Fisheries Re fIorts No. 57, VoL 4 FRm/R57.4 (Tri) PFOc: EINGS F THE WORLD SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON THE PIOLOGY AN CULTURE OF SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS ACTES D LA CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIQUE MONDIALE SUR LA BIOLOGIE ET L'ÉLEVAGE DES CREVETTES ACTAS DE LA CONFERENCIA CIENTIFICA MUNDIAL SOBRE OLOGIA Y CULTWO DE CAMARONES Y GAMBAS Mexico City, Mexico, 12-21 June 1967 Mexico (Mexique), 12-21 juin 1967 Ciudad de México, México, 12-21 junio 1967

j V

A FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS F4 0 ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'ALIMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION 47 ? ROME, 1970 -1359 - FAO LIBRARY AN: 100713

FAm/S98 FAO Ptehsries Synapsis No.98 SÄST - Prawn

STNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE PENAHIDPRAWN Netapenaeue affinie (H. Mime Edwards,1837) Expos4 synoptique eux la biologie so l4otapenaeue affinis (H, !4ilne Edwards,183?)

Sinopsis sobre la biologfa de]. Metapenaeue affinis (H. Nuns Edwards,1837)

prepared by

N.J. GEORGE Central Marine Fisheries Research Instituto Mandapain Camp, India

/Present address: Indian Ocean Biological Centre (National Institute of Oceanography) Pullepady Croes Road, Ernakulam, Coohin-18, Kerala. - 1361 -

Fu/s98 M. affinie i

CONTENT&J'

Page No,

1 IDENTITY 1:1

1,]. Paxonorqy i

1.1.1 Definition i 1,1,2 Description 1

1,2 Nomenclature i

1,2,1 Valid soientific names i 1.2.2 Synonyme i 1.2.3Standard common names, vernaoular names 3

1.3General variability 3

1.3.1 Subepecif io fragmentation (raoes, varieties, hybride). 3 1.3.2 Genetic data (chromosome number, protein specificity) '

2 DISTRIBUTION 2:1

2.1 Delimitation of the total area of distribution and ecoloj7ical characterization of this area 1

2.2 Differential distribution

2,2.1 Areas occupied by eggs, larvse and other junior stages annual variations in these patterns, and seasonal variations for stages perBis1,ingcver two or more seasons i 2,2.2Areas ocoapied by adult etag(s:' seaBonal and annual variationz of these i

2.3 Behaviouristic and ecological deteriiinants of the- eneral limits of distribution and of the variatiors of these limits and of differential distribution "

3 BIONOMICSAND LIFE HISTORT 3:1

3.1 Reproduction 1

3,1,1 Sexuality (hermE.phrodi-tism, heterosexuality,

intersexuality) i 3.1,2 Maturity (age and size) i 3,1,3 Ìating (sonogamoas, polygamolLe, promiscuous) 3.1,4I"ertilization (internál, extei'nal) i 3,1.5Fecundity i 3,1,6 Spawning 1 3.1.7 Spawning grounds i 3,1,8 Egg: structure, size, hatching type, parasites and predators 1

3.2 Larval history i

3.2,1 Account of embryonic and juvenile life

(prelarva, larva, pootlarva, juvenile) I

i Thio nynopsis has been preparel according to Outline Version No, i H, Rosa Jr., AO Fin}ì.ynop., (i) Rev,l,1965). 1362 - ii Plbi/598 M. affini

3,3 Adult history 3z2

33lLongevity 2 33.2Hardiness 2 3.303 Competitors 2 3,34Predators 2 3,3.5Parasites and diseases 2 3.3,6 Greatest uizo 2

3.4 Nutrition and growth 2

3.4.1Feeding (timo9 plao9nannerseason) 2 342'Food (type, vólume) 2 3.4,3Relative and absolute oitk patternsazul ratee 2 30404 Relation ofrouth to feeding9 to other aotivittee9 and to environmental factoro °

305Behaviour 2

3,5,1 ïigration and local, movements 2 3.5,2 Schooling 3 3,5,3 Reproductive habita 3

