DOCSLIB.ORG

Karyotypes of 2 Species, Meretrix Lusoria and M. Petechialis, of Veneridae in Korea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Karyotypes of 2 Species, Meretrix Lusoria and M. Petechialis, of Veneridae in Korea © 2011 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 76(2): 119–123, 2011 Karyotypes of 2 Species, Meretrix lusoria and M. petechialis, of Veneridae in Korea Gab-Man Park1*, Yong-Min Kim2 and Ee-Yung Chung3 1 Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 210–701, Korea 2 Korea National Parks Service, Park Conservation Team, #129 Mapo-ro (Gongdeok-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121–717, Korea 3 Korea Marine Environment & Ecosystem Research Institute, Dive Korea, Bucheon 420–857, Korea Received September 1, 2010; accepted February 23, 2011 Summary The karyotypes of Meretrix lusoria and M. petechialis in the family Veneridae in Korea were studied in order to analyse their genetic relationships. The 2 species showed a diploid chromosome number of 2nϭ38, with 5 metacentric, 10 submetacentric, 2 subtelocentric, and 2 telocentric chromosome pairs for Meretrix lusoria, and 5 metacentric, 9 submetacentric, 3 subtelocentric, and 2 telocentric for M. petechialis. The karyotypes of these 2 species are clearly different in the same genus. Key words Karyotype, Veneridae, Meretrix lusoria, Meretrix petechialis, Korea. Meretrix species (Bivalvia: Veneridae), an important economic species, is naturally distributed along the costal waters of China, Japan and Korea. To date, only 3 species of Meretrix, M. lisoria, M. petechialis and M. lamarkii, have been reported in Korea (Kwon et al. 1993). The genus Meretrix has a wide distribution on the south and west coasts of Korea and also reveals closely similar species from taxonomic point of view. In particular, M. lusoria and M. petechialis have various morphological patterns within the same species. Additionally, high variations in shell morphology at the same place in the intertidal and subtidal zones on the west coast of Korea have been found. Meretrex lusoria is without V-character (v-spot or pattern) on the shell and showing the ventral region of the shell is somewhat straight line. While, M. petechialis is containing a number of V spots (v-characters) on the shell, and the ventral region of the shell is somewhat slightly round as well as a regular triangle in shape on the whole. However, commonly we have understood that M. lusoria and M. petechialis are the same species because of external morphological characters showing a very similar pattern. For that reason, it is important to study some differences of cytogenetic characteristics of inter-species. To date, there have been many previous studies on the morphology (Kwon et al. 1993, Park et al. 2002), reproduction (Chung et al. 2005, Chung 2006, 2007, Kim 2006), genetic relationships (Jung et al. 2004), ecology (Ryu et al. 2006), and the second intermediate host of Himasthla kusasigi (Kim and Chun 1984). In recent years, through a considerable number of works, a large amount of information has been accumulated on the chromosomes of the mollusks. Cytogenetic studies of mollusks have been important in aspects of phylogenetics and cytogenetic relationships among the species (Patterson 1969, Nakamura 1986, Borsa and Thiriot-Quiévreux 1990). Little information is available on karyotypes of the genus Meretrix. Therefore, it is important to clarify cytogenetic information of 2 Meretrix spp. The purpose of the present study is to determine and analyze the karyotypes of M. * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 120 G.-M. Park et al. Cytologia 76(2) lusoria and M. petechialis for the future comparative study of bivalvia karyology. Materials and methods The specimens of 2 species used in this study were collected in Simpo, Kimje-gun, Jollabuk- do and Hadong, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, from April 2008 to March 2009, and examined shortly after collection (Fig. 1). Sixteen specimens of Meretrix lusoria were collected in the brackish water of Sumjin River, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, and 20 specimens of Meretrix petechialis Lamarck (1818) in Simpo, Jeollabuk-do, Korea (Fig. 2). The chromosome preparations were made on gonad of the specimens by the usual air-dry method (Park et al. 1996). The prepared slides were observed under an Olympus BX-51 microscope. Nomenclature of chromosome morphological types follows Levan et al. (1964). To estimate the NF (Nombre Fondamental or Fundamental Number) value, metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes were scored as bi-armed and the chromosomes of acrocentric as uni-armed. Voucher specimens of the 2 species used in this investigation have been placed in the Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Korea. Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling area in the brackish water of of Sumjin River, Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do and in the coastal waters of the Simpo, Kimje-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea Fig. 3. Metaphase chromosomes of Meretrix lusoria (A) Fig. 2. Morphology of Meretrix lusoria (A) and and karyotype constructed from A (B). Scale bar Meretrix petechialis (B). indicates 6 mm. 2011 Karyotypes of 2 Species of Veneridae in Korea 121 Table 1. Relative lengths and total lengths (mm) of chromosomes of Meretrix lusoria and Meretrix petechialis Meretrix lusoria Meretrix petechialis Chromosome RLϮSE TLϮSE Type Chromosome RLϮSE TLϮSE Type 1 5.88Ϯ0.41 5.55Ϯ0.20 M 1 5.89Ϯ0.14 5.35Ϯ0.21 M 2 5.74Ϯ0.20 5.42Ϯ0.21 M 2 5.63Ϯ0.21 5.12Ϯ0.12 M 3 5.67Ϯ0.14 5.35Ϯ0.33 M 3 5.45Ϯ0.10 4.95Ϯ0.34 M 4 5.56Ϯ0.16 5.25Ϯ0.20 M 4 5.34Ϯ0.06 4.85Ϯ0.25 M 5 4.71Ϯ0.13 4.45Ϯ0.13 M 5 4.51Ϯ0.16 4.10Ϯ0.16 M 6 5.77Ϯ0.13 5.45Ϯ0.21 SM 6 6.11Ϯ0.23 5.55Ϯ0.22 SM 7 5.67Ϯ0.23 5.35Ϯ0.33 SM 7 5.89Ϯ0.20 5.35Ϯ0.31 SM 8 5.45Ϯ0.16 5.15Ϯ0.12 SM 8 5.61Ϯ0.16 5.10Ϯ0.12 SM 9 5.4.5Ϯ0.32 5.15Ϯ0.12 SM 9 5.56Ϯ0.34 5.05Ϯ0.10 SM 10 5.36Ϯ0.31 5.06Ϯ0.11 SM 10 5.38Ϯ0.31 4.89Ϯ0.11 SM 11 5.30Ϯ0.12 5.00Ϯ0.22 SM 11 5.17Ϯ0.22 4.70Ϯ0.23 SM 12 5.03Ϯ0.25 4.75Ϯ0.31 SM 12 4.90Ϯ0.45 4.45Ϯ0.34 SM 13 4.98Ϯ0.13 4.70Ϯ0.32 SM 13 4.73Ϯ0.35 4.30Ϯ0.32 SM 14 4.92Ϯ0.31 4.65Ϯ0.26 SM 14 4.51Ϯ0.41 4.10Ϯ0.46 SM 15 4.34Ϯ0.15 4.10Ϯ0.11 SM 15 5.50Ϯ0.10 5.00Ϯ0.31 ST 16 5.66Ϯ0.09 5.34Ϯ0.14 ST 16 5.32Ϯ0.07 4.84Ϯ0.11 ST 17 5.56Ϯ0.06 5.25Ϯ0.40 ST 17 4.43Ϯ0.06 4.03Ϯ0.20 ST 18 4.61Ϯ0.12 4.35Ϯ0.12 T 18 5.30Ϯ0.12 4.82Ϯ0.11 T 19 4.34Ϯ0.11 4.10Ϯ0.34 T 19 4.79Ϯ0.11 4.35Ϯ0.34 T * Based on measurements from 6 sets from M. lusoria and M. petechialis of karyotyped cells. M, metacentric; RL, relative length; SE, standard error; SM, submetacentric; ST, subtelocentric; T, telocentric; TL, total length Results Meretrix lusoria The diploid chromosome number of this species was 38 (NFϭ34) and consisted of 19 pairs of chromosomes (Fig. 3). Table 1 shows the mean lengths and relative lengths of each chromosome as examined in 6 set cells. Observed chromosomes ranged from 4.10 to 5.55 mm. The mean total chromosome length based on the measurements of 3 cells was 94.42Ϯ3.21 mm. Figure 3B is the karyotype constructed from the chromosomes shown in Fig. 3A, which was one of the most elongated complements. The chromosomes were arranged by size. The karyotype consisted of 5 pairs of metacentric, 10 pairs of submetacentric, 2 pairs of subtelocentric, and 2 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. Meretrix petechialis This species had 38 (NFϭ34) diploid chromosomes consisting of 19 pairs of chromosomes (Fig. 4). Observed chromosomes ranged from 4.03 to 5.55 mm (Table 1). The mean total chromosome length based on the measurements of 3 cells was 90.9Ϯ2.11 mm. Figure 4B is the karyotype constructed from the chromosomes shown in Fig. 4A, which was one of the most elongated complements. The karyotype consisted of 5 pairs of metacentric, 9 pairs of submetacentric, 3 pairs of subtelocentric, and 2 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. Discussion The venerid clams are commercially important because all of them belonging to this family are edible. Additionally, high variations in morphology have been found to exist in wild population. 122 G.-M. Park et al. Cytologia 76(2) In the venerid, the chromosomes and karyotypes have been reported that 18 species in 13 genera have ranging from nϭ14 to nϭ19 (Park et al. 1996). Tapes philippinarum have the chromosome number nϭ14 (Nishigawa and Hisatomi 1959), Venus gallina nϭ15 (Rosotto et al. 1981), and all other species have nϭ19. Also, in this study, Meretrix lusoria and M. petechialis have nϭ19. Although having the same diploid numbers, the karyotype formulae and their sizes differ a little in the 2 species. The morphology of mitotic chromosomes has long been recognized to be species-specific and useful as a taxonomic character in many animals. The present species is first reported in Korea. The karyotypes of these 2 species are different from other species in Veneridae. The karyotypes in 5 species (Circe scripta, Paphia vernicosa, Irus mitis, Venerupis aurea, Ruditapes philippinarum) of Veneridae investigated and all species has characteristically metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes (Ieyama 1980, Corni and Trentini 1990). However, M. lusoria and M. petechialis have different karyotypes. Meretrix lusoria has metacentric, Fig. 4. Metaphase chromosomes of Meretrix petechialis (A) and karyotype constructed from A (B). Scale submetacentric, subtelocentric, and telocentric bar indicates 6 mm. chromosomes. Also, M. petechialis has metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric, and telocentric chromosomes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Relationship of Asiatic Hard Clam Populations Collected in Northern Coastal Provinces in Vietnam Based on Mtdna Sequence Analysis
    Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology Genetic relationship of asiatic hard clam populations collected in northern coastal provinces in Vietnam based on mtDNA sequence analysis Abstract Research Article The genetic relationship of some Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) based on mtDNA Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2018 COI sequence analysis was investigated for populations collected in Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Nghe An provinces in Vietnam. In addition, this research also targets at species Vu Thi Trang,1 Le Thi Quynh Chi,3 Chu Chi identification based on COI sequences. In total of 59 sequences analyzed, 19 sequences Thiet,2 Nguyen Huu Duc,3 Tran Thi Thuy Ha1 belonged to Meretrix meretrix species with Gen Bank accession number DQ399399.1. 17 1Centre of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for sequences of M. meretrix were used for genetic relationship analysis among 3 populations. Aquaculture No.1, Vietnam In which, 6 polymorphic sites, 3 parsimony informative sites and 4 haplotypes observed 2Aquaculture Research Sub-Institute for North Central for the COI gene. Moderately genetic population diversity was observed, overall haplotype (ARSINC), Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Vietnam and nucleotide diversity were 0.476±0.233 and 0.00151±0.00069, respectively. Generally, 3Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam genetic differentiation (FST) (FST < 0.15) was moderate. The genetic distance was rather low, which ranged from 0.001 (Thai Binh–NgheAn, Thai Binh–Nam Dinh populations) to 0.002 (Nam Dinh – Nghe An populations). The result of haplotype network constructing Correspondence: Vu Thi Trang, Centre of Aquaculture indicated that populations shared common haplotype and there was no specific isolation Biotechnology, Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Vietnam, of the haplotypes of the populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mollusca: Veneridae) in the Western Pacific Ocean1
    Genetic Relationships among Species of Meretrix (Mollusca: Veneridae) in the Western Pacific Ocean1 Ayako Yashiki Yamakawa,2,3,6 Masashi Yamaguchi,4,5 and Hideyuki Imai4 Abstract: We compared allozymes at 12 loci in 12 populations of six species of Meretrix: M. lusoria ( Japan, Korea, and Taiwan), M. petechialis (China and Ko- rea), M. ovum (Thailand and Mozambique), M. lyrata (China), M. lamarckii ( Ja- pan), and Meretrix sp. A (Okinawa, Japan). Our allozyme results were generally consistent with the major groupings currently recognized within the genus based on morphological characters. However, we found two cryptic or un- described species: Meretrix sp. A from Okinawa and M. cf. lusoria from Taiwan. The shell characters of Meretrix sp. A were similar to those of M. lamarckii, but the species was genetically distinct (Nei’s genetic distance D > 0.845) from all other species examined. The Taiwanese Meretrix population was morphologi- cally indistinguishable from Japanese M. lusoria, although the genetic distance between the Taiwanese and Japanese populations showed a high degree of ge- netic differentiation (D > 0.386). Meretrix lusoria seedlings were introduced into Taiwan from Japan in the 1920s, and Japanese M. lusoria was previously thought to be established as a cultured stock. However, our results suggest that the Taiwanese population may represent a sibling or cryptic species of M. lusoria. Asianhardclams, genus Meretrix (Vener- (Yoosukh and Matsukuma 2001). These idae), are commercially important bivalves clams inhabit the tidal flats, estuaries, and in East and Southeast Asia and East Africa sandy beaches of the Indian Ocean, including East Africa and Southeast Asia, and the west- ern Pacific along the Chinese coast, Korean 1 Financial support was provided from the 21st Peninsula, and Japanese Archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Meretrix Lyrata, Reared Downstream of a Developing Megacity, the Saigon-Dongnai River Estuary, Vietnam Viet Tuan, Phuoc-Dan Nguyen, Emilie Strady
    Bioaccumulation of trace elements in the hard clam, Meretrix lyrata, reared downstream of a developing megacity, the Saigon-Dongnai River Estuary, Vietnam Viet Tuan, Phuoc-Dan Nguyen, Emilie Strady To cite this version: Viet Tuan, Phuoc-Dan Nguyen, Emilie Strady. Bioaccumulation of trace elements in the hard clam, Meretrix lyrata, reared downstream of a developing megacity, the Saigon-Dongnai River Estuary, Vietnam. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Springer Verlag (Germany), 2020, 192 (9), pp.566. 10.1007/s10661-020-08502-z. hal-02925838 HAL Id: hal-02925838 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02925838 Submitted on 1 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bioaccumulation of trace elements in the hard clam, Meretrix lyrata, reared downstream of a developing megacity, the Saigon-Dongnai River Estuary, Vietnam Viet Tuan Tran &Phuoc-Dan Nguyen &Emilie Strady Abstract A large number of white hard clam farms are from the environment into the whole tissues of the hard in the estuary shoreline of Saigon-Dongnai Rivers, clam as well as its different organs. The samples were which flow through Ho Chi Minh City, a megacity, collected monthly in dry, transition, and wet seasons of and numerous industrial zones in the basin catchment the southern part of Vietnam from March to September area.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebuilding Biodiversity of Patagonian Marine Molluscs After the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction
