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Exploring Battery-Swapping for Electric Vehicles in China 1.0

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Exploring Battery-Swapping for Electric Vehicles in China 1.0 Sweden-China Bridge Collaborative Academic Platform for the Electrification of Transportation Systems March 2021 ELECTRIFICATION OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CHINA EXPLORING BATTERY-SWAPPING FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN CHINA 1.0 1 Authors: Mike Danilovic1 and Jasmine Lihua Liu2. 1 Halmstad University, Sweden & Shanghai Dianji University, China. 2 Lund University Sweden & Shanghai Dianji University, China. In cooperation with Tomas Müllern3, Arne Nåbo & Phillip Almestrand Linné4 3 Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, Sweden. 4 Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden. Funded by: The Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket, TRV). ISBN: 978-91-987011-0-4 Report number: 2010-1 Edition: Only available in pdf for individual printing. Copy right: Sweden-China Bridge 2 ABOUT THE SWEDEN-CHINA BRIDGE PROJECT Exploratory approach Expected value creation This project is exploratory in nature and includes a This project is expected to create value for the key step-by-step approach to knowledge development in stakeholders and players involved in the electrifica- both the Swedish and Chinese contexts. The project tion of transportation systems in the following general spans different areas of knowledge in which we will ways. highlight what technologies and systems are prior- itized in China, Sweden and Europe, what drivers and 1. To create insights into the current and future motives exist, which players are involved in the tran- status of electrification of transportation systems sition to electrified, intelligent and integrated transpor- in Sweden and in China from technical, social, tation systems, and what the conditions and business societal and economic perspectives. models will look like for achieving this conversion to electrified and integrated transportation systems in an 2. To learn and mutually develop insights into how intelligent and smart society. new knowledge, technology, system-based solu- tions, logistics and transportation systems can be The purposes of the Sweden-China developed, commercialized and operated accord- Bridge Project ing to a life cycle perspective in both Sweden and China. 1. The project aims to establish and develop a plat- form for academic knowledge sharing and know- 3. To create a long-term learning context in which ledge transfer between Sweden and China for Sweden and China exchange experience for the collaboration between universities and research benefit of both countries and their industries. institutes in the two countries. Its purpose is to con- tribute to increased understanding and information 4. To develop a deeper understanding of how and knowledge sharing on the technical and com- Sweden and China are managing the large-scale mercial development of electrified vehicle systems, electrification of the road network using different integrated transportation system solutions, and technologies, including electric charging, energy energy supply infrastructure as a fully integrated production (fuel cells, hybrid vehicles, battery system for intelligent and smart cities. storage and electric roads): what do the short- and long-term potentials look like? How are they using 2. From this perspective, the project will explore long-term industry policy instruments to develop the development and implementation of relevant technology and implement it in society? How are technology for the electrification of vehicles, such they outlining business models for the large-scale as fuel cells, bioenergy, battery storage, combina- roll-out of electrified transportation systems? tions of energy systems for hybrid vehicles, energy supply for integrated electrified vehicles, integrated electric road technology, associated charging infra- structure, and static and dynamic technology. 3. We also intend to explore the management of renewable energy supply systems, from the pro- duction of renewable electricity to its distribution to consumers of electrified transportation systems, which is needed to power electrified vehicles and transportation systems. 3 Research team Mike Danilovic Philip Almestrand Linné Ph.D., Project leader, Professor, Halmstad University, Ph.D., Researcher, Swedish National Road and Sweden & Distinguished Overseas Professor at Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden. Shanghai Dianji University Shanghai, China. Wang Junhua Tomas Müllern Ph.D., Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. Ph.D., Professor, Jönköping University, Jönköping Liu Shuo International Business School, Sweden. Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Tongji University, Jasmine Lihua Liu Shanghai, China. (刘莉华), Ph.D., Senior researcher, Lund University & Qiu Xiaoping Affiliated researcher at MMTC, Jönköping University, Ph.D., Professor, Southwest Jiatong University, International Business School, Sweden & Shanghai Chengdu, China. Dianji University, China. Susan Lijiang Sun Arne Nåbo Ph.D., Professor, Shanghai Dianji University, Tech. lic., Research director, Swedish National Road Shanghai, China. and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden. Ma Hongwei Jeanette Andersson Ph.D., Associate Professor, Shanghai Dianji Ph.D., Researcher, Swedish National Road and University, China. Transport Research Institute (VTI), Sweden. Academic partners in China China Electric Power Research Institute Shanghai Shanghai Power Keeper, Shanghai, China. (CEPRI), Beijing, China. Shanghai Jiulong Power, Shanghai, China. Zhejiang VIE-Evatran Electronic Technologies Co., Zhejiang University, Deqing Research Center, Ltd., Shanghai, China. Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou, China. BYD, Shanghai, China. Urban and Rural Construction and Transportation Shenzhen Development Research Institute, China. DST, Shenzhen, China. Xieli innovation Center, Shenzhen, China. Industrial partners in China Shenzhen Bus Group, Shenzhen, China. Beijing Shenzhen Electric Vehicle Application and Promotion Scania China Innovation Center, Beijing, China. Center, Shenzhen, China. Potevia New Energy, Shenzhen, China. Haylion, Shenzhen, China. Guangzhou Bus Group, Guangzhou, China. Contact Mike Danilovic, Ph.D. Phone: Professor of Industrial Management Innovation and +46708157588 (Sweden) | +8613761129945 (China) Technology Management. E-mail: Halmstad University [email protected] P O Box 823 Visiting professor: SE18 301 HALMSTAD Distinguished Overseas Professor at Shanghai Dianji SWEDEN University Shanghai, China. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, we would like to express our appreciation We will be always grateful for the support of the to the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikver- Scania Innovation Team in Beijing for their support ket, TRV) for their financial support of this project. and their opening of doors for us, sharing of con- Without funds the research underlying this paper nections to industry in this area, and joint efforts in would not be possible. Without the TRV support we Shenzhen study. would know less of the global development of the electrification of transport. Finally, we are grateful to all people in academia, institutes and industry that spend their time in read- We are also very happy of the support from our ing this paper about electrification of transport in the Chinese academic colleagues that supported es- Chinese context, and particularly the development tablishing this project and supported the work of the of battery-swapping in China. As researchers we are research team in the Chinese context, for sharing interested in knowledge development and the pros- their experiences of the Chinese achievements of perity of humankind and our environment, the good electrification and opening up their hearts for laowai life for all people of the world, and the future for our from Sweden (in English “foreigners”) and our kids. understanding of what and how this very complex and important societal transformation in electrifica- As researchers we want to share our knowledge the tion is being conducted in China. Together we can best we can, for mutual learning and mutual benefits. learn from each other, with each other and together As researchers we leave politics outside our mission. we can change the world to a better place to live and Outside our work and hope that this knowledge we for our kids to grow-up. develop can be seen as assets that we share with all of the others that want to contribute to the devel- As project leader of this project, I am very happy with opment of our world, our life’s and our joint human the work of the Swedish research team, our Chinese prosperity. partners and our steering group. Some of us went to China to grasp the context and explore the deve- We hope that other stake holders such as decision lopment in the real life of electrification in China. makers, industry and other researchers find this This project was conducted during the most difficult paper of interest and continue where we end. Our conditions possible, during the global lock-down due results is only the beginning of the work of others. to covid-19, with all the restrictions it created. Hopefully we contribute to the better understanding of the conditions for the development of our environment and the world. Magnus Lindgren (TRV) Qiu Xiaoping (SJU) Jonas Jansson (VTI) Liu Shuo (TU) Arne Nåbo (VTI) Jasmine Lihua Liu (LU) Philip Almestrand Linné (VTI) Åsa Lindholm Dahlstrand (LU) Mike Danilovic (HH) Tomas Müllern (JU/JIBS) Joakim Diamant (Scania) Susan Lijiang Sun (SDJU) Andreas Jerhammar (Scania) Ma Hongwei (SDJU) Wang Quichen (Scania) Wang Junhua (TU) Ye Patrik (Scania) 5 TABLE OF CONTENT About
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