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Of Syzygium Samarangense IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 22312781 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE M. Madhavi* and M. Raghu Ram Department of Botany & Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Phytochemical constituents are non-nutritive plant chemicals that have preventive and curative properties of disease. The use of plants and phytochemicals, both with known biological properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatment. The present study includes phytochemical screening and quantification of secondary metabolites and their biological activities of root extract of Syzygium samarangense. Phytochemical screening of the plant root extracts with ethyl acetate, methanol and water showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. In aqueous extracts, Terpenoids with highest quantity (81.923 micrograms per gram extract) were estimated, whereas flavonoids are present only in methanolic extract and with an estimated quantity of 33.687 µg /per gram extract. Anti oxidant, anti inflammatory, and anti diabetic activity of these root extracts reveal that methanoilc extracts with flavonoids showed the high antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial activity than the aqueous and ethyl acetate extract. Highest antidiabetic activity was observed in aqueous extract. Antimicrobial activity study reveals that gram positive bacterial strains are more sensitive than the gram negative bacteria to all the three types of root extracts. The present study reveals that the root extract of Syzygium samarangense is a potential source for phytochemicals for traditional use as therapeutics. Keywords: Syzygium samarangense (wax jambu), flavonoids, terpenoids. INTRODUCTION system of medicines and are of great Since ancient times, about 80 % of individuals importance to the health of individual and use traditional medicine, which has chemical communities, which have ultimately evaluated compounds derived from medicinal plants1, 2. into the modern therapeutic science. Medicinal Several hundred plant species and herbs in the plants are important source of life saving drugs form of whole plant, crude extract or purification, for majority of the world population3, 4. purified constituents are used in indigenous 753 IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 22312781 Fig. 1: Syzygium samarangense (wax jambu) plant and fruit Syzygium samarangense (common name - wax Simirgiotis et al37, reported the six quercetin jambu) is a plant species in the family Myrtaceae glycosides on the methanolic extracts of the pulp which is widely cultivated in the tropics5-13. There and seeds of the fruits of Syzygium are lot of traditional claims has been reported of samarangense Merr. & Perry (Blume). Vasanthi leaves, root, bark, fruits of the plant14-17. Various et al38, reported the total phenolic content Pharmacological Activities like Antidiarrhoeal (162.58±0.51 μg/mg), total flavonoid contents Activity, Anticholinesterase Activity, (310μg/mg) of Syzygium samarangense Fruit Immunopharmacological Activity, Cytotoxic extract (SSFE) where the study with roots are Activity, Anti hyperglycaemic activity, Analgesic reported 46.944 µg and 23.056 µg per gram in and Anti- Inflammatory activity are reported with methanolic and water extract respectively. G. R various parts of the plant18-25. And also Nair et al39, reported the two flavonol Investigators have found their principal glycosides. Ghayur MN et al [40], reported four constituent to be tannins, Quercetin glycosides, flavonoids isolated from the hexane extract. monoterpenes secondary metabolites those Evangeline C. Amor et al18, isolated four rare involved in pharmacological properties26, 27. C-methylated flavonoids with a chalcone and a Traditionally the root bark decoction of the flavanone the compounds from the hexane Syzygium samarangense is used in dysentery extract of the leaves. Dennis D. Raga et al41, and amenorrhea and also used as abortifacient. isolated the Cycloartenyl stearate (1a), lupenyl Root is used as diuretic and is given to alleviate stearate (1b), sitosteryl stearate (1c), and 24- edema. Malayans use powdered dried root methylenecycloartanyl stearate (1d) (sample 1) preparations for itching. As plant root has from the air-dried leaves. Samy MN et al42, significant therapeutic uses, this study is aimed isolated three new compounds (one new to screen the phytochemicals of the root and cyanogenic glucoside) from a MeOH extract of study of its biological activities. the leaves. Rachana Srivastava et al43, isolated The literature review proves that the plant is rich the new triterpene, methyl 3epibetulinate in its with many medicinal and bioactive compounds native form and 