    Rebuilding Biodiversity of Patagonian Marine Molluscs after the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction Martin Aberhan1*, Wolfgang Kiessling1,2 1 Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany, 2 GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Pala¨oumwelt, Universita¨t Erlangen2 Nu¨rnberg, Erlangen, Germany Abstract We analysed field-collected quantitative data of benthic marine molluscs across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary in Patagonia to identify patterns and processes of biodiversity reconstruction after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. We contrast diversity dynamics from nearshore environments with those from offshore environments. In both settings, Early Palaeogene (Danian) assemblages are strongly dominated by surviving lineages, many of which changed their relative abundance from being rare before the extinction event to becoming the new dominant forms. Only a few of the species in the Danian assemblages were newly evolved. In offshore environments, however, two newly evolved Danian bivalve species attained ecological dominance by replacing two ecologically equivalent species that disappeared at the end of the Cretaceous. In both settings, the total number of Danian genera at a locality remained below the total number of late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) genera at that locality. We suggest that biotic interactions, in particular incumbency effects, suppressed post-extinction diversity and prevented the compensation of diversity loss by originating and invading taxa. Contrary to the total number of genera at localities, diversity at the level of individual fossiliferous horizons before and after the boundary is indistinguishable in offshore environments. This indicates an evolutionary rapid rebound to pre-extinction values within less than ca 0.5 million years. In nearshore environments, by contrast, diversity of fossiliferous horizons was reduced in the Danian, and this lowered diversity lasted for the entire studied post-extinction interval.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of the Bivalve Superfamily Galeommatoidea
    Goto et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:172 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/172 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Molecular phylogeny of the bivalve superfamily Galeommatoidea (Heterodonta, Veneroida) reveals dynamic evolution of symbiotic lifestyle and interphylum host switching Ryutaro Goto1,2*, Atsushi Kawakita3, Hiroshi Ishikawa4, Yoichi Hamamura5 and Makoto Kato1 Abstract Background: Galeommatoidea is a superfamily of bivalves that exhibits remarkably diverse lifestyles. Many members of this group live attached to the body surface or inside the burrows of other marine invertebrates, including crustaceans, holothurians, echinoids, cnidarians, sipunculans and echiurans. These symbiotic species exhibit high host specificity, commensal interactions with hosts, and extreme morphological and behavioral adaptations to symbiotic life. Host specialization to various animal groups has likely played an important role in the evolution and diversification of this bivalve group. However, the evolutionary pathway that led to their ecological diversity is not well understood, in part because of their reduced and/or highly modified morphologies that have confounded traditional taxonomy. This study elucidates the taxonomy of the Galeommatoidea and their evolutionary history of symbiotic lifestyle based on a molecular phylogenic analysis of 33 galeommatoidean and five putative galeommatoidean species belonging to 27 genera and three families using two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S and 28S ribosomal DNA) and a nuclear (histone H3) and mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) protein-coding genes. Results: Molecular phylogeny recovered six well-supported major clades within Galeommatoidea. Symbiotic species were found in all major clades, whereas free-living species were grouped into two major clades. Species symbiotic with crustaceans, holothurians, sipunculans, and echiurans were each found in multiple major clades, suggesting that host specialization to these animal groups occurred repeatedly in Galeommatoidea.
