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Oregon's Western Cascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phenology

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Oregon's Western Cascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phenology .5. F6 COMPACT Riparian Vegetation in Oregon's Western Cascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phenology Alsie G. Campbell and Jerry F. Franklin Bulletin No 14 Coniferous Forest Biome Ecosystem Analysis Studies RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN OREGON'S WESTERN CASCADE MOUNTAINS: COMPOSITION, BIOMASS, AND AUTUMN PHENOLOGY Alsie Gilbert Campbell ResearchAssociate, ConiferousForest Biome School of Forestry,Oregon StateUniversity, Corvallis, Oregon Jerry F. Franklin Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon Bulletin No. 14 Coniferous Forest Biome Ecosystem Analysis Studies U.S./International Biological Program ii This research was supported by Mclntire-Stennis Funds and byNational Science Foundation grant no. GB-36810X to the Coniferous ForestBiome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies.This is contribution no.345 from the Coniferous ForestBiome. Any portion of this publication may be re- produced for purposes of the U.S.Government. Copies are available from the Coniferous ForestBiome,University of Washington, AR-10, Seattle,WA 98195. June 1979 111 ABSTRACT Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zonesof small streams are identified anddescribed. They range from pioneer communi- ties on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities onflood plains andterraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is alsodiscussed. A survey of nine small streams shows the Acer circinatumcommunity to have the widest distribution and highest cover, but the Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum community is somewhat more common in the active zone. Biomass estimates are made for riparian vegetation along three stream segments. Total foliar production for 1976 is calculated for all vegetation,forcommunities,and for individualspecies. The percentage of each type of foliage which may reach the stream directly, indirectly, or not at allis estimated. Abscission and fall senescence for thirteen species wasmonitored. Leafy and herbaceous detrital input istimed. Rates of leaf fall and decadence are related to environmental factors. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Study Areas 1 Location 1 Weather 2 Soils 2 Streams 3 Stream order 3 Streamside morphology 4 Methods 7 Community Description 7 Community Distribution 8 Biomass Estimates 8 Rating and Timing Leaf Fall and Senescence 10 Communities and Their Distribution 10 Descriptions of Communities 14 Small-herb pioneer communities 15 Wet-rock pioneer communities 17 Pioneer Boykinia elata 18 Pioneer Tolmiea menziesii 18 Rhyzomatous clans and communities 19 Petasites frigidus 19 Stachys cooleyae 21 Hydrolophyllum tenuipes 22 Well-developed herbaceous communities 22 Boykinia elata 22 Tolmiea menziesii 24 Mitella ovalis/Marchantia 25 Athyrium filix-femina 26 Mixed fern/mixed large-herb vegetation 27 Shrub communities 27 Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum 27 Oplopanax horridum 29 Acer circinatum 30 Topographic climax communities 31 Bryophyte/Montia parvifolia 31 Adiantum pedatum/precipice 34 Petasites frigidus/Brachythecium frigidum 34 Riparian Forest Succession 35 Community Ordination 36' Biomass Estimates 38 Aggregate Foliar Biomass 39 Biomass Production by Community 40 Large-herb communities 42 Shrubby communities 43 Medium-size-herb communities 43 Small-herb communities 43 BiomassProduction by Species 44 Species commonto WS 2 and Mack Creek old-growth 45 Species found chiefly in Mack Creek old-growth 47 Species found chiefly in the Mack Creek clearcut 48 Reliabilityof Biomass Estimates 49 vi Autumn Phenology 52 Timing 52 Abscission Rates 54 Duration of Leaf Fall 57 Rate of Senescence in Herbaceous Plants 58 Other Sourcesof Litter 60 Summary 61 References 63 Appendix: Maps ofRiparianCommunitiesin Mack Creek Old-Growth 65 Map Overview 65 Symbols 67 Series A Key 68 Series B Key 80 Vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 3 Table 2 10 Table 3 11-12 Table 4 13 Table 5 16-17 Table 6 20-21 Table 7 23-24 Table 8 28 Table 9 29 Table 10 30 Table 11 32-33 Table 12 35 Table 13 39 Table 14 39 Table 15 40 Table 16 40 Table 17 41 Table 18 41 Table 19 42 Table 20 44 Table 21 45 Table 22 46 Table 23 46 Table 24 47 Table 25 47 Table 26 48 Table 27 48 Table 28 57 INTRODUCTION In recentyears,the Coniferous Forest Biome has sponsoredefforts to quantify biological activityinstreams. Vegetation along smallstreams is an important component of the riparian ecosystem. It produces the detrital substrate on which much of the instream system isbased; it cycles nutrients; and it modifies the aquatic environment.This study of riparian vegetation in the central western Cascade Rangeof Oregon includes community descriptions, distribution surveys, biomassestimates, and