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The CEOS Pilot Project, Satellite Volcano Monitoring in Latin America and New Insar Ground Deformation Results at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco Volcanoes

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The CEOS Pilot Project, Satellite Volcano Monitoring in Latin America and New Insar Ground Deformation Results at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco Volcanoes O EOL GIC G A D D A E D C E I H C I L E O S F u n 2 d 6 la serena octubre 2015 ada en 19 The CEOS pilot project, satellite volcano monitoring in Latin America and new InSAR ground deformation results at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco volcanoes Francisco Delgado*, Matthew E. Pritchard Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Susanna Ebmeier, Juliet Biggs, David Arnold School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Pablo González School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Michael Poland Cascades Volcano Observatory, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Vancouver, Washington, USA Simona Zoffoli Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome, Italy. Loreto Córdova, Luis E. Lara Observatorio Volcanológico de los Ands del Sur (OVDAS), SERNAGEOMIN, Temuco, Chile *Contact email: [email protected] monitoring agencies in Latin American countries would directly benefit from the resources that this pilot will Abstract. We present results from the 3-year CEOS volcano pilot project, which aims to monitor all Latin America 315 Holocene volcanoes at least 4 times/year make available. It is hoped that the regional study will and the ~50 erupting or deforming volcanoes at least demonstrate that Earth observation data can help to monthly. The pilot will incorporate satellite observations to identify volcanoes that may become active in the future track deformation, gas, ash, and thermal emissions as well as track eruptive activity that may impact provided in collaboration with multiple space agencies. populations and infrastructure on the ground and in the Within the pilot framework, we present preliminary InSAR results at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco volcanoes, all of air, ultimately leading to improved targeting for which had recent unrest, but none of which had a simple permanent satellite-based observations and in-situ relation between eruption and ground deformation volcanic monitoring efforts. because they lacked either pre-eruptive uplift and co- eruptive subsidence or both. Among the different types of available satellite data made available by the collaboration of the pilot project Keywords: InSAR, volcano geodesy, Llaima volcano, and different space agencies, we focus in this work on Villarrica volcano, Calbuco volcano. new InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) observations (e.g., Dzurisin and Lu, 2007; Simons and Rosen, 2007; Lu and Dzurisin, 2015; Pinel et al., 2015) at 1 Introduction Llaima, Villarrica, and Calbuco volcanoes, all of which erupted in the past ten years and are classified as the Satellite observations are a cost effective tool for most dangerous in Chile due to their closeness to monitoring large numbers of volcanoes in areas with inhabitated areas. Although there is a global general scarce instrumentation or difficult access. In the context association between deformation and eruption (Biggs et of the 2012 Santorini Report on Satellite Earth al., 2014), deformation sequences associated with Observation and Geohazards, CEOS (Committee on eruption at particular volcanoes are diverse and complex Earth Observation Satellites) has developed a pilot (Fournier et al., 2010; Ebmeier et al., 2013). We show project to showcase remote sensing for volcano hazard that none of the eruptions at Llaima, Villarica or Calbuco mitigation and response. Specifically, the pilot aims to were accompanied by a simple deformation pattern of pre demonstrate the feasibility of global volcano monitoring eruptive uplift followed by coeruptive subsidence or of Holocene volcanoes by undertaking regional both, in contrast with simple theoretical models of the monitoring of volcanic arcs in Latin America, using eruptive cycle which show that a volcano should uplift satellite earth observations data to track deformation as before and subside after an eruption (e.g., Lu et al., well as gas, ash, and thermal emissions. Latin America 2003). All of these results have been shared with to was chosen because the volcanoes are situated in a OVDAS (Southern Andes Volcano Observatory), which diversity of environments, providing a good test of the has used them in their hazard interpretation. capabilities of different types of satellite data under different conditions; volcanic activity is abundant, and 27 ST 11 TERREMOTOS, VOLCANES Y OTROS PELIGROS GEOLÓGICOS 2 InSAR data processing both PALSAR time series before the April 3rd 2009 The CEOS pilot project, satellite volcano monitoring in eruption, above the 4 cm uncertainty for steep Latin America and new InSAR ground deformation results We use nearly all available data acquired by the stratovolcanoes (Ebmeier et al., 2013b) interpreted as pre international spacebourne SAR constellation that spans eruptive magma intrusion. The inversion for a at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco volcanoes the different