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r-He weLL read mason li""-I:~I=-•I cl••'ILei,=:-,•• Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books belong to the public and 'pictoumasons' makes no claim of ownership to any of the books in this library; we are merely their custodians. Often, marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in these files – a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Since you are reading this book now, you can probably also keep a copy of it on your computer, so we ask you to Keep it legal. Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book to be in the public domain for users in Canada, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA A GUIDE TO ITS CONTENTS AN AID TO ITS USE BY JOSEPH JACOBS, D.LITT. REVISING EDITOR FUNK & WAG NALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON 1906 Digitized by Coogle COPYRIGHT, x9Q(i, BY FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY ( Digitized by Coogle II / /'.:- C'.'" __ J~Y-l. / -- _/' PREFACE IN the following pages I have endeavored, at the request of the Funk & Wagnalls Company, to give such an account of the contents of THE JEWISH EN• CYCLOPEDIA,publishedby them, as will indicate the nature of the work in considerable detail, and at the same time facilitate the systematic use of it in any of its very varied sections. For this purpose it has been found necessary to divide the subject-matter of the ENCYCLOPEDIAina somewhat different manner from that adopted for editorial purposes in the various departments. Several sections united under the con• trol of one editor have been placed in more logical order in different parts of the following account, while, on the other hand, sections which were divided among different editors have here been brought together under one head. In justice to my colleagues it is but fair to add that they are in no sense responsible for this redistribution of the subject-matter, or indeed for any of the views which either explicitly or by implication are expressed in the following pages on some of the disputed points affecting modern Jews and Judaism. iii 147892 Digitized by Coogle PREFACE The endeavor has been made herein to give an ac• count of the ENCYCLOPEDIAintwo ways. In a long list at the end the chief articles are enumerated in alphabetical order, with indication as to illustrations, so that by running through these the variety and extent of ground covered by the ENCYCI,OPEDIAcanbe gath• ered at once. In addition, I have in the earlier of these pages classified the majority oi the articles thus indexed in some sort of logical order. In making a selection of 2,000 articles out of 16,606, some may have 'been omit• ted which others would have included, and doubtless several have been included which others would have omitted. I can only state that every care has been taken to make the selections representative. It will, of course, be understood that the engravings accom• panying the present text are specimens of only the smaller illustrations contained in THE JEWISHENCY• CLOPEDIA. JOSEPHJACOBS. iv Digitized by Coogle CONTENTS PAGB PREFACE iii-iv PARTIALLISTOFEDITORSANDCOLLABORATORS vii-xviii INTRODUcrORYREMARKS . THE SoURCES The Bible.. 4 Talmud and Midrash. ...... 14 ARCHEOLOGY... .. .. .. ...... ...... .. 20 DOMESTICITY... .. .. ....... ... .... .. .. .. 21 CUSTOMS............................................. 22 JEWISHLIFE '. 23 HISTORY............................................. 24 Of Nations-Of Cities-Makers of History-Historic Movements and Events-Weapons against Intoler• ance-The German Jews-America, England and Russia-The United States-American Jewry-Jew• ish Influence-Great Britain-Early English Jews• Jews Return to England-Jewish Emancipation• Anglo-Jewish Institutions-Quaint Characters of English Jewry-Russia- Russo-Jewish Communities -Russian-Jewish Leaders. PHILOLOGY.... .. ........ .. 51 LITERATURE... ... .... .. .. .. .. ... .. 54 Rabbinical. .................... ... .. .. 57 Bibliography and Typography. .. .. .. ... .. 61 THEOLOGY... 63 Cosmology. .. ....... .. ........ .. 66 Christianity in Its Relation to Judaism. .. 70 Mysticism, Superstition, and Folk-Lore. .. ... .. .... 72 v Digitized by Coogle CONTENTS PAGB PmLOSOPHY. •. • . • • . •• •••.•.••..•••••••••••••.•• 75 CEREMONIES.. .•.. ....•. .. ...••. ..•. ..••••••.••. 77 Liturgy.. 83 Music.. e •••• ~ ••• " 86 SOCIOLOGY. ..... .. .. ... ...... • . • . .• 87 BIOGRAPHY.. .. .. .. .... .. ... .•. .. .. .. .. .. 90 Poets-Litterateurs-Music-Drama. 93 Science: Philosophy- History- Economics-Mathe• matics- Astronomy- Chemistry- Physiology- Philology-Hebrew. .. .. 97 Pl·actic.al Life: Politics-Medicine-Law-Armyand Navy-Sports, Travel, etc.-Commerce and Phi- . lanthropy-Anti-Semites-Pedigrees . .. 104 MISCELLANEOUS JUDAICA •.•.........................•.• 113 ILLUSTRATIONS. • • . • . • . • . •••••••.•.•...•.••••... 