4 POPULP.TIC (ocK) 4z1 40. i

JQ Sex rio J- ¿12 ALoopoeitiou i 4.0: scompo-iou i

42 Q

/2 Avra 4o2 o 2 v® dec1-

. ? Changes in des±ty

43 and recruitmest 43.1 Naalir 4.32 N' rat&s

4,4 'it morbidit e 1o4r,.Rates o mo1iy 442 1?aoorQ or oon .iQns foctin' morality 43Facos or conditions feoing morbidity ¿o'io4 Relaos oS morbidityo mortality Ifatss

4,5 TtionC

40 ofjçu cci2,y n2d os b.oroa, iricìuoio Q EXPLOITATION 5:1

5 1 ç_euip,aenj 1

5010 . Fithing gear 1 51 2 Finhin boats I - 1363 - Fflm/S98 M, aÍ'finia '1

Paje

5.2 Fishing areas 51

5.2.1 General geographic distribution I 5.2.2Geographical ranges (latitudes, distances from coast, otc.)* 5.2.3Depth ranges i

5.3Fishing seasons i

5.3.1General pattern of fishing season i 5.3.2 Duration of fishing season i 5.3,3.Dates of beginning, peak and end of season i 5.3.4Variation in time or duration of fishing season * 5.3.5Factors affecting fishing season 2

5.4Fishino erations and results 2

5.4.1Effort and intensity 2 5.4.2 Selectivity 2 5.4.3Catches 2

5.5Fisheries management and regulations 2

5.6Fish farming, transplanting and other intervention 2

6 RiRENCES 6 i

As no information was available o the author, these items have been omitted from the text. -1364 -

398M. affinin 1 d

1 IDENTIPY continuous across sternito, Zygocarìin n siels with 2 rows of teeth which go progrorJ- 1.1 sively smaller. Pleurobranche on 3rd o7 thoraoio somites, rudimentary ah'obanoh on 1,1.1 Definition 1st somite, anterior and posterior ar'ro! on 2nd to 6th, vestigial anterior and fully Phylum Arthropoda developed posterïor arthrobranohs on7theoa.í; Class Cruataosa mastigobranche on let, 2nd, 4th to 6th sc;.i;j, Subclass Malaoôstraoa Body usually with some dorsal eetose depr: Series Euivalaoostraoa areas, remainder of body surface varying fron Superorder Eucarida completely glabrous to covered with close ir-- Order regular etose depressed areas, (Dall, Suborder Natantia 1957), Section Penaeidea affinis(H0Mime Edwarde,l837) Family Subfamily Penaoinae The type specimens of the species aro in Notapenaeua Wood-Mason, the Paris Museum and were examined there in 1938 1891 by Burkenroad (see Burkenroad, 1963), who found Species Netapenneus affinis them to be identical with the present species. (H., Hune Edwards, 1837) Hall(1958)mistakenly took a epecimon of Parapenaaopejs sculptilie in the Parie collec- 1,1.2 Desoription tion to be the typo of Penaeus effinis and con- cluded that the name affijs could not be used Genus Metapenasus Wood-Mason, in Wood-Masoi for the present form. This question was put straight by Burkenroad ant!.!.1000k, 1891,Ann.Mag,nat,Hist., (6)8271. (1963)and the name Typo speoins by original designation, Penaeus e!finis can be continued to be used in the mense it had always been considered, azffinie H. Milno 1lwaids, 183'f. G ndors masou.- line, Type locality. "Côte de Malabar" (=S,w. Rostrum dorsally toothed only; carapace coast of Indian peninsula, Kerala, India), without sutures; orbital angle usually sharp; postocular sulcus present; cervical sulcus The species is illustrated inFig0 l well defined; hepatic sulcue not well defined behind level of hepatic spine, but pronounced Body tornentose; rostrum more curved, lees in front with well defined postero-inferior uptilted, slightly larger than that of aoao border, usually descending vertically from ceros; not less than 9 dorsal teei pos1ocvcc! hepatic spine, then turning towards the ptery- crest does not extend to posteriov peruj o uac gostomial angle; antennal and hepatio spines pace; anterolateral angles of caracaco roonded pronounced; pterygostomial angle blunt, Telson antennal spine strong, produced ac with deep dorsomedian sulcus, without fixed ridge tó small hepatic spine; ridge Jouud!n subapical spines, and with movable dorsolateral well marked postantennular groove hioh asetu spines which may be microscopic and very numer- cervical groove. Anterior abdominal terga !- ous, First antennu].ar segment without spine on distinctly carina-ted; 5th abdominal ooaio 2/3 ventral distomedian border, Antennular flagel- length of 6th; 6th semite little shorter than la usually shorter than carapace. Maxillulary telson, Telson without marginal spines shorter palp with 2segments, distal small, basal with than endopod of uropod, convex, foliaceous projections on inner and outer edges, and long spine on inner edge, Eyes very large, slightly surpassed First to 3rd pereiopods with basial spines;5th tennular scale, Upper antennular finge 11 peroiopod without exopod; isohium and merus least3/4length of pedunole, 3rd maxilliped Often modified in adult male. Potassa tubular barely reaches middle of antennal scalo, clao .ith thickened median lobes; lateral lobes tylus of male not modified, Strong spinos pre- thicker than median, forming distolateral spout- sent on bases cf all 3 pairs of che]JpedcLast like projections, each with dorsal lobule pro- pair of thoracio legs usually aurpaooiog ip 01 duced posteriorly into expanded, plate-like antennal scale, sometimes by whole lcngi,h of projection; median lobes with dorsal lobule. daotylus; no lobule on posterior odgo of isohium produced into thin reourved plate-like or hood- in male9 notch in the merus bounded by i!nteô like structure. Appendix masculina with knob- tooth, edge of morue entire beyond like distal piece bearing deep posterodistal de-. pression oria ooulptured in some way,, The1ycr Petasma (Fig, 2) symmetrical, In adult, composed of anterior median plate, 2 posterior 2 halves forni compreased tube ending in pair of lateral plates more or less enclosing posterior 2-lipped spouts like short horns. end of median plate; posterior plates often 1365 -

