The King of Beers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The King of Beers The King of Beers By D R Harms SC 15 May 2019 Crooks and Beer So they all say China has no (or very little) respect for intellectual property. The cheerleader of that group complainants is of course the USA. But see what they did to the little old Czech Republic (formerly Czecho­Slovakia) in connection with their famous "Bud" tell another story. They appropriated the name Budweiser and claimed it as their own supported by their courts. The Europeans even joke about it: An American walks into an English pub and orders a Budweiser. Barman: Oh, you must be American. American: You can tell from my order and accent, huh? Barman: No, because you're the fattest f#ck I've ever seen. As they also drink a concoction called root beer there is little to add, the name Trump springs to mind. Ah and, I almost forgot, they have their own Word Champion Ship in some sports. But, all in all, they are a lovable crowd generating lots of IP litigation. History of "Budweiser" (Budweis) In Czech1 Budweiser Budvar (Czech: Budejovický Budvar; Czech pronunciation: ['bu??jovit?ski? 'budvar]; "Budvar from Budweis") is a brewery in the Czech city of Ceské Budejovice (German: Budweis), best known for its original Budweiser or Budweiser Budvar pale lager brewed using artesian water, Moravian barley and Saaz hops. Budweiser Budvar is the fourth largest beer producer in the Czech Republic and the second largest exporter of beer abroad. A separate brewery, Budweiser Bürgerbräu (Czech: Budejovický mestanský pivovar) was founded in 1795 by the city's German­speaking citizens and started brewing Budweiser Bier in 1802. Budweiser Bürgerbräu was acquired by Anheuser­Busch InBev in 2014 to aid its claim on the Budweiser trademark. Budweiser Budvar Brewery was incorporated in 1895 as the Czech Joint Stock Brewery when local Czech breweries in Ceské Budejovice, then part of Austria­Hungary, merged and started brewing Budweiser with new technology. With the German occupation of Czechoslovakia during World War II and its communist­rule during the Cold War, the brewery was unable to compete with the American Anheuser­Busch as production faltered. By 1948, all Czech breweries had been nationalized and during the communist government. The brewery reported in 2015 that it had grown by 226% since 1991 and that its total sell volume had increased by 39% in the last ten years. The history of Budweiser in the USA The Czech company began shipping its beer to the United States in 1875. A year after, Adolphus Busch, a German immigrant to the United States and a businessman, encountered the brewery's Budweiser often during his visit to Europe. Thus, he decided to name his own beer Budweiser and brew it according to the Bohemian process.2 In other words, as one would say, pure coincidence ­ 600 years later. In article "A Brief History About Budweiser"3 it is said that: The name Budweiser in America, advertised as the King of Beers, has been a mainstay in today's culture. Almost toted as a 'rock' in its industrial strength, but is it a stalworthy as claimed? It's always Lawyer Time in this little corner of beerland. Budweiser, the flagship beer of Anheuser­Busch and the best­selling brew in America, has been scrapping over the rights to its name for decades, and there's no sign of a letup anytime soon. The Budweiser saga began in 1876, when the E. Anheuser Brewing Association of St. Louis, Missouri, introduced Budweiser Lager Beer. Founded in 1860 by Eberhard Anheuser, the company was renamed the Anheuser­Busch Brewing Association in 1879, recognizing the contribution and leadership of then president Adolphus Busch. "Bud" was a hit. The decades flew by and Americans guzzled Budweiser by the barrelful (three million barrels per year by 1941, in fact). Americans continued to down Bud in massive quantities, and Budweiser became an American icon. The dispute Meanwhile, in Czechoslovakia, trouble was brewing. It seems that when Eberhard Anheuser named his beer Budweiser, he was paying homage to the beer makers of a Czech town called Ceske Budejovice, known in Anheuser's native Germany as "Budweis." According to the folks in Budweis, their local beer has been known as Budweiser for several hundred years. [if this dude was paying "homage" he would have given it away for free] In 1895 the Czech brewery Budejovicky Pivovar (mercifully known as Budvar) began producing its own brew, marketing it under the name Budweiser Budvar, and the legal fireworks soon began. In 1939, Anheuser­Busch and Budvar supposedly buried the trademark hatchet in the United States, giving AnheuserBusch the American rights to the name in exchange for Budvar's ownership of the name Budweiser in much of Europe. But as Anheuser­Busch expanded into and began to dominate international markets, skirmishing flared again. The Czechs even took offense at Budweiser's slogan "The King of Beers," noting that Budweis brewers had called their product "The Beer of Kings" since the sixteenth century [I do not recall the Americans ever had a King ­ but what do I know?]. And Budvar partisans pointed out that A­B's Budweiser wasn't even legally considered beer in Germany, where the Reinheitsgebot (Beer Purity Regulations) dating back to 1516 strictly forbid the use of rice in brewing beer. In recent years plucky Budvar has again won the right to use the names Budweiser and Bud in the European Union countries, but court cases continue to rage from Sweden to Hong Kong. Budvar's current tactic is to sell its beer in the United States as Czechvar, hoping that word of mouth about what they call (in a whisper, of course) "the real Budweiser" will win them the fame in U.S. bars that they have lost, at least for the moment, in the U.S. courts. Conclusion Go to Prague and drink the real thing. Footnotes 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery. 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_Budvar_Brewery. 3 https://www.streetdirectory.com/food_editorials/beverages/beer/a_brief_history_about_budweiser.html..
