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UTFS Trends Electronic Fare Media 1-50

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UTFS Trends Electronic Fare Media 1-50 Trends in Electronic Fare Media Technology APTA Technical Report TR-UTFS-FMWG-001-04 Version 1.5 February 14, 2004 Prepared by the APTA Fare Media Research Working Group of the Universal Transit Fare System (UTFS) Task Force Copyrights 2003-2004 by American Public Transportation Association 1666 K St. N.W., Washington, DC 20006 No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the American Public Transportation Association. Copyright 2004 American Public Transportation Association All rights reserved. Table of Contents About the Reader ................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Industry Contributions .................................................................................................. 2 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................... 4 3.0 Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... 5 4.0 Electronic Fare Media in Review ................................................................................. 6 Table-4-01 Fare Media Standards and Types ................................................................. 7 4.1.0 Contact Smart Card Types ................................................................................... 10 4.2.0 Contactless Types ................................................................................................ 11 4.3.0 Typical Smart Card Application Concerns .......................................................... 12 Smart Card Questionnaire ......................................................................................... 12 4.4.0 Security Encryption Schemes .............................................................................. 15 4.5.0 Key Management ................................................................................................. 17 4.6.0 The ISO/IEC 14443 series Standard .................................................................... 18 4.6.1 ISO/IEC 14443 Technical Overview ................................................................... 19 Proximity Cards ........................................................................................................ 19 ISO/IEC 14443-1 Physical Characteristics ............................................................... 19 ISO/IEC 14443-2 Power and Interface ..................................................................... 19 Table 4-02 ISO RF Types ......................................................................................... 20 ISO/IEC 14443-4 Transmission protocols ................................................................ 20 ISO/IEC 14443 Proximity as a Standard .................................................................. 21 4.6.2 Other Technical and Marketing Considerations .................................................. 21 Proximity Card Market Overview ............................................................................ 21 Table 4-03 Smart Card Market 2002 ........................................................................ 22 4.7.0 Magnetic Strip Card Overview ............................................................................ 22 4.8.0 Contactless Smart Card Readers .......................................................................... 23 PCD or CID Selection ............................................................................................... 24 5.0 (Integrated Circuit Cards) Smart Cards ...................................................................... 25 5.1.1 Contactless Smart Cards ...................................................................................... 26 5.1.1 Contactless Smart Cards ...................................................................................... 27 Table 5-01 Proximity Smart Card Vendor Sampling ............................................... 28 5.1.2 ISO 14443 Type A Contactless Smart Card (PICC) Examples ........................... 28 5.1.3 ISO 14443 Type B Contactless Smart Card Examples ........................................ 31 5.2.0 Dual Interface Smart Cards .................................................................................. 33 5.3.0 Other Integrated Circuit Smart Card Types ......................................................... 34 FeliCa Contactless IC Card System .......................................................................... 35 5.4.0 GO CARD® .......................................................................................................... 37 6.0 Non-IC Smart Card Technologies .............................................................................. 38 6.1.0 Capacitive Cards .................................................................................................. 38 6.1.1 Primary Capacitive Technology .......................................................................... 39 Diagram 6-01 Capacitive Card ................................................................................. 39 6.1.2 Secondary Capacitive Technology ...................................................................... 40 6.1.3 Capacitive manufacturing and encoding .............................................................. 40 Diagram 6-02 Capacitive Card Encoding Machine .................................................. 40 6.3 Optical Cards .......................................................................................................... 41 7.0 Magnetic Cards ........................................................................................................... 43 7.1.0 Theory .................................................................................................................. 43 Magnetic Tape .......................................................................................................... 43 7.1.1 Magnetic Tape Foil .............................................................................................. 44 Manufacturing ........................................................................................................... 44 7.1.2 Magnetic Ticket Size ........................................................................................... 44 Card dimensions and tolerances (Card Size ID-1) .................................................... 44 Figure 7-02 — Card dimensions ............................................................................... 46 7.1.3 Magnetic Ticket Size (Example) ......................................................................... 46 7.1.4 Magnetic Ticket Materials ................................................................................... 47 7.1.5 Testing Magnetic Cards ....................................................................................... 47 Testing Mag Stripe Tickets and Readers .................................................................. 47 Magnetic Stripe Media and Ticket Testing............................................................... 48 Calibration and Test Tickets and Cards for Systems Testing ................................... 50 7.2.0 Magneprint ........................................................................................................... 51 7.3.0 Extended Life Magnetic Heads ............................................................................ 51 Dirt and Wear Resistant Magnetic Head and Coatings ............................................ 51 8.0 Processing, Printing, and Encoding of Magnetic and Smart Cards ............................ 53 9.0 Data Formats ............................................................................................................... 54 Table 9-01 Smart Card Issuer Record Format Table (Example) .............................. 56 9.1 Calypso ................................................................................................................... 57 9.2 ITSO ........................................................................................................................ 59 Figure 9-02 The ISTO Approach .............................................................................. 59 9.3.0 ITSO and CALYPSO Collaboration .................................................................... 60 9.4.0 New York & New Jersey Regional Smart Card System ...................................... 60 Table 9-03 The Port Authority of NY & NJ’s Regional Interoperability Standard 62 9.5 MTC TransLink® Regional Smart Card Specification ........................................... 62 10.0 Actual Case Studies of Fare Media Implementations ............................................... 63 Chicago Case Study ...................................................................................................... 63 Policy Issues ............................................................................................................. 64 Table 10-01 Sample Benefit Matrix (specific to Chicago program) ........................ 65 Los Angeles, the Second Case Study ............................................................................ 66 LACMTA Decision for Smart Card Technology ..................................................... 66 Chart 10-01 Lifetime Capital and Operating Cost ...................................................
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