1*2 FRin B B M. affini

Fig. 1MtaperiaouB affinis Fig. 2PotaBma. Fig. 3Thelycum,

(from Hall, 1962). 1366 -

FRm/398 M. affinie 1:3

Thelyouin (Fig. 3) concave, setose. Lateral Subjective synonymny lobes fairly flat, transversely out into unequal segments, median plate projects between 2 lobos Penaeus mutatus Lancheater, 1901, Proc. of sternum between 4th pair of legs. zool,Soc. London, l90l572. Metapenaoum neoopinans Hall, 1956, Bull. Body transluoent groen, uropods tipped with Raffles Mus., 27:2. conspicuous groen. Maximum length about 180 mm. Motaponeua mutatue (Lanohester) Hall, 1962, Fish.Publ,, London, 17:76, For artifioial key to the speoims of Mets- penaeue seo section 1.1,2 of the synopsis on 1.2.3 Standard common naines, Metaponaouo monooeros by George(1970),or vernacular naines Racok and Dall (1965). In Kerala, on the southwest coast of 1.2 Nomenclature India, the species is locally known as "Kaz- hanthan ohemeon", In Bombay, on the northwest 1.2.1Valid soiontiflo naines coast, it is locally oalled "Jinga", and in Bengal, on the bast coast, the name "Chingri" Metapanaeuo affinis (H. Mime Edwards, is applied to this and related species. 1837). 1,3 General variabilit 1.2.2Synonyms 1.3.1 Subepecifio fragmentation Objeotive aysonymy (races, varieties, hybrids)

Penaeus affinis H. Mimo Edwards, 1837, No subspecies or varieties are known for Hist,nat.Cruet., 2m416.(original combination). the species, Parapenaeus affinis (H.MimeEdwards) Rathbun, 1902, Proc.TJ.S.Nat.Mus., 26:23.-55. Mets onaeus affinis (u.MimoEdwards) Nobili 1903, Boll .Mus.Zool.Anat.00mp,Torino, 18(4473. Penaeopaim affinis (H. Huno Edwardô) Man, 1911, Siboga Exped., 39as57, - 1367 -

