ISSN\0973-354X eISSN 2582-4899 Volume 15 June 2020 Number 1 Arka Pink Arka White Aswath & Kumar, P.No. 95 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES Volume 15 Number 1 June 2020 C O N T E N T S In this Issue i-ii Review Diversity and distribution of curry leaf in India 01-08 Raghu B.R. Groundwater decline and prolonged drought could reduce vigour, enhance 09-16 vulnerability to diseases and pests and kill perennial horticultural crops: Needs urgent policy intervention Ganeshamurthy A.N., Kalaivanan D., Rupa T.R. and Raghupathi H.B. Original Research in Papers Assessment of genetic divergence in long day onion (Allium cepa L.) 17-26 through principal component and single linkage cluster analysis Singh S.R., Ahamed N., Srivastava K.K., Kumar D. and Yousuf S. Carotenoid content in cherry tomatoes correlated to the colour space values 27-34 L*, a*, b*: A non-destructive method of estimation Shilpa Pandurangaiah, Sadashiva A.T., Shivashankar K.S., Sudhakar Rao D.V. and Ravishankar K.V. Standardization of spacing and soil volume wetting for drip irrigation in papaya 35-44 (Carica papaya L.,) Manjunath B.L., Nair A.K. and Laxman R.H. Variability and genetic divergence in vegetable cowpea germplasm of Goa 45-51 Thangam M., Ramachandrudu K., Ashok Kumar J., Safeena S.A. and Priya Devi S. Validation of molecular markers genetically linked to S-cytoplasm and restoration-of- 52-61 fertility (Rf) loci in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Jessymol K.K., Lakshmana Reddy D.C., Manoj Y.B. and Madhavi Reddy K. Breeding for improvement of high temperature tolerance in garden pea 62-66 (Pisum sativum L.) for off season cultivation Susmita C., Aghora T.S., Mohan N. and Bhatt R.M. Evaluation of hybrids and cultivars of single type tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) 67-71 Jadhav S.B., Vichare S.V. and Katwate S.M. Soil and plant analysis - a strategic tool to diagnose micronutrient imbalance in lime and 72-80 sapota orchard in tablelands of chambal ravine region of India Rashmi I., Meena H.R., Somasundaram J. and Radha T.K. Identification of NBS-LRR resistance gene analogues (RGA) from rose (IIHRR13-4) 81-92 resistant to powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.:Fr.) de Bary) Neethu K. Chandran, Sriram S. and Tejaswini Prakash Short Communications Evaluation of novel gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.) hybrids for 93-96 flower quality traits under polyhouse condition Aswath C. and Rajiv Kumar Studies on fruit development in pink and white types of wax apple 97-103 (Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry) in Goa, India Priya Devi S., Shejal A. Porob and Thangam M. In this issue… Horticultural Sciences ensure the nutritional security in the society. Any development in the horticultural sciences directly or indirectly makes an impact in the society. As in the earlier issues of this journal, this one also carries the reasearch articles based on the recent scientific work in different disciplines with respect to horticultural crops. This issue bears eleven Original Research Papers and two Short Communications. Curry leaf plant (Murraya koenigii) has not been given scientific importance that it deserves so far. A review on diversity and distribution of this species in India by Raghu B.R highlights the diversity, distribution, nutraceutical and medicinal values, industrial use and commercial cultivation with respect to this plant. Another review is on the groundwater depletion; how it affects the perennial horticultural crops and the policy measures needed to address the issue that has been written by Ganeshamurthy et al. Fruit production has seen tremendous increase in last five years in India. To achieve the more crop per drop, water utilization is important. Manjunath et al. report that it is sufficient to irrigate papaya to meet only 30 per cent of soil volume with 1.5 m x 1.5m spacing to enhance water use efficiency. Rashmi et al. used soil and plant analysis and diagnosed the micronutrient imbalance in lime and sapota orchards in tablelands of Chambal Ravine region of India. Identifying the deficiencies of micronutrients timely and application of balanced fertilizers at correct time can enhance crop production and quality of fruits. Studies on fruit development in wax apple Syzygium samarangense (pink and white types) by Priya Devi et al. indicated that the fruit development followed a sigmoid growth pattern with peak in growth rate between 21 and 28 days after anthesis for fruit weight. Vegetable crop improvement is a priority area of research. Jessymol et al. validated the usefulness of two DNA markers genetically linked to S-Cytoplasm and restoration-of-fertility (Rf) loci in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and found that they can be used in marker aided selection in chillies. Susmita et al. have identified lines of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) that have high temperature tolerance that are suitable for off-season cultivation. Singh et al. studied the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in long day onion germplasm by using the principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis an experiment among 34 onion