4′,6′dihydroxy2′ methoxy3′, like flavanoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, 5′dimethyl chalcone along with ursolic acid, terpinoids etc. various studies are reported jacoumaric acid and arjunolic acid have been these compounds in various areal parts of the isolated from the aerial parts. However the study plant. K. M. Moneruzzaman et al14, reported the with root extracts reported that root reported with flavonoids (914.1 mg/100g) and phenolic high terpenoid content which is not reported (326.67 mg GAE/100g) content from the earlier. And it is also reported that root is Syzygium samarangense plant where in our another alternate source for flavonoid and study root is reported as 3mg/100grams. Wu phenoilc groups. Anti oxidant, anti inflammatory, YZ et al24, investigated the chemical and anti diabetic activity of these three root constituents from the branches and leaves with extracts conducted in order to study the 95% ethanol, then partitioned with petroleum biological activity of the plant. Anti oxidant ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. M.O. activity of the extract was conducted by DPPH Edema et al36, studied on Syzygium scavenging activity. Results reveal that samarangense juice extracts and evaluated high methanolic extracts which consist of flavonoids amounts of saponins content (4.77%). Mario J. has shown the high antioxidant activity 754 IJRPC 2015, 5(4), 753-763 Madhavi et al. ISSN: 22312781 (88.021%) (table-3 and graph A) than the M.O. Edema et al36, reported that juice extracts aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts at 40 µg/ml have significant (P<0.05) antimicrobial activities extract concentration. Similar studies are against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and reported by the Fonseca A et al44, investigated Candida albicans. Consolacion Y. Ragasa et the antioxidant activity (0.9 μMol TROLOX®/mg) al49, elucidated the dichloromethane extract of of the fruit. Vasanthi et al38, reported that IC50 the leaves exhibited moderate antifungal activity value of antioxidant activity of the fruit extract against C. albicans, low activity against T. found to be 140 μg/ml in standard (Lascorbic mentagrophytes and low antibacterial activity acid), 280 μg/ml in SSFE by DPPH and against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. It ABTS.+ scavenging activity found to be the IC50 was inactive against B. subtilis and A. niger. In value 175 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml respectively. comparison with the literature studies root No one has reported with root extracts and extracts of S. samarangense also have found that similar antioxidant activity as fruit. significant antimicrobial active compounds with Antidiabetic activity (table-4 and graph B) of the low minimum inhibition concentration. Studies root extracts was studied by In vitro α- amylase proved that compounds in plant extracts have inhibition activity by Spectrophotometric method. potential activity against gram positive bacteria Results showed that dose dependent inhibition than gram negative. was observed with all the samples where as aqueous extract (92.626%) exhibited the highest MATERIAL AND METHODS activity than remaining two extracts. No Chemicals: The solvents used for root antidiabetic activity studies are reported with S. extraction are Methanol and Ethyl Acetate. The Samarangense. Anti inflammatory activity (table- reagents used for phytochemical screening and 5) of the root also studied with all three extracts estimation were of laboratory reagent grade and and among them methanolic extracts (84.552%) were purchased for Merck chemicals private showed the highest anti inflammatory activity. In limited, Mumbai, Fisher scientific, Mumbai and literature Shabnam Mollika et al45, reported SD fine chemicals Mumbai. Distilled water has evaluated the moderate effect anti-inflammatory been used for aqueous extraction. Alpha activity of the methanolic extract of leaves in amylase enzyme was purchased from Sigma mice. Dennis D. Raga et al41, reported that the Aldrich chemicals, Ofloxacin drug. leaves exhibited potent analgesic and anti- inflammatory activities at effective doses of 6.25 Apparatus: Denver electronic balance, mg/kg body weight and 12.5 mg/kg body weight, TECHCOMP – UV 2301 Double Bean UV respectively. This reveals theat no one has Visible Spectrophotometer with HITACHI 2.2 reported the anti inflammatory activity with root software, Tech-comp UV visible and potential activity was reported in our study. spectrophotometer, soxhlet extraction Antimicrobial activity result (table-6 and figure-3) apparatus, heating mantle, incubator, autoclave. reveals that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative ones towards the
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