observation of detritus production. In1976,riparian communities on Mack Creek and Watershed2 (WS 2) in theH.J. Andrews Experimental Ecological Reserve(EER) were described and their distribution in relation to the stream wasrecorded and mapped (seeAppendix). The nextyear,eight additional stream segments in three other watersheds were surveyed for the quantityand distribu- tion of these riparian communities. Detritus contributions of riparian vegetation to the aquatic system was estimated by calculating1976 production of leaves and herbage and average production per square meter and running meter of communitiesand individualspecies. Leafy material is in readily digestible form when it entersa stream, and it produces a surge of nutrientmaterial,much of which breaks down on the spot. To determine the timing of this nutrientinput, woody and herbaceous species were monitored throughlate summer and fall. Rate of decadence and rate of leaf fall wererelated to weather and temperature. This paper defines some riparian plant communities common tosmall streams in western Oregon and describes theirhabitats and distribution. It gives estimates of yearly foliage productionof herbs and shrubs along three stream segments and discusses the timing and rateof leaf fall and decadence of herbs. STUDY AREAS Location All streams studied are located in the Tsuga heterophyllatransition zone of the western Cascade Range of Oregon.The rugged mountain topography has a mature ridge and valley conformation.Ridgetops reach 1,000 to 1,400 m elevation.Slopes are steep and deeply incised by streams.Gradients generally range between 10° and35°, although backslopes and rocky outcrops range from 45° through90°.Intermittent first-order streams are common. Primary center for this work is the H. J. Andrews EERlocated 75 km east of Eugene.WS2, Mack Creek, and Lookout Creek are second-,third-, and fifth-order streams in the reserve (Figure1).Five other streams of comparable size in the area were also sampled.Carpenter 75B and Clover are just north of the reserve on the northwest sideof Carpenter 2 Mountain. Hagan Creek and Tiny Trout Creek are in the proposed Hagan Block Research Natural Area 13 km west of the reserve. All are part of the McKenzie River drainage. The Black Hole is located in the proposed Middle Santiam Research Natural Area 34 km to the north of the reserve in the Middle Santiam River watershed. Table 1 lists physical features. SOUTH Streams were selected in SANTIAM R. collaboration with the stream research group of the Coniferous Forest Biome and the Pacific Northwest Natural Area Committee. All streams are located in mature to overmature stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and other conifers, with the exception of a segment on Mack Creek in a clearcut. Figure 1.Map of Oregon showing the study area. Stream segments are indicated by numbers: Weather (1) Carpenter 75B, (2) Clover, (3) Black Hole, (4) Hagan, (5) Lookout, (6) Mack Creek clearcut, (7) Mack Creek old-growth, (8) Tiny Trout, Climate is typical for Western (9) Upper Black Hole, (11) Upper Tiny Trout, Oregon---mild wet winters and (12) wS 2. mild dry summers.At the weather station on WS 2 at about 500 m, the January mean is 2.3°C and the July mean 20.6°C (Rothacher et al. 1967).On Mack Creek at about 800 in, the January mean was1.6°C and the July mean was 12.9°C in 1977.The 25-year average annual precip- itation at the WS 2 weather station is 2,290 mm.Precipitation is strongly seasonal; 72% occurs from November throughMarch. A considerable portion of this falls as snow at the higher elevations. Evapotranspiration is not a problem except upon rocksurfaces which dry rapidly. soils Soils in stream bottoms are chiefly colluvial oralluvial and are not developed or are poorly developed.At upper elevations, particularly along small streams, soil creep and minor slides combinedwith channel erosion create a sharp V-shaped channel with steepgradients and no terrace formation.Soils are those of the surrounding forest.At 3 Table 1. Location and physical descriptionof sampled streams. Average Average Approximate Approximate bank Stream transect Stand age Stream Order elev.(m) Aspect gradient (deg)Location slope (deg)width (m)length (m) (years) Carpenter75B 1 800 NW 10 T15S 33 3.0 21 75 R5E Sec1 Clover 1 750 NW 10 T15S 45 2.8 19 135 R5E Sec10 Upper Tiny Trout 1 680 W 25 T16S 33 1.9 17 90 R3E Sec13-14 UpperBlack Hole 1 700 N 20 T12S 38 2.5 25 Old-growth R5E Sec19 Tiny Trout 2 560 W 9 T16S 36 2.5 22 90 R3E Sec14 Upper Hagan 2 530 SSW 8 T16S 32 4.5 29 90 R3E Sec14 BlackHole 2 610 N 20 T12S 37 5.9 27 Old-growth R5E Sec19 Hagan 3 475 SW 1 T16S 36 6.4 43 90 R3E Sec14-15 WS 2 2 530 NW 14 T15S 46 1.5 11 Old-growth R5E Sec31 Mack Creek 3 800 N 7 T15S -- 3.0 36 Old-growth R5E and Sec35 clearcut Lookout Creek 5 460 SW 1 T15S -- 12.0 -- Old-growth R5E Sec31 lower elevations the gradients decreaseabruptly into flood plain, alluvialfandeposits,and some terraceformation(Swanson and James 1975).
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