-83. Movement in the United States, 791.Schickele, Rainer, Agricultural Pol- 1650 - 19.18," 3rd ed,, rev., Ames: icy: Farm Programs and National Department of History and Gov- Welfare, New York: McGraw- ernment,IowaStateCollege, Hill Book Co., 1954. 1948 (mimeographed).

81 82 80:3. , Topical Studies and 816. , "TheRiseofthe References ontheHistoryof Farmers' Mutual Benefit Associa- Anieric(:nAgriculture, 4thed., tion in Illinois, 188:3-1891," Agri- rev. ;Ind enlarged, Anus: Depart- culturalHistory, :32, No. ment ofhistoryand Govern- (January, 1958), 41-55. ment, Iowa State College, 1940 817.Selznick,Philip,TVA awlthe ( mimeographed). GrassRoots: A Studyinthe 804. "WhitherAgrarian Sociologyof Formal Organiza- Economy in the United States?", tion, Berkeley. zind Los Angeles: SoeMI Forces, 15, No. 2 ( Decem- University ofCaliforniaPress, ber, 19:36), 196-205. 1949. 803 , andEarleDudley 818.Shannon, Fred A., American Farm- Ross(eds.),Readingsinthe ers' Movements, Princeton, NtAv Economic History of American Jersey: D. Van Nostrand, 1957. Agriculture,NewYork: The Nlacmillan Co., 1925, 819. "C. \V. Nlacune ;mud 806.Schultz, Theodore William, Agri - the Farmers' Alliance," Current cult ure in an Unstable Economy, History, 28 (June, 1955), 330- New York: McGraw -hill Book 335. Co., 1915. 8'10 TheFarmer'sLast 807. The Economic Or- Frontier: Agriculture, 1560 -1897, ganization of Agriculture, New New York: Farrar and Rinehart, York:McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1945. 1953. 821. "The Statusofthe 808.Schulz, J., Rise and Fall of Cana- Midwestern Farmerin 1900," dian Farm Organizations, Winni- Mississippi Valley Historical Re- peg: Evans Printing & Stationery view,37(December,1950), Limited, 1955. 491-510. 809. Schuttler, Vera Busiek, History of 822.Sharp,J.A.,"The Entrance of the Missouri Farm Bureau, Jef- the Farmers' Alliance into Ten- ferson City: Missouri Farm Bu- nessee Politics," East Tennessee reau Federation, 1948. HistoricalSocietyPublications, 810.Schwartz, Charles, The Search for 9 (1937), 77-92. Stability,Toronto:NleClelland and Stewart, Ltd., 1959. 8a3 , "The Farmers'Alli- ance TennesseePolitics, 811.Scott, Edna A., "The Grange Move- 1890-1892,"unpublishedMas- ment in Oregon, 187:3-1900," un- ter'sthesis,University of Ten- publishedMaster'sthesis, Uni- nessee, 1931. versity of Oregon, 1923. 812,Scott, Roy V., The Agrarian Move- 824.Sharp, P. F. The Agrarian Revolt ment in Illinois, 1880-1896 in Western Canada, A Surrey ("Illinois Studies in Social Sci- Showing American Parallels, ences," Vol, 52), Urbana: Uni- Nlinneapolis: University of Min- versity of Illinois Press, 1962. nesota Press, 1948. 81:3. , "Grangerism in Cham- 825.Shaw, Albert, Cooperation in the paignCounty,Illinois,1873- Northwest,Baltimore:Publica- 1877," Mid-America, 43(July, tion Agency of The lobos 114- 1961), 139-163. kins University, 1888. 826, 814. , "Milton George and Sheldon, William Dullose, Popu- the Farmers' Alliance," unpub- lism in the Ohl Dominion; Vir- lished Master's thesis, University ginia Farm Politics, 1885-1900, of Illinois, 1953. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 19:35. 815. , "Milton George and theFarmers'AllianceMove- 827.Shidcler, JamesII.,Farm Crisis ment,"MississippiValleyHis- 1919-1923,BerkeleyandLos torical Review, 45 (June, 1958), Angeles: University of California 90409, Press, 1957.

82 83 825.Shipley,Max L.,"ThePopulist Ithaca, New York: Cornell Uni- PartyinIllinois,"unpublished versity. Extension Service., Bulle- Nlaster'sthesis,Universityof tin 99:3, 1958. Illinois, 1927. 641.Sinclair,Sol, "The Content. Pur- S29.Shirty, Mervin R., "The Granger pose and Method in Farm Or- Movement in West Virginia," un- r:anization," Paper submitted to published Master's thesis, West the Farm Organization,:onfer- Virginia University, 1933. ence, Winnipeg: The University 830. Shoemaker, Rose Mae, "The of Manitoba, 1960. Granger MovementinIowa," 842.Skrepetos,Venetta, "A Studyof unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- the California State Grange as a versity of Chicago, 1927. Pressure GroupinCalifornia," 831.Shover, John L., "The Communist unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- Partyand theMidwest Farm versity of California, 1958. Crisis of 1933," Journal of Amer- 843. Slocum,Walter L.., -Voluntary icanHistory, 51, No. 2( Sep- Formal Organizations," in Agri- tember, 1964 ), 248-266. culturalSociology, New York: 83° , CornbcltRebellion: I lamer and Brothers, 1962. The Farmers' Holiday Associa- tion, Urbana: The University of 844.Smedley, A. B., Manual of Juris- Illinois Press, 1965. prudence and Cooperation of the Patronsof Husbandry, Des 833. -Ile Farm Iloliday Movement inNebraska," Ne- Moines:[nopublisher given], 1875. braska history,43, No. 1 (March, 1962), 57-78. 845. , The Principles and Aims of thePatronsof Hus- 834. , "The Farmers' Holi- day Association Strike, August, bandry:TheirOrigin,Rapid 1932," Agricultural History, 39, Groteth, and General Statistics, No. 4 (October, 1965), 196.203. Burlington, Iowa: [no publisher (See also nos. 363 and 434.) given], 1874. 835. "Populism inthe 846.Smith, F. Dumont, "Decisive Bat- Nineteen-thirties: The Battle for tles of Constitutional Law:13, the AAA," Agricultural History, The Granger Cases," American 39, No. 4 (October, 1965), 17- Bar Association Journal, 10, No. 2.4. 5 (May, 1924), 34:3-346. 836. Shuman, Charles B., "Comments on 847.Smith, Florence E., "The Populist LaurenSot1i'sReview of The Movement and Its Influence in FarmBureauandtheNew North Carolina,"unpublished Deal," Journalof Farm Eco- Ph.D. dissertation, University of nomics,46,No.1 (February, Chicago, 1929. 1964), 251-252. 848.Smith, J.Harold, "History of the 837. Sigmund, Elwin W., "The Granger Grange in Kansas,1883-1897," Cases: 1877 or 1876?" American unpublished Master's thesis, Uni- historicalReview,58(April, versity of Kansas, 1940. 1953), 571-574. 849.Smith, 0, 1'., "Farm Organization 838.Simkins, Francis Butler, Pitchfork inAlabamafrom1872-1907," Ben Tillman, South Carolinian, unpublished Master's thesis, Au- BatonRouge:LouisianaState burn University, 19 -10. University Press, 1944. 850.Smith,RalphA.,"A.J.Bose, 839. The Tillman Move- Agrarian Crusader of Texas," un- ment in South Carolina, Durham, published Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina: Duke University University of Texas, 1938. Press, 1926. 851. , "The Contribution of 840.Simons, L. R., "New York State's the GrangerstoEducationin Contribution to the Organization Texas," Southwestern Social Sci- and Development of the County enceQuarterly, 21 (March, Agent-Farm Bureau Movement," 1941), 312-324.

83 84 852. , "The Farmers'Alli- 863. , Farm Trouble, Prince- ance in Texas, 1875-1900," ton, New Jersey: Princeton Uni- Sou thw esternHistoricalQuar- versity Press, 1957. terly, 18, No. 3 (January, 1915), 861.Sower, Christopher, and PaulA. 346-369. Stiller,"The Changing Power 853, , "The Grange Move- Structure in Agriculture: An ment in Texas, 1873-1900," Analysis of Negative Versus Posi- SouthwesternHistoricalQuar- tiveOrganizationPower," in terly, 42, No. 4( April, 1939), JamesII.Copp( cd.),Our 297-315. Changing Rural Society, Ames: 851.Smith, R. E., "Wisconsin Granger IowaStateUniversity Press, Movement,"unpublishedMas- 196-1. ter'sthesis,University of Wis- 865.State Agricultural and Mechanical consin, 1895. Sovietsof South Carolina, His- 853.Smith, Ralph W., The History of tory of the State Agricultural So- the Iowa State Grange, Patrons cietyofSouthCarolinafrom ofHusbandry,from1868to 18:39 to18.15, Inclusive of the 19-16,Manchester:IowaState StateAgriculturalSocietyof Grange, 1946. SouthCarolina from1855to 856.Smith, Robert F., "The New York 1861, Inclusive of 11;e State Agri- Farm Bureau and the Legisla- cultural and Mechanical Society tive Processes: A Study in Agri- of South Carolina from 1869 to culturalPolities,"Journalof 1916, Columbia: State Agricul- FarmEconomics,48,No.4, tural and Mechanical Society of Part 1 (November, 1966), 811- South Carolina, 1916. 825. 866.Stedman, Murray S., Jr., and Susan 857.Smith. Stephen R., Grains for the W. Stedman, Discontent at the Grangers, Discussing All Points Polls: A Study of Farmer and Bearing upon the Farmers Labor Parties1827-19-18, New Movement for the Emancipation York: Columbia University Press, of White Slaves from the Slave- 1950, Power ofMonopoly,Philadel- Sarah M., "The Social phia: J. E. Potter, 1873. and Educational Aspects of the 858.Smith, Wilda M.,"Reactionsof Grange, 1870-1931," unpublish- Kansas Farmers to the New Deal ed Master's thesis, University of Farm Program,"unpublished Wisconsin, 1935. Ph.D. dissertation, University of 868.Stewart, Charles L., "A Frontal Or- Illinois, 1960. ganization for American Agricul- 859.Smuckler, Ralph II., "The Region ture," Farm Policy Forum,5, of Isolationism," American Politi- No. 8 (August, 1952), 23-26. cal Science Review, 47 (June, 869.Stewart, Ernest D., "The Populist 1953), 386-397. Party in Indiana," Indiana Maga- 860. Snyder, Ralph, We Kansas Farmers: zine of History, 14, 15 (Decem- Development of Farm Organiza- ber,1918, March, 1919), 332- tions and Cooperative A.ssocia- 367, 53-74. Hans es Glc'cned from aLife- 870.Stinchcomhe, A.L., "Agricultural time of Experience and Contact Enterprise and Rural Class Rela- with Them, Topeka, Kansas: F. tions," American Journal of Soci- M. Stevens & Sons, 1953. ology,67,No. 2(September, 861.Socolofsky, Homer E., Arthur Cap- 1961), 165-176. per:Publisher,Politician,and 871.Stock. Garfield, "Application of the Philanthropist, Lawrence:Uni- TechnologicalAdoptionModel versity of Kansas Press, 1962. to Participation in a Social Move- S62.Soth, Lauren, An Embarrassment of ment," unpublished Master's tin Plenty, New York: Thomas Y. sis, UniversityofWisconsi,,, Crowell Co., 1965. 1966.

84 85 872 and Donald E. John- Journal of Farm Economics, 5, S011, "Adoption Correlates as Pre- No. 2 (Nlay, 196:3), 318-330,

dictors of Organizational Mem- 881 , "Farmers' Barg.iining bersliip Over Time," Paper pre- PowerandtheDynamicsof sented atthe Annual Meetings American Polities,"inBargain- of the Rural Sociological Society, ing Power in Agriculture, Ames: Miami,Florida,August,1966 Iowa State University of Seitlice (mimeographed). and Technology, Center for Agri- 87:3.Stoltz, Mildred K., This Is Yours: cultural and Economic Adjust- The:110ntanaFarmersUnion ment, Report No. 9, 1961. and Its Cooperative Associates, 885. "Farm Organizations Nlinneapolis: Lund Press, 1956. and the National Interest." An- 871.Stone, JamesC.,"AgrarianIde- ?MS of ale AIIICTirall ology and the Farm Problem in of Poll teal and Social Science, NebraskaStatePolities,with .301 (September, 1960 110-11.5. Special Reference toNortheast 886. ''TheNorth Dakota Nebraska,1920-19T3,"unpub- Farmers' Union and North D- lished Ph.D. dissertatioa, Univer- kota Politics," IVestern Political sity of Nebraska, 1960. Quarterly, 10. No. 4 (Deeeml)er, 875.Stone, Olive NI., "Agrarian Conflict 1957), 875-901. in Alabama, unpublished Ph.D. 887 "The Polities of Farm dissertation, University of North Organizations in North Dakota," Carolina, 19.39. unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, 876.Storm,\V.Bruce,"TheIllinois University of Chicago, 1953. Agricultural Association," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Univer- 888.Taylor, Betty L., "Nlary Elizabeth sity of Chicago, 1950. Lease, Kansas Populist," unpub- lishedMaster'sthesis,Wichita 877.Strange,11.C., Short /history of State University, 1951. (uricAgriculture,Winnipeg: The Public Press. Ltd., n.d. 889.Taylor,CarlC.,"CountryLife Movement,"inEdwinR. A. 878.Street.JamesIlarry,The New SeligmanandAlvinJohnson Revolution in the Cotton Econ- (eds.) Encyclopedia of the So- omy:MechanizationandIts cial Sciences, Vol. 1, New York: Consequences, Chapel hill: The The Macmillan Co., 1930, 197- UniversityofNorthCarolina 499. Press, 1957. 890. "The Farmers' Move- 871).Sturgis, Alice, Your Farm Bureau, ment and Large Farmers' Or- New York.:McGraw-Hill Book ganizations," in Carl C. Taylor Co., 1958. ct al., Rural Life in the United $80.Sturgis, Thomas, History ofthe States,New York:AlfredA. New York Farmers, 1882-1910, Knopf, 1950. New York: John Ward & Son, 891. ,"Farmers' Movements 1911. as Psychosocial Phenomena," 881.Summersell. Charles Grayson, PublicationsoftheAmerican "Kolb and the Populist Revolt as Sociological Society, 23 (1929), Viewed by Newspapers,"Ala- 153-162. bamaHistoricalQuarterly, 19 892. , 7'he Farmers' Move- (Fall-Winter, 1957), 375-394. ment,1620-1920, New York: 882.Taber, L. J., "Attitude of the Na- American Book Company, 1953. tional Crange Toward the Tariff," 893. , "Farmers' Organiza- Annals of the American Academy tions," in Edwin II. A. Seligman of Political and Social Science, and Alvin Johnson (eds.) Ency- 112 (March, 1929),329 -333. clopedia of the Social Sciences, 88:3.Talbot, RossB.,"The Changing Vol. 6, New York: The Macmil- Political Position of Agriculture," lan Co., 1931, 129 -131,

