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Introduction to Obadiah

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Introduction to Obadiah INTRODUCTION TO OBADIAH Pastor William E. Wenstrom Jr. WENSTROM BIBLE MINISTRIES Marion, Iowa 2017 William E. Wenstrom, Jr. Bible Ministries Introduction to Obadiah The book of Obadiah is the shortest book in the Old Testament since it contains only 21 verses. The New Testament does not quote from it. Consequently, especially by modern audiences, this tiny book has been overlooked or totally ignored and to the detriment of the church. It has been ignored also because like Zephaniah it speaks of God’s judgment. Obadiah promises to exact vengeance upon the nation of Edom because they mistreated the southern kingdom of Judah in the sixth century B.C. when they were conquered by Babylon. The Edomites and Israelites were related since the former descended from Esau and the latter from Jacob. Both of whom were brothers. Thus, God was angry because the Edomites mistreated the Israelites who were their blood brothers. Obadiah lived through the final devastating Babylonian war on Judah (587-586 B.C.) and saw how the Edomites took advantage of the people of Judah. His prophecies were given to encourage the disillusioned Jews, who wondered why God did not punish the Edomites for their wicked ways. A further description of how Edom took advantage of the Jews in Jerusalem when the city was destroyed is found in Ezekiel 25, 35, 36, and Psalm 137. Not only did the Edomites mock when Judah fell, but they robbed and killed fleeing Jews, tried to make Judah part of their territory, and spoke arrogantly about God.1 The ESV has the following note, they write “Obadiah wrote this shortest book of the Old Testament probably soon after the armies of Babylon destroyed Jerusalem (586 B.C.). During this conquest, the people of Edom helped capture fleeing Israelites and turn them over to the Babylonians. They even took up residence in some Judean villages. This angered the Lord, for the Edomites, as descendants of Esau, were related to the Israelites (Gen. 25:21–26, 30) and therefore should have helped them. Obadiah prophesied that Edom would be repaid for mistreating God’s people. Obadiah also asserted that God is sovereign over the nations and that the house of Jacob would be restored because of God’s covenant love for his people.”2 L.C. Allen writes “Historically, the book belongs to the early postexilic period at the end of the sixth century B.C. Its central section, verses 10–14, deals with the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586 B.C., concentrating on the part the Edomites played in that tragic event. Edom was a state to the southeast of Judah. Despite treaty ties (“brother,” v. 10) the Edomites, along with others, had failed to come to Judah’s aid and had even helped Babylon by looting Jerusalem and handing over refugees. Moreover, the Edomites filled the vacuum caused by 1 Schultz, S. J., & Smith, G. V. (2001). Exploring the Old Testament (p. 186). Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. 2 The Holy Bible: English Standard Version. (2016). (Ob). Wheaton: Standard Bible Society. 2016 William E. Wenstrom, Jr. Bible Ministries 1 Judah’s exile by moving west and annexing the Negev to the south of Judah and even its southern territory (cp. v. 19).”3 David W. Baker has an excellent comment, he writes “This small book is not just relevant to two small nations in a remote corner of the globe long ago, however. It is a reminder for larger nations much closer to us in time that they also can display arrogance and intimidate others, however unwittingly. Even today ‘national interest’ can be too easily used as a politically correct euphemism for national greed. The best interest of neighbors cannot enter into consideration if we, at our neighbor’s expense, fatten either our own pocketbook or stomach. Who today stands beside the weak nations who are unable to withstand the encroachments of today’s superpowers? May it not be the same ‘Sovereign LORD’!”4 J. E. Smith writes “The name Obadiah (“servant of Yahweh”) was common in ancient Israel. At least twelve others by this name appear in the Old Testament. Jewish tradition is hardly correct in identifying the prophet Obadiah with the steward of King Ahab who hid a hundred prophets in caves during the Jezebelian persecution (1 Kgs 18:4). Others have suggested that the prophet Obadiah may have been the Obadiah sent out by King Jehoshaphat to teach the Law of God in the countryside of Judah (2 Chr 17:7). The Minor Prophet Obadiah, however, most likely is distinct from all the others by that name in Scripture. Practically nothing is known about this prophet. He was probably a native of Judah. He lived through a humiliating sack of Jerusalem. He had tremendous faith to see the ultimate glory of God’s kingdom. His