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Who's Going to Dance with Somebody Who Calls You a Main Streeter" Communism, Culture, and Community in Sheridan County, Montana, 1918,1934

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Who's Going to Dance with Somebody Who Calls You a Main Streeter University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1995 "WHO'S GOING TO DANCE WITH SOMEBODY WHO CALLS YOU A MAIN STREETER" COMMUNISM, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITY IN SHERIDAN COUNTY, MONTANA, 1918,1934 Gerald Zahavi University of Albany Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Zahavi, Gerald, ""WHO'S GOING TO DANCE WITH SOMEBODY WHO CALLS YOU A MAIN STREETER" COMMUNISM, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITY IN SHERIDAN COUNTY, MONTANA, 1918,1934" (1995). Great Plains Quarterly. 1083. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1083 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. "WHO'S GOING TO DANCE WITH SOMEBODY WHO CALLS YOU A MAIN STREETER" COMMUNISM, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITY IN SHERIDAN COUNTY, MONTANA, 1918,1934 GERALD ZAHAVI ""'1: 1 he Catholics and the Lutherans met the So began Logan's long career in Sheridan train," recalled Bernadine Logan, a former County. The year was 1930, and she had just schoolteacher in Plentywood, Montana, "to arrived from North Dakota, a fresh Cum Laude get the nab on the new teachers, any crop graduate of Jamestown College.2 The social that would come in. Did they take care of and cultural walls that divided the commu­ us women teachers! We had a list of the nity were at once unambiguously defined for people with whom we were not to associ­ her-with a simple list. The good Catholics ate; the school board gave that to us .... and Lutherans of Plentywood made sure that Anybody that was connected with liquor­ the custodians of their children's minds would and then there were some of these people be well insulated from the riffraff of the that we weren't supposed to have dates with town-the liquor distillers, the bootleggers, either."l and, of course, the reds. The social center of the community, the Farmer-Labor Temple­ the "Red Temple" to local conservatives-was generally off limits to Logan and her fellow teachers. The countless parties, dances, and celebrations held there were not to be part of their social life; that list guaranteed it. Embla­ zoned with hammers and sickles, the red flags Gerald Zahavi, associate professor of history at the that occasionally adorned the Temple marked University of Albany (12222), is the author of many for Plentywood's teachers and their middle­ articles and of Workers, Managers, & Welfare class guardians-contemptuously referred to Capitalism: The Shoemakers & Tanners of as "mainstreeters" by local left-wing critics­ Endicott-Johnson, 1890-1950. an ideological divide so immense as to be un­ bridgeable. Local communists were "socially [GPQ 16 (Fall 1996}: 251-861 unacceptable," Bernadine Logan concluded, 251 252 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 1996 and anyway, "who's going to dance with some­ the east and Saskatchewan to the north. In body who calls you a mainstreeter!"3 the nineteenth century it had been a battle­ Whether one is an "old" or "new" historian ground upon which local Assiniboines beat of American communism-to use historian back repeated incursions by adjacent North­ Theodore Draper's terms-it should be evi­ ern Cheyennes and Sioux; now they share res­ dent by now that there are several levels on ervations with them. In 1920, the county had which twentieth-century communist move­ a population of 13,847; around a thousand ments played out. The first and most obvious lived in Plentywood, the county seat. Lying at is the one that predominates in the literature: the eastern edge of America's northern short­ the institutional hierarchical web of authority grass prairie, at around two thousand feet of that constricted American communism in the elevation, it was a gently rolling land, with twentieth century to develop along Soviet flat breaks and occasional ravines. In the lines.4 Bernadine Logan's encounter with 1920s the land appeared as a patchwork quilt Sheridan County communism, however, sug­ of grazing land and farm fields on which gests a more subtle cultural and contextual wheat, flax, oats, rye, barley, corn, and hay approach to the study of the subject, one that grew. Few of Sheridan's farmers irrigated their recognizes that the history of American com­ lands. They relied instead on the natural rain­ munism is not only Party and institutional fall and on the Big Muddy River, which flowed history but also community and regional his­ down from Canada and through the county, tory.5 Certainly, the local history of the Com­ finally emptying into the Missouri River to munist Party (CP) was linked to national and the south. Along with good crop soil, Sheridan international party institutions and agendas. county was also blessed with