FRnt/898Laffinie 2,1

2 DISTRIBUTION There does not seem to be such lar-soa10 migration of the postlarval stages into nearby 2.1 Delimitation of the total area ot estuaries os in M. dobsoni, (Niere) end the ape- distribution and ecological charac- oies never accounts for moro than20 percent terization of this area of the catch in the fisheryor juvenile prawns La the backwaters of Coohin, In the Singapore General distribution of the species is pond fishery, a000rding to 1l (1962), juve- Indian seas through Malaysia and part of Indo.- niles of !. off mia occur sporadically from nesia to Hong Kong and Japan.Under the FAO Pebruary to September but never exceed6,5per- distribution code (see Holthuiand Rosa,1965) oent of the prawn population. The species io it occurs in land areas421, 423, 433, 434and present in small numbers in estuaries1moot 437,and water areas 15W and ISEW, in marin. throughout the year and i most common from and brackish waters. January to June, In the Chilka Lake, on the east coast of India, Kemp (1915) recorded the In Indian waters, the juveniles of the species in February and Maroh and concluded species are found in very small numbers in the that it may be present there at all seasons, backwaters and estuaries, and adults 000ur in the inshore waters to a depth of about 25 foe 2,2.2Areas ocoupiod by adult (45n). In Ceylon, it is found on mud banks stages: seasonal and annual in the sea t a depth of 8 to 12 foe (14 to22 variations of these m)(De Drum,1965), In Malaysian waters the juveniles are found in the Singapore pond On the imshox'a fishery grounds of the fishery in small numbers and the adults in west ooast of India, adults of the species larger numbers in the seam around Malaysia, are most common in November and December (Hall,1962), (George,1961),and on the offshore grounds they are most abundant from November to Jan- 2.2 Iifferential distribution uary (George, Raman and Noir, 1968e.). In Penang, a000rding to :l1(1962),there is some in- 2,2,1Areas occupied by eggs, dioation that the adulte are most abundant larvae and other junior in August-September. stages: annual variations in these patterns and sea- sonal variations for stages persisting over two or more seasons

So far ho work has been reported on the eggs and larvae of the species.According to Subrahmanyam(1967) the speciesmay breedi in inshore waters of the southwest coast of India, - 1368 -

FRmLS98 M. offmis 3*1

3 BIONOMICS AND LIF'H HISTORY with peak in November to December. January to March is the spawning period in Calicut waters 3.1Reproduotion according to Subrahmariyam (1967). In Bombay waters, Shaikbmakmud and Tombe (1960) found 3.1.1 Sexuality (hermaphroditism, most mature and maturing females in October and heterosexuality, inter-. April to June. Similarly, Hall (1962) reported sexuality) 2 peak breeding seasons for the species in Ma- laysian waters, namely, May to June and October M. affinie is heterosexual, as are all to December. ponaeid prawns. Hudinaga (1942) has found that the species HaIl (1962) recorded one hermaphrodite in spawns while swimming about or vigorously moving o total of 77 spooimens, from a Singapore the pleopods when spawning at the bottom.Under prawn pond. other conditions, eggs failed to hatch.