Recommended publications
  • EURAS 2018 Beer
    How One of The World’s Oldest Food Safety Standards Approaches Expiration – The Case of German Beer 1 Philipp Eble * Henk J. de Vries * ** * Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University [email protected] [email protected] ** Delft Univeristy of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management [email protected] Abstract The paper at hand contemplates the effect of a centuries-old national food safety standard on innovation in a globalizing market. To that end, the case of the German Beer Industry is analysed to explicate the relationship between a longstanding beer purity decree and brewing innovation. Over 500 years of existence the so-called “Reinheitsgebot”, now laid down in federal German law, has served to restrict variety and safeguard the quality of locally-produced beers. In turn, the standard prominently shaped the national image as well as consumer preferences across all regions in Germany. This research however demonstrates how this has overwhelmingly brought about adverse consequences for the international relevance of German beer in an increasingly globalised economy, which favours diversity in tastes. Due to changing consumption trends and the constricted innovative ability of German brewers, the findings inform government’s responsibility in standardisation for traditional consumer goods industries at a time of urgent need for action. Introduction Beer is widely celebrated for its association with culinary distinctiveness, traditional values and quality (Meussdoerffer 2009). As the most popular drink in the world, behind tea and water, the history of beer brewing dates back several thousands of years, from as early as the Neolithic period to the ancient civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia (Nelson 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint
    PROPOSAL FOR Ms. Helena Novakova US trip, 40 pax May, 2018 PRAGUE/Czech Republic About destination PRAGUE – THE GOLDEN CITY About destination PRAGUE – THE GOLDEN CITY About destination PRAGUE – THE GOLDEN CITY ‘Prague – the golden city.’ There can hardly be another town in the whole of central Europe that has been so often and so variously praised by the figures from all spheres of the arts. Rainer Maria Rilke described his birthplace, as “a vast and rich of epic of architecture”, and Goethe labeled it “the most beautiful jewel in the Bohemian crown”. The 19th-century Czech writer and journalist Jan Neruda, whose characteristically humorous literary depictions of Prague are still popular with readers today, claimed that “there is no other town to rival Prague in beauty”. The city of 100 spires, “Golden Prague” a jewel in the heart of the new Europe. Culture, tradition and a lively atmosphere present themselves in beautifully restored cultural monuments and former aristocratic palaces. The awe-inspiring panorama of the castle and St. Vitus Cathedral capture the heart of every visitor, a walk across Charles Bridge is a must… About destination CZECH REPUBLIC – BASIC FACTS Official title Czech Republic (Česká republika) Area 78,864 square kilometres Neighbouring countries Germany, Poland, Austria and Slovakia Population 10,300,000 inhabitants Capital Prague (1.2 million inhabitants) Other major cities Brno (388,596), Ostrava (325,827), Pilsen (171,908), Olomouc (106,278) Administrative language Czech Religion Predominantly Roman Catholic (39.2 %), Protestant (4.6%), Orthodox (3%), Atheist (39.8%) Political system Parliamentary democracy Currency Czech crown - CZK (Kč), 1 Kč = 100 h (haléřů) coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Kč banknotes: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 Kč About destination CZECH REPUBLIC – BASIC FACTS Time zone Central European Time (CET), from April to October - summer time (GMT + 1, GMT + 2) Climate temperate, four seasons, a mix of ocean and inland climate, changeable winters, warm summers.