118 Tombs of Bible Heroes-Holy Citiesand Sites-Jew• ish Quartersand Domiciles-A BibleAtlae-e-Numis• matics-Sacred Edifices-Decorative Art-Jewish Burial Grounds-Ceremonial Paraphemalia-Cos• tumes-Portraits- Books and Manuscripts-Hebra• ica. STATISTICS OF INTEREST •••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••••.. 134 COLLABORATORS. • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 135 CONCLUSION. • •. •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 136 INDEX OF MAIN ARTICLES •••••••••• ; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 141 vi PARTIAL LIST OF THE 605 EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS WHO PRODUCED THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA The r«Uler will pleaae take notice that the namea printed in parentheee. in the foUO'Ulingpage. are tho.e of the author. of the article. referred to. EDITORIAL BOARD CYRUSADLEB, Ph.D., (DepartmenU of Poet-Biblical Antt"quitie. and the Jew.of America.) President of the American Jewish Historical Society; Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. WUBEI,M BACHER,Ph,D., (DepartmenU of the Talmud and Rabbinical Literature.) Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Budapest, Hungary. GOTTBABDDEUTSCH,Ph,D., (Department of Hiatory from 1492 to 1006.) Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew Union College,Cincinnati, Ohio; Editor of " Deborah." BICBABD GOTTBEIL, Ph.D., (DeparlmenU of Hiatory from Ezra to 1492 and Hiatory of Po.t-Talmudic Literature. ) Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York; Chief of the Oriental Department, New York Public Library. EMIL G. B1BSCH,Ph.D., LL.D., (Department of the Bible.) Rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation, Chicago, Ill;.i Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy, University of \,ihicago; Editor of "The Reform Advocate." JOSEPH JACOBS,D.Lltt., (Department. of t.w Jew. of England and Anthropology; Reviaing Editor.) Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England; Author of "Jews of Angevin England," etc. KAUFlIIIANN KOBLEB, Ph.D., (Department. of Theology and PhilollO'ph1l.) President of Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Beth-EI, New York. BEBMAN BOSEN'l'JIAL, (Department of the Jew. of RuNia and Poland.) Chiefof the Slavonic Department, NewYork Public Library. vii Digitized by Coogle usr OF EDITORS AND COLLABORATORS IsmOBE BINGD, Ph.D., MANAGINGEDITOR. (Departmerit ol.l1odern Biograph1/ from 1750 to 1906.) CBAWFOBDBOWELL TOY; D.D., LL.D.• (Department. of HMew PhiWlogy and Hellmiatic Literature.) Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Author of "The Religion of Israel." etc. I, K. FUNIt, D.D., LL.D., (ChaiT'fMn of the Boam.) Editor-in-Chief of the STANDARDDICl'IONARYOFTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE,etc. FBAlQ[ B. VIZETELLY, F.B.A.• (Secreta,." of the Board.) Associate Editor of the STANDARDDICl'IONARY."The Columbian Cyclopedia." etc. WILLIAM POPPEB. M.A•• Ph.D.• (A••ociateReviaingEditor; Chief of the Bureauof Tranltlation.) Gustav Gottheil Lecturer in Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York (1003-5); Author of "The Censorship of Hebrew Books.' AMERICAN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORS BEBN'ABD DBACBltlAN. Ph.D•• Rabbi of the Congregation Zichron Ephraim; Instructor in the Bible and in Hebrew Grammar. Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York. B. FELSENTBAL. Ph.D•• Rabbi Emeritus of
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  • Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve Richard A

    Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve Richard A

    Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU History Faculty Publications History Department 5-13-2013 Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve Richard A. Naclerio Sacred Heart University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/his_fac Part of the Economic History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Naclerio, Richard A., "Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve" (2013). History Faculty Publications. Paper 99. http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/his_fac/99 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paul M. Warburg: Founder of the United States Federal Reserve Prof. Richard A. Naclerio May 13, 2013 Paul Moritz Warburg The name Paul Moritz Warburg is synonymous with the founding of the Federal Reserve System. Warburg’s impact on American banking is a parallel to his family’s impact on European banking. The epic story of the Warburg family of European bankers can be traced back to the early 1500s when Simon von Cassel settled in the German Westphalia town of Warburg (originally founded by Charlemagne in 778 and was then known as Warburgum) and began the family’s quest for money and financial power. Although the Warburgs excelled in many other occupations throughout Europe, it was this lineage that produced some of the most successful bankers in the world. Blessed with sharp minds and good business sense, the generations of the Warburg clan gained seemingly boundless money and power.