3.1.2Maturity (age and size) Utilizing the data on the monthly distri- bution of late maturing and mature females in Menon (1957) and Subrabsianyam (1967) 10 mm length groups in the catches off Coohin, mentioned that sexual maturity is reaohed at a Rao (1968) concluded that the epecies spawns length of about 120 mm.Rao (1968) recorded more than once during its growth from 91-lOO mm the minimum length at maturity as 88,6 mm, to 151-160 mm. corresponding to the late 0 year class. By ova diameter and other studies he classified the 3.1.7 Spawning grounds different maturity ste of the female as 'immature', 'early maturing, 'late rnaturing, Subrahmanyam (1967) studying the breeding 'mature' and 'spent-recovering'. Shaikhmahmud of the species in Caliout, and on the southwest and Tembe (1960) classified specimens from Bom- coast of Incia, observed that the species moves bay waters into only 3 stages, namely, immature to offshore areas for spawning, Studies at maturing and mature. Cochin, on the mane coast, indicated that the species may be breeding in the 15 to 25 fa (27 3.1.4Fertilization (internal, to 45 m) areas, In Malaysian waters Hall external) (1962) observed the species breeding very close inshore, In Bombay waters, Shaikhmahmud As in other penaeid prawns, fertilization and Tombe (1960) observed that there are indi- io external, taking place at the time of cations that the species prefers areas of soft spawning. Hudinaga (1941) made some observa- mud, rich plankton and shallow coastal waters tions on the fertilization, the number of en- for mating and spawning. trance cones, etc, 3,1,8 Egg: structure, size, hatch- 3.1.5 Fecundity ing type, parasites and pre- dators Fecundity of the species, as estimated by Rao (1968), ranges between 88,000 to The most highly developed ovarian eggs 363,000 eggs. Aocorth.ng to him there is a measure 0.352 mm according to Rao (1968). linear logarithmic relationship between the He has given measurements of various stages of number of eggs produced and the size of the maturing eggs. No information is available on prawn, The formula is the spawned eggs, hatching, etc,

Log F -0,4306+2,7179 Log L 3,2 Larval history

where F is the number of mature eggs and L is 3.2.1Account of embryonio and juve- the total length in mm. nile life (prelarva, poatlarva, juvenile) 3.1.6 Spawning In the embryonic development of the speoies, From a study of the inshore fishery of the Hudinaga (1942) observed the secnentation to be southwest coast of India, George (1961) report- quite similar to that of Penaeus japonious, which edthe breeding time of the species to be from he described in considerable detail, October to December.Later, from the study of the trawl catches of the species off Cochin, The larval development of the species is George et al.(1968a) concluded that the described by Hudinaga (1941), There are6 reQuit- active breeding season of the species is from ings in the nauplius stage, 3 in the protozoea, Nov-ember to February, Rae (1968), using and 3 in the mysis stage, after which the larva the maturity conditions of the catches off passes into the postlarva The nauplius stages Cochin, also arrived at a similar conclusion, do not feed, the breeding season being Ootober to March - 1369 -

FRm/S98 M. affinis 32

Hudinaga (1941) obtained good results by small oruetaooans (opepods and ostraoods), rearing the zoea of the species on Skeletonema Polychaota, echin-id setae, molluecan shell ooutatum in the laboratoir. pieces and fish remains, Except for 1 empty stomach, sand grains were lwaye present, some Mohamed, Rae and George (1968) described of the grains being large, but the quantity was the first postlarva. not great (H 11, 1962). According to Subrah manyam (l967 the species is an omnivorous feed.. 3.3 Adult history er and larger prawns show a preference to a mollusoan diet. 3.3,1 Longevity

Subrahmanyam (1967) r000rded that the 3.4.3 Relativo and absolute growth patterns and rates species may live for 3 years or slightly more. According to George etal.(l968a)from a study of the trawl catches off Cochin only George et al, (l968a) studying the f jab- ery of the spoci.'.i in Cochin trawl catches, 2 year classes of the species oontribute to recorded a growth of specimens in the ist year the fishery. of 20 mm among males and 25 mm among females in about 6 mo, 3,3.2Hardiness

Like most other ponaeids, the species can Differential rates of growth in the sexes, females showing a faster growth rate, has been withstand only a minimum of handling. recorded by George (1961), Subrahmanyam (1967) and George et al. (].968a). 3,3.3Competitors