an abundance of Yet sympathizers and allies, right-wing adver­ lignite-a brown, low-carbon coal. Small saries, local political antagonists, community mines were scattered along the Big Muddy, and church leaders, teachers and school boards, where the coal came close to the surface. Lo­ bankers and merchants, and thousands of male cal farmers "stripped" surface outcroppings for and female farmers and farm workers all shaped cheap fuel or readily obtained the lignite from the evolution of Sheridan County communism. local miners.6 All were likewise influenced by it. Though a Rising grain elevators and flour mills broke local study, the following pages serve a broader the vast open landscape of the county, mark­ agenda-one that aims to situate an interna­ ing the presence of its nearly two dozen towns. tional radical movement within the social and Before the coming of farmers to the region, cultural horizons of an American prairie re­ the area was entirely the domain of ranchers gion, more specifically, within a single county who were first drawn to the northeastern edge in eastern Montana. Exploring how such a of the "High Line" (the plains region north of movement saturated local political, social, and the Missouri River) by the Big Muddy River cultural life-education, youth culture, town­ and the lush grasslands that surrounded it. country antagonisms, religion, prohibition, Homesteading farmers soon discovered the and crime, as well as personal and political potential of this land. During the first and conflicts-reveals both hitherto hidden and second decades of the century, they arrived in complex dimensions of American Communism waves-from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and the important role that cultural conflicts Denmark, Norway, Sweden, England, Ger­ played in limiting its expansion. many, and Ireland. Many were second genera­ tion ethnics who moved to the region from SHERIDAN COUNTY the upper Midwest. They came for jobs, for adventure, but most of all they came for the Sheridan County lies in the northeast cor­ land. Scandinavians came in droves. By 1920, ner of Montana, bordered by North Dakota to 560 Danes and 698 Norwegians had settled in COMMUNISM, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITY IN MONTANA 253 ... I .. , I, I' I I 1 ... 6 - --- --'I- -- 1r"~~- - ,..., - ~;_::.~: ", 1 c.. .. •__ M •• ...: __ ... .f'" '""iII. 0,.1 '".".-,,____ • / - '"'" <II ,~--'1"" . ~,HI \n" LaJ b :. "re /'1~ ~ 1 _ _ ~I_" ( \.... /1',,~ '\ ,., ___./ .1. i.". ..... -, ( H: ,,'-I " \ r· O ) .... ,-'''',.. SI-IER I DAN COUNTY Ivl0f'ITAf'.IA FIG.!' Sheridan County. Source: Sheridan's Daybreak {with additions by author}. Sheridan County alone. Danish and Nor­ Northern or the Soo Line; both offered re­ wegian colonists were recruited by land com­ duced fares to prospective settlers. A few, panies, Lutheran ministers, and cultural trying to save as much of their meager sav­ nationalists like Emil Ferdinand Madsen, the ings as possible, stowed their children away founder of the Dagmar Danish colony in east­ on the immigrant cars. Homesteaders like Jens ern Sheridan County.7 and N ielsine Brinkman were typical of the Migrants made their way to this northern first generation of migrants, though in ad­ prairie frontier on wagons, on model Ts, and, vance preparation they were much luckier most commonly, on trains. Oscar Eklund, a than others. They had "read in the Danish second generation Swede, recalled: "We came paper about Dagmar and the homesteads and out in 1917, by rail. We shipped an emigrant had corresponded with E. F. Madsen. Madsen car out. That was the way most of the home­ chose a homestead for them and had a shack steaders came." They took passage on the Great built for them before they came." Others read 254 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 1996 promotional pamphlets like" 'The Call of the Farmers clubs, the Farmers National Holiday West': Some Solid Facts About Sheridan Association, and in Sheridan County, it also County Montana," put out by "the Pioneer came with the Communist Party and its agrar­ Land man of Sheridan County," L. S. Olsen, ian arm, the United Farmers League (UFL).l0 with the support of numerous local merchants. "Sheridan county presents the last opportu­ FROM SOCIALISM TO COMMUNISM nity to the landless to receive a donation at the hands of the munificent nation," Olsen Decades of political agitation had preceded declared, and proceeded to describe the county the planting of the hammer and sickle in the in romantic terms to prospective homestead­ county. The region had long been a center of ers. For the landless, it was convincing. Un­ Montana socialism and progressive thinking fortunately, however, Sheridan County's in general. A 1936 Works Progress Adminis­ ranching and farming fortunes were controlled tration (WPA) history noted that "the county by the weather. The limits of prairie ranching has always been moderately leftist.
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