    [Show full text]
  • BJCP Exam Study Guide
    BJCP BEER EXAM STUDY GUIDE Last Revised: December, 2017 Contributing Authors: Original document by Edward Wolfe, Scott Bickham, David Houseman, Ginger Wotring, Dave Sapsis, Peter Garofalo, Chuck Hanning. Revised 2006 by Gordon Strong and Steve Piatz. Revised 2012 by Scott Bickham and Steve Piatz. Revised 2014 by Steve Piatz Revised 2015 by Steve Piatz Revised 2017 by Scott Bickham Copyright © 1998-2017 by the authors and the BJCP CHANGE LOG January-March, 2012: revised to reflect new exam structure, no longer interim May 1, 2012: revised yeast section, corrected T/F question 99 August, 2012: removed redundant styles for question S0, revised the additional readings list, updated the judging procedure to encompass the checkboxes on the score sheet. October 2012: reworded true/false questions 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 26, 33, 38, 39, 42, and 118. Reworded essay question T15. March 2014: removed the Exam Program description from the document, clarified the wording on question T13. October 2015: revised for the 2015 BJCP Style Guidelines. February, 2016: revised the table for the S0 question to fix typos, removed untested styles. September-October, 2017 (Scott Bickham): moved the BJCP references in Section II.B. to Section I; incorporated a study guide for the online Entrance exam in Section II; amended the rubric for written questions S0, T1, T3, T13 and T15; rewrote the Water question and converted the rubrics for each of the Technical and Brewing Process questions to have three components; simplified the wording of the written exam questions’ added
    [Show full text]
  • Commander's Guide to German Society, Customs, and Protocol
    Headquarters Army in Europe United States Army, Europe, and Seventh Army Pamphlet 360-6* United States Army Installation Management Agency Europe Region Office Heidelberg, Germany 20 September 2005 Public Affairs Commanders Guide to German Society, Customs, and Protocol *This pamphlet supersedes USAREUR Pamphlet 360-6, 8 March 2000. For the CG, USAREUR/7A: E. PEARSON Colonel, GS Deputy Chief of Staff Official: GARY C. MILLER Regional Chief Information Officer - Europe Summary. This pamphlet should be used as a guide for commanders new to Germany. It provides basic information concerning German society and customs. Applicability. This pamphlet applies primarily to commanders serving their first tour in Germany. It also applies to public affairs officers and protocol officers. Forms. AE and higher-level forms are available through the Army in Europe Publishing System (AEPUBS). Records Management. Records created as a result of processes prescribed by this publication must be identified, maintained, and disposed of according to AR 25-400-2. Record titles and descriptions are available on the Army Records Information Management System website at https://www.arims.army.mil. Suggested Improvements. The proponent of this pamphlet is the Office of the Chief, Public Affairs, HQ USAREUR/7A (AEAPA-CI, DSN 370-6447). Users may suggest improvements to this pamphlet by sending DA Form 2028 to the Office of the Chief, Public Affairs, HQ USAREUR/7A (AEAPA-CI), Unit 29351, APO AE 09014-9351. Distribution. B (AEPUBS) (Germany only). 1 AE Pam 360-6 ● 20 Sep 05 CONTENTS Section I INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose 2. References 3. Explanation of Abbreviations 4. General Section II GETTING STARTED 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Bicycling Vienna to Prague
    Overview Selected Tour Start Date: Wednesday, August 10th, 2022 Bicycle Tours in Austria: Bicycling Vienna to Prague OVERVIEW Explore Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic as of 1918. Bohemia is one of the prominent parts of the Holy Roman Empire and one of the richest parts of the Austrian Empire as you’ll notice while cycling through its thick forests dotted with castles, chateaux and picturesque towns. This tour is all about pedaling off the beaten track. Sound great? But you prefer a longer tour check out Cycling the Danube Plus! the Czech Republic and Prague. HIGHLIGHTS Crossing the border into Czech Republic, Visit to the original Budweiser Budvar Brewery, Cycling along the Moldau river, Prague TOUR FACTS Classic: Learn more about our Classic tours at https://www.experienceplus.com/tours/bike-tour- Tour Style styles/classic-tours Includes 9 days, 8 nights accommodation; meals as noted in itinerary; guided visits as described in itinerary. Countries Austria, Czech Republic Begin/End Vienna/Prague Arrive/Depart Vienna International Airport (VIE)/Václav Havel Airport Prague (PRG) Total Distance 359km (221 miles) Avg. Daily Distance 51km (31 miles) per riding day Tour Level We work hard to maintain consistency across all of our tours, but some trips have unique differences. Here are some things to keep in mind about this tour. Keep in Mind We use charming and modern hotels but A/C or fans may not always be available since they haven't been needed traditionally. Separated twin beds are rare in many places; instead there will be two mattresses together that sit on the same base.
