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Petrological Insights Into Shifts in Eruptive Styles at Volcàn Llaima (Chile)

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Petrological Insights Into Shifts in Eruptive Styles at Volcàn Llaima (Chile) Research Collection Journal Article Petrological insights into shifts in eruptive styles at Volcàn Llaima (Chile) Author(s): Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C.; Dungan, M. A.; Bachmann, O.; Burgisser, A. Publication Date: 2013-02 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000061968 Originally published in: Journal of Petrology 54(2), http://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs073 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 54 NUMBER 2 PAGES 393 ^ 420 2013 doi:10.1093/petrology/egs073 Petrological Insights into Shifts in Eruptive Styles at Volca¤ nLlaima(Chile) C. BOUVET DE MAISONNEUVE1*, M. A. DUNGAN1,O.BACHMANN2 AND A. BURGISSER3,4,5 1UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SECTION, 13 RUE DES MARAICHERS, 1205 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND 2INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, ETH ZURICH, CLAUSIUSSTRASSE 25, 8092 ZURICH 3CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 ORLE¤ ANS, FRANCE 4UNIV. D’ORLE¤ ANS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 ORLE¤ ANS, FRANCE 5BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 ORLE¤ ANS, FRANCE RECEIVED NOVEMBER 10, 2011; ACCEPTED SEPTEMBER 13, 2012 ADVANCE ACCESS PUBLICATION NOVEMBER 3, 2012 Tephra and lava pairs from two summit eruptions (AD 2008 and after it has partially degassed and crystallized, thereby impeding 1957) and a flank fissure eruption ( AD 1850) are compared in rapid ascent. This process could be operating at other steady-state terms of textures, phenocryst contents, and mineral zoning patterns basaltic volcanoes, wherein shallow reservoirs are periodically re- to shed light on processes responsible for the shifts in eruption style filled by fresh, volatile-rich magmas. during typical eruptive episodes at Volca¤n Llaima (Andean SouthernVolcanic Zone, Chile).The mineralogy and whole-rock com- positions of tephra and lavas are similar within eruptive episodes, KEY WORDS: eruption style; magma recharge; plagioclase textures; suggesting a common magma reservoir for Strombolian paroxysms Strombolian;Volca¤n Llaima and lava effusion. The zoning profiles and textures of plagioclase record successive and discrete intrusions of volatile-rich mafic magma accompanied by mixing of these recharge magmas with the INTRODUCTION resident basaltic-andesitic crystal mushes that are commonly present Much progress has been made in the field of eruption fore- at shallow levels in the Llaima system. Each recharge event destabil- casting with the development of increasingly precise geo- izes the plagioclase in equilibrium with the resident crystal mush physical monitoring tools (Neuberg, 2006; Sparks et al., melt and stabilizes relatively An-rich plagioclase, as is recorded 2012). Records of seismic activity may be inverted to by the numerous resorption zones. Lavas typically have 15^20 models of magma motion and rock failure at depth be- vol. % more phenocrysts than the tephra. Differences in plagioclase neath active volcanic systems (e.g. Roman et al., 2006; and olivine textures and zoning, combined with different phenocryst Sturton & Neuberg, 2006; Hammer & Neuberg, 2009). contents, indicate that a greater volume fraction of recharge magma Three-dimensional seismic tomography has proven suc- is present in the explosively erupted magma than in subsequent effu- cessful for the location of potential reservoirs containing a sively erupted magma. We propose that Strombolian paroxysms at fraction of magmatic liquid, expressed as low-velocity Volca¤n Llaima are triggered by interactions with large volume frac- zones (e.g. magma reservoir beneath Rabaul, Papua New tions of recharge magma, which decrease the bulk viscosity and in- Guinea; Finlayson et al., 2003; Bai & Greenhalgh, 2005; crease the volatile contents of the erupted magmas, leading to the beneath Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii; Okubo et al., conditions required for the fragmentation of basaltic-andesite. Lava 1997). A centimeter-scale inflation or deflation of a volcanic effusion ensues from reduced interactions with the recharge magma, system owing to the migration of magmatic fluids can be ß The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All *Corresponding author.Telephone: þ41(0) 22 379 66 60. Fax: þ41(0) 22 rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@ 379 3210. E-mail: [email protected] oup.com JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 54 NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 2013 recorded by InSAR (e.g. Bathke et al., 2011; Chadwick et al., phenocryst and microlite textures, compositions and min- 2011), tilt-meter (e.g. Green