85 86 894. , "Notes on Some Theo- 905.Tontz, Rolrt L., "Membership of retical Aspects of the Effect of General Farmers' Organiz DirectActionFanners' Move- United States, 1874-196(1," Agri- mentsonFarmers'Organiza- cultural History, 38, No. 3; July, tions," Social Forces, 12, No. 3 1961), 143-156. ( !March, 1935), 386-387, 906.Torgerson, Randal) E., -The. Co- 895. , ncl Wayne C. Rohrer, operative System Approachto "General Farmers' Organizations Improving Farm Incomes," un- and Cooperatives," in Charles P. published Ph.D. dissertation, Loomis andJ.AllanBeegle, University of Wisconsin, 1967. Rural Social Systems and Adult 907.Tracy,FrankBasil,"Riseand Education, East Lansing: Michi- Doom ofthePopulistParty," gan State College Press, 195:3. Forum, 16(October,1893), 896.Taylor, G.R., "Agrarian Discon- 240-250. tentintheMississippiValley 908.Trevelen. Dille F., "Commissions, Precedingthe War of1812," Corners, and Conveyance: The Journal of Political Economy, 39 Originsof Anti-i»enopolismin (1931), 471-505. Milwaukee," unpublishedNlas- 897. Taylor, 'Henry C., "The Farmer in ter'sthesis,University of Wis- theGroupisticRegime,"The consin, 1968. Journal of Land & Public Utility 909.True, Rodney H., "Early Days of Economics, 16, No. 3( August, the Albemarle Agricultural So- 1940), 253-201. ciety," American Historical Asso- 898. Taylor, Lee. and Arthur R. Jones, ciation, Annual Report, 1 (1918), Rural Life and Urbanized Soci- 241-260. ety, New York: Oxford Univer- 010. "The Early Develop- sity Press, 1964. ment of Agricultural Societies in theUnitedStates,"American 899. Taylor, Marie, "Night Riders in the Historical Black Patch," Kentucky Histori- Association,Annual cal Society Register, 61, No. 4; Report, ( 1920 ), 29:3-306. 62, No. 1 (October, 1963; Janu- 011. , Sketch of the History ary, 1961), 279-299; 24-40, of the Philadelphia Socicty for Promoting Agriculture, Philadel- 900. Tetreau, E. D., "Farm Family Par - phM:PhiladelphiaSocietyfor ticipationinLodges,Grange, Promoting Agriculture, 1935. FannBureau, Four-IIChubs, 912. "The Virgn11[1. Rcasd School and Church," Columbus: of Agriculture, 1841-1843," Ag- OhioAgriculturalExperiment ricultural Station, Bulletin 29, November, History, 14 (July, 1930 (mimeographed). 19.10), 97-103. 913. (eel.), "Minute Book 901. , "How to Study the of the Albemarle (Virginia ) Ag- Sociology of Direct Action Farm- ricultural Society," Anwrican ers' Movements," Social Forces, HistoricalAssociation,Annual 12, No. 3 (March, 19.34), ,374- Report, 1 (1918), 261-350. 379. 914, Trump,Fred,TheGrangein 902. Throne, Mildred, "The Anti- Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michi- Monopoly Party in Iowa, 1873- gan: The Dean Hicks Company, 1874," Iowa Journal of History, 1963, L,2 (October, 1954), 289-326. 915. Tucker, W.P.,"TheFarmers' 903. , "The Grange in Iowa, Union," unpublished Ph.D. dis- 1868-1875," Iowa Journal of His- sertation,Universityof Minne- tory, 47 (October, 1949), 289- sota, 1945. 324, 916. , "The Farmers' Union: 904. ,"The Repeal of the The Social Thought of a Cur- Iowa Granger Law, 1878," Iowa rent Agrarian Movement," South- Journal ofhistory, 51(April, western Social Science Quarterly, 1953), 97-10.3. 27, No. 1 ( June, 1916), 45-53.

86 87 Activities of the League as Re- 017 "Populism Up-to- The Story of the Farmers' flectedbyRepresencitivc P,1- Union," Agricultural liOlorrt, 21, pers," unpublishedtaster's the- University, No.1 (October, 1947), 108-208. sis,MontanaState 1933. 918.'fauna, Elias II., "Agrarian Reform in HistoricalPerspective: A 930.Vogt,Stanley W., The Farmer ConiparativcStudy," Compara- Harvests His Vote, Denver, Colo- tive Studies in Soc;ety and His- rado; Farmers Educational and tory, 6 (October, 3963), 47-75. Cooperative Union of America, 1950. 019 , Twenty-Six Centuries of Agrarian Reform: A Compara- 9:31.Wakeley, Ray F., "How to Study tive Analysis, 13erkvley and Los theEffectsofDirectAction Angeles:Universityof Califor- Nlovel»ents on Fan]) Organiza- nia Press, 1965. tions," Social Forces, 12, No. 3 020.Turner, Charles W., "Virginia Ag- ( March, 1931), 380-385. riculturalReform,1815-1860," 932. "Sociological Research Agricultural History, 26(July, on Farmers' Organizations and 1952), 80-89. Agricultural Cooperatives," Rural Sociology, 22, No. 3 (September, 921. , "Virginia State Agri- culturalSocieties,1811-1860," 1957), 274-280. Agricultural History, 38( July, 933.\Volker, Cornelius Irvine, History 1964), 167-177. of the Agricultural Societyof 922.Turner,FrederickJackson,The South Carolina, Charleston: FrontierinAmericanHistory, South Carolina Agricultural So- New York:H. Holt and Co., ciety, 1919. 1920. 934.Walker, C. S., "The Farmers' Alli- 923. , The Riseof the New ance," Andover Review, 14, No. West, 1819-1929, New York and 80 ( August, 1890), 127-140. London: Harper and Brothers, 935. , "TheFarmers' Move- 1906. ment," Annals of the American 924.Tyre, R., Douglas in Saskatchewan: Academy of Political and Social The Story of a Socialist Experi- Science, 4, No. 5 (March, 1894), ment, Vancouver, British Colum- 790-798. bia: Mitchell, 1962. 936. Walter, Charles, Jr., Holding Ac- 925.U1-11aq, 'Mohammad Anwar, "Eth- tion, New York: Halcyon house, nicity and Socio-Economic Be- 1968. haviorofFarmOperatorsin Mas- 937.Walters, Donald E., "Populism in Wisconsin,"unpublished 1889-1900," unpub- ter'sthesis,University of Wis- California, consin, 1968. lished Ph.D. dissertation, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, 1952. 926.Unger, Irwin, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of 938.\Varner, Donald F., "The Farmers' AmericanFinance,1865-1879, Alliance and the Farmers' Union: Princeton, New Jersey:Prince- An American-Canadian Parallel- ton University Press, 1964. ism,"AgriculturalHistory,23 (January, 1949), 9-19. 927. (ed), Populism: Nos- talgic or Progressive? Chicago; 939 , "Prelude toPopulism," Rand McNally, 1964. MinnesotaHistory,32,No. 3 September, 1951), 129-146. 928.Usher, E. B., The Greenback Move- ment of 1875-1884 and Wiscon- 940. Warner, W. Keith, and William D. sin's Part in It, Milwaukee: By Heffernan, "The Benefit-Partici- the author, 1911. pation Contingency in Voluntary Farm Organizations," Rural So- 929.Vadnais, Irene, "The North Da- kota Non-Partisan League and ciology, 32, No. 2 ( June, 1967), the StateNewspapers:Recent 139-153.

8 8 011. . and David L. Rogers, 952. Wender,I ferlicrt, Southern Com- "Sonic Correlates of Membership mercial Conventions, 1837-1819. Influence in Voluntary Associa- Baltimore: The JohnsI lopkins tions,"Paper presentedatthe Press, 19:i0. Annual Meetings oftheRural 953. Wentworth, Bertha E., "Tlw Influ- SociologicalSociety, San Fran- ence of the Grange :Movement cisco, August, 1967. upon II:.Educational and Social 912. Warren. Joseph Parker,The Con- Development of the Agricultural fedi ration and Shay's Rebellion," Class of Kansas from 1572-1876," The American Historical Review, unpuhlish«1 Mast-r's thesis. Kan-

1 , No. 1 (October, 1905), 42- sas State University, 1929. (17. 954,Westgate, E. W., -1.1w Grange-Its 913.W.ffren,Sidney,"IgnatiusDon- Past,;oldPossibilities,"Kansas nelly and the Populists." Current State Board of Agriculturelie - History, 22 (June, 1955), 336- port, 22, 190:3, 63-75. 31?. 955. Westphal, Corinne, "The Farmers' 04,1.WashingtonStateGrange,The Alliance in Tennessee," unpub- Grange, Seattle: Washington lished Master's thesis, Vanderbilt State Grange, 1939. University, 1929, 9,15.W;isson, Stanley P., "Ile Nonparti- 956. What Should Farmers Aim to Ac- san League in Minnesota, 1916 - complish Through Organization?. 1924," unpublished Ph.D. disser- Washington, I/ C.: United tation,UniversityofPennsyl- StatesDepartment ofAgricul- vania, 1955. ture, Pamphlet Ds-6, December, 946. Watson, Elkanab, History of the 1936. Rise, Progress and Existing Con- 957. White, NI. J., ''Origin and Location dition of the Western Canals in of the NIississippi A & NI Col- the State of New York, from Sep- lege," Mississippi Historical So- tember 1:-DSto1819, Albany, cietyPublications, 3 (1900), New York: D. Steele, 1920. 341-351.

917. , History of the Rise, 958. "Populism inLouisi- Progress, and Existing Stale of ana During the Nineties,'' ni.ssis- the Bershire Agricultural Society sippi ValleyHistorical Review, inMassaeluisetts, Albany, New 5, No. 1( June, 1918), 1-19. York: E. & E. llosford, 1819. 959.White,RolandA.,MiloRemo, 948. Watson, Winslow C.(ed.), Men Farmers'UnionPionccr:The and Times of the Revolution, or Story of a Alan and a Movement; 1IcnwirsofElkanallWatson, A Memorial Volume. Iowa City: New York: Dana and Co., 1856. The Athens Press, 1911. 919.Weisgerber. Virginia, "The Kansas 960. Whitehead, Nlortimer, "'Flue Grauge Spellbinders in thePopulist in Politics," The American Jour- Campaign of 1890," unpublished nal of Politics, 1 (August, 1802), Nlaster'sthesis,Universityof 113-123. Wisconsin, n.d. 961. ., The Origin and Prog- 950.Wells, John G.. The Grange Illus- ressofthe Grange,Brooklyn, trated; or Patrons' Handbook, in New York: Patrons' Paint Works, the Interests of the Patrons of 1888. Husbandry, New York: Grange 962. , A SilverJubilee; Publishing Co., 1874. Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the 951 , The Grange: A Study FirstFarmers'Grangeinthe in the Science of Society, Prac- World;Fredonia,Chautauqua ticallyIllustrated by Events in Co., New Turk, April 20, 1893, Current His.'ory, New York: [no Washington, D. C.: The National publisher given], 1874. Grange, 1893.

SS 89 963 \Viest.Edward,AgriculturalOr- tun',Washington, 0. C.: United ganizationin Me United States, States Government Printing Of- Lexington:UniversitycfKen- lice, 1940. tin ky Prey:, 1923. 975.Witil`,Robert A., Ilistori. of the 961. -Farmers'Alliance:. rincr-LaborParty Bone- in Edwin R.A. Seligman ;aid sota," unpublished \Lister's the- Alvin Johnson(i ds.), Encyclo- sis,StateUniversityofIowa, pi (hit Of the Sociul Sciences, Vol. 1940, (i,Ness' York: The Macmillan 976.Wiser, Vivian, "The Movement for Co., 1931. 127-129. Agricultural Improvement in 9115. , "Farmers' Union," in Maryland,1785-1865,"unpub- Edwin 11. A. Seligman and Alvin lklicd Ph.D. dissertation, Univer- Johnson (eds.), Encialopciiiaof sity of :Maryland, 1963. the Social Sciences.Vol. 6, Now Yolk: The NI:If:Milian Co., 19:31, 977.Witham, J.imes W.,Fifty Yar:; on 132-133. the Firing Line: My Part in the Farmers'Movementby"The 966.\Vileox, Benton 11., -Character and Cornfield Philosopher," Economic Basis of Northwestern Radicalism," unpublidied Ph,O. 13y the author, 1924. dissertation,University of NVis- 978. Wood,LouisA.,AHistoryof consin, 19:33. Farmers' MovementsinCanada, TheRyerson 967. , "An Historical Defini- Toronto: Press, tionofNorthwesternRadical- 1924. ism,"The IliAsiASip/7iValleyHis- 979. Wood, Truman David, "The Na- toricallieview,26 (1.4ceember, tionalFt.riners' Organization in 1939), :337-394. Transition,"unpublishedPh.D. 968.Wilcox, Walter \V., 11wFarmer in dissertation,State University of the Second 1VorldWar, Ames: Iowa, 1961. The Iowa State College Press, 980,Woodall, Clyde F., and George II. md. Aull, "The Pendleton Farmers' 9(i9. SocialBr'sponsibility Society,"Agricultural Ilistory,31 in Farm Leadership, New York: (April, 1957 ), 36-37. Harperand Brothels, 1956. 981. Woodburn, JamesA., Political Par- 971).Wilkinson, Alton 13., "The Granger ties and Party Problems in the Nlovement in :Missouri." unpub- United States, New York:[no lished :Master's thesis, University publisher given], 1903, of Missouri. 1926. 981 "Western Radicalism 971.Williams, G. Harold, "Agricultural in American Polities,- Aft.ssissippi SocietyofAlbemarleComity, Valleyili.storica/Review, 13, Virginia,"unpublislicdMaster's No. 2 (Septembe., 1926), 143- thesis, University of Richmond, 168. 1965. 983, Woodman, Ilarold ID.,"Chicago 972.Willis,Curley0., "The Grange 13usinessmen and the 'Granger' lov( inept in Louisiana," unpub- Laws,"Agricultural History,36 li 1,1aster's thesis, Louisiana (January, 1962), 16-24. State University, 1915. 984. Woodward, Carl Raymond,The 97:3.Wilson, John S., "Southern Tenant Development of Agriculturein Farmers Union, 193-1-1939: NewJersey,1640-1880,New Cadanms in the Cotton Field," Brunswick:RutgersUniversity, unpublished Master's thesis. Uni- Ncw Jersey Agricultural Experi- versity of North Carolina, 196:3. ment Station, 1927. 974 Wing, DeWitt C., "Trends in Na- 985. Woodward, Comer Vann,The Bur- tional Farm Organizations,"in den of Southern History,Baton Farmers in a Changing World, Rouge: Louisiana State Univer- the 1910 Yearbook of Agricul- sity Press, it.30.