    [Show full text]
  • TREATISE ONLINE Number 48
    TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Trough to Trough
    Trough to trough The Colorado River and the Salton Sea Robert E. Reynolds, editor The Salton Sea, 1906 Trough to trough—the field trip guide Robert E. Reynolds, George T. Jefferson, and David K. Lynch Proceedings of the 2008 Desert Symposium Robert E. Reynolds, compiler California State University, Desert Studies Consortium and LSA Associates, Inc. April 2008 Front cover: Cibola Wash. R.E. Reynolds photograph. Back cover: the Bouse Guys on the hunt for ancient lakes. From left: Keith Howard, USGS emeritus; Robert Reynolds, LSA Associates; Phil Pearthree, Arizona Geological Survey; and Daniel Malmon, USGS. Photo courtesy Keith Howard. 2 2008 Desert Symposium Table of Contents Trough to trough: the 2009 Desert Symposium Field Trip ....................................................................................5 Robert E. Reynolds The vegetation of the Mojave and Colorado deserts .....................................................................................................................31 Leah Gardner Southern California vanadate occurrences and vanadium minerals .....................................................................................39 Paul M. Adams The Iron Hat (Ironclad) ore deposits, Marble Mountains, San Bernardino County, California ..................................44 Bruce W. Bridenbecker Possible Bouse Formation in the Bristol Lake basin, California ................................................................................................48 Robert E. Reynolds, David M. Miller, and Jordon Bright Review
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Tarim Basin with Special Emphasis on Petroleum Deposits, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Northwest China
    Geology of the Tarim Basin with special emphasis on petroleum deposits, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Northwest China By K. Y. Lee U.S. Geological Survey Reston, Virginia Open-File Report 85-616 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. 1985 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Regional setting 6 Purpose, scope, and method of report 6 S t rat igraphy 6 Jr r e""D inian Q Sinian 8 Paleozoic 10 Lower Paleozoic 11 Upper Paleozoic 12 Mesozoic 15 Tr ias s i c 15 Jurassi c 16 Cretaceous 17 Cenozoic 18 Tertiary 18 Quat e rnar y 2 0 Structure 21 Kuqa Foredeep 21 Northern Tarim Uplift 21 Eastern Tarim Depression 24 Central Uplift 24 Southwestern Depression 26 Kalpin Uplift 26 Southeastern Faulted Blocks 27 Evolution of the basin 27 Petroleum and coal deposits 36 Petroleum 36 Source rocks 36 Reservoir rocks 44 Cap rocks 45 Types of trap 47 Potential and description of known oil and gas fields 47 Occurrence 50 Potential 50 Summary and conclusions 52 References cited 54 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Index map of China 3 2. Geologic map of the Tarim (Talimu) basin, Xinjiang, northwest China 4 3. Airborne magnetic anomaly contours in Ta 9 4. Principal structural units 22 5. Sketch isopachs of the earth's crust 23 6. Depth to the magnetic basement rocks 25 7. Isopachs of the Paleozoic and Sinian strata 29 8. Isopachs of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic strata 30 9. Isopachs of the Jurassic strata 32 10.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Six Heterodont Bivalves (Tellinoidea and Solenoidea): Variable Gene Arrangements and Phylogenetic Implications
    The Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Six Heterodont Bivalves (Tellinoidea and Solenoidea): Variable Gene Arrangements and Phylogenetic Implications Yang Yuan, Qi Li*, Hong Yu, Lingfeng Kong Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China Abstract Background: Taxonomy and phylogeny of subclass Heterodonta including Tellinoidea are long-debated issues and a complete agreement has not been reached yet. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been proved to be a powerful tool in resolving phylogenetic relationship. However, to date, only ten complete mitochondrial genomes of Heterodonta, which is by far the most diverse major group of Bivalvia, have been determined. In this paper, we newly sequenced the complete mt genomes of six species belonging to Heterodonta in order to resolve some problematical relationships among this subclass. Principal Findings: The complete mt genomes of six species vary in size from 16,352 bp to 18,182. Hairpin-like secondary structures are found in the largest non-coding regions of six freshly sequenced mt genomes, five of which contain tandem repeats. It is noteworthy that two species belonging to the same genus show different gene arrangements with three translocations. The phylogenetic analysis of Heterodonta indicates that Sinonovacula constricta, distant from the Solecurtidae belonging to Tellinoidea, is as a sister group with Solen grandis of family Solenidae. Besides, all five species of Tellinoidea cluster together, while Sanguinolaria diphos has closer relationship with Solecurtus divaricatus, Moerella iridescens and Semele scaba rather than with Sanguinolaria olivacea. Conclusions/Significance: By comparative study of gene order rearrangements and phylogenetic relationships of the five species belonging to Tellinoidea, our results support that comparisons of mt gene order rearrangements, to some extent, are a useful tool for phylogenetic studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum, III
    * SYNOPSIS OF thp: family venerid.t^ and of the NORTH AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. B}^ WiLiJAM Hkai;ky Dall, Honontrji ('iirator, Division of Mollnsks. This synopsis is one of a series of similar summaries of the families of bivalve mollusks which have been prepared by the writer in the course of a revision of our Peleeypod fauna in the light of th(^ material accumulated in the collections of the United States National Museum. While the lists of species are made as complete as possible, for the coasts of the United States, the list of those ascribed to the Antilles, Central and South America, is pro])ably subject to considerable addi- tions when the fauna of these regions is better known and the litera- ture more thoroughly sifted. No claim of completeness is therefore made for this portion of the work, except when so expressly stated. So many of the southern forms extend to the verge of our territory that it was thought well to include those known to exist in the vicinity when it could l)e done without too greatly increasing the labor involved in the known North American list. The publications of authors included in the bibliograph}' which follows are referred to by date in the text, but it may be said that the full explanation of changes made and decisions as to nomenclature arrived at is included in the memoir on the Tertiary fauna of Florida in course of pul)lication by the Wagner Institute, of Philadelphia, for the writer, forming the third volume of their transactions. The rules of nomenclature cited in Part 111 of that work (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Reveal Patterns of Species Diversity Among
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN DNA barcoding reveal patterns of species diversity among northwestern Pacific molluscs Received: 04 April 2016 Shao’e Sun, Qi Li, Lingfeng Kong, Hong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Ruihai Yu, Lina Dai, Yan Sun, Accepted: 25 August 2016 Jun Chen, Jun Liu, Lehai Ni, Yanwei Feng, Zhenzhen Yu, Shanmei Zou & Jiping Lin Published: 19 September 2016 This study represents the first comprehensive molecular assessment of northwestern Pacific molluscs. In total, 2801 DNA barcodes belonging to 569 species from China, Japan and Korea were analyzed. An overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic distances was present in 71 species. We tested the efficacy of this library by simulating a sequence-based specimen identification scenario using Best Match (BM), Best Close Match (BCM) and All Species Barcode (ASB) criteria with three threshold values. BM approach returned 89.15% true identifications (95.27% when excluding singletons). The highest success rate of congruent identifications was obtained with BCM at 0.053 threshold. The analysis of our barcode library together with public data resulted in 582 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), 72.2% of which was found to be concordantly with morphology-based identifications. The discrepancies were divided in two groups: sequences from different species clustered in a single BIN and conspecific sequences divided in one more BINs. In Neighbour-Joining phenogram, 2,320 (83.0%) queries fromed 355 (62.4%) species-specific barcode clusters allowing their successful identification. 33 species showed paraphyletic and haplotype sharing. 62 cases are represented by deeply diverged lineages. This study suggest an increased species diversity in this region, highlighting taxonomic revision and conservation strategy for the cryptic complexes.
    [Show full text]