    [Show full text]
  • City Harvest
    O-751-18 TRADE MARKS ACT 1994 IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATION UNDER NO. 3227884 BY CITY HARVEST TO REGISTER THE TRADE MARK CITY HARVEST IN CLASSES 36, 39 AND 43 AND IN THE MATTER OF THE OPPOSITION THERETO UNDER NO. 410016, BY CITY HARVEST, INC BACKGROUND AND PLEADINGS 1. The parties are charitable organisations both known as City Harvest – one based in London the other in New York City. Their work involves the collection of surplus food from suppliers and retailers and its distribution to vulnerable people via soup kitchens, homeless shelters and so on, thereby reducing food waste and helping to feed those in need. 2. The Applicant is City Harvest1 and it redistributes surplus food in the Greater London area. Its work started in April 2014, since when it has provided over 2 million meals to London’s hungry. On 28 April 2017, the Applicant filed a United Kingdom trade mark application (“the Application”) for the word mark CITY HARVEST (“the Mark”) for the following services: Class 36: Fund raising for charity; Charitable fundraising; Charitable fundraising services; Charitable collections; Organising of charitable collections; Organisation of charitable collections; Arranging charitable collections [for others]; Charitable fund raising services; Fund raising for charitable purposes; Organising collections. Class 39: Transportation logistics; Food transportation services; Transportation of food; Arrangement of transportation; Transportation of fruit; Transportation of waste; Transportation of goods; Arranging transportation of goods; Collection of goods; Delivery by road; Delivery of goods; Arranging the delivery of goods; Transportation and delivery of goods; Transport and delivery of goods; Collection, transport and delivery of goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Just Imagine
    P.O. Box 340500 Milwaukee, WI 53234-0500 USA Midway between Chicago and Detroit is the picturesque community of Marshall, Michigan. Once suggested as the site for the state capitol, Marshall is known today for its small-town Return Service Requested ambiance, historic architecture and, especially, May 20162016 as the home of Schuler’s Restaurant & Pub. • National Restaurant Association In 1909, Albert Schuler Sr. opened a combination (NRA) Show cigar store and restaurant. A dedicated cook and May 21 - 24 an excellent host, Albert was able to expand with McCormick Place Convention Center Chicago, IL, USA the purchase of the Royal Hotel and Restaurant Booth #3420 in 1924. Renamed Schuler’s, it quickly became a local landmark and favorite eating place for locals and visitors alike. by David Rolston Albert’s love of cooking inspired his family—rst with his son, Winston, and, President and CEO June 20162016 today, as the restaurant operates under the direction of Hans Schuler, the third of ve generations to call this town, and its beloved restaurant, home. Known for its traditional yet • Foodservice at Retail Exchange he current renaissance in beer would come as no surprise to (FARE) Conference creative cuisine and homey atmosphere, Schuler’s has received numerous industry awards, as well as T June 20 - 22 landmark recognition. is dedication to great food and atmosphere continues to attract a devoted Just historians of the beverage. Archeologists at the University of Gaylord Texan Convention Center following. Pennsylvania, analyzing residues found on ancient vats and vessels, Grapevine, TX, USA imagine . have determined that people were fermenting beverages as long ago To experience a Michigan tradition, Schuler’s Restaurant is located at 115 S Eagle St., Marshall, Booth #205 as 7000 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Thuringia.Com
    www.thats-thuringia.com That’s Thuringia. Ladies and Gentlemen, Thuringia is the region where successful collaboration between entrepreneurs and researchers goes back centuries. Looking to the future has been a long-standing tradition here. Just take Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe, and Otto Schott, who joined forces in Jena to lay the foundations for the modern optics industry and for a productive partnership between business and science. It’s a success story that the entrepreneurs and scientists in our Free State are continuing to write to this very day. And in the process, our producers and services providers can draw upon a multifaceted research environment which currently