8')

C) 11 986 Origins of the New 99:3.Yoder, Fred R., The Farno Alli- South, 1877-1013, Baton Rouge ancesinWashington. Pullman:

Louisiana State University Pre:, , State College of Was'.:.;ton, Re- 1951. search Studies, 19-18. 987. , "The Populist Herit- 99.1.Young, James N., and Ward W. age and the Intellectual," Ameri- Bauder,"NlembershipCharac- can Scholar, 29 (1960), 55-72. teristics of Special Interest Or- 988. , Tom Watson, Agrar- ganizations,"Lexington: Ken- ian Rebel, New York: Rinehart, tuckyAgriculturalExperiment 1938. Station, Bulletin 594, February, 089. Working,Daniel,"The Colorado 1953. StateC; ange,1874-1924; The 995.Zakuta, Leo, A Protest Movement Story of Its Beginnings and an Becalmed; A Study of Change in OutlineofItsLaterI listory," the OCT, Toronto: University of Colorado State Grange, Journal Toronto Press, 1961. of Proceedings (1924 ), 30-42. 996.Zeigler,II:11.11mmbit crestCroups 990. , and Alvin T. Steinel, in American Society, Englewood History of Agriculture in Colo- Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Uall, rado,1858-1926, FortCollins: 1964. ColoradoAgriculturalExperi- ment Station, 1926. 997. Zimmerman, C. C., and J. 13. Black, The DlarkctingAttitudesof 991.Wright, James Frederick Church, Prairie Progress: Consumer Co- Minnesota Farmers, Slinneapolis: operation in Saskatchewan, Sas- University of Minnesota Agricul- katoon,Saskatchewan:Modern tural Experiment Station,1926. Press,1956. 998. Zimmerman, William F., "Legisla- 992.Wright, John I., "Enforcement of tive Ilistory of Nebraska, Popu- theGranger Laws inIllinois, lism,1890-1895,"unpublished 1870-1886,"unpublishedMas- Master'sthesis,Universityof ter'sthesis, Unersity of Chi- Nebraska, 1926. cago, 1934,

90 91 Title Index Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Co-opera- Agrarian Movements, Introduction, 477 tive Promotion, 525 Agrarian Movements; United States. 495 Activities of Beach Island Farmers Clubs, Agrarian Myth and Commercial Reali- 1846-1862, 186 ties, The Folklore of Populism, and Activities of the North Carolina Farmers' From Pathos to Parity, 433 Union, 550 Agrarian Political Behavior, 135 Administration of Governor Waite and Agrarian Political Movements with Speci- the Populist Party in Colorado, 1593- al Reference to the Nonpartisan Lea- 1895, 79 gue, 321 AdoptionCorrelatesasPredictorsof Agrarian Politics in Missouri, 1880-1896, Organizational Membership Over 170 Time, 872 Agrarian Pressure Groups, 763 Adult Educational Programs or Activities AgrarianProtestinLouisiana,1877- of the General Farmers' Organizations 1900, 370 and Cooperatives, 749 Agrarian Protest in Saskatchewan, 1929- Agent Contact and Community Position 1948: A Study in Ethnic Politics, 615 of Farmers Related to Practice Adop- Agrarian Reform in Historical Perspec- tion and NFO Membership, 189 tive:A Comparative Study, 918 Agrarian Conflict in Alabama, 875 Agrarian Reform Newspapers in Missouri, Agrarian Conflicts in Colonial New York, 1888-1896, 30 1711-1775, 588 Agrarian Revolt, 338 Agrarian Crusade: A Chronicle of the Agrarian Revolt in Michigan, 1865-1900, Farmer in Politics, 120 35 Agrarian Crusade, with Special Reference Agrarian Revolt in Western Canada, A to Mississippi, 478 Survey Showing AmericanParallels, Agrarian Discontent in Iowa, 1866-1876, 824 125 Agrarian RevolutioninGeorgia, 1865- Agrarian Discontent inMissouri, 1920- 1912, 113 1933, 620 Agrarian Revolution in the Middle West, Agrarian Discontentin the Mississippi 752 Valley Preceding. the War of 1812, 896 AgrarianSocialism: TheCooperative Agrarian Discontent in the South, 1880- Commonwealth Federation in Saskat- 1900, 494 chewan, a Study in Political Sociology, Agrarian Ideology and the Farm Problem 546 in Nebraska State Politics, with Special Agrarian Transitionin America, 748 Reference to NortheastNebraska, Agrarianism:A Programfor Farmers, 1920-1933, 874 151 Agrarian Movement in Grenada County, Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865-1896, 740 358 AgrarianisminMississippi;1871-1900: Agrarian MovementinIllinois,1880- A Study in Nonconformity, 269 1896, 812 Agrarianism in Politics, 18 Agrarian Movement inNorth Dakota, Agricultural Bargaining Power, 521 289 Agricultural Bloc, 140 Agrarian ;Movement in Noxubee County, Agricultural College Crisis of 1885, 334 539 ..,gricultnral Commodity Programs: Two Agrarian :Movement inthe Northwest, Decades of Experience, 71 103 Agricultural Cooperation in Western Can- Agrarian Movements in Indiana, 1870- ada, 576 1896, Compared with the Movements Agricultural Developments in North Car- in Other Middle Western States, 204 olina, 1783-1860, 150 Agrarian Movements inthe Southto AgriculturalDiscontentinthe.\ fiddle 1891, 41 West, 1900-1939, 784 Agrarian Movements in the United States Agricultural Enterprise and Rural Class Since the Civil War: A Study in Class Relations, 870 Conflict, 185 Agricultural Fair, 646

91 92 Ago-len:01nd Organization and Canadian Alexander McKenzie, Boss of North Da- Grain Marketing Policy, 1935-55, 549 kota, 143 Agricultural Organization in Ante-Bellum Alfalfa Bill Murray: Apostle of Agrarian- Virginia, 696 ism, 119 Agricultural Organization in the United Allan Blair Kline;The Farm Bureau, States, 063 1955, 10 AgriculturalOrganizationsinIllinois, Alliance 13usiness Effort in Dakota, 555 1870-1880, 121 Alliance Party and the Niinnesota Legis- Agricultural Policy and Farmer's Free- lature of 1891, 162 dom: A Suggested Framework, 389 American Agricultural Societies, :38 Agricultural Policy: Farm Programs and American Agriculture, 375 National V1/47elfare, 791 American Agriculture and Farm Policy Agricultural Policy of the United States Since 1900. 276 Government, 723 Amciican Agriculture The First 300 Agricultural Policy: Whose Valuations?, Years, 247 :392 American Farm Bureau Feder:Jinn, -11:3 AgriculturalPressureand Government American Farm Bureau Federation and Response in the United States 1919- Commodity Cx,uperatives,1919-1923, 1929, 164 457 Agricultural Pressure and Governmental American Farm iiiireau Federation and Response in the United States, 1919- Farm Policy, 19:33-1945, 766 1929, 165 American Farm 13urean Federation. and Agricultural Problem in the United States, Reforms Through General Organiza- 644 tions cud Politics. 412 Agricultural Program of a Leading Farm American Farm Bureau Federation and Periodical, Colman's Rural World, 533 the AAA, 359 Agricultural Progress in the Cotton Belt American Farm Life, 648 Since 1920, 303 American Farm PolicyGee, 317 Agricultural Readjustment and Agrarian American Farm PolicyPo arlberg, 678 Unrest in Illinois, 1880-1896, 219 American Farmer Enters Politics, 350 Agricultural Reform in the United States, American Farmers and Bund Organiza- 84 Agricultural Reform Movement in Ala- tions, 541 bama, 1650-1860, 261 American Farmers in the \Vorld Agricultural Society of Albemarle County, 793 Virginia, 971 American Farmers' Movements, 818 AgriculturalSurplusesandAmerican American Folksongs of Protest, 356 Foreign Policy, 1952-1960, .451 American Political Revolution of 1024, Agrkailt oral Thought inthe Twentieth 491 Century, 573 American Polities:A Study in Political Agricultural Wheel in Arkansas, 764 Dynamics, 670 Agricultural Wheel inArkansas,1882- American Radicalism, 1865-1901, 220 1890, 255 American RevolutionConsideredasa Agriculture, 666 Social Movement, 470 AgricultureandthePublicInterest: AmericanSocialReformMovements, Toward a New Farm Program Based Their Pattern Since 1865, :357 upon Abundance, 498 American Society of Equity, 36 Agriculture in an Unstable Economy, 806 American Society. of Equity and its Need Agriculture in Ante-Bellum Mississippi, in our Country, 262 621 American Society of Equity in Kentucky: A. J. Rose, Agrarian Crusader of Texas, A Recent Attempt in Agrarian Reform. 850 767 Alabama Farm Bureau Federation: Early Analysis and Evaluation of Populist Po- Beginnings, 765 liticalCampaign Speech Likingin Alabama State Grange, 742 Kansas, 1890-1894, 245 Alabama'sReformPress: Militant Analysis of the Agricultural Discontent Spokesman for Agrarian Revolt, 741 in the United States, 258

92 93 Analysis of the Development of a Farm- Bargaining Power for Farmers, 642 ers' Movement: The National Fanners' Bargaining Power . . . What It Isllow Org,,nitation( NFO), 538 To Cut t Idt it Gm Do, :761 AnalysisoftheRelationshipBetween Benefit-Participation Contingency in Vol- Grange ParticipationFrequency and untary Farm Organizations. 91(1 Atembcr Orimtation Type and an Ex- Bibliography of the History of Agricul- ploration of the Social Characteristics ture in the United States, 248 AssociatedVith Types of Orientation Sketch of Elk:mill 'Watson, of Members toSubordinate Granges Founder of AgriculturalSocietiesin in Michigan, 785 America, 216 AnalysisoftheRelationshipBetween Birth of the Populist Party, 16 Sc lcetcd Social and Econlorilic Char- BlackPopulism: The Negrointhe acteristics and Membership in Volun- Peoples' Party in Texas, 698 tary Farm Organizations, 681 Black's Bend Grange, 1873-77:A Case .Amdysis ofthe Sauk County National Study ofaSubordinate Grange of Farmers' Organization. 320 the Deep South, 687 Analysis of the Vote for thePopulist Bob Taylor and the Agrarian Revolt in Party in South Dakota in 1892, 292 Tennessee, 730 Andrew Jackson and the Agrarian \Vest, Brannon Plan: Farm Politics and Policy, 795 166 Anti-Monopoly Party in Iowa, 1873-1874, BrookhartCampaignsinIowa, 192_0- 902 1926: A Study in the Motivation of Anti-Rent Agitation in the State of New Political Attitudes, 619 York, 1839-1846. 160 Burden of Southern IIistory, 985 Anti-Rent Episode in the Stare of New Bureau of Agricultural Economics Under York. 636 Fire: A Study in Valuation Conflicts, Anti -RentNIovenvent and Outbreak in 376 New York, 11 California Farm Organizations, 15.5 Anti-Rent War in Delaware County, New CaliforniaRanchos andFarms,1810- York: The lb 'voltAgainst the Rent 1862, 314 System, 617 Can We Solve the Farm Problem? An Anti-Rent War on Blenheim Hill, 596 Analysis of Federal Aid to Agriculture, Application of the Technological Adop- 69 tion Nlinlel In Participation in a Social Canadian Federation of Agriculture, 482 :Movement. 811 Case for Farmers, 090 Arkansas Farmers Organize for Action: Causes of Agricultural Unrest, .528 1882-188.1, 256 Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850 - ArthurCapper: Publisher,Politician, 1950, 716 and Philanthre,pist, 801 Chain Store Development and the Crange Articles of Association of the National Cooperative Wholesale, 231 Nonpartisan League, 614 Changing PoliticalPosition of Agricul- Attitude of the National Grange Toward ture, 883 the Tariff, 882 Changing Political Role of the Fancier, Attitude Structure of Social Movement 277 Participants:Sonic Data on a Con- Changing Power Structure in Agriculture: temporaryF.,nucrs'Movement,the An Analysis of Negative Versus Posi- NFO, 627 tive Organization Power, 864 AttitudesofSonicRuralLeaders in Chapter in Anti-Rent History, 653 Sinicoe County, Ontario, 2 Chapters in Rural Progress, 132 Background of State Railroad Regulation Character and Economic Basis of North- in Iowa, 61 western Radicalism, 966 Background of the American Country Chicago,Burlington and QuincyRail- Life Nlovenmit, 189 road Company vs. Iowa. 606 Bare Hands and Stone Walls, Sonic Re- Chicago Business and the 'Granger' Laws, collections of a Sideline Reformer, 757 983 Bargaining in Agriculture and Industry: City Man's Guide to the Farm Problem, Comparisons and Contrasts, 298 175

9.3 Cleavage within The Farmers' Alliance Correlates of Membership Attraction in Movement, 651 Voluntary Associations, 737 Colorado State Grange, 1874-1924; The Correlates of Membership in Farm Bureau Story of Its Beginnings and an Outline and National Farmers' Organization, of Its Later History, 9'89 190 Comment on the Farm Strikes of 1932 Cotton Acreage Laws and the Agrarian and 1962, 434 Movement, 565 Comments on Lauren Soth's Review of Country Life Aspects of the Progressive The Farm Bureau and the New Deal, Movement, 174 836 Country Life Movement, 889 Commissions, Corners, and Conveyance: The Originsof Anti-monopolismin County Agent, 40 Milwaukee, 908 County Agent and the Farm Bureau, 131 Communist Party and the Midwest Farm Courts and Economic Enterprise: Judic- Crisis of 1933, 831 ial Policy Making in the Milk Industry, Comparison of the Farmer's Alliance and 751 the Non-partisan League in Minnesota, CriticalAppraisalof Family Farms as 449 an Objective of Public Policy, 580 Concern About Humanity: Notes on Re- Cross Fire: The Eight Years With Eisen- form, 1872-1912, at the National and hower, 73 Kansas Levels of Thought, 583 C. W. Macune and the Farmers' Alliance. Confederation and Shay's Rebellion, 942 819 Conflictin the Corn Belt:Rural Re- Davis Hanson Waite: The Ideology of sponsestoUrbanization,1919-1929, a Western Populist, 626 505 Decisive Battles of Constitutional Law: Confounded Rot About Napoleon:Re- 13, The Granger Cases, 846 flections upon Science and Techno- Decline of Agrarian Democracy, 564 logy,Nationalism, World Depression Decline of the Equity Cooperative Ex- ofthe Eighteen-nineties, and After- change, 768 wards, 584 Connecticut Granges: An Historical Ac- Declineofthe WisconsinSocietyof count of the Rise and Growth of the Equity, 769 Patrons of Husbandry, 182 Deep Furrows, 622 Conservatism-Liberalism and the Farm DemocracyinAlberta: SocialCredit Organizations, 746 and the Party System, 579 Content, Purpose and Method in Farm Demographic and Economic Basisof Organization, 841 Political Radicalism and Conservatism, Contribution of the Grangers to Educa- 556 tion in Texas, 851 Deprivation,Discontent,andSocial Movement Participation: Evidence on CooperationintheMidwestinthe a Contemporary Farmers' Movement, Granger Era, 1869-1875, 152 the NFO, 631 Cooperation in the Northwest, 825 DevelopmentofAgricultureinNew Co-operative Activity of the Grange in Jersey, 1640-1880, 984 Mississippi, 270 Development of Farmers' Organizations, Cooperative Enterprise and Organization 318 Theory, 405 Development of the Grange in Iowa, 64 Cooperative League of the United States of America, 1916-1961: A Study of Diamond Jubilee History of the Mass- Social Theory and Social Action, 156 achusetts State Grange, 1873-1947, 308 Cooperative Movement in the Patrons of Diamond JubileeHistory,OhioState Husbandry in Iowa, 1870-1878, 675 Grange, 1872-1947, 671 Cooperative Systems Approachto Im- Diamond Jubilee of the Delaware State proving Farm Incomes, 906 Grange, 229 Copperheads in the Middle West, 507 Diary of Alexander James McPhail, 463 Cornbelt Rebellion: The Farmers' non- Directory of Farmers' Organizations and day Association, 832 Marketing Boards in Canada, 1965, 234