eruptions since 2006 at the three studied subhorizontal sill indicates depths of 5.3 km beneath the volcanoes. The data includes the C band (5.6 cm volcano base in agreement with petrological evidence of shallow magma storage (Bouvet de Maisonneuve et al., wavelength) platforms ENVISAT ASAR (2006-2012), 2012). Francisco Delgado*, Matthew E. Pritchard RADARSAT-2 (RS2 hereafter) (2012-2015) and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Sentinel-1 (2015); the X band (3.1 cm) TerraSAR-X Susanna Ebmeier, Juliet Biggs, David Arnold (TSX) and COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) (2011-2015), and L 3.2 Villarrica volcano School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK band (23.6 cm) ALOS PALSAR data (2007-2011). We nd Pablo González note that the data coverage is uneven at these volcanoes. Villarrica volcano erupted on March 3 2015 in a small School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK For example, the ASAR data density is much lower at strombolian eruption (VEI 1-2), after a few days with Michael Poland Calbuco than at either Villarrica or Llaima and, neither increased seismicity elevated above background levels. Cascades Volcano Observatory, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Vancouver, Washington, USA CSK and TSX acquired data suitable for standard CSK pre, co and post eruptive interferograms show both Simona Zoffoli stripmap interferometry at Calbuco before the 2015 positive and negative range change signals of variable Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome, Italy. eruption. Interferograms were processed with the amplitude (Figure 1). The lack of other elevated areas in Loreto Córdova, Luis E. Lara Caltech/JPL ROI_PAC (Rosen et al., 2004) and ISCE the small CSK swaths complicates the interpretation of Observatorio Volcanológico de los Ands del Sur (OVDAS), SERNAGEOMIN, Temuco, Chile softwares while Sentinel-1 data were processed with the whether these signals are topographically correlated GAMMA software. The topographic phase was removed phase delays of likely atmospheric origin or not. In the *Contact email: [email protected] absence of other independent data, we modeled the with the 3 arcsec Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission monitoring agencies in Latin American countries would signals using a Mogi directly benefit from the resources that this pilot will (SRTM) digital elevation model, except for the CSK data which was processed with the 1 arcsec SRTM. We use a COSMO−SkyMed, 15/03/31−15/02/11 COSMO−SkyMed, 15/04/12−15/02/11 Abstract. We present results from the 3-year CEOS Bperp 195 m Bperp 32 m volcano pilot project, which aims to monitor all Latin modification of the SBAS time series method (e.g., America 315 Holocene volcanoes at least 4 times/year make available. It is hoped that the regional study will Berardino et al., 2002; Henderson and Pritchard, 2013) to and the ~50 erupting or deforming volcanoes at least demonstrate that Earth observation data can help to retrieve the ground deformation time evolution only for monthly. The pilot will incorporate satellite observations to identify volcanoes that may become active in the future the L band PALSAR data because there is more data track deformation, gas, ash, and thermal emissions as well as track eruptive activity that may impact available (because of the higher signal coherence) with provided in collaboration with multiple space agencies. populations and infrastructure on the ground and in the this sensor than the C or X band satellites. When Within the pilot framework, we present preliminary InSAR observed, deformation signals were downsampled results at Llaima, Villarrica and Calbuco volcanoes, all of air, ultimately leading to improved targeting for permanent satellite-based observations and in-situ (Lohman and Simons, 2005) and jointly inverted with the which had recent unrest, but none of which had a simple non-linear neighbourhood algorithm (Sambridge, 1998) relation between eruption and ground deformation volcanic monitoring efforts. COSMO−SkyMed, 15/03/11−15/02/11 COSMO−SkyMed, 15/03/27−15/02/19 using standard formulas for the surface displacements 39.2˚S Bperp 120 m Bperp −189 m because they lacked either pre-eruptive uplift and co- produced by a subhorizontal tensile dislocation (Okada, eruptive subsidence or both. Among the different types of available satellite data 1985) and a small pressurized sphere (Mogi, 1958) made available by the collaboration of the pilot project cm Keywords: InSAR, volcano geodesy, Llaima volcano, and different space agencies, we focus in this work on embedded in a linear elastic halfspace. 5 Villarrica volcano, Calbuco volcano. new InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) 39.4˚S 0 observations (e.g., Dzurisin and Lu, 2007; Simons and −5 Rosen, 2007; Lu and Dzurisin, 2015; Pinel et al., 2015) at 3 InSAR results 1 Introduction Llaima, Villarrica, and Calbuco volcanoes, all of which 10 km 29 erupted in the past ten years and are classified as the 3.1 Llaima volcano 39.6˚S Satellite observations are a cost effective tool for most dangerous in Chile due to their closeness to 72.2˚W 72˚W 71.8˚W monitoring large numbers of volcanoes in areas with inhabitated areas. Although there is a global general Llaima volcano underwent a complex eruptive cycle Figure 1.
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