comprises no less than nine universities and universities of applied sciences, a total of 14 institutions run by the Fraunhofer, Leibniz, Max-Planck, and Helmholtz scientific societies, as well as eight research institutions with close ties to the economy. It’s the variety and the optimal mix of locational advantages that makes Thuringia so attractive for investors from all over the world. The central location of our Land at the heart of Germany will soon become even more of an advantage thanks to the new ICE high-speed train junction in Erfurt, which will significantly reduce travelling time to Berlin, Munich, and Frankfurt am Main. International companies seeking to locate to Thuringia can choose from our many top-notch industrial sites, which are situated along major highways and also include large-scale locations for those investors in need of more space. By now, Thuringia has surpassed Baden-Württem- berg as the Federal Land within Germany with the highest number of industrial operations per 100,000 inhabitants.
    [Show full text]
  • ​Quick Fact Sheet
    ​Quick Fact Sheet Brewery Opened: November, 2012 ​ Location: New Freedom, PA. (York County). Approximately, 40 miles south of Harrisburg the ​ capital of Pennsylvania, 30 miles north of Baltimore, MD, and 100 miles south west of Philadelphia. Beer Styles: Authentic German­style Lager beers brewed according to the Reinheitsgebot ​ ​ (German Purity Law of 1516). Braumeister: Martin Virga who has over 25 years in the brewing business. Formally educated as ​ a brewmaster in Germany at Doemens, one of the oldest brewing schools in the world. ​ ​ Specializes in brewing German­style lagers. Year Round Beers: Pilsner ­ brewed in the Bavarian “Landpils” or country pilsner style. Delicate balance between ​ malt sweetness and hop bitterness, has a dry feel to the mouth with little to no aftertaste. Dunkel ­ Pronounced "doonn­kel," with a short "oo" as in "foot." Our Dunkel or dark lager is ​ ​ brewed in the traditional Bavarian style. For a dark lager, the color might be deceiving because this is not a strong or “heavy” beer. It leans towards the maltier/sweeter side, lightly hopped with coffee and caramel undertones. Packaging: 12 oz bottles packaged as 6 packs or by the case; 66.5 oz Growlers; 50 liter kegs ​ Social Media: Facebook ­ http://www.facebook.com/pages/Gunpowder­Falls­Brewing ​ Twitter ­ https://twitter.com/GFBrewing ​ Yelp ­ http://www.yelp.com/biz/gunpowder­falls­brewing­new­freedom ​ Instagram ­ https://www.facebook.com/gunpowderfallsbrewing/app_168188869963563 ​ Untapped ­ https://untappd.com/GunpowderFallsBrewing ​ 15556 Elm Drive, New Freedom, PA 17349 (717) 759­0330 [email protected] ​About Gunpowder Falls Brewing Gunpowder Falls Brewing is an American­German craft brewery located in the rolling farm lands at the very southern part of central Pennsylvania in the town of New Freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Flip, Dip Dry, Serve the Big Match
    north east raise a glass to pubs, people and news from your local Free ISSUE 04 www.cheersnortheast.co.uk // October 2010 cheers pubs and pints r Flip, dip dry, serve the view from Bruges pubs and cheese the big match Food and beer pairing is the new black the Good Beer Guide’s new faces revealed the battle of Budweiser a feast of festivals pubs and tradition rapper tap swashbuckling and foot-tapping to a 200-year-old tune inn-side bEEr // whISky // wInE // CIDEr // nEw pUbS // OlD pUbS // bEEr fOr lUnCh // bEEr fOr tEa // bEEr fOr DInnEr // pUbS! A4 Ad Original Draught 20/9/10 16:40 Page 1 BUDWEISERBUDWEISER BUDVARBUDVAR ORIGINALORIGINAL An ABV 5 craft lager brewed only at the Budweiser Budvar brewery in Southern Bohemia. Enjoys the EU PGI (protected geographical indication) giving it the same status as Champagne, Parmesan cheese or Melton Mowbray pork pies. Created in a 100 day natural brewing cycle using only the finest locally sourced ingredients These include whole Czech hops, Moravian barley malt, natural spring water from an ice age lake located 330 metres under the brewery and the same strain of yeast in use since 1895. Great to enjoy on its own and excellent with many different dishes from fish to tapas. Pours to a medium gold colour with a deep but light head formation giving a hoppy bitterness in the finish that makes this beer eminently drinkable and refreshing. n o r t he a s t raise a glass to pubs, people and news from your local I S S U E 0 4 Free www.