94 9 5 Dirt Farmer in Politics: A Study of Web- Effects of the Great War upon Agricul- ster County, Mississippi, During the ture in the United States and Great Rise of Democratic Factionalism, 1580- Britain, 414 1910, 526 Effects of the Populist Party's Economic, DiscontentatthePolls: A Study of Social and Political Ten' on the Iowa Farmer and Labor Parties 1827-1948, State Elections, 1891-1897, 344 866 Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West Discontent of the Fanner Bemis, 68 toControl thePrice of Farm Ma- Discontent of the FarmerDodge, 238 chinery, 1870-1880, 430 Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin Poli- Electionof1912 and theProgressive tics of the Early Seventies, 224 Party in North Dakota, 665 Dissonance Theory of Social Movement Election Tactics of the Nonpartisan Lea- Membership, 441 gue, 456 Douglas in Saskatchewan: The Story of Embarrassment of Plenty, 862 a Socialist Experiment, 924 Embattled Farmers, 330 Earl Smith:Farmers' Boss, 619 Emergence of the Farmer-Labor Party Early Days of the Albemarle Agricultural in Washington Politics,1919-20, 197 Society, 909 Enactment of the Potter Law, 205 End of Ideology, 66 Early Development of Agricultural So- Enforcement of the Granger Laws in cieties in the United States, 910 Illinois, 1870-1886, 992 EarlyGrangeActivitiesinJefferson Entrance of the farmers' Alliance into County, 458 Tennessee Politics, 822 Early Third Party MovementinNe- Ethnicity and Soda-Economic Behavior braska, 410 of Farm Operations in Wisconsin, 925 EarthBroughtForth: AIlistoryof Expansion and Decline of the Nonpar- Minnesota Agricultureto1885, 472 tisan League in the Western Middle Eastern Antecedents of the Grangers, 600 West, 1917-1921, 771 Economic and Political Background of Exposé of the Grangers, 366 the Nonpartisan League, 37 Exposition of the Grange, 319 Economic Aspects of Southern Section- Ezra Taft Benson, A Man with a Mission, alism, 1840-1861, 760 568 Economic Background of Frontier Popu- Factors Associated with the Success of lism, 266 Penm3ylvania Granges, 233 Economic Background of Southern Popu- FactorsInfluencingtheOrganization, lism, 267 Function and Membership of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, 232 Economic Basis of Populism in Kansas, Facts Kept from the Farmer, General 609 Handbook of the National Nonpartisan Economic Basis of the Greenback Move- League, 645 ment in Iowa and Wisconsin, 755 Farm and College: The College of Agri- Economic Basis of the Populist Move- culture of the University of Wisconsin, ment in Iowa, 655 A History, 335 Economic Organizationof Agriculture, Farm and Factory Conflict in American 807 History, 468 Economic Theory of Bargaining in Agri- Farm Bargaining:Problems and Pros- culture, 406 pects, 628 Edmund Ruffin, Southerner: A Study in Farm BlocBradley, 105 Secession, 196 Farm BlocMcCune, 569 Educational and Social Interests of the Farm Block, 1919-1924, 715 Grange in Texas, 1873-1905, 572 Farm Bloc, United States, 408 Educational Contributions of the Patrons Farm Bureau and the New Deal, 138 of Husbandry, 1867-1900, 661 Farm Bureau and the New Deal, 1923- Educational Value of the Grange, 126 1940: A Study in Agricultural Section- Edward A. O'Neal:The Farm Bureau alism, 137 and the New Deal, 770 Farm Bureau Federationin Nebraska, Effects of the Granger Acts, 223 1920-1950, 736

95 9G Farm Bureau Movement-500 Farmer-LaborProgressive Federation: Farm bureau Through Three Decades, The Study of a 'United Front' Nbove- 501 ment among Wisconsin Liberals, 19:34- F.trin Crisis 1919-192:3, 827 1941, 794 Farm Fat nil its in the Grange: A Study Fanner-Labor RoleintheGreenback in Cortland and Otsego Counties, New 'Movement, 1867-1880, 762 York, 21 Fanner Movements in the South -1865- Farm FamilyParticipationinLodges, 193:3, 772 Grange, Farm Bureau, Four-I1 Clubs, Fanner Nlovements Since 1902, 77:3 School and Church, 900 Fanner Organic itions and Their Policies, Fann Goals in ConflictFamily, Farni, 1870-1900, and Organizationfor Imome, Freedom, Security, 464 Action, 70 Vann Groups and Foreign Policy:The FannerOrganizations intheUnited Cheese Amendment of 1951, 355 States:Their Development, Policies, Vann Holiday Movement inNebraska, anal Common Factors, 536 83,3 Fanner Takes A Hand:The Electric Farm Holiday Movement, 19:32-33, 67 Power RevolutioninRural America, Farm Organization Movement, 99 161 Farm Organizations and the National In- Farmer 'Fakes a lIoliday, 236 terest, 885 Farmer Takes a Holiday: The Story of Fain Organizations as Pressure Groups, the National Farmers' Holiday Associ- 738 ation and the Fanners' Strike of 19:32- Farm OrganizationsinAlabama from 1933, 557 1872-1907, 849 Farmer's Age:Agriculture,1815-1860, Farni Organizations in Iowa, 797 315 Farm Policies and Politics in the Tao- Farmers' AllianceHicks, 425 111:111 Years, 594 Farmers' AllianceWalker,9:34 Farm Policy:'the Current Position, 305 Farmers' Alliance Wiest, 964 Farm PoliticalPower andtheU.S. Farmers'AllianceandotherPolitical GovernmentalCrisis,378 Parties, 153 Farm Politics and American Democracy, Farmers' Alliance and Populist Movement 379 in North Dakota, 117 Farm Price Policy and the Farm Vote, Farmers' Alliance and Tennessee Politics, 380 1890-1892, 823 Farm Prices, Myth and Reality, 176 Farmers'Alliance andtheFanners' Farm Relief and Its Antecedents, 493 Union: An American-Canadian Paral- Farm Revolt in Iowa, 34 lelism, 938 Farmers' Alliance History and Agricul- Farm Strikes,1931-1964:A Study of tural Diges., 243 Efforts by American Farmers to Im- Farmers' Alliance in Alabama, 743 prove Their Incomes Through Direct Farmers' Alliance in Florida, 510 Action in Periods of Economic Distress, Farmers' Alliance in Missouri, 171 27 Farmers' Alliance in Nebraska, 520 Farm Trouble, 863 Farmers' Alliance in North Carolina, 417 Fanner Acceptance of Government Agri- Farmers' Alliance in Tennessee, 955 cultural programs, 641 Farmers' Alliance in Texas, 1875-1900, Fanner Citizen: My Fifty Years in the 852 Candian Farmers' Movement, 341 Farmers' AllianceItsOrigin,Progress Fanner Considers Politics, 682 and Purposes, 118 Farmer Folks Take a Holiday, 265 Farmers' Alliance, Subtreasury Plan and Farmer Harvests HisVote, 930 European Precedents, 585 Farmer in Politics: A Study ofMinne- Farmers'Alliance:What itAimsto sotaFarm Group Members, 487 Accomplish, 154 Farmer in the Groupistie Regime, 897 Farmers' Alliances in Washington, 993 Farmer in the Second World War, 968 Farmers and Workers in American Poli- Farmer-Labor Association:Minnesota's tics, 721 Party within a Party, 436 Farmers at the Crossroads, 75

96 97 'Zarmer's Attitude, 141 Fanners' Union: The Social Thought of Partners'BargainingPowerandthe a Current Agrarian Movement, 916 Dynamics of American Politics, 884 Fanners' Union Triangle, 250 Farmer's Campaign for Credit, 254 Partners' Unions and Tax Reform, 112 Farmers' Crusade in Minnesota. 91 Farmers Versus Scientists: The Cringe, Farmers' Defensive Nlovenicnt, 692 the Farmers' Alliance, and the West Farmers' Dilemma, 26 Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta- Partners' Holiday Association: A Nlove- tion, 47 ment of Organized Farm Protest, 168 Farming and Democracy, 361 F.:Jitters'Iloliday AssociationinIowa, Farming in Nlaine, 1860-1910, 213 19:32-1933, 529 Farms and Farmers in an Urban Age, Farmers' Holiday Association Strike, Au- 426 gust, 1932, 834 Fear of NIan:Populism, Authoritarian- Fanners in American Politics, 377 ism, and the Historian, 703 Farmers in Politics, 570 Fifty Nlillion Acres: Conflicts Over Kan- Farmers in the Farm Bureau: A Study sas Land Polley:1854-1890, 316 in Cortland and Otsego Counties, New Fifty Years on the Firing Line:NI}, Part York, 20 in the Farmers' N o ve me n tby "The Farmers' Independence Council of Amer- Cornfield Philosopher," 977 ica, 19:35-1938, 142 First Fifty Years; A History of United Farmers' Institutes:History and Status Grain Growers Limited, 179 in the United States and Canada, 39. FloridaFanners' Alliance,1887-1892, Farmers'Last Frontier: Agriculture, 188 1860-1897, 820 Florida versus the Principles of Populism, Farmer's NlovementBertrand, 78 1896-1911, 1 Partners' NlovcinentWalker, 935 Food and Fiber in the Nation's Politics, Farmers' Movement and Large Farmers' 381 Organizations, 890 Forces Affecting Participation of Palm Farmers'NlovementinDeltaCounty People in Rural Organization: A Study (Texas), 252 Nlade in Four Townships inIllinois, Farmers'MovementintheWestern 543 States, 285 Forgotten Farmers: The Story of Share- Farmers' Nlovement, 1629-1920, 892 croppers in the New Deal, 184 Farmers' Nlovements, 552 Freedom in Agricultural Education, 382 Farmers'Movements as Psychosocial Freedom to Farm, 74 Phenomena, 891 Frontal Organization for American Agri- Farmers'Movements[intheUnited culture, 868 States], 351 Frontier in American History, 922 Farmers' Need for Local Organizations: furrows, Faiths and Fellowship, 710 A Comparison of Farm Leaders' and General Farm OrganizationsIladwiger, Members' Opinions in 1930 and 1952, 367 542 General Farm Organizations Morrison, Farmers' OrganizationsSehmidt, 796 629 General Farm Organizations as Norma- Farmers' OrganizationsTaylor, 893 tive Reference Groups, 295 Farmers' Party, 605 General Farmers' Organizations and Co- Farmers Picket the Depression, 515 operatives, 895 Farmers' RevolutioninNorth Dakota, Generalized Attitude of Nlembers Toward 209 Their Farm Organizations, 734 Farmer's Side:his Troubles and Their Generalized Attitude of Members Toward Remedy, 693 Their General Farm Organizations, 735 Farmers' Social Organizations, 133 Genesis of an Agricultural Experiment Farmers' UnionFisher, 275 Station, 148 Farmers' UnionTucker, 915 George N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Farmers' UnionWiest, 965 Parity, 278 Farmers' Union in Mississippi, 732 George N. Peek:Equality for Agricul- Farmers' Union in Washington, 259 ture, 279

97 98 GeorgeSperryLoftus,NlilitantFarm Grange:Its Advantages; What It Has Leader of the Northwest, 129 Accomplished; What It Hopes to Ac- G. L.F. Story, 1920-1964: A History complish;OrganizationofGranges; oftheCooperative Grange League Declaration of Purposes, 601 Federation Exchange, Inc., 612 Grange:Its Origin, Progress, and Edu- Goals and Values in Agricultural Policy, cational Purposes, 9 336 GrangeIts Past, and Possibilities, 954 Golden Jubilee History, 1872-1922, 340 Grange, Its Work and Ideals, 136 GovenzinentandAgriculture: Public Grange Nlovement in Kansas, 349 Policy in a Democratic Society, 390 Grange INIovement in Louisiana, 972 Grange Movement in Oregon, 1873-1900, Graduate Studies in American Agricul- 811 tural Ilistory, 662 Grange Movement in Texas, 1873-1900, Crain Growers' Co-operation in Western 853 Canada, 689 Grange Movement in Wisconsin, 530 Grains for the Grangers, Discussing all GrangeThen and Now, 729 PointsBearingupontheFarmers' Granger andPopulistMovementsin Nlovement forthe Emancipation of West Virginia, 1873-1914, 48 White Slaves from the Slave-Power Granger Cases and the Police Power, 246 of Monopoly, 857 Granger Cases:1877 or 1876, 837 GrangeBuck, 122 Granger Collapse, 337 GrangeButterfield, 134 Granger Laws: A Study of the Origins GrangeWashington State Grange, 944 of State Railway Control in the Upper Grange: A Study in the Science of So- Mississippi Valley, 607 ciety, Practically Illustrated by Events Granger Method of Reform, 5 in Current History, 951 Granger Movement, 6 Grange and Farmer Education in Missi- Granger Movement: A Study of Agricul- ssippi, 271 turalOrganization anditsPolitical, Grange and Home Economies, 688 Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880, 123 Grange and the Cooperative Enterprises Granger Movement in Arkansas, 211 in New England, 290 Granger Movement in Illinois, 679 Grange and the Credit Problem in Da- Granger Movement inIndiana,1S69- kota Territory, 790 1880, 532 Grange asa Political Factor in Texas, Granger Movement in Iowa, 830 591 Granger Movement in Missouri, 970 Grange Attitudes in Washington, 1889- Granger Movement in South Carolina, 1896, 200 244 Grange Blue Book, 347 Granger Movement in Specific Relation Grange,1867-1967:First Century of to Nebraska, 535 Service and Evolution, 729 Granger Movement in West Virginia, 829 Grange: Friend of the Farmer, 309 Granger Movement in the Middle West Grangeillustrated;orPatron's Hand- with Special Reference to Iowa, 22 book, in the Interests of the Pr trans of Grangerism in Champaign County, Illi- llusbandry, 950 nois, 1873 -1S77, 813 Grange in Canada, 616 Grass Roots and Imported Radicalism in Grange in Colorado, 301 Nebraska, 19:32-1934, 753 Grange in Iowa, 1868-1875, 903 Crass Roots Politics, 342 Crass RootsThe Storyofthe North Grange in Kansas Since 1895, 11 Dakota Farmers' Union, 511 Grange in Michigan, 914 Gray Silver and the Rise of the Farm Grange in Missouri, 1878 -1939, 149 Bureau, 144 Grange in North Carolina, 1929-1954; A Great California Grain War: The Grang- Story of Agricultural Progress, 657 ers Challenge the Wheat King, 691 Grange in Politics, 960 Great Days of the Grangers, 439 Grange in the Great Valley, 348 Great Holding Action:The NFO in Grange in the South: 1870-1877, 774 September, 1962, 792