genotypes and report the diversity among the onion genotypes. Similarly Thangam et al. also studied the variability and genetic divergence in vegetable cowpea germplasm in Goa and report that divergent lines can be used in selection of parents in breeding programmes. Demands of floriculture industry drives the research programmes in ornamental crops. Aswath and Rajiv Kumar have come out with two novel gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) hybrids with good flower quality traits for polyhouse cultivation. Jadhav et al. evaluated hybrids and cultivars of J. Hortl. Sci. i Vol. 15(1) 2020 single type tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) and found that Arka Prajwal and genotype LP14 were superior in many traits. Chandran et al. identified resistant gene analogues in rose genotype IIHR13-4 which is resistant to powdery mildew and these RGAs will be useful in mapping and characterization of R genes in rose. To obtain nutritional security carotenoid content in fruits and vegetables has to be high. Measuring carotenoid content is challenging in selection of breeding lines. Shilpa et al. validated a non- destructive method of measuring carotenoid content in cherry tomatoes correlated to the color space values L*, a*, b* that can be used in many other studies. The Editorial team of Journal of Horticultural Sciences is striving hard to do its best in reporting the recent development in horticultural sciences. The editorial team acknowledges the support and encouragement from all the members of Society for Promotion of Horticulture and subscribers of the journal. S. Sriram Editor in Chief J. Hortl. Sci. ii Vol. 15(1) 2020 J. Hortl. Sci. Vol. 15(1) : 1-8, 2020 Review Diversity and Distribution of Curry Leaf in India Raghu B.R. Division of Vegetable Crops ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089. Email : [email protected] ABSTRACT Curry leaf is an aromatic tropical and sub-tropical plant originated from India. Besides its culinary purpose, curry leaf is known for its medicinal and industrial applications. Based on ethno-botanical reports and other floral distribution studies, the germplasm rich regions of curry leaf in India could be identified into six zones as Foot hills of Himalaya, North-East region, Middle India, Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and Andaman – Nicobar Islands. With respect to color and size of leaves, habitat and flavor, the curry leaf plant is classified as brown/ gamthi, regular and dwarf morphotypes. Four genetically diverse chemotypes of curry leaves such as -pinene, -pinene, -carophyllene and -phellandrene exist in India. Due to its nutritional value, increasing export potential, less input, lower cost of cultivation, assured income, perennial nature and constant demand in local, national and international markets, the curry leaf is being cultivated on commercial scale in recent years in India. Key words: Curry leaves, Distribution, Diversity, Germplasm and Morphotypes INTRODUCTION Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng) is an Regardless of its numerous benefits and several aromatic, tropical and sub-tropical plant with several applications, curry leaf is still an unexplored and culinary, nutraceutical, medicinal, therapeutic and underutilized crop. This is evident from inadequate industrial values (Reddy et al., 2018). It is an efforts being put towards the collection, important and indispensible part of Indian cuisine characterization, conservation and efficient utilization (Verghese, 1989). The ethno-botanical use of curry of plant genetic resources (PGR) for crop leaf for medicinal purposes is known since centuries. improvement and limited area of cultivation under this Carbazole alkaloids present abundantly in curry leaves crop. However, understanding the extant of variability, have anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant distribution pattern and identification of germplasm properties (Igara et al., 2016). The essential oils rich regions are the prerequisites in any crop extracted from curry leaf plant have several industrial improvement program. Furthermore, accelerated use applications in the manufacturing of soaps, perfumes, and augmentation of available PGR, identification of cosmetics, food processing and many others. As curry trait specific genotypes, mapping and introgression of leaf is a rich source of bio-available calcium and other economically important gene(s)/QTLs (Quantitative essential nutrients, it makes an important component Trait Loci) into well adapted and elite genetic of Indian diet and imparts several direct and indirect background are sign of more efficient and rapid health benefits to its consumers. As curry leaf is a genetic improvement program in any crop species and perennial leafy vegetable, it provides assured income so with the curry leaf. Moreover, efficient breeding to small and marginal farmers if cultivated on programmes should backup with detailed survey and commercial scale and earns considerable amount of frequent collaborative germplasm exploration trips to foreign returns through export particularly to Gulf and cover wide range of variability, followed by regular European Unions (Joseph and Peter, 1985).