    [Show full text]
  • Belgrade to Prague
    Overview Bicycle Tours in Hungary: 2019 AllTrails Expedition - Belgrade to Prague OVERVIEW We have partnered with Australian company AllTrails to bring you a bicycle expedition from Belgrade to Prague. Our route this year follows the beautiful Danube River and thus has very few big hills, but plenty of undulations to keep the cycling interesting and provide some good ‘effort-and-reward’ uphills and downhills. It is a route through beautiful valleys that squeeze their way between spectacular mountain ranges and through much-loved European cities and a number of lesser-known gems. Be enchanted by European countries that bridge the gap between Eastern Europe and Western Europe and get a taste for both. You’ll enjoy the famous names such as Budapest, Vienna, Linz and Prague, but you may come away with even fonder memories of the smaller towns and unexpected highlights – perhaps the early days of the tour cycling through Serbia, Croatia and Slovakia, or the latter part of the ride in the rural Czech Republic’s Cesky Krumlov or Cesky Budejovice. ***Read more about the ExpeditionPlus! concept to see if this type of tour is for you. HIGHLIGHTS Welcome dinner in Belgrade, experience historical Eastern Europe, legendary Western European cities, rest day in Budapest with guided city tour, dinner cruise on the Danube, 3 nights in Vienna with guided city tour, winery visit in Wachau, Regensburg rest day – Germany’s ‘medieval miracle’, Budvar Brewery visit, UNESCO listed Cesky Krumlov, “bubbly” toast and farewell dinner in Prague. TOUR FACTS TourzPlus: Learn more about our TourzPlus tours at https://www.experienceplus.com/tours/bike- Tour Style tour-styles/tourzplus-tours All breakfasts, 20 evening meals, winery visit in Wachau region, dinner Cruise on the Danube, Budvar Brewery visit, walking tours in Vienna and Budapest, tips & gratuities for Tour Leaders Includes included, support vehicles, maps and directions, local guides, daily luggage transfer, bike mechanical assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance This Page Intentionally Left Blank Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
    Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance This page intentionally left blank Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Richard W. Unger University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia Copyright ᭧ 2004 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First paperback edition 2007 Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Unger, Richard W. Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance / Richard W. Unger. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8122-1999-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8122-1999-6 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Beer—Europe—History—To 1500. 2. Beer—Europe—History—To 1500—16th century. 3. Brewing industry—Europe—History—To 1500. 4. Brewing industry—Europe—History— 16th century. I. Title. TP577.U54 2003 641.2Ј3Ј0940902—dc22 2004049630 For Barbara Unger Williamson and Clark Murray Williamson This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Introduction: Understanding the History of Brewing Early Medieval Brewing Urbanization and the Rise of Commercial Brewing Hopped Beer, Hanse Towns, and the Origins of the Trade in Beer The Spread of Hopped Beer Brewing: The Northern Low Countries The Spread of Hopped Beer Brewing: The Southern Low Countries, England, and Scandinavia The Mature Industry: Levels of Production The Mature Industry: Levels of Consumption The Mature Industry: Technology The Mature Industry: Capital Investment and Innovation Types of Beer and Their International Exchange viii Contents Taxes and Protection Guilds, Brewery Workers, and Work in Breweries Epilogue: The Decline of Brewing Appendix: On Classification and Measurement Notes Bibliography Index Illustrations .
    [Show full text]