98 9 9 Green Rising:An Historical Survey of Historyof GeorgiaAgriculture,1732- Agrarianism,withSpecialReference 1860, 98 to the Organized Efforts of the Farmers history of Local Agricultural Societies in of the United States to Improve Their Ohio to 1865, 4S3 Economic and Social Status, 83 History of Maine Agriculture, 1604-1860, Greenback Era; A Social and Political 214 History of American Finance, 1865- Iiistory of Major Agricultural Movements 1879, 926 in the U. S. Before 1920, 94 Greenback -Lahor Nfovement in Pennsyl- History of New York State Grange, 14 Vallia, 725 I listory of Politics in Clay County Dur- Greenback Moven-tent of 1875-1884 and ing the Period of Populism from 1888 Wisconsin's Part in It, 928 to 1896, 590 Greenback Party inMaine, 1876-1885, History of Radical Political Movements 598 in Kansas, 561 Groundswell: A History of the Origin, History of the Agricultural Society of Aims, and Progress of the Farmer's South Carolina, 9:33 Movcomit, 697 History of theAssociatedFanners of Group Bargaining Power in Agriculture, California,Incorporated, 1931-1939, 333 157 Group Basis of Vermont Farm Polities, History of the Ellsworth County Farm 1870-1945, 754 Bureau, 514 GrowtilofGrowers'Co-operationin History of the Farm Bloc, 712 Western CanadawithSpecial Em- I listory of the Farmer Labor Party, 115 phasis on the Influence of Aaron Sa- History of the FarmerLabor Party in piro, 400 Minnesota, 975 Handbook and History of the National History of the FarmerLabor Party of Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, Minnesota, 637 93 History of the Farmers' Alliance and of Helping Young People tohelp Them- the People's Party in Nebraska, 15 selves; The Grange Method andIts History of the Farmers' Political Action Results, 310 in North Dakota, 130 Henry Wise Wood of Alberta, 714 iistorical Definition of Northwestern Ra- Historyofthe GrandStateFarmers' dicalism, 967 Alliance of Texas, 311 Historical Directory, 1883-1915, 674 History of the Grange in Canada, 4:31 Ilistoricel Sketch of National Agricultural History of the Grange in Colorado, 302 Organizations, 286 History of the Grange in Kansas, 1883- ]listeny of Agriculture in Colorado, 18,58- 1897, 848 1926, 990 History of the Grange in Vermont, 4.15 History of Agriculture inthe Northern Historyofthe Grange Nlovementin United States, 1620-1860, 80 Pennsylvania, 429 History of Agriculture in the Southern History of the Grange Movement; or the United States to 1860, 352 Farmer's War Against Monopolies, 559 history of Agriculture in Wisconsin, 787 1listory of the Granger Movement, 798 history of Cooperationinthe United History of the Iowa State Grange, Pa- States, 7 trons of Husbandry, from 1868 to 19-16, IIistory of Early Agricultural Societies in 855 Kansas, 677 History of the Last Quarter-Century in History of Farm Organizations in Iowa, the United States, 1870-95, 25 1838-1931, 65 History of the Minnesota State Agricul- History of Farmer Movements inthe tural Society from Its Origin in.1854 Southwest, 1873-1925, 455 to the Annual Meeting of 1910, :372 HistoryofFarmers'Institutesinthe History of the Missouri Farm Bureau, United States; 374 809 History of Farmers' Movements in Can- History of the National Farmers' Alli- ada, 978 ance and Cooperative Union of Amer- History of Farming, 469 ica, 312

99 100 History of the New York Farmers. 1882- IndependentPartiesin the\Vestern I 910, 880 Status, 1875-1876, 124 History of the Octoraro Farmers' Club, Independent Political Nfovements in Al- 1850- 1916, 563 abama since 1880. 175 I listory of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federa- Individual Freedom and the Et onomic tion, 354 Organization of Agriculture, 107 History of the Order of Patrons of Hus- IndustrialStruggle:A historyof the bandry in Wisconsin up to 1875, 597 Farmers' Alliance and Its \Vork, 01 I/istory of the Patrons of Husbandry in Influence of the Grange Nlovement upon Kansas, 1872-1882, 82 the Educational and Social Develop- History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural mentoftheAgriculturalClassof Society,1827-1927,102 Kansas from 1872-1876, 9:3 Ilktory of the Pennsylvania State Grange, Influence of the West Virginia Crange 108 upon Public Agricultural Education of History of the Rhode Island St.Je Grange, College Grade, 187:3-1911, 9 414 Influence of the West Virginia Grange History of the Rise. Progress, and Exist- upon Public Agricultural Education of ing Conditiono:"the Western Canals Less Than College Grade, 187:3 -1914, in the State of Ness' York, from Sep- 50 tember 1798 to 1819, 946 Institutional Changes Affecting the Agri- Ilistory of the Rise, Progress, and Exist- culturalOutlook: TheAgricnItural ing State of the Bershire Agricultural Perspective, 683 Society in Massachusetts, 9.17 IntellectualsandMcCarthy: The Ra- Ilistor; of the State Agricultural Society dical Specter. 744 of South Carolina from 1839 to 1895, Interaction and Protest, 191 Inclusive of the State Agricultural So- Interest Groups in American Society, 996 ciety of South Carolina from 1855 to Interpretationofthe Agrarian Reform 1861, Inclusive of the State Agricul- Movement in Oklahoma from1890- tural and Mechanical Society of South 1923, 780 Carolina from 1869 to 1916, 865 Intersystem Linkag, of Formal Organiza- I history of the Washington Fanner -Labor tions inthe Community Context: A Party,1918-192:1, 198 Proposed Study of New York State History of Wheel and Alliance and the Granges, 531 Impending Revolution, 623 Hofstadtei. on Populism: A Critique of Iowa Farm HolidayAgrarian Unrest in The Age of Reform, 704 the Early 1930's, 724 Holding Action, 936 Iowa Fanners' Protective Association :A How to Study the Effects of Direct Ac- Barbed \VirePatentProtest !ove- tion Movements on Farm Organiza- n 'cut, :390 tions, 931 Is Co necti VC Bargaining the Answer to Ilow to Study the Sociology of Direct Low Dairy Prices?, 345 Action Farmers' Movements, 901 Junes Baird Weaver, f393 Ignatius Donnelly and the Granger Move- Jerry Simpson: A Kansas Populist, 293 ment in Minnesota, 726 Jerry Simpson, Populist, 2:30 Ignatius Donnelly and the Populists, 943 John Beale Bordluy and the Early Years Ignatius Donnelly:The Portraitofa of the Philadelphia AgriculturalSo- Politician, 727 ciety, 307 Illinois Agricultural Association, 876 John Burke and the North Dakota Pro- Immigrant Church and the Patrons of gressive Movement, 1906-1912, 327 I husbandry, 17 Joiners, Who Are 139 Impact of Milk Ilolding on Midwestern Joining the Grangers: or Trying to Be a Markets, 167 Patron of husbandry, 110 Importance and Implications of Alterna- Joseph II. Osborn, Grange Leader, 565 tive Types of Farm Organizations, 324 Kansas Farm BureauFaun \lam:gement In Union is Strength, 567 Associations, 19:31-1950, 332 Independence andCivilConflict,and Kansas Spellbinders in the Populist Cam- Populism and Reaction, 60 paign of 1890, 949

100 101 Knights of Labor and tl Farmers' Alli- MakersofPublicPolicy: American ances, SI Powel Groups ;111/1 Their Ideologies, Kolb and the Populist lies. oil As Vic\ved 618 gin' Newspapers. 881 \Linual of juriTrudence and Coopera- Labor ;old Capital. 12 tion of the Pations of Husbandry, 8.11 Labor and l'arnier Parties in the Ported Market Structure and Market Power, 287 States, 1828-1928, 27:3 Marketing Attitudes of Minnesota Farm- Labor and the Agraria» Movements in (`P, 997 \lirhig;ni, I576-1896, 221 Mary Elizabeth Lease, Kansas Populist, \Iovement amt tlic Farmer, 728 SS$ Labor Relations in Agriculture, 299 \h Mier :Hid Nonmember Organizatioaal Labor 1.-»ionisni in .American Agriculture, Commitment; .\\lodelandCor- 471 relates, 4S-1 I,and of the 1)aeotabs, 647 Membership CharacteristicsofSpecial Landlords and Fanners in the Hudson- InterestOrgenizations, 991 Mohawk Region, 1790-1850, 237 Mendier.ship of Farmers in New York LeadersoftheNonpartisanLeague, Organizations. '23 Their Aims, Pm-poses and Records, Re- Membership ofGeneralFarmers'Or- produced from OriginalI ytters and ganizations, United States, 187.1-1960, 1)octline»ts \vith a Letter to the Public 905 by Senator Ole O. Sligeng, ex-Senator Membershipof theAmericanFarm J.E. Ilaycraft Captain Frank E. Bursar Federation, 759 Reed, .146 \len and Times of the Revolution, or Felt Turn. Canada, 177 Memoirs of Ell,:mah \Valst,.., 95,8 Legal;met Economic Influenceof the Michigan Farrne,-,' Purchasing Coopera- Grange, 1567-1967, 642 tives: Testing for an Ideology, 291 LegalPopulismandLegalMarxism: Michigan's General Farm Organizations, The Great Deliiite of the Nineties, 599 620 LegislativeHistory of Nebraska Popu- Middle \Vestern Copperheadisni and the lism,Psis' -M95, 998 Genesis of the Granger Nloveinent, 508 Legislative Pressure Groups among Partn- Nlid-West Agricultural Demand for Legi- ers, 11.1 slative Relief Since the \Vorld War, LegislativeProgr.unoftheNational 158 Grange, 20:1 Midwestern Progressive Politic:, A his-is- torical Study of its Origins and 1)c- Leonidas Lafayette PolkAgrarian CPI- velopment, 1870-1958, 609 seder, 058 Milo Reno, Farmers' Union Pioneer: The Leonidas Liii,,y(ltc Polk and the North Story of a Mari and a Moveanent :\ (.1rolina1)cpartmentofAgriculture, Memorial Volume, 959 659 Nlilton George and the Farmers'Alli- LOrt-117.01). Leader of the ance, 814 Kansas Populists, 207 \Wiwi George and the Farmrs' AM:wee Lost \len of American Ifistory, 440 Movement, 815 Louisiana People's Party, 206 Minute Book of the Albemarle (Virginia) Loyalty to a Marketing Cooperative, 717 Agricultural Society, 912 NIeCartli ism and Agrarian Radicalism, Mission, Ifistory arc] Times of the Farm- 7.15 ers' Union: A Narrative of the Great- McKenzie Era, 35 estIndlistrial-Agricultural(trganiza- McKinley. Bryan, and the People, '32$ lion in history and Its NI;i1

101 102 Movement for Agricultural Improvement 1962 Farm Strike: Spread of the Nation- in Maryland, 1785-1865, 976 alFarmers' Organization (N FO) in Movement for Agricultural Reorganiza- the Midwest, 454 tion in the Cotton South During the Ninety Years of Farm Leadership. 952 Civil War, 192 Nobody Owns Us:The Story of Joe Movement Organization and Formal Or- Gilbert. Nlidwestern Relwl, 210 ganizationToward a Convergence: Non-Partisan League Bruce, 116 The Case of the National Farmers' Or- Nonpartisan League Gaston. 313 ganization, 326 NonpartisanLeagueandtheLoyalty Slyth of Populist Anti-Semitism, 705 Issue, :369 National Farm Organizationsandthe Nonparft:;tn League and the Nlinnesota Campaign of 1915. 624 Reshaping ofAgriculturalPolicyin Nonpartisan League from the Inside. 595 1932, 81 Nonpartisan League in MinnemAa, 1910 - National Farm Organizations and United 192_4, 945 States Tariff Policy in the 1920's, 183 Non-Partisan League in Nebraska. (399 National Farmers' Alliance Convention of Nonpartisan League inNo/0) Dakota: 1890 and its 'Ocala Demands,' 711 A Case Study of Political Action in National Farmers' Organization: A Study America, 339 of Agricultural Protest, 443 Nonpartisan League in Oklahoma, 250 National Farmers' Organization in Tran- Non-Partisan Leagne in South Dakota. sition, 979 432 National Farmers Union:Ideology of a Nonpartisan League:Its Birth, Activities Pressure Group, 195 and Leaders, 521 National Farmers' Union in Its Political Nonpartisan League. the Farmers' Union, World: A Case Study in Influence and and the Press in North Dakota, 554 the Factors of Influence Potential, 411 Norman J. Colman and Colinan'; 1111r:11 National Grange Manual:1875, 228 WorldA Study in Agricultural Lead- National Grange;Progressives onthe ership. 34 Land, 1900-190, 77 North Dakota Fanners' Union and North National Producers' Alliance, 776 Dakota Politics, 586 North Dakota Harvest of the Nonpartisan Negro in Agrarian Uprisings, 1865-1900, League, 322 540 North Dakota Non-Partisan League and Negro in the Agrarian Revolt, 4 the State Newspapers:Recent Activi- Negro in the Populist Slovement, ties of the League is Reflected by Rep- New Agrarianism: A Survey of the Pre- resentative Papers, 929 valent Spirit of Social Unrest, and a North Dakota Press and the Nonpartis:m Consideration, 203 League, 582 New Breaking: An Outline of Co-opera- North DakotaThe Laboratory ofthe tion Among the Western Farmers of Nonpartisan League, 226 Canada, 101 North Star Grange, 62 New Hampshire State Grange, 602 Notes on Some Theoretical Aspects of the New Party, 512 Effect of Direct Action Farmers' Move- New Revolution in the Cotton Economy; ments on Farmers' Organizations, 894 Mechanization and Its Consequences, Notes on the Literature of Populism, 586 878 Objectives and Activities of Special In- New York Farm Bureau and the Legisla- terest Organizations in Kentucky, 56 tive Processes: A Study in Agricultural Ohio Farm Bureau Federation From The Politics, 856 Farmers' Viewpoint, 587 New York StateAgricultural Society Oklahoma's Reconstruction League: An Its History and Objects, 447 Experiment in Farmer-Labor Polities, Ncw York State'sContributiontothe 281 Organization and Development of the Old and New in Agricultural Organiza- CountyAgent-FarmBureauMove- tion, 25:3 ment, 840 Oliver II. Kelley and the Genesis of the Night Riders in the Black Patch, 899 Grange: A Reappraisal, 51