personality, however, lies hidden in shadow. The message rather than the man is the focus of this book.”5 Minor Prophets The book of Obadiah is one of the “minor prophets,” which are called the Book of the Twelve in the Hebrew Bible. The common title for these twelve books in the Old Testament of the English Bible is “minor prophets,” and which title originated in Augustine’s time sometime during the fourth century A.D. They are only minor in the sense that each of these twelve books are much shorter than the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel who are identified as the “major prophets.” These twelve books cover a period of approximately three hundred years, from 760 B.C. to approximately 450 B.C., ending with Malachi. Except for the book of Jonah, these books all identify the author in a heading. They are arranged in the 3 Allen, L. C. (2003). Obadiah, Book Of. In C. Brand, C. Draper, A. England, S. Bond, E. R. Clendenen, & T. C. Butler (Eds.), Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (p. 1205). Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers. 4 Baker, D. W. (2006). Joel, Obadiah, Malachi (pp. 145–146). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 5 Smith, J. E. (1994). The Minor Prophets. Joplin, MO: College Press. 2016 William E. Wenstrom, Jr. Bible Ministries 2 biblical canon chronologically with the exception of Joel and Obadiah. A theme or possibly a catchword might explain the canonical position of Obadiah. Hosea, Amos, Jonah and Micah were written in the eighth century B.C. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah were penned in the seventh century B.C. Joel, Obadiah, Haggai and Zechariah were composed in the sixth century B.C. while Malachi was written in the fifth century B.C. In the Hebrew Bible, the minor prophets were treated as a unity. Though they share similar themes, each are distinct literary units with distinct messages. House notes: “Part of the conflict in the Twelve exists in the lives of the prophets, for they must represent both God and the people, denounce sin and plead of mercy, ask questions and be men of faith, as well as reveal God’s will and at the same time interpret it for the people. The prophets struggle to discover their identity much as the other non-divine characters attempt to find their place in God’s order of existence.”6 The Old Testament was divided into three sections: (1) The Torah (2) The Prophets (Nabhiim) (3) The Writings (Kethubim). The first section is called the Torah meaning “the Law” contained: (1) Genesis (2) Exodus (3) Leviticus (4) Numbers (5) Deuteronomy. The second section was the Prophets which were divided into two sections: (1) The Former Prophets (2) The Latter Prophets. The Former Prophets: (1) Joshua (2) Judges (3) Samuel (4) Kings. The Latter Prophets were divided into two categories: (1) Major (2) Minor. Major prophets: (1) Isaiah (2) Jeremiah (3) Ezekiel. The minor prophets were also called the Twelve because they were all contained in one book. The order in which they appear in the English bible are as follows: (1) Hosea (2) Joel (3) Amos (4) Obadiah (5) Jonah (6) Micah (7) Nahum (8) Habakkuk (9) Zephaniah (10) Haggai (11) Zechariah (12) Malachi. The third and last section was called the Writings: (1) The Poetical Books: Psalms, Proverbs and Job (2) The Five Rolls (Megilloth): Song of Solomon, Ruth, Ecclesiastes, Esther and Lamentations (3) The Historical Books: Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah (1 book) and Chronicles. The ministry of some prophets was directed at the northern kingdom which was called Israel while others ministered to the southern kingdom known as Judah. This northern and southern kingdom division of Israel came about as a result of Solomon’s unrepentant sinful behavior against God. God promised not to take away the kingdom from Solomon out of respect for his father David. However, He did promise He would take it away from his son. This came about when after Solomon’s death, his son Rehoboam listened to his younger advisors rather than 6 Barker, K. L. (1999). Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah (Vol. 20). Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers. 2016 William E. Wenstrom, Jr. Bible Ministries 3 his older advisors and raised taxes rather than lower them which were exorbitant under Solomon in order to support his many building projects. The prophets who were sent by God to the northern kingdom of Israel were Jonah (780-850 B.C.), Amos (765-750 B.C.) and Hosea (755-715 B.C.). These three were also called “pre-exilic” prophets meaning that they served prior to the Babylonian invasions in 605, 597 and 586 B.C. The prophets of Judah were Joel (835-796), Micah (740-690 B.C.), Nahum (630-612 B.C.), Habakkuk (606-604 B.C.), Zephaniah (625 B.C.) and Obadiah (586 B.C.).
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