Piraten- Und Seefahrerfilm 2011

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Piraten- Und Seefahrerfilm 2011 Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Matthias Christen; Hans Jürgen Wulff; Lars Penning Piraten- und Seefahrerfilm 2011 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/12750 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Buch / book Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Christen, Matthias; Wulff, Hans Jürgen; Penning, Lars: Piraten- und Seefahrerfilm. Hamburg: Universität Hamburg, Institut für Germanistik 2011 (Medienwissenschaft: Berichte und Papiere 120). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/12750. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: http://berichte.derwulff.de/0120_11.pdf Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0/ Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0/ License. For Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz more information see: finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Piraten- und Seefahrerfilme // Medienwissenschaft/Hamburg 120, 2011 /// 1 Medienwissenschaft / Hamburg: Berichte und Papiere 120, 2011: Piraten- und Seefahrerfilm. Redaktion und Copyright dieser Ausgabe: Matthias Christen, Hans J. Wulff, Lars Penning. ISSN 1613-7477. URL: http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/Medien/berichte/arbeiten/0120_11.html Letzte Änderung: 28.4.2011. Piratenfilm: Ein Dossier gentlichen Piraten trennen, die „gegen alle Flaggen“ segelten und auf eigene Rechnung Beute machten. Inhalt: Zur Einführung: Die Motivwelt des Piratenfilms / Matthi- Selbst wenn die Helden und die sehr seltenen Hel- as Christen. dinnen die Namen authentischer Piraten wie Henry Piratenfilm: Eine Biblio-Filmographie. / Hans J. Wulff. Morgan, Edward Teach oder Anne Bonny tragen und 1. Bibliographie. 2. Filmographie der Piratenfilme. ihre Geschichte sich streckenweise an verbürgte Tat- Filmographie der Seefahrerfilme / Historische Segelschif- sachen hält, haben Piratenfilme jedoch weniger mit fahrtsfilme / Lars Penning. der historischen Realität zu tun als mit den Phantasi- en der Rezipienten, was Vincente Minnellis Musical THE PIRATE (1948) schon früh in der Geschichte des Genres zum Thema macht: Die behütete Bürgers- Zur Einführung: Die Motivwelt des tochter Manuela verliebt sich vom bloßen Hörensa- Piratenfilms gen unsterblich in den Piraten Macoco. In Erfüllung von Matthias Christen geht ihre romantische Sehnsucht jedoch nicht bei dem wirklichen Macoco, der längst unerkannt Teil der feinen Gesellschaft geworden ist, sondern bei ei- Die Handlung des Kerngenres – in der Regel zwi- nem Wanderschauspieler, der in die Rolle des ge- schen dem Beginn des 16. und dem Ende des 18. fürchteten Piraten schlüpft, um Manuela für sich zu Jahrhunderts angesiedelt – spielt auf hoher See oder gewinnen. Beispielhaft für das Genre als Ganzes exotischen Inseln, meist in der Karibik, seltener im bietet sich der Held hier als Projektionsfläche für die Mittelmeer oder im Indischen Ozean. Schauplatz Wunschträume seines Publikums an. Der Held des und Zeit entsprechen weitgehend den realen histori- Piratengenres ist eine in sich heterogene Figur: Er schen Begebenheiten. Denn ihren Höhepunkt er- verkörpert eine exotische Gegenwelt, die einer reichte die Piraterie in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach längst vergangenen Zeit angehört, liefert zugleich der Entdeckung Amerikas, als vor dessen Küsten die ein Spiegelbild der bestehenden gesellschaftlichen europäischen Großmächte Spanien, Portugal, Frank- Verhältnisse und ist zudem noch eine Figur, die als reich und England versuchten, die Handelswege in Faszinosum zu den Zuschauern hin geöffnet ist. Die- die Neue Welt unter ihre Kontrolle zu bringen. Im se Mehrdeutigkeit bestimmt die Anlage der Hauptfi- Kampf gegen das lange Zeit übermächtige Spanien gur mitsamt der dazugehörigen Handlungsmuster. setzten dabei vor allem England und Frankreich auf die Piraterie als Mittel der Kolonialpolitik. Beide Als Außenseiter, der auf hoher See zu Hause ist, ge- stellten großzügig Kaperbriefe aus, so genannte nießt der Pirat in allen Belangen des Lebens ein Maß „Letters of Marque“, die private Schiffskapitäne ge- an Autonomie, das keine Gesellschaftsordnung an gen einen Anteil an der Beute dazu ermächtigten, Land ihren Mitgliedern je zugesteht – weder die feu- feindliche Handelsschiffe zu plündern. Lizenzierte dale, mit der der Protagonist sich innerhalb der Kaperfahrer, die im Dienst der Krone unterwegs wa- Spielhandlung anlegt, noch die bürgerliche, der sein ren, ließen sich freilich nicht immer sauber von ei- Publikum angehört. Zu den genrespezifischen Frei- heiten zählt auch, dass Piraten nicht zu arbeiten Piraten- und Seefahrerfilme // Medienwissenschaft/Hamburg 120, 2011 /// 2 brauchen. Stattdessen