102 103 On Agricultural Policy:A Symposium, Patrons' Handbook,fortheUse and 673 Beacfit of the Order of the Patrons of OntheOrientationof Non-members Husbandry, 450 towards Farm Organizations, 466 Patrons of lIusbandry, 448 One Man: Edward Asbury O'Neal III, Patrons of I husbandry in New York, 76 of Alabama, 212 Patronsof Husbandry on thePacific One Woman's Work for Farm Women; Coast, 145 The Story of Mary A. Mayo's Part in Patterns of Agrarian 7-If-Consciousness Rural Social Movements, 127 in the 1920's, 603 Ontario Farmers' Union as a Nlovement Pendleton Farmer's Society, 980 of Farm Protest, 676 PennsylvaniaAgriculture and Country Opportunities and Limitations of Collec- Life, 1640-1840, 288 People's Party, 42 tive Bargaining in Dairying, 346 People's Party in Illinois, 221 Organiz..tion Among the Farmers of the People's Party in Minnesota, 419 United States, 194 People's Party in Texas:A Study in Organization or Economic Men? Factors Third Party Politics, 592 Associated with U. S. Farmers' Atti- Persistence of Populism, 420 tudes Toward Government Agricultural Peter Norbeek and the Defeat of the Involvement, 632 Non-Partisan League in South Dakota, Organizations Among Ohio Farmers: Ex- 282 tent and Nature of Business and Farm Pillar of Democracy:The Meaning of Improvement Associations, 260 the Fight Against the FSA, 702 Organized Farmers in Oklahoma, 750 Pioneering in Agriculture: One Hundred Origin and Early Development of Popu- Years of American Farming and Farm lism in Colorado, 291 Leadership, 33 Origin and Early history of the Farmers' Pitel fork Ben Tillman, South Carolin- Alliance in M;ncsota, 418 ian, 838 Origin and Early History of the Order of Platform of the Populist Party in Histor- Patrons of Husbandry in the United ical Perspective, 43 States, 208 Political Activism in a Rural County, 15 Origin and Location of the Mississippi Political Activity of Agricultural Organ- A & M College, 957 izations, 1929-1939, 8 Origin and Progress of the Grange, 961 Political Career of Ignatius Donnelly, 421 Political Career of Milford W. Howard, Origin and Progress of the Order of Pa- Populist Congressman from Alabama, tronsofIlusbandryin the United 387 States; A History from 1866 to 1873, Political Factional Strife in North Dakota 492 from 1920 to 1932, 88 Origin,I history andPrinciples ofthe Political Forces in Wisconsin During the Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Seventies, 225 Union of America, 114 PoliticalGreenbaekismin New York Origins of the Interstate Commerce Act State, 1876-1884, 362 of 1887, 640 Political Impasse in Farm Support Legi- Origins of the Iowa Granger Law, 608 slation, 403 Origins of the New South, 1877-1913, Political Man, 547 986 Political Parties and Party Problems in Our Farm Organizations How They the United States, 981 Started; Their Stand Today, 404 Political Prairie Fire:The Nonpartisan Outcome of the Granger Movement, 700 League, 1915-1922, 625 Outline History of Indiana Agriculture, Political Pressures and Income Distribu- 527 tion in Agriculture, 300 Outlines of Grange History, 31 Polities of Agriculture:Soil Conserva- Panel Discussion: Bargaining in Practice, tion and the Struggle for Power in 108 Rural America, 383 Parity, Parity, Parity, 86 Polities of Farm Organizations in North Passing of the Peoples Party, 695 Dakota, 887

103 Ana Politics of Mass Society, 516 Populist Party in Illinois, 828 Politics of ProtestinMinnesota, 1890- Populist Party in Indiana, 869 ]901, from Populism to Progressivism, Populist Party in KansasI larrington, 386 163 Populist Party in KansasNfiller, 610 Politics of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Populist Party in Mississippi, 360 Party, 437 Populist Party in North Carolina, 217 Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups, 40d Populist Party in the South, 1890-1898, Populism and Bimetallism in Montana, 87 172 Populist Press of Nebraska, 1888-1890, Populism aid Reform in Louisiana, :722 100 Populism in Alabama, 169 Populist Regime in Colorado, 297 Populism in California, 1889-1900, 937 Populist Response to Industrial America, Populism in Louisiana During the Nine- Midwestern Populist Thought, 706 ties, 958 Populist Revolt: A History of the Farm- Populism in the Nineteen-thirties:The ers' Alliance, 41?.:IL Bat the for the AAA, 835 Populistic Movement in Kansas, 709 Populism in the Old Dominion; Virginia Prairie Progress:Consumer Cooperation Farm Politics, 1885-1900, 826 in Saskatchewan, 991 Populism in Tuscaloosa County, 178 Prairie Rebel: The Public Life of Wil- Populism in Wyoming, 519 liam Lemke, 89 Populism:Nostalgic or Progressive, 927 Preliminary List of References for the Populism Up-To-Date: The Story of the History of the Granger Movement, 663 Farmers' Union, 917 Prelude to Populism, 939 PopulistCongressmenfromColorado, Present Farmers' Movement, 241 1893-1895, 215 PressuresandProtests;The Kennedy Populist Contest for the Kansas Legisla- Farm Program and the Wheat Refer- ture in 1892-1893, 593 endum of 1963, 368 Populist Contest: Nebraska Farmers and Price Support Policy and the Midwest Their Antagonists, 1882-1895, 685 Farm Vote, 323 Populist Delegation in the Fifty-Second Principlesand AimsofthePatrons Congress, 1891-1893, 388 of Husbandry:Their Origin, Rapid Populist Fusion Movements asan In- Growth, and General Statistics, 845 strument ofPolitical Reform,1890- Professors and the Populists, 777 1900, 227 Progressive Movement of 1924, 575 Populist Heritage and theIntellectual, Progressive Party in Canada, 633 987 Prophet in Politles:A Biography of J. Populist Influences on American Fascism, S. Woodsworth, 578 272 Protest Movement Becalmed, A Study of Populist Nlind, 707 Change in the CCF, 995 Populist MovementDudley, 242 Quit-Rent System in the American Colon- Populist .MovementMcVey, 581 iesBond, 96 Populist Movement and its Influence in Quit-Rent System in the American Colon- North Carolina, 847 iesBond, 07 Populist 1s.lovement in Georgia, 28 Radicalism and the Farm Bloc, 180 Populist Ma,:,anent in Georgia: A View Railroad Legislation in Minnesota, 1849- of the "Agrarian Crusade" in the Light 1875, 761 of Solid-South .-Politics, 29 Railroads and Frontier Populism, 268 Populist Nloveincnt in Iowa, 656 Railroads and Regulation, 1877-1916, 513 Populist Movement in Marshall County, Rainfall and the Populist Party in Ne- 398 braska, 46 Populist MovementinOregon, 1889- Reactions of Kansas Farmers to the New 1896, 385 Deal Farm Program, 858 Populist Movement in South Dakota, 407 Readings in Agricultural Policy, 427 Populist Movement in the U. S., 733 Readings in the Economic History of Populist PartyinCuster County, Ne- American Agriculture, 805 braska:Its Role. in Local, State and Readingsinthehistoryof American National Polities, 58 Agriculture, 718

104 105 Readings on Agricultural Polity, 476 Rise and Fall of Canadian Farm Organi- Rebels in the Making: Planters' Conven- zations, 808 tions and Southern Propaganda, 485 Rise in the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin: Recent Variations fromthe Two-party A Study in Agricultural Change, 1520- Systemas Evidenced bytheNon- 1920, 523 partisan League and the Agricultural Rise of the Equity Cooperative Exchange, Bloc, 503 778 RecollectionsoftheEarly Grange in Rise of the Farmers' Nlutual Benefit As- Nebraska, 95 sociation in Illinois, 1883-1891, 816 RecordofAchievement : IIistorical Rise of the Granger 'Movement, 701 Sketch of the Grange in West Virginia, Rise of the New West, 1819-1929, 92:3 52 Rise of the Nonpartisan League in North Records of the National Grange inits Dakota, 1915-1917, 779 Washington Office, 274 Role and Techniques of Agrarian Pres- References on Agricultural Ilistory as a sure Groups, 799 Field for Research, 249 Role of the Earm Organization Econo- Reflections on Agricultural Policy Fonna- mist in the Formulation of Farm Or- don in the United States, 384 ganization Policy, 409 Reform Cycles in Recent American His- Roots of Agrarian Distress in the States tory, 423 of the Northwest Territory, 459 Region of Isolationism, 859 Rural Community and Political Leader- .Relation of Organizational Ideologyto ship in Saskatchewan, 548 Role Structure, Means and Goals: An Rural Life and Urbanized Society, 898 Analysis of the National Farmers' Or- Rural Organization in Process:A Case ganization, 304 Study Hamilton County, Iowa, 474 Repeal of the Granger Law in Iowa, 12 RuralValueOrientationsandFarrar Repeal of the Iowa Granger Law, 1878, Policy Positions and Actions, 59 904 Samuel Compers and the Populist Move- Report of the !Manitoba Commission on ment, 488 Farm Organizations, :325 Saskatchewan Farmers' Union, 566 Republican Strategy and the Farm Vote Search for Stability, 810 in the Presidential Campaign of 1896, Seeds That Grew: A History of the Co- 283 operative Grange League Federation Resolutions, Programs and Policies of the Exchange, 509 North Dakota Farmers' Holiday Asso- Selectivity of Membership and Partici- ciation, 1932-1937, 237 pation in Rural Organizations, 660 Response of Illinois Farmers to the Agri- Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons cultural Adjustment Act of 1933, 428 of Husbandry, 32 Response of the Government to Agricul- Separation of the Farm Bureau and the ture, 159 Extension Service:Political Issue in ResponsetoGroupFrustration:The a Federal System, 92 Agrarian Basis of Isolation, 486 Shays' Rebellion, A Political Aftermath, Review of My Membership in the Farm- 210 ers' Union, 371 Shay's Rebellion, 1786-1787, 577 Review of the Organizational Structure Short History of Prairie Agriculture, 877 of the Ohio Farm Bureau Cooperatives Significance of Farm Adjustment Prob- andCharacteristicsAssociatedwith lems to Sociology, 479 Successful County Farm Bureau Man- Silver Jubilee; Twenty-fifth Anniversary agers, 462 of the First Farmers' Grange in the Revolt of the Farmer (1868-1874), 651 World;Fredonia,ChautauquaCo., Revolt of the Rednecks: Mississippi Poli- New York, April 20, 1893, 962 ties, 1876-1925, 506 Sketch oftheAgriculturalSocietyof RhetoricalAnalysisoftheMinnesota St. James, Santee, South Carolina, 235 Farmer-Labor Movement, 756 Sketch of the History of the Philadelphia Rise and Decline of the North Carolina Society for Promoting Agriculture, 911 Farmers' Union, 551 Smith W. Brookhart and Agrarian Dis- Rise and Doom of the Populist Party, 907 content in Iowa, 187

105 inr Smith Wildman Brookhart of Iowa:In- Southern Tenant Farmers Union, 1934 - surgent Agrarian Politician, 558 1959:Cadamus in the Cotton Field, So-called Granger Cases, Lord Ila le, and 973 Justice Bradley, 264 Souvenir: The National Grange in Mich- Social and Educational Aspects of the igan, 442 Grange, 1670-1934, 867 StatusInconsistency, Desirefor Social Soci:aConflictsandAgriculturalPro- Change, Participation and Individual grams. 684 Improvement for a Farm Sainple, 401 Social Credit Movement in Alberta, 465 Status Inconsistency in a Rural Setting, Social History of American Agriculture, 402 788 Status of the Midwestern Farmer in 1900, Social Ideas of the Southern Agrarians, 821 306 Social Movements in the United States, Status of the NFO in Wisconsin, 1962, 537 502 SocialParticipationandI\ lembershiP Storyofthe Nonpartisan League: A Characteristics of Farm Bureau NIens- Chapter in American Evolution, 758 hers and Non-members of Cortland Structure and Value Orientations of the County, New York, 719 Large Scale Farm Organizations and Social Participation in Rural Society, 57 Their Relationship toNon-vocational Social Politics in the United States Non- Adult Education Programs, 747 Partisan League, 394 Struggle for Equal Opportunity:Dirt Social Purpose for Canada, 672 Farmers and the American Country Social Responsibility in Farm Leadership, Life Association, 490 969 Study of Earns Organization in Central Social Scientists and Farm Politics in the Kansas, 360 Age of Roosevelt, 504 Study of Leadership in the Farm Bureau, Socialist Party of North Dakota, 1902- 604 1918, 713 Study of Local Units of Farmers' Organ- Sociological Research on Farmers' Or- izations in Illinois, 544 ganizations and Agricultural Coopera- Study of the California State Grange as tives, 932 a Pressure Group in California, 842 Soil Conservation Districts in Action, 680 Study of the Canadian Council of Agri- Some Correlates of Membership Influence culture, 1910-1930, 613 in Voluntary Associations, 941 Some Enduring Factors in Rural Polity, Study of the Grange Community Service 789 Contest Reports in New York State, Some Notes on Christian County, Ken- 202 tucky, Grange Activities, 72 Survey on Farmers' Attitudes, 239 Some Parameters of Populism, 667 Tennessee Politics and the Agrarian Re- SomePoliticalAspectsoftheGrain volt, 1886-1896, 731 Growers' Movement, 1915-1935, With Test of Theories in Collective Behavior: Particular Reference to Saskatchewan, The National Farmers' Organization, 19 453 Some Significant Aspects of the Agrarian Test of Theories in Collective Behavior: Revolution in the United States, 800 The NationalFarmers'Organization South Dakota's Rural Credit System, 284 (NFO), 452 Southern Agriculture and Southern Na- Third Force in Canada: The Coopera- tionalism Before the Civil War, 193 tive Commonwealth Federation, 1932- Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837- 1948, 574 1859, 952 Third Party Movements since the Civil Southern Cotton Association, 1905-1908, War, with Special Reference to Iowa: 780 A Study in Social Politics, 395 Southern PolitiesinState and Nation, Third Party Tradition in American Poli- 497 tics, 424 Southern Tenant Farmers' Union and the Third Power, Farmers to the Front, 263 New Deal, 365 This is the Farmers' Union, 251

