A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN Second Edition Language and Culture Writing System and Phonology Morphology Syntax Texts and Dictionary Etymology DNGHU Carlos Quiles with Fernando López-Menchero Version 4.15 (10/2009) Copyright © 2007-2009 Asociación Cultural Dnghu. © 2006-2009 Carlos Quiles Casas. With contributions by Fernando López-Menchero Díez, M.Phil. in IE studies © 2007-2009. Printed in the European Union. Published by the Indo-European Language Association. Edition Managed by Imcrea Diseño Editorial ® at <http://www.imcrea.com/>. All content on this book is licensed under a Dual Licence Creative Commons Attribution/Share- Alike License 3.0 (Unported), see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, and GNU Free Documentation License (unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back- cover texts), see <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>. 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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... 9 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.............................................................................................. 11 WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION ................................................................................................. 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 17 CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK........................................................................................... 18 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 23 1.1. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY .........................................................................23 1.2. TRADITIONAL VIEWS ......................................................................................................... 26 1.3. THE THEORY OF THE THREE STAGES ................................................................................. 29 1.4. THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN URHEIMAT OR ‘HOMELAND’ ............................................... 37 1.5. OTHER LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES ....................................................... 45 1.6. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LANGUAGES ............................................................................. 48 1.7. INDO-EUROPEAN DIALECTS .............................................................................................. 50 Schleicher’s Fable: From PIE to Modern English .......................................................... 50 1.7.1. Northern Indo-European dialects ........................................................................... 53 1.7.2. Southern Indo-European Dialects .......................................................................... 78 1.7.3. Other Indo-European Dialects of Europe ............................................................. 88 1.7.4. Anatolian Languages ............................................................................................. 98 1.8. MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN .............................................................................................. 102 2. LETTERS AND SOUNDS ................................................................................................... 109 2.1 THE ALPHABETS OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN ................................................................ 109 A. Vowels and Vocalic Allophones.................................................................................. 109 B. Consonants and Consonantal Sounds ....................................................................... 110 2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS ............................................................................................ 112 2.3. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS ................................................................................................. 117 2.4. SYLLABLES ....................................................................................................................... 119 2.5. QUANTITY ........................................................................................................................ 121 A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN 2.6. ACCENT ...........................................................................................................................122 2.7. VOWEL CHANGE ............................................................................................................... 123 2.8. CONSONANT CHANGE ......................................................................................................124 2.9. PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY .................................................................................. 126 2.10. KINDRED FORMS ........................................................................................................... 128 3. WORDS AND THEIR FORMS ......................................................................................... 129 3.1. THE PARTS OF SPEECH .................................................................................................... 129 3.2. INFLECTION .................................................................................................................... 130 3.3. ROOT, STEM AND BASE .................................................................................................... 131 3.4. GENDER ........................................................................................................................... 133 3.5. GENERAL RULES OF GENDER ........................................................................................... 135 3.6. VOWEL GRADE ................................................................................................................. 137 3.7. WORD FORMATION ..........................................................................................................139 3.8. COMPOUND WORDS .........................................................................................................142 3.9. NAMES OF PERSONS .........................................................................................................143 4. NOUNS ..................................................................................................................................... 145 4.1. DECLENSION OF NOUNS ................................................................................................... 145 4.2. FIRST DECLENSION ......................................................................................................... 148 4.2.1. First Declension Paradigm................................................................................... 148 4.2.2. First Declension in Examples .............................................................................. 149 4.2.3. The Plural in the First Declension ....................................................................... 150 4.3. SECOND DECLENSION ...................................................................................................... 151 4.3.1. Second Declension Paradigm................................................................................ 151 4.3.2. Second Declension in Examples ........................................................................... 152 4.5.3. The Plural in the Second Declension .................................................................... 153 4.4. THIRD DECLENSION ......................................................................................................... 154 4.4.1. Third Declension Paradigm .................................................................................. 154 4.4.2. In i, u ....................................................................................................................... 155 4.4.3. In Diphthong .......................................................................................................... 156 4.4.4. The Plural in the Third Declension ....................................................................... 157 4.5. FOURTH DECLENSION ...................................................................................................... 159 Indo-European Language Association <http://dnghu.org/> Table of Contents 4.5.1. Fourth Declension Paradigm ................................................................................ 159 4.5.2. In Occlusive, m, l ................................................................................................... 160 4.5.3. In r, n, s .................................................................................................................. 161 4.5.4. The Plural in the Fourth Declension ...................................................................