The spooies occurs on the fishing grounds In the Seto Inland Sea of' Japan, Yasuda off the coasts of India along with other spe- (1956) olasified this species in a group in cies, and undoubtedly there will be competitors which the young shrimps do not grow for a limit- with them for food, ed period and thereafter grow very rapidly before the spawning season. 3,3,4 Predators Hall (1962) related weight and carapace length by the formula Penaeids in general are preyed upon by 2 770 the domersal fishes of the area where they W 0,7079C exist. There aro records of 'penaeids' based on 183 observations, The formula accord- 'prawns', eto., as forming major portion of ing to Subrahinanyam (1967) is food of several species of demersal fishes. W - .0000495L2.7867, where L refers to total length, 3,3.5Parasites and diseases

There are no reports of parasites or 3,5 Behaviour diseases of M. affinis. 3.5.1 Migration and local movements 3,3.6 Greatest size Juveniles migrate from the sea to back- The maximum size of the species according waters and estuaries, but not to the same ex- to Aloock (1906) and Menen (1957) is 6Y2 in, tent as some other species like M. dobsoni and (165 mm). George etal.(1968a) report a Penaeus indicus. In the Cochin backwaters, maximum size of 170 nun. juveniles of this species are present in very small numbers in most months, but it is prob- 3.4 Nutrition and growth able that most of the postlarvae do not leave the sea, 3,4,1 Feedin (time, plaoe, manner, season) In the offshore shrimping grounds off Co- chin, George, Banerji and Mohamed (1968) re- By analysis of the etomaoh contents of corded some movements. According to them this 30 specimens caught during daylight from the species and others move to deeper waters during Straits of Malacca, Hall (1962) classified the the monsoon period and return azfter the monsoon, epecies in a group feeding mainly on vegetable matter, No information is available on feed- Subramanyasi (1965) studying the migration ing time, season, etc. of the speoies in the Godavari emtuarine system on the east coast of India, found more emigra- Food (type, volume) 3.4.2 tion of the species during the night. Acoord- ing to him, intense emigration was in April, The items of food, in their order of abun- May and early Juno, Immigration sas noticed to danoe in the stomachs of the 30 specimens, are be most marked at dawn. vegetable matter (mainly angiosperm tissue), -1370 -

FErn S98 M. a!finis 3,3

3.5.2Schooling 3.5,3Reproductive habits

Large concentratione of thie speoiem are Observations have been made by Hudinaa known to occur in shoals, along with other. (1942)on spawning behaviour in captivity (see species, in the mud bank areas off the south- section 3.1.6) but there are no other aocount west coast of India and almo in the shrimping of reproductive habits. grounds of the coast, - 137]. -

FRmJS98 M. affinie 4zl

4 POPULATION (STOCK) classea make their appearance in the latter half. The lato 0 year class is also raprenent- 4.1 Structure ed in the inshore fishery in sorno months, In the backwater fishery only the 0 year class io 4,1.1 Sex ratio represented. 3 year classes are represented in the coastal waters of Caliout (Subrahsan-tm Menon (1957) has desoribed. in detail the 1967). Malee and females grow up to 105 mm, sex ratio of the species from the inshore catch- 135 mm, 155 mm and 115, 155 mm, 175 mm during en of thesouthwest ooast of India. The sex the 3 years respectively, ratios according to him are shown in Table I. 4.1,3 Size composition TABLE I In the inshore fishery of the soutbwet Percentage of malos in total catch and coast of India (George, 1961), the prominent the saine for speoimens of over 120 min length groupa aro 71 to 75 mm and 81 to 85min in February to April. In November and. December the prominent groups are 121 to 125mm and Year Total catoh Over 120 mm 126 to 130 sim, In some years the mode reaches 136 to 140 mm in January or February.