106 10 This Is Yours:The Montana Farmers' Two Sides in NFO's Battle, 106 Union and Its Cooperative Associates, Uncle Reuben in 'Washington, 54 873 Unionism in North Dakota, 499 This Our Land: The Story of the Agri- United States Agricultural Policy in the cultural Society of South Carolina, 635 Postwar Years,19-15-1963:Develop- Thomas E. Watson, Leader of Georgia ment of U. S. Farm Problems, An 18- Populism, 353 Year Legislative Review, 722 Thomas Hall, 589 United States Agricultural Society, 1852- Three Generations of the Grange, 109 1800, 146 Tides in the West, 650 United States Farm Policy: An Apprais- Tillman Movement in South Carolina, 839 al, 391 T. L. Nugent, Texas Populist, 16 Upheaval of 1894: The Effects of Popu- Tobacco Night Riders of Kentucky and lism on State and Congressional Elec- Tennessee, 1905-1909, 639 tions, 664 TolerantPopulists:Kansas,Populism, Virginia Agricultural Reform, 1815-1860, and Nativism, 668 920 Tom Watson, Agrarian Rebel, 988 Virginia Board of Agriculture, 1811-1843, Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal 912 Community Program, 181 Virginia StateAgriculturalSocieties, Topical Studies and References on the 18H-1860, 921 Economic History of American Agri- Voluntary Formal Organizations, 843 culture, 801 NV:111am of Iowa, 553 Topical Studies and References on the Washington State Grange, 1866-1924: A Farmers' MovementintheUnited Romance of Democracy, 199 States,1650-1948, 802 We Kansas Farmers:Development of Topical Studies and References on the Farm Organizations and Cooperative History of American Agriculture, 803 Associations as Gleaned From a Life- Townley and Co. and the Nonpartisan time of Experience and Contact With League, 296 Them, 860 Tradition of Protest and the Roots of the Western Radicalism in American Poli- Farmer-Labor Party, 638 tics, 982 Trends in Illinois Organizations in Which What About Bargaining Power for Farm- Farm People Take Part, 1930 to 1950- ers?, 522 51, 545 What Should Farmers Aim to Accom- Trends in National Farm Organizations, plish Through Organization?, 956 974 What Went Before, 611 Troubled Farmer, 1850-1900: Rural Ad- Wheat and Politics, 111 justment toindustrialism, 397 Wheat or What? Populism and Amer- Trumpet Soundeth: WilliamJennings ican Fascism, 438 Bryan and His Democracy, 1896-1912, Whither Agrarian Economy in the United 329 States?, 804 Truth About the Farm BureauHall, 373 Who Killed the Progressive Party?, 460 Truth About the Farm BureauKramer, Who Were the Nebraska Populists?, 686 517 Who's Behind Our Farm Policy?, 571 Turning Back History's Pages on a Half Who's Behind the Farm Bureau?, 63 Century of the Grange, 720 Why Don't They Join? An Analysis of TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in Membership and Nonmembership in the Sociology of Formal Organization, Farm Organizations, 467 817 Wild Jackasses:The American Farmer TwentiethCentury FarmStrikes: A in Revolt, 518 Comment, 363 WilliamA. Hirth: MiddleWestern Twentieth Century Populison, 784 Agrarian, 781 Twenty-One Governors of South Caro- William Duane Wilson, 634 lina,TillmantoByrnes,Including William Hirth and the Missouri Farmers' Both, 104 Association, 782 Twenty -Six Centuries of Agrarian Re- William Lemke:Agrarian Radical and form: A Comparative Analysis, 919 Union Party Candidate, 90

107 108 Wisconsin Dairy Farmers on Strike, 435 Yeomen, Entrepreneurs and Gentry: A Wisconsin Farm Organizations and Co- Comparative Study of Three Wisconsin operatives:Membership and Patron- Agricultural Organizations, 1873-1893, age, 480 708 Wisconsin Granger Movement, 854 Young Radicals of the Nineties, 473 Wicconsin Society of Equity, 783 Your Farm Bureau, 879 Woman Movement in the California State Grange, 399

108 109 Index of Place, Person, Specific Organization, and Specific Movement Names in Titles Agricultural Adjustment Act, Administra- Beach Island Farmers' Clubs, 186 tion (AAA) Benson, Ezra Taft, 568 and the Farm Bureau, 359 Bershire Agricultural Society in Illinois, 428 in Massachusetts, 947 and Populism, 835 Bimetalism Agricultural Bloc (see also, Farm Bloc), in Montana, 172 140 Black's Bend Grange, 687 and the Nonpartisan League, 503 Blenheim Hill, Ncw York Agricultural Socicty(ies) Anti-Rent, 596 in Albemarle County (Virginia), Board of Agriculture 909, 913, 971 in Virginia, 912 in Kansas, 677 Bordley, John Beale, 307 in Minnesota, 372 Brannon Plan, 186 in New York, 447 Brookhart, Smith W., 187, 558 in South Carolina, 635, 865, 933 Campaigns in Iowa, 649 St. James, Santee, 235 Bradley, Justice in the United States, 146, 910 Grange, 264 in Virginia, 921 Bryan, William Jennings, 328, 329 Agricultural Wheel Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 376 in Arkansas, 255, 764 Burke, John, 327 and the Farmers' Alliance, 623 Byrnes, James, 104 Alabama, 261, 475, 740, 741, 849, 875 California, 155, 314 Farm Bureau, 765 Associated Farmers, Incorporated, Farmers' Alliance, 743 157 Grange, 742 Grange, 399, 691, 842 Howard, Milford W., 387 Populism, 9.37 O'Neal, Edward Asbury, 212 Canada, 101, 177, 234, 341, 469, 549, Populism, 169, 387 672, 808, 978 in Clay County, 590 Alberta in Marshall County, 398 Social Credit 'Movement, 465, 579 in Tuscaloosa County, 178 Wood, Hcnry Wise, 714 Albemarle,Virginia,AgriculturalSoci- Commission on Farm Organizations ety, 909, 913, 971 in Manitoba, 325 Alberta Cooperative Commonwealth Federa- Social Credit Movement, 465, 579 tion (CCF), 574, 995 Wood, Henry Wise, 714 in Saskatchewan, 546 Alliance (see Farmers' Alliance) Douglas, T. C., 924 American Revolution, 470 Farmers' Union Anti-Monopolism and the Farmers' Alliance in the in Milwaukee, 908 United States, 938 Anti-Monopoly Party in Ontario, 676 in Iowa, 902 in Saskatchewan, 566 Anti-Rent, 653 Federation of Agriculture, 482 in New York, 44, 160, 836 Cringe, 431, 616 on Blenheim Hill, 596 Manitoba in Delaware County, 617 Commission on Farm Organiza- Anti-Semitism tions, 325 Populism, 705 Ontario Arkansas, 256 Farmers' Union, 678 Agricultural Wheel, 255, 764 Simcoe County, 2 Grange, 211 Progressive Party, 633 Associated Farmers of California, Incor- Sapiro, Aaron, 400, 525 porated, 157 Saskatchewan, 19, 548, 615, 991

109 1 1 0 Cooperative C munonweaIth Fed- Dakota Territory eration, 546 Grange, 790 Douglas, T. C., 924 Deep South Farmers' Union, 566 Grange, 687 Simcoc County, Ontario, 2 Delta County, Texas, 252 Social Credit Movement Delaware in Alberta, 465, 579 Grange, 229 Western, 101, 622, 689, 824 Delaware County, New York S,ipiro, Aaron, 400 Anti-Rent, 617 Capper, Arthur, 861 Democratic Factionalism Champaign County, Illinois in Webster County, Mississippi, 526 Grange, 813 Department of Agriculture Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Rail- in North Carolina, (159 road, 606 Donnelly, Ignatius, 421, 727 Chicago Grange Grange, 983 in Minnesota, 726 Christian County, Kentucky Populism, 943 Grange, 72 Douglas, T. C., 924 Clay County, Alabama Eastern Populism, 590 Grange, 600 Colman, Norman J., 534 Eisenhower, Dwight, 73 Colorado, 990 Ellsworth County, Kansas Grange, 301, 302, 989 Farm Bureau, 514 Populism, 79, 215, 291, 297 Equity Cooperative Exchange (see also, Waite, Governor, 79 Society of Equity), 768, 778 Commission on Farm Organizations Farm Bloc (see also, Agricultural Bloc), in Manitoba, 325 105, 180, 408, 569,712,715 Communist Party Farm Bureau, 63. 92.131,144,373,412, in the Middle West, 831 413, 457, 500, 501,517,604,759,766, Confederation 879, 900 and Shay's Rebellion, 942 and the AAA, 359 Connecticut in Alabama, 765 Grange, 182 in Cortland County, New York, 20, Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 719 (CCF) in Ellsworth County, Kansas; 514 in Canada, 574, 995 in Kansas, 332 in Saskatchewan, 546 Kline, Allan Blair, 10 Cooperative League in Missouri, 809 of the United States, 156 in Nebraska, 730 Cooperative Union or America and the New Deal, 137, 138, 770, and the Farmers' Alliance, 312 836 in New York, 810, 856 Cooperbeads and the NFO, 190 in the Middle West, 507 in Ohio, 232, 354, 462, 587 Grange, 508 in Otsego County, New York, 20 Corn Belt, 505 O'Neal, Edward A., 770 Farmers' Holiday Association, 832 Farm Security Administration, 702 Cortland County, New York Farmer-Labor Parties, Movements, 115, Farm Bureau, 20 273, 471, 638, 728, 866 Grange, 21 and the Greenback Movement, 762 Cotton Belt, 303 in Pennsylvania, 725 Country Life Movement, 489, 490, 889 in Michigan, 331 Custer County, Nebraska in Minnesota, 436, 437, 637, 756, Populism, 58 975 Dakota in Washington, 197, 198 Farmers' Alliance, 555 Farmer-Labor Progressive Federation Dakotahs, 647 in Wisconsin, 794

110 ill Farmers' Alliance, 118,153, 154, 243, Fascism 422, 425, 461, 585, 654, 711, 034, 964 and Populism, 272, 43S Agricultural Wheel, 623 Federation of Agriculture in Alabama, 743 in Canada, 482 and the Cooperative Union of Amer- Florida ica, 312 Farmers' Alliance, 188, 510 in Dakota, 555 Populism, 1 and the Farmers' Union in Canada, Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York 938 Grange, 962 in Florida, 188, 510 Frontier George, Milton, 814, 815 Populism, 266 and the Grange, 47 George, Milton, 819, 815 and the Industrial Union, 93 Georgia, 98, 113, 716 and the Knights of Labor, 81 Populism, 28, 29, 353 Mamie, C. \V., 819 Watson, Thomas E., 353 in Minnesota, 162, 418, 949 Gilbert, Joe, 240 in Missouri, 171 in Nebraska, 45, 520 Gompers, Samuel and the Nonpartisan League, 449 and Populism, 488 in North Carolina, 417 Grange (Patrons of Husbandry), 5, 6, 9, in Noah Dakota, 117 17, 31, 32, 77,109,110,122,123,126, and Populism, 117, 422 134,136,208,223,228,231,246,209, in Tennessee, 822, 823, 955 310,319,337,343,347,366,439,448, in Texas, 311, 852 450,492,509,559,601,612,613,661, in Washington, 993 663,688,700,701,720,729,739,79S, in West Virginia, 47 837,844,845,846,857,567,882,900, Farmers' Association 950,951,954,960,961 in Missouri, 218, 782 in Alabama, 742 in Arkansas, 211 Farmers' Defensive Movement, 692 Bradley, Justice, 269 Farmers' Holiday Association,67, 168, in California, 399, 691, 842 236, 265, 557, 834 in Canada, 431, 616 in the Corn Belt, 832 in Champaign County, Illinois, S13 in Iowa, 529, 724 in Chicago, 983 in Nebraska, 833 in Christian County, Kentucky, 72 in North Dakota, 237 in Colorado, 301, 302, 989 Farmers' Independence Council of Amer- in Connecticut, 182 ica, 142 and the Copperheads, 508 Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association in Cortland County, New York, 21 in Illinois, 816 in Dakota Territory, 790 Farmers' Party, 605 in the Deep South, 637 Farmers' Protective Association in Delaware, 229 in Iowa, 396 in the East, 600 Farmers' Union, 53, 112,114,195,250, and the Farmers' Alliance, 97 251, 275, 371, 411, 915,916,938,965 in Fredonia, Chautauqua County, in Canada, 938 New York, 962 and the Farmers' Alliance, 938 in the Great Valley, 348 in Mississippi, 732 Hale, Lord, 264 in Montana, 873 in Illinois, 679, 992 and the Nonpartisan League, 554 in Champaign County, 813 in North Carolina, 550, 551 in Indiana, 532 in North Dakota, 511, 554, 886 in Iowa, 12, 22, 69, 608, 675830, in Ontario, 676 855, 903, 904 in Jefferson County, West Virginia, and Populism, 917 458 Beim, Milo, 959 in Kansas, 11, 82, 349, 848, 953 in Saskatchewan, 566 in Kentucky in Washington, 259 in Christian County, 72

