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A Grammar of Modern Indo-European A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN Second Edition Language and Culture Writing System and Phonology Morphology Syntax Texts and Dictionary Etymology DNGHU Carlos Quiles with Fernando López-Menchero Version 4.15 (10/2009) Copyright © 2007-2009 Asociación Cultural Dnghu. © 2006-2009 Carlos Quiles Casas. With contributions by Fernando López-Menchero Díez, M.Phil. in IE studies © 2007-2009. Printed in the European Union. Published by the Indo-European Language Association. Edition Managed by Imcrea Diseño Editorial ® at <http://www.imcrea.com/>. All content on this book is licensed under a Dual Licence Creative Commons Attribution/Share- Alike License 3.0 (Unported), see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, and GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back- cover texts), see <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>. All images are licensed under the same Dual Licence, most of them coming from Dnghu’s website <http://dnghu.org/> or from the Indo-European Wiki <http://indo-european.eu/>, a portal on Modern Indo-European, which in turn may have copied content from the English Wikipedia and other online and collaborative sources. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. For corrections, translations and newer versions of this free (e)book, please visit <http://dnghu.org/Indo-European grammar/>. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... 9 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.............................................................................................. 11 WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION ................................................................................................. 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 17 CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK........................................................................................... 18 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 23 1.1. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY .........................................................................23 1.2. TRADITIONAL VIEWS ......................................................................................................... 26 1.3. THE THEORY OF THE THREE STAGES ................................................................................. 29 1.4. THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN URHEIMAT OR ‘HOMELAND’ ............................................... 37 1.5. OTHER LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES ....................................................... 45 1.6. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LANGUAGES ............................................................................. 48 1.7. INDO-EUROPEAN DIALECTS .............................................................................................. 50 Schleicher’s Fable: From PIE to Modern English .......................................................... 50 1.7.1. Northern Indo-European dialects ........................................................................... 53 1.7.2. Southern Indo-European Dialects .......................................................................... 78 1.7.3. Other Indo-European Dialects of Europe ............................................................. 88 1.7.4. Anatolian Languages ............................................................................................. 98 1.8. MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN .............................................................................................. 102 2. LETTERS AND SOUNDS ................................................................................................... 109 2.1 THE ALPHABETS OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN ................................................................ 109 A. Vowels and Vocalic Allophones.................................................................................. 109 B. Consonants and Consonantal Sounds ....................................................................... 110 2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS ............................................................................................ 112 2.3. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS ................................................................................................. 117 2.4. SYLLABLES ....................................................................................................................... 119 2.5. QUANTITY ........................................................................................................................ 121 A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN 2.6. ACCENT ...........................................................................................................................122 2.7. VOWEL CHANGE ............................................................................................................... 123 2.8. CONSONANT CHANGE ......................................................................................................124 2.9. PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY .................................................................................. 126 2.10. KINDRED FORMS ........................................................................................................... 128 3. WORDS AND THEIR FORMS ......................................................................................... 129 3.1. THE PARTS OF SPEECH .................................................................................................... 129 3.2. INFLECTION .................................................................................................................... 130 3.3. ROOT, STEM AND BASE .................................................................................................... 131 3.4. GENDER ........................................................................................................................... 133 3.5. GENERAL RULES OF GENDER ........................................................................................... 135 3.6. VOWEL GRADE ................................................................................................................. 137 3.7. WORD FORMATION ..........................................................................................................139 3.8. COMPOUND WORDS .........................................................................................................142 3.9. NAMES OF PERSONS .........................................................................................................143 4. NOUNS ..................................................................................................................................... 145 4.1. DECLENSION OF NOUNS ................................................................................................... 145 4.2. FIRST DECLENSION ......................................................................................................... 148 4.2.1. First Declension Paradigm................................................................................... 148 4.2.2. First Declension in Examples .............................................................................. 149 4.2.3. The Plural in the First Declension ....................................................................... 150 4.3. SECOND DECLENSION ...................................................................................................... 151 4.3.1. Second Declension Paradigm................................................................................ 151 4.3.2. Second Declension in Examples ........................................................................... 152 4.5.3. The Plural in the Second Declension .................................................................... 153 4.4. THIRD DECLENSION ......................................................................................................... 154 4.4.1. Third Declension Paradigm .................................................................................. 154 4.4.2. In i, u ....................................................................................................................... 155 4.4.3. In Diphthong .......................................................................................................... 156 4.4.4. The Plural in the Third Declension ....................................................................... 157 4.5. FOURTH DECLENSION ...................................................................................................... 159 Indo-European Language Association <http://dnghu.org/> Table of Contents 4.5.1. Fourth Declension Paradigm ................................................................................ 159 4.5.2. In Occlusive, m, l ................................................................................................... 160 4.5.3. In r, n, s .................................................................................................................. 161 4.5.4. The Plural in the Fourth Declension ...................................................................
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