1952 52 2 47,2 In the trawl fishery (George et al,, 1953 50.4 4706 l96ia) from October to January larger size6, 1954 52,0 3900 with lengths between 121 and 140mm,are re- 1955 44.2 44,2 presented in larger numbers than in the inshore fishery. Towards the middle of the season, i.e. after February, sm11er sizesbetween 1].]. According to him, the population of im- and 115 mm come into the fishery. In the Bom- mature prawns (up to 120 mm)contains similar bay fishery (Shaikhnahmud and Tombe, 1960)the numbers of each sex. Among older prawns species ranges in size from 45 to 156mm in (above 120 mm), however, there is considerable length. disparity, females outnumbering males by 11.6 percent. Subrahmanyam (1967) found f ema1e 4.3Natality and recruitment dominating in the catches from Calicut waters, In the inshore fishery (George, 1961),re- George and Rao (1967) statistically anal- cruitment of bigger specimens into thefishery yzed the data on sex ratios of the speoiee in commences in October. After December o Jan- the offshore' trawl fishery off Coohin, and uary the smaller specimens get recruitedinto found that, unlike 3 other co-existing speoies, the fishery, In the offshore trawl fisheryoff the two sexes were present in similar numbèra Coohin also moro or lesa thesame pattern i observed (Geor throughout the year,Any migration from these et al., 1968g). Recruit-. grounds muet therefore involve similar nuiners mont of postla,rvae into the backwatersis on of eaoh sex. In Bombay waters, Shaikhmahmud a small scale compared to other species. and Tombe (1960) recorded more females through- out the year, especially during the months of October, November and December.

4,1,2Age composition

George (1961) and George et al.(].965a) have mentioned the age composition o &,he spe cies in catohea of both the inshore and off... shore fisheries off Cochin.In both cases the fishery is sustained by the let and 2nd year classes. In the trawl fishery, the 2nd year classes generally enter the fishery in the earlier half' of the season and the let year - 1372 - 51 FRm/398 T'I. rLffinis

5 EXPLOITATION Young adults and, adults are oaught from depths up to about 30 1m (54 s) from Che zou, 5.1 Fishing equipment In the trawl fishery off Cochin, Goor eL al, (1968 a) reported a concentration of Lbs 5,1,1 Fishing gear cies in the 10 to il fm (18 to 20 s) depth region, In the Bombay area, the 'dol' net or bag net is the gear used for oatohing prawns. The In Bombay (Shaikhmahmuci and Pembe 1960), details of the 'dol' nets and ita operation the depth from which these prawns are caught have been described by Setna (1949). ranges from4to 7 fm(7to 13 s).

On the north Kanara coast, the prawns are The Singapore pond, from which Ball (1962) oaught by ahora seinesyendi bale'), the de- recorded this species,had an average depth of tails of which are given by Pradhan (1956), 4 ft (1,2 m) at high tide,

On the southwest coast of India, various In Ceylon, M, affin,is te found in 8 to types of boat seines (locally oalled, 'thangu 12 1m (14 to 22 ) (De Bruin, 1965), vala', vatta valar, 'koru valar), shore eeineø ('kamba valar, 'nona vala'), drag nets 5,3 Fishing seasons ('vadi vala') nd cast flete are employed, General pattern of season Powered boats use shrimp trawla of 5.3.1 various sizes. The fishery for M. affini Leude to be seasonal in all areas where IL occurs, but the Fishing boats 5.1.2 periods of peak abundance vary between the dif- ferent fisheries. The inshore fisheries are mainly operated from dugout canoes and plankbuilt boats with Duration of fishing season outrigger. Powered fishing vessels are gene- 5.3.2 rally medium sized7to 11 s pablo boats, hav- See section 503.3 ing 10 to 30 bhp engines. 5,3.3 Dates of beginning, peak and. 5.2 Fishing areas end of season

5,2.1 General geographio distribu- In the Singapore pond fiohorì Lh! ooco±oo t ion is represented sporadically byuÛ.2LkJz April, May and June (Hall, l962) The species is fished in Indian waters, partioularly on the west coast, and round the In the backwater fishery of Ooctl Lbs coaotn of Ceylon and Malaysia. opeoies is most abundant from Jrnuer Lo 'u'c, The percentage contribution of the speciez, 5.2.3Depth rangos given by Menon and Rasan (1961)0 lo ohou In Table II, Juveniles are fished in small numbers in the baokwaters and estuaries, including paddy George (1961) gave the percentage oontri- fields, of the west coast of India in shallow button of the speoies to the inshore ftehsry waters ranging from 1 to 5 m, of the southwest ooast of India for 1956