1 1 2 Kelley, Oliver H., 51 Mirth, William A. in Louisiana, 972 in the Middle West, 781 in Massachusetts, 308 Missouri Farmers' Association, 7S2 in Michigan, 442, 785, 914 Ilofstadter, Richard, 704 in the Middle West, 22, 152, 430 horticultural Society and the Copperheads, 503 in Pennsylvania, 102 in Minnesota, 726 Howard. Milford W., 387 North Star Grange, 62 Hudson-Mohawk Region, New York, 257 in Mississippi, 270, 271 Illinois, 121, 147, 219, 543, 544, 345, 812 in Missouri, 149, 970 AAA, 428 in Nebraska, 95, 535 Agricultural Association, 876 in New England, 290 Farmers' Mutual 13enetit Association, in New Hampshire, 602 816 in New York, 14, 76, 202, 531 Grange, 679, 992 in Cortland County, 21 in Champaign County, 813 in Fredonia, Chautauqua County, People's Party, 221 962 Populism, 828 Onondaga Pomona, 674 Indiana, 204, 527 in Otsego County, 21 Populism, 869 in North Carolina, 657 Industrial Union in Ohio, 671 and the Farmers' Alliance, 93 in Oregon, 811 Iowa, 34, 61, 65, 125, 395, 796, 797 Osborn, Joseph 1i,, 562 Anti-Monopoly Party, 902 in Otsego County, New York, 21 Brookhart, Smith Wildman, 187, 558 on the Pacific Coast, 145 13rookhart Campaigns, 649 in Pennsylvania, 108, 233, 429 Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy and Populism, 48 Railroad, 606 in Rhode Island, 444 Farmers' Holiday Association, 529, in the South, 687, 774 724 in South Carolina, 291 Fanners' Protective Association, 396 in Texas, 572, 591, 851, 853 Grange, 12, 22, 64, 608, 675, 830, in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 607 855, 903, 904 in Vermont, 495 Greenback Movement, 755 in Washington, 199, 200 Hamilton County, 474 in Washington, D. C., 274 Populism, 349, 655, 656 in West Virginia, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, Wal laces, 553 829 Jackson, Andrew, 795 in Jefferson County, 458 Jefferson Cou,ity, West Virginia in Wisconsin, 530, 597, 859 Grange, 458 Great Britain Kansas, 316, 360, 561, 583, 677, 860 and the United States, 414 Farm Bureau, 332 Great Valley, Pennsylvania in Ellsworth County, 514 Grange, 398 Grange, 11, 82, 399, 848. 953 Greenback Movement, 926 Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 1.88 and Farr .:r-Labor, 762 Lewel ling, Lorenzo D., 207 in Iowa,55 Nativism, 668 New Deal, 858 in Maine, 598 Populism, 207, 245, 293, 386, 593, in New York, 362 609, 610, 668, 709, 888, 949 in Pennsylvania, Simpson, Jerry, 293 and the Labor Movement, 725 Kelley, Oliver H., 51 in Wisconsin, 755, 928 Kennedy, John F., 368 Grenada County, Mississippi, 358 Kern Icky, 56 Hale, Lord, 264 Grange Hall, Thomas, 589 in Christian County, 72 Hamilton County, Iowa, 474 Society of Equity, 767 Haycraft, Senator J. E., 448 Tobacco Night Riders, 639, 899

112 113 Kline, Allan Blair, 10 Nonpartisan League, 449, 621, 945 Knights of Labor People's Party, 419 ;old the Fanners' Alliance, Si Populism, 163 Kolb, 881 Progressivism, 163 Labor (sec Farmer-Labor; Unionism) State Agricultural Society, 372 Lease, Mary Elizabeth, SSS Mississippi, 269, 478, 621, 957 Lemke, William, 89 Democratic Factionalism Union Party, 90 in Webster County, 526 ',ewe Bing, Lorenzo D., 207 Farmers' Union, 732 Loftus, George Sperry, 129 Grange, 270, 271 Lo:lisiana, 370 Grenada County, 358 Grange, 972 Noxubee County, 539 People's Party, 206 Populism, 560 Populism, 222, 95S Rednecks, 506 McCarthy, Joseph, 744, 745 Valley, 607, 896 :McKenzie, Alexander, 85, 143 Missouri, 30, 170, 620 :McKinley, William, 328 Farm Bureau, 809 Mc Nary-Haugen Movement, 85 Farmers' Alliance, 171 McPhail, Alexander James, 463 Farmers' Association, 218 Macune, C. W., S19 ITirth, William A., 782 Maine, 213, 214 Grange, 149, 970 Greenback Movement, 598 Nlontana Manitoba Bimetallism, 172 Commission on Farm Organizations, Farmers' Union, 873 325 Populism, 172 Marshall Cmmty, Alabama Society of Equity, 775 Populism, 398 Murray, Alfalfa Bill, 119 Maryland, 976 Napoleon, 584 Marxism and Populism, 599 National Farmers' Organization (NFO), Nfassaehlisetts 24, 106, 189, 304, 326, 443, 452, 453, 538, 627, 631, 792, 979 Bershire Agricultural Society, 947 and the Farm Bureau, 100 Grange, 308 in the Middle West, 454 Mayo, Mary A., 127 in Sauk County, Wisconsin, 320 NIilwaukce in Wisconsin, 537 Anti-Monopolisin, 908 National Producers' Alliance, 776 :Michigan, 55, 294, 6:30 Nativism Farmer-Labor, 331 in Kansas, 668 Grange, 442, 785, 914 and Populism, 668 Middle West, 158, 167, 323, 669, 752, Nebraska, 410, 753 821 Farm Bureau, 736 Communist Party, 8:31 Farmers' Alliance, 45, 520 Copperheads, 507, 508 Farmers' Holiday Association, 833 Gilbert, joe, 240 Grange, 95, 535 Grange, 22, 152, 430, 508 Nonpartisan League, 699 Hirth, William A., 781 Northeastern, 874 Indiana, 204 NFO, 454 People's Pary, 45 Nonpartisan League, 771 Populism, 46, 100, 685, 686, 998 Populism, 706, 784 in Custer County, 58 Minnesota, 91, 472, 487, 761, 997 New Deal, 181, 184 Donnelly, Ignatius, 726 and the Farm Bureau, 137, 138, 770, Farmer-Labor Association, 436 836 Farmer-Labor Party, 437, 637, 758, in Kansas, 858 975 O'Neal, Edward A., 770 Farmers' Alliance, 162, 418, 449 and the Southern Tenant Farmers' Grange, 726 Union, 365

113 1 1 4 New England McKenzie, Alexander, 143 Grange, 290 Nonpartisan League, 226, 322, 339, New Ilampshire 554, 5S2, 779, 929 Grange, 602 Populism, 117 New Jersey, 984 Progressive Nlovement, 327 New South, 9S6 Progressive Party, 665 New West, 923 Socialism, 71.3 New York, 23, 201, 588, 880, 946 North Star Grange, Minnesota, 62 Agricultural Society, 417 Northwest, 103, 825, 966, 967 Anti-Rent, 44, 160, 636 Loftus, George Sperry, 129 On Blenheim Ili 11, 596 Territory, 459 in Delaware County, 617 Noxubee County, Mississippi, 539 Finn Bureau, 840, S56 Nugent, T. L., 16 in Cortland County, 20, 719 Octoraro Farmers' Club, 563 in Otsego County, 20 Ohio, 260, 483 Grange, 14, 76, 202, 531 Farm Bureau, 232, 354, 462, 587 in Cortland County, 21 Grange, 671 in Fredonia, Chautauqua County, Oklahoma, 750 962 Nonpartisan League, 280 Onondaga Pomona, 674 Reconstruction League, 261 in Otsego County, 21 O'Neal, Edward Asbury, 212, 770 Greenback Movement, 362 Onondaga Pomona Grange, New York, Iludsott- Nloh;nck Region, 257 674 Nonpartisan League, 37,116,313,321, Ontario 369, 391, 456, 52.1, 595,614,625,645, Farmers' Union, 676 758 Sfincoe County, 2 and the Agricultural Bloc, 503 Oregon and the Farmers Alliance, 449 Grange, 811 Inv! the Fanners' Union Populism, 385 in North Dakota, 554 Osborn, Joseph H., 562 Huyeraft, Senator J. E., 446 Otsego County, New York in the Middle West, 771 Farm Bureau, 20 in Minnesota, 449, 624, 945 Grange, 21 in Nebraska, 699 Pacific Coast Norbeck, Peter, 282 Grange, 145 in North Dakota. 226, 322, 339, 554, Patrons of I husbandry (see Grange) 582, 779, 929 Peek, George N., 278, 279 in Oklahoma, 280 Pendleton Farmers' Society, 980 Reed, CapOin Frank E., 446 Pennsylvania, 288 Sageng, Senator Ole 0., 446 Grange, 108, 233, 429 in South Dakota, 282, 432 Great Valley, 348 Townley & Co., 296 Greenback Movement, 725 Norbeck, Peter, 282 Horticultural Society, 102 Northern United States, 80 People's Party (sec also, Populism), 42, North Carolina, 150 422, 695 Department of Agriculture, 659 and the Farmers' Alliance, 422 Farmers' Alliance, 417 in Nebraska, 45 Farmers' Union, 550, 551 in Illinois, 221 Grange, 657 in Louisiana, 206 Polk, Leonidas Lafayette, 659 in Minnesota, 419 Populism, 217, 847 in Nebraska, 45 North Dakota, SS, 130, 200, 289, 499, in Texas, 592 887 Philadelphia Agricultural Society Burke, John, 327 Bordley, John Beale, 307 Farmers' Alliance, 117 Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agri- Farmers' Holiday Association, 237 culture, 911 Farmers' Union, 511, 554, 886 Polk, Leonidas Lafayette, 658, 659

114 115 Populism (sec also, People's Party), 3, in \Vest Virginia, 48 43, 60, 227, 242,268,388,416,420, Western, 626 433, 581, 586, 664,667,694,703,704, in Wyoming, 519 707, 733, 777, 907,927,939,987 Potter Law, 205 and the AAA, 835 Progressive Movement, 174, 575 in Alabama, 169, 387 Burke, John, 327 in Clay County, 590 in Minnesota, 163 in Marshall County, 398 in North Dakota, 327 in Tuscaloosa County, 178 Progressive Pn.ty, 460 Anti-Semitism, 705 in Canada, 633 and Bimetallism, 172 in North Dakota, 665 in California, 937 Reconstruction League in Clay County, Alabama, 590 in Oklahoma, 231 in Colorado, 79, 215, 291, 297 Rednecks in Custer County, Nebraska, 58 in Mississippi, 506 Donnelly, Ignatius, 943 Reed, Captain Frank E., 446 and the Farmers' Alliance, 422 Reno, Milo, 959 in North Dakota, 117 Republican, 283 and the Farmers' Union, 917 Rhode Island and Fascism, 272, 438 Grange, 444 in Florida, 1 Roosevelt, Franklin, 504 on the Frontier, 266 Bose, A. J., 850 in Georgia, 28, 29, 353 Ruffin, Edmund, 196 Gompers, Samuel, 488 Rural Credit System and the Grange, 48 in South Dakota, 284 Hofstadtcr, Richard, 704 Sageng, Senator Ole 0., 446 Howard, Milford P...87 Santee, South Carolina in Illinois, 82$ Agricultural Society of St. James, in Indiana, 869 235 in Iowa, 344, 655, 656 Sapiro, Aaron, 400, 525 in Kansas, 207, 245, 293, 386, 593, Saskatchewan, 19, 548, 615, 991 609, 610, 668, 709, 888, 949 Cooperative Commonwealth Federa- Kolb, 881 tion, 546 Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 888 Douglas. T. C., 924 Lewelling, Lorenzo D., 207 Farmers' Union. 566 in Louisiana, 222, 958 Sauk County, Wisconsin in Marshall County, Alabama, 398 NFO, 320 and Marxism, 599 Shay's Rebellion, 210, 577 in the Middle West, 706, 784 and the Confederation, 942 in Minnesota, 163 Sim'-oe County, Ontario, 2 in Mississippi, 560 Simpson, Jerry, 230, 293 in Montana, 172 Smith, Earl, 619 and Nativism, 668 Social Credit Movement in Nebraska, 46, 100, 685, 686, 998 in Alberta, 465, 579 in Custer Co talty, 58 Socialist Party in North Carolina, 217, 847 in North Dakota, 713 in North Dakota, 117 Society of Equity ( see also, Equity Co- Nugent, T. L., 16 operative Exchange), 36, 262 in Oregon, 385 in Kentucky, 767 Simpson, Jerry, 230, 293 in NIontana, 775 in the South, 87, 267 in Wisconsin. 769. 78:3 in South Dakota, 292, 407 Soth, Lauren, 836 in Texas, 16, 698 South, 41, 192, 19:3, 306, 338, 352, 494, in Tuscaloosa Comity, Alabama, 178 497. 687, 769, 772, 952. 985, 986 iiiVirginia, 826 Grange, 687, 774 Waite, Davis Hanson. 79, 626 Populism, 87, 267 Watson, Thomas F., 353 Ruffin, Edmund, 196

H South Carolina Northern, 80 Agricultural Society, 635, 865. 933 Southern, 352 Byrnes, James, 104 Upper Mississippi Valley Grange, 244 C.,:ange, 607 Tillman, "Pitchfork Ben," 104, 838, Vermont, 754 839 Grange, 445 South Dakota Virginia, 696, 920, 921 Nonpartisan League, 282, 432 Albemarle County Agricultural Soci- Norbeck, Peter, 282 ety, 909, 913, 971 Populism, 292, 407 Beard of Agriculture, 912 Rural Credit System, 284 Podulisin, 826 Southern Cotton Association, 780 Waite, Governor Davis Hanson, 79, 626 Southern Tenant Farmers' Union. 97:3 \Vallaces, 553 and the New Deal, 365 Washington, State of Southwest, 455 Farmer-Labor Party, 197, 198 Taylor, Bob, 730 Farmers' Alliance, 993 Tennessee, 731 Farmers' Union, 259 Farmers' Alliance, 822, 823, 955 Grange, 199, 209 Taylor, Bob, 730 Washington, D. C. Tobacco Night Riders, 639 Grange, 274 Texas Uncle Reuben, 5,1 Delta County, 252 Watson, Elkana 11,216, 948 Farmers' Alliance, 311, 852 Watson, Thomas E., :353, 9,38 Grange, 572, 591, 851, 853 Weaver, James Baird, 393 Nugent, T. L., 16 Webster County, Mississippi People's Party, 592 Democratic Factionalism, 526 Populism, 16, 698 West, Western, 124, 285, 650, 923, 982 Rose, A. J., 850 982 Tillman, "Pitchfork Ben." 104, 838, 839 Canada, 101, 400, 622, 689, 824 Tobacco Night Riders Populism, 626 in Kentucky, 639, 899 West Virginia in Tennessee, 639 Farmers' Alliance, 47 Townley & Co., 296 Grange, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 829 Truman, Harry S., 594 in Jefferson County, 458 Tuscaloosa County, Alabama Populism, 48 Populism, 178 Wilson, William Duane, 634 Uncle Reuben Wisconsin, 224, 225, 335, 435, 480, 523, in Washington, 54 708, 787, 925 Unionism Anti-Monopolism in Milwaukee, 908 in North Dakota, 499 Farmer-Labor Progressive Federa- Union Party tion, 794 Lemke, William, 90 Grange, 530, 597, 854 United Grain Growers Limited, 179 Greenback Movement, 755, 928 United States, 7, 25, 39, 83, 84, 94, 164, NFO, 537 165, 183, 185, 194, 248, 258, 27:3, 374. in Sauk County, 320 384, 391, 495, 502, 536, 644, 722, 72:3. Society of Equity, 769, 783 800, 804, 905, 910, 963, 981 Wood, Henry Wise, 714 Agricultural Society 146, 910 Woodsworth, J. S., 578 Cooperative League, 156 Wyoming Farm Bloc, 408 Populism, 519 Government, 378 and Great Britain, 414

116 117