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The American Newsroom: a Social History, 1920 to 1960

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The American Newsroom: a Social History, 1920 to 1960 The American Newsroom: A Social History, 1920 to 1960 Will T. Mari A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee Richard Kielbowicz Randy Beam Doug Underwood Program Authorized to Offer Degree Communication © Copyright 2016 Will Mari University of Washington Abstract The American Newsroom: A Social History, 1920 to 1960 Will Mari Chair of the Supervisory Committee Richard Kielbowicz, associate professor, communication Dept. of Communication One of the most important centering places in American journalism remains the newsroom, the heart of the occupation’s vocational community since the middle of the nineteenth century. It is where journalists have engaged with their work practices, been changed by them, and helped to shape them. This dissertation is a thematic social history of the American newsroom. Using memoirs, trade journals, textbooks and archival material, it explores how newsrooms in the United States evolved during a formative moment for American journalism and its workers, from the conclusion of the First World War through the 1950s, the Cold War, and the ascendancy of broadcast journalism, but prior to the computerization of the newsroom. It examines the interior work culture of news workers “within” their newsroom space at large, metropolitan daily newspapers. It investigates how space and ideas of labor transformed the ideology of the newsroom. It argues that news workers were neither passive nor predestinated in how they formed their workplace. Finally, it also examines how technology and unionization affected the newsroom and news workers, and thus charts the evolution of the newsroom in the early-to-middle decades of the twentieth century. In so doing, it fills an important gap in the journalism-studies literature prior to the newsroom ethnographies of the 1970s and 1980s. Additional committee members David Domke Richard Johnson Acknowledgements: I of course must thank Ruth Moon, my awesome fiancée and soon, Lord willing, my awesome wife, for her incredible and insightful support. From seeing me scribble on whiteboards in the department to asking good questions as I painfully wrote up my notes to cheerleading me through the final push at the end, she’s been beside me, in empathy, through the whole thing. Thank you, Ruth—I love you. Here’s to many academic adventures to come. I would be remiss, of course, if I did not thank my wonderful committee. I’ve known all of them since my undergraduate days at the UW. Randy, thank you for pushing me and helping me to think about why theory matters to journalism studies and to media historians, and for making my work more rigorous and clear. Doug, I appreciate your enthusiasm and love of all things journalism, faith-y, and newsroom-ish; I want to always be as excited for my work as you are for yours. Richard J., your wit and wisdom and perspective on what graduate school is all about, along with the friendship you and Carol you have extended to me, has truly enriched my life—thank you! Domke, what can I say? Your example has inspired me to be an opportunity maker for my students, an encourager, and a never-give-up educator/researcher—these are all things I learned from you. Thank you for your life advice and for that chicken sandwich back in early 2010 that convinced me to come back to the UW from Cambridge. And Richard, I could not have asked for a better chair. Your work as a media historian, your example in the classroom, your ceaseless inspiration and reinforcement, have all gotten me through a long research project and started me on what I hope will be a life-long career as a scholar. I couldn’t have done this with you (without all of you), so thank you. Richard Kirkendall and Betty Winfield, thank you for being “shadow members” of the committee. Richard, your listening lunches over the last couple of years at the UW Club, and Betty, your questioning coffees in Suzzallo, have further enhanced my experience. I am honored to have known such gifted historians and will always appreciate your time and attention. I want to thank my family, my mom and dad, and brother, for their help and encouragement, too. My colleagues in the department, especially folks like Lindsey Meeks, Matt Bellinger, Jason Gilmore, Miles Coleman, Lauren (Archer) Kolodziejski, Shin Lee (I could go on!) have all inspired me with ideas, advice, happy thoughts and perspective. I should also thank my academic friends at other universities, too, folks like Nick Hirshon and Carole O’Reilly, for cheerleading me from afar. I would also like to add a special note of thanks to my friend Ken Knutzen, his wife Frances, and the graduate-student-faculty fellowship they hosted at their house for most of my Ph.D. experience. Their dinners, coffee, Bible studies, welcoming presence, prayers, counsel— all of it made my time here far richer. Their friends have became my