TABLE II

Showing percentage values (numerical and weight) of M, in the monthly oatohea in the stake net oatohes at Coohiri from February 1957 to January 1958

Months Feb. Mar, Apr, May June July Aug. Sept, Oot, Nov, Deo, Jan0

By weight 9,5 10,3 9,9 5,9 12,7 0.5 2.5 1.4 59 13.4

By number 11.4 15,3 l5.3 11,4 16,9 2,1 2,1 0.4 1.6 5.2 6.9 158 - 1373. -

5t2 FRrn/S98 M. affinia through 1960. Its highest percentage is reach- 5.4,2 Selectivity ed in the poet-monsoon months, November and December, and it is fished from October to Nono of the fishery as it exists at present May. is very selective as regards size ospøoies.

The peak season for the species in the 5,4.3 Catches trawl fishery off Coohin (George et al., 1968a) is from Deoember to February. Detailed dis- Tharn Ali Kow (1954) gave the total prawn tribution of the speoies from 1958 through catch (including this species) from a 20 aore 1963is given by thorn. In Bombay waters prawn pond in Singapore, and Hall (1962) gave (Shaikhmahrnud and Tombe, 1960), although the the weight of prawns (again including M. affi- species is available throughout the year it is nie) passing through Singapore markets in 1952 moro plentiful from January to March, In 1952 to 1954. to 1954 the species formed 12.3 percent of the Bombay prawn ostoh. In Calicut inshore waters George (1961) and George et al. (1968a) the fishing season is January to August (Subrah- gave the total catches of prawns, including manyain, 1967). this species, for certain Indian areas.Menen and Raman (1961) gave total catches of prawns 5.3.5 Factors affecting fishing at two centres In the backwaters of Coohin. season Subrarnanyam (1965) gave the total catches The inshore fishery on the Malabar coast of this and other species for the new moon and intensifies after the annual formation of mud full moon periods in the Godavari estuarine banks, on which the prawns concentrate. The system, on the east coast of India. He also fishery in the backwaters of Kerala is probably gave high tide and low tide catches of the influenced by rainfall and lunar periodicity prawns, (Menon and Raxnan, 1961). Subrahmanyain (1967) found a positive relationship between bottom 5.5 Fisheries management and regulations salinity and abundance of the species, In southwest India, the paddy field fish- 5.4 Fishing operations and results ery is legally restricted to the period from the middle of November to the middle of April. This 5.4.1 Effort and intensity regulation is imposed in the interests of rice cultivation, and not to protect the prawn stocks. George (1961), studying the prawn fishery of three centres of the Kerala coast for the 5.6 Fish farming1 transplanting and years 1956 through 1960, used the total effort other intervention and intensity of fishing and established a re- lationship between catch-per-man-hour and re- In the paddy fieldsof Kerala, prawns may cruit sizes. M. af finis, however, makes only be hold in the fields for a few days before a minor contribution to this fishery. trapping, but this is mainly to wait for a con- venient tide. A few decades ago, young prawns In the trawl catches of Cochin, George et were allowed to grow in the paddy fields for al. (].968a) studied the effort and intensity 2 or 3 mo before trapping, but this practice ie of fishing through the years 1958 to 1963 and no 1oner followed. concluded that there is no overfishing in the area. In Table III the catch and effort for one season is shown.

TALH III

Total catch and catch per hour of Metapeneus affinia in the trawl catobes for the season 1959-60

YearMonth Percentage Total Total Catch of Catch per Catch per by weight catch of effort M.affinis hour for hour for prawns in bra all prawns M.affinis (kg) (kg) (kg)

1959 November 20,8 2306 301.17 479 8,o 1.6 December 28,9 10027 430,00 2898 23.0 6.7 1960 January 49,6 22725 491.25 11272 46,0 22.9 February 28,3 50113 692.68 14182 72,0 20.5 March 55,8 14119 608.75 7878 23.0 12.9 April 20.8 18944 660.42 3940 29.0 6,0 May 29,2 20712 387.33 6048 54.0 15.6 - 1374 FRmJ98 L affiriis 6:1

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