et al., 2006), or global position- eral zoning (Streck et al., 2002, 2005; Couch et al., 2003a; ing system (GPS) measurements (e.g. Jentzsch et al., 2001; Gioncada et al., 2005; Browne et al., 2006; Humphreys Lowry et al., 2001; Geist et al., 2006).This information con- et al., 2006). Because of the slow diffusion of the Si^Al tributes to better eruption forecasting. pair, plagioclase is a particularly useful tracer of magmatic However, predicting the style of an eruption remains a processes. It has a strong tendency to retain in its challenge of fundamental importance for risk assessment. major-element zoning a record of associated magma com- The vast majority of active volcanoes display a range in positions and crystallization conditions. Combining major eruption styles, from effusive lava flow or dome growth to element variations with trace element and/or isotopic com- the explosive output of pyroclasts by Strombolian, positions of plagioclase has proven to be a powerful tool Vulcanian, or Plinian eruptions (depending on magma vis- for unraveling magma crystallization, assimilation, re- cosity, gas content, magma volume, etc.). The interpret- charge, and mixing processes operating in magma reser- ation of geophysical signals as predictors of eruption style voirs (Blundy & Shimizu, 1991; Singer et al., 1995; Brophy will ultimately depend on a thorough understanding of et al., 1996; Kuritani, 1998; Ginibre et al., 2002; Landi et al., the magmatic processes that operate during periods of vol- 2004; Berlo et al., 2007; Gagnevin et al., 2007; Ginibre & canic unrest, and especially of the processes that control Worner, 2007; Ruprecht & Worner, 2007; Andrews et al., eruptive volume and vigor. 2008). We combine information derived from whole-rock Many studies have addressed the mechanisms for a given compositions and modal phenocryst populations with min- eruption style to occur and the possible origin(s) of transi- eral compositions and zoning, with a particular emphasis tions in eruption style at mafic and silicic volcanic centers on plagioclase textures and compositions, to explore par- (e.g. McBirney & Murase, 1970; Blackburn et al., 1976; ameters and processes that may explain the typical shifts Jaupart & Vergniolle, 1988; Alidibirov, 1994; Woods & from Strombolian paroxysms to lava effusion at Volca¤ n Koyaguchi, 1994; Parfitt & Wilson, 1995; Woods, 1995; Llaima (38·78S, Chile). Dingwell, 1996; Gonnermann & Manga, 2003, 2007; This study is a petrological comparison of tephra^lava Cashman, 2004; Houghton et al., 2004; Polacci et al., 2005; pairs produced during the AD 2008, 1957, and 1850 erup- Mason et al., 2006; Lautze & Houghton, 2007; Scandone tive episodes. The examination of plagioclase textures and et al., 2007; Namiki & Manga, 2008; Pioli et al., 2009; Kent co-variations in Fe concentration and An content allows et al., 2010; Ruprecht & Bachmann, 2010; and references the identification of texturally and compositionally distinct therein). However, a number of uncertainties remain and zones within plagioclase cores and rims, which can be dynamics can change significantly between volcanic cen- attributed to specific processes such as crystallization in ters. The key parameters controlling eruption style are the shallow reservoir, crystallization in a deeper reservoir, both intrinsic (magma density, viscosity, volatile-, pheno- resorption during multiple magma recharge events, and cryst-, and microlite-content) and extrinsic (conduit crystallization during ascent and eruption. The outermost geometryçwidth, shape, junctions, roughness) to the zones of the phenocrysts, which reveal the latest history of erupted magma. They ultimately define the mass dis- the magma before eruption, suggest that, although lavas charge rate and the mechanism by which the erupted and tephra were produced by the same magma, they magma fragments. Extrinsic parameters are specific to a experienced different degrees of interaction with relatively volcanic center, and require geophysical studies and/or mafic recharge magmas. Eruptive style appears to be long-term monitoring to be accurately defined. In add- partly controlled by the volume fraction of recharge ition, they are subject to rapid changes owing to conduit magma present in an erupted body. The greater the frac- excavation or clogging after an eruptive episode. Intrinsic tion of recharge magma, the more explosive is that par- parameters, on the other hand, are more generic and simi- ticular phase of activity. If this is a general relationship, larities can be observed between volcanic centers. They the application of geophysical tools to the estimation of are defined at depth within the reservoir, although they the volumes of resident and recharge magma could be useful for eruption forecasting at Volca¤ n Llaima and other may evolve at shallower levels owing to magma degassing similar highly
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