nehmen sie sich mit Gewalt, der ersten Filme in dem von der Firma Technicolor wofür andere gearbeitet haben. Allerdings – der Pi- gerade entwickelten Zwei-Farben-Verfahren; die Fil- raten-Held führt ein Leben im permanenten Ausnah- me der 1940er nutzten besonders brillante und satte mezustand. Jederzeit kann es ein gewaltsames Ende Farbgebung von Technicolor); nehmen und der eben erbeutete Reichtum wieder - mittels der in den 1950ern aufkommenden Breit- verloren gehen. Die Art, wie der Held mit seinem wandformate (CinemaScope, Vistavision u.a.), die Leben und seinem Besitz umgeht, hat angesichts für die Darstellung vor allem der Seeszenen ein ganz dieser Gefährdung immer etwas Exzessives. Die eigens gestalterisches Potential bereitstellten. Aufteilung der Beute und das rauschende Fest, das Eine Reihe besonders spektakulärer Einstellungen sich daran anschließt, sind rituelle Bestandteile jedes sind ikonographisch zu festen Standards geworden: Piratenfilms. die auf feindliche Schiffe oder Hafenanlagen abge- feuerten Breitseiten, das Entern mit dem anschlie- Der Pirat ist ein betont körperlicher Held. Das zeigt ßenden Getümmel auf Deck, das Aufziehen der To- sich auch im Kampf, den er gewöhnlich Mann gegen tenkopfflagge („Jolly Rogers“), sowie Totalen von Mann mit dem Säbel austrägt. Schusswaffen und Schiffen in voller Fahrt mit sich blähenden Segeln. Kanonen spielen daneben eine untergeordnete Rolle Um die Produktionskosten niedrig zu halten, haben und dienen häufig nur dem Zweck, eine Situation Regisseure denn auch solche hochgradig konventio- herbeizuführen, in der der Held seine Geschicklich- nalisierten Szenen regelmäßig als „Stock Shots“ keit und seine überlegene physische Stärke beweisen wiederverwendet. kann. Das beste Beispiel hierfür liefern Burt Lancas- ter als Captain Vallo in THE CRIMSON PIRATE und Dou- Die narrativen Muster, mit deren Hilfe Piratenfilme glas Fairbanks in Albert Parkers THE BLACK PIRATE ihre Schauwerte organisieren, sind vergleichsweise (1926): Sie bringen allein durch ihre Muskelkraft einfach. Die Handlung beginnt gewöhnlich damit, und ihr artistisches Talent die Schiffe des Gegners dass zwei Paarkonstellationen aufgebaut werden, die unter ihre Kontrolle, ohne dass dabei ein einziger sich in ihrer emotionalen Wertigkeit kontrapunktisch Schuss fällt. Neben dem Kampf ist die Liebe das zueinander verhalten. Der Held trifft auf einen Riva- zweite Gebiet, auf dem die körperlichen Vorzüge des len, wahlweise einen Vertreter der Staatsmacht, sel- Helden zum Tragen kommen. Seinen Gegnern ist er tener auf einen anderen Piraten (wie in Jacques nicht allein an Kraft und Geschicklichkeit überlegen, Tourneurs ANNE OF THE INDIES, 1951, und Renny Har- sondern auch durch seinen Charme, sein attraktives lins CUTTHROAT ISLAND, 1995), mit dem ihn fortan Äußeres und seine erotische Ausstrahlung. eine anhaltende Feindschaft verbindet, und er lernt eine Frau kennen, die er für sich gewinnen will. Die Die Schauwerte des klassischen Piratenfilms unter- beiden Handlungsfäden sind oft dadurch miteinander streichen die gesteigerte Sinnlichkeit seines Protago- verflochten, dass die Geliebte dem Widersacher als nisten. Sie erreichten eine hohe Attraktionalität Braut bestimmt (THE SPANISH MAIN) oder aber eine - mittels der Kostüme, deren oft rot oder schwarz ge- nahe Verwandte desselben ist (Michael Curtiz‘ haltene Farbgebung und körperbetonter Schnitt den CAPTAIN BLOOD, 1935, Lew Landers‘ LAST OF THE Helden signalhaft sichtbar von seinen uniformierten BUCCANEERS, 1950, Anthony Quinns THE BUCCANEER, Gegenspielern absetzen; 1958, André De Toths und Primo Zeglios MORGAN IL - mittels der exotischen Schauplätze; PIRATA, 1960). Ist dieser doppelte Konflikt erst ein- - mittels gefährlicher Stunts, die in einzelnen Fällen mal etabliert, bilden das Duell mit dem Erzrivalen sogar die Stars (Lancaster, Fairbanks) selbst über- und die Vereinigung mit der Geliebten für den Rest nahmen; des Films den Fluchtpunkt der Erzählung, die einen - mittels diverser Spezialeffekte (pyrotechnische Gutteil der Spannung daraus bezieht, dass beides, Tricks, Modellaufnahmen, Rückprojektionen, in Liebesglück und abschließender Zweikampf, immer Form von „Matte Paintings“ eingefügte Hintergrün- wieder aufgeschoben wird. Dass Held und Heldin de, neuerdings auch digital bearbeitete Sequenzen); erst am Ende des Films ein Paar werden, liegt jedoch - mittels der nach Möglichkeit eingesetzten Farbig- nicht allein daran, dass sie durch unvorhergesehene keit des Filmes (THE BLACK PIRATE, 1925, war einer Zwischenfälle immer wieder auseinandergerissen Piraten- und Seefahrerfilme // Medienwissenschaft/Hamburg 120, 2011 /// 3 werden; die Probleme ergeben sich aus der Bezie- die er liebt. Als Angehörige der (feinen) Gesellschaft hung
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