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Syzygium Samarangense) Fruit Development and Quality THE INFLUENCES OF SHADING, FRUIT THINNING, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER AND INHIBITOR ON MALAYSIAN WAX APPLE (SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE) FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY ABDULLAH ISSA ALEBIDI INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2014 THE INFLUENCES OF SHADING, FRUIT THINNING, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER AND INHIBITOR ON MALAYSIAN WAX APPLE (SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE) FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY ABDULLAH ISSA ALEBIDI THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2014 i DECLARATION In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful I hereby declare that all the work in this thesis is the results of my own data, effort, and observation and all references sited have been acknowledged. I also affirm that this thesis has never been submitted for any other degree somewhere else. ………………………………………………. Abdullah Issa Alebidi (HHC100002) ………………………………………………. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamaludin Bin A. Rashid ii UNIVERSITI MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: ABDULLAH ISSA ALEBIDI Passport No: I582974 Registration/Metric No: HHC100002 Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: THE INFLUENCES OF SHADING, FRUIT THINNING, PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER AND INHIBITOR ON MALAYSIAN WAX APPLE (SYZYGIUM SAMARANGENSE) FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY. Field of Study: Fruit Physiology Do solemnly and sincerely declare that 1) I am the sole author/writer of this work 2) This Work is original; 3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; 4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; 5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya ("UM"), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; 6) I am fully aware that is in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other as may be determined by UM. Candidate’s Signature. ………………………………………………. Subscribed and solemnly declared before Date Witness Signature ………………………………………………. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamaludin Bin A. Rashid Designation: Principal Supervisor Date iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved mother, wife, and children. Their unconditional love, support, and encouragement throughout this academic research journey have meant everything to me. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to thank, first, Allah the Almighty for His grace and blessings, for giving me the inspiration to undertake this study. I would like to acknowledge the great assistances of several people who have helped me to complete this study in time and make this thesis. I would like sincerely to thank my supervisors Dr. Kamaludin A. Rashid and Dr. ABM Sharif Hossain for their valuable contribution and consistent guidance throughout my research. I greatly appreciate their full support, frequent advice, and encouragement. I would like sincerely to thank Prof. Datuk Dr. Amru Bin Nasrulhaq Boyce for his valuable support throughout my PhD research. I would like to thank the Institute of Graduate Studies (IGS), University of Malay for given me the chance to undertake this study, and the Institute of Biological Science (IBS), University of Malay for giving me the chance to use their great facilities for this study. Finally yet importantly, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my beloved family members for their encouragement and support which was so meaningful during the duration of PhD research. v ABSTRACT Currently, there are limited documented reports on effects of shading and thinning horticultural practice and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) var. ‘jambu air madu’ growth, development, and quality. PGRs and horticultural practices are important means used in fruit production throughout the world. These means regulate several physiological and biochemical aspects of growth, development, yield and nutritional quality of fruits. In this study, five experiments were conducted to improve the potential of wax apple fruits as follows; applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) (30, 60 and 90 ppm) applied via xylem injection (an innovative method), application of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (30, 60 and 90 ppm) through fruit swabbing method, application of abscisic acid (ABA) (50, 100, 150 ppm) applied through swabbing method at the 4th ,5th ,6th week of fruit development, fruit thinning regimes at 10 fruits/branch (F/B), 15 F/B, 20 F/B and control treatment (un-thinned fruit), and lastly shading branches treatments at 50%, 70% levels shade and without shading (control). Various physiological and biochemical parameters were monitored during successive seasons of fruit growth between 2010 to 2012 at commercial farm located in Bating, Selangor, Malaysia. The results showed that thinning treatment (at 10 F/B and 15 F/B) enhanced fruit growth, increased fruit length, diameter, and weight. The highest fruit weight was observed in 10F/B treatment followed by 15 F/B treatment whereas the lowest weight was recorded in the control treatment. However, fruit thinning treatments had negative impacts on final yield. The highest yield was obtained in 20 fruits/branch treatment followed by the control treatment and 15 F/B treatments whereas the lowest yield was recorded in 10 F/B treatment. Regarding fruit quality parameters, thinning at 10 F/B and 15 F/B increased slightly fruit juice percentage, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), inverted sugars, fructose, sugar acid ratio (TSS/TA), total flavonoids, total phenol, K+ content and anthocyanin content in fruits. On the other hand, thinning treatment at 10 F/B and 15 F/B decreased vi titratable acidity (TA) in fruits. In addition, thinning did not significantly affect leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) value. The effect of shading experiment on wax apple fruit growth and quality showed that; all shading treatments (50% and 70% shade) decreased significantly pH, TSS, inverted sugars, and fructose, sugar acid ratio (TSS/TA), total flavonoids, total phenol, K+ content and anthocyanin content and increased TA in the fruits. Although, there was no significant difference among all shading treatments in total phenol, the shading treatment had slightly non-significant less phenol content when compared to the control. Shading treatment adversely affected fruit growth, weight, bud drop, fruit drop, and yield. The highest weight was recorded in the control treatment whereas the lowest weight was observed in 70% shading treatment. All shading treatments increased significantly the bud and fruit drop when compared to the control treatment. The lowest branch yield observed in 70% shade treatment followed by 50% shade treatment. In addition, shading reduced slightly (non-significant) the SPAD value. The application of GA3 via xylem injection enhanced fruit growth, increased fruit length, diameter colour, and weight. GA3 also increased fruit set and reduced bud and fruit drop. With regard to fruit quality, the application of GA3 increased fruit juice percentage, pH, TSS, inverted sugars, fructose, TSS/TA ratio, total flavonoids, total +, phenol, K and anthocyanin content in the fruits. On the other hand, GA3 decreased TA in fruits, and did not affect SPAD value. Swabbing with NAA treatment enhanced fruit growth, fruit size, weight, and fruit set. NAA also reduced bud and fruit drop. NAA treatment increased TSS, inverted sugar, fructose, total phenol, total flavonoids, K+ and anthocyanin content in fruit, however, NAA treatment did not affect SPAD value. Swabbing fruit with ABA at relatively advance stage of fruit development, increased slightly fruit drop, but did not significantly affect yield, fruit size, and weight. In addition, all ABA treatments enhanced significantly anthocyanin accumulation in fruit. ABA at 150 ppm increased TSS, inverted sugar, fructose, TSS/TA ratios, and pH, and vii reduced TA, but did not affect significantly K+, total phenols, and total flavonoids content in fruit. ABA treatments did not affect significantly the SPAD value. In conclusion, GA3 treatment via xylem injection at 90 ppm concentration, NAA swabbing treatment at 90 ppm concentration, ABA swabbing treatment at 150 ppm concentration, and fruit thinning treatments at 10F/B and 15 F/B levels resulted in better fruit quality parameters of wax apple fruits under field conditions. However, thinning treatment at 10F/B severely lowered the branch yield. Therefore, a good balance between fruit quality and yield should be taken into consideration in wax apple fruit commercial production. All shading treatment (50 and 70%) had negative effect on fruit development and quality. Thus, maintaining a good sunlight exposure for wax apple tree is essential to improve wax apple fruit quality and yield. viii ABSTRAK Tanaman buah-buahan berkait rapat dengan sejarah manusia dan ia adalah satu bahagian penting dalam diet manusia, budaya, perubatan dan amalan kerohanian. Buah buahan didapati menjadi sumber vitamin
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