friends, including UW colleagues like Tracy McKenzie, James Felak, Kirsten Foot, Eric Agol, Jake Vanderplas, Tom and Linda Ackerman, Marty Manor, Emily Krogstad, Travis Kopp, Sarah Duffy, Erica Chong, Stephen McKweon, and many, many others (again, the list could go on for some time!). My writing club, the Notion Club, and all my friends there, including Kevin, Julie, Sammy, Nick, Elise, Scott, Hannah, Hannah R., Annie, Carrie, Michael, Daniel, Carter, Eleya, Thomas, Angel, Elisabeth, Nate and Casey (and all the others), have been gracious in allowing me to read parts of my dissertation to them, but have also let me relax during some of the more stressful moments of the process—to all the Notioners, thank you. The Lim family—especially Chris and Natasha—thanks for putting up with me as your housemate over these past several years while I’ve been working on my dissertation. Your/our home in Wedgwood has been such an important refuge and place to go back to after long days toiling over old texts, or after a busy day teaching, or as a place to host friends. Thanks guys. Thanks also to Geoff and Ashley Van Dragt, my pastors at the UW Graduate Intervarsity Fellowship—thank you for your friendship and for introducing me to even more friends like Nick Robison and the Parks! My Navy Reserve colleagues deserve a shout-out too, for their encouragement during this season of my life, including Chris Donlon, Scott Handley, Larry Foos, Dave Gordon, and other friends from the public affairs community, including my unit. My new colleagues at Northwest University have been unfailingly kind as their newest faculty friend has undergone an interesting year alongside them. Clint Bryan, Thor Tolo and the faculty from the English department deserve a special thanks. I should thank the university for funding my last year of graduate credits, as well. Every budding historian should acknowledge the librarians and archivists who have helped him or her along the way. In my case, the UW Libraries Interlibrary Loan crew under Jennifer Rossie has worked wonders, moving dozens and dozens of volumes of rarely transferred material from across the country, extracting them from storage stacks, scanning material and checking on the location of others. Every footnote reflects their cheerful aid. Jessica Albano, our subject librarian, has more than earned recognition for her creative and ready assistance with finding sources. The Archives & Special Collections staff at DePauw granted permission to mail rare copies of Quill across the country: thank you! My department at the UW, Scott Leadingham at SPJ, Editor & Publisher, the Bridges Center for Labor History, the UW Press, the staff at the local branch of the National Archives, and NA II near the other Washington, also deserve thanks for granting permission to use images, helping me locate sources, funding trips and generally making it easier for a neophyte like myself to get started. The Bridges Center in particular helped to pay for travel to the National Archives. Sarah and Jason Pulliam—themselves journalism people—helped me find my way around D.C., and deserve thanks too. I should also thank folks like Heather Werckle, for answering my endless questions about the program over the years, Jessica Herzog, for her help in the front office during my TA days, Huan Cao, Patrick Olsen, and all the other awesome staff and support folks at the UW. To my other faculty friends at the UW, including Meg Spratt, Patricia Moy, Gerald Baldasty, Anita Verna Crofts, Valerie Manusov, Nancy Rivenburgh, Matt Powers, Phil Howard, Gina Neff, Lisa Coutu, Gerry Philipsen, Roger Simpson, Karen Rathe and Mike Henderson, thank you for your encouragement and inspiration. I know I am no doubt forgetting important people who have helped me along the way. I wish I could thank every one of them, but I would quickly run out of room. In the interim, THANK YOU. This dissertation is dedicated to Ruth. May God bless your research as He’s blessed mine. I love you. Table of contents: I. Introduction: the American newsroom, a social history, 1920 to 1960 11 II. Reporters and their near-peers: copy boys and photographers 36 III. Reporters and their near-peers: rewrite staff and copy editors 77 IV. Reporters and their junior peers 125 V. Reporters and their senior peers 161 VI. Reporters and their bosses: power-sharing in the newsroom 196 VII. Technology and the newsroom: news workers connect to produce 261 VIII. Unionization in the newsroom: how organizing affected news workers’ quality of life 320 IX. Conclusion: the newsroom in American journalism, 1920 to 1960 380 Appendix A: newsroom salaries 392 Appendix B: from conflict to collaboration—the evolution of newsroom humor 395 Bibliographic essay and note on sources 409 Bibliography 418 Introduction 11 Chapter 1 Introduction: The American Newsroom: A Social History, 1920 to 1960 “More drivel has poured from typewriters regarding the life and times of newspaper editorial employees than of workers for any other commercial organization.
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