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An Evaluation of Bipolar Transistors Suitable for Active Antenna Applications
An Evaluation of Bipolar Transistors Suitable for Active Antenna Applications by Chris Trask / N7ZWY Sonoran Radio Research P.O. Box 25240 Tempe, AZ 85285-5240 Senior Member IEEE Email: [email protected] 30 November 2008 Revised 2 December 2008 Revised 5 December 2008 Revised 15 December 2008 Trask, “Bipolar Transistor Evaluation” 1 15 December 2008 Introduction families on a curve tracer or by measuring the performance of the device in a circuit. In the design of active antennas, the intermodulation distortion (IMD) and noise fig- When using a curve tracer, there are a ure (NF) performance of the active devices are number of items that need to be carefully ob- important design considerations together with served in order to ascertain the potential IMD cost and availability. Many designs that have performance of a given device. These include, been published in recent years claim to have but are not limited to, the flatness of the indi- good IMD performance, but make use of de- vidual traces in the linear region, the straight- vices that were obsolete even when the circuitry ness of the individual traces in the linear region, was in the design stage. Other devices that the spacing between the traces, the saturation are readily available have improved perform- voltage, and the transition between the satura- ance, and it may simply be a matter of the de- tion region and the linear region. signers lacking sufficient information to make intelligent choices so as to arrive at finished Curve families for bipolar devices are gen- designs having a performance/cost ratio that erated by applying a fixed base current (IB) to would be attractive to builders and which make the device and then varying the collector volt- use of devices that are currently in production age (VCE)while observing the collector current and which are available from popular distribu- (IC). -
Schottky Diodes Selection Guide
SCHOTTKY DIODES ( HOT - CARRIER ) pag A 1 Schottky diodes selection guide For HIGH SENSITIVITY , ZERO-BIAS or LOW BARRIER applications --- for lab detectors as RF detector with sweep generator --- RF fields detector, electromagnetic pollution, TAG , etc… --- passive or active mobile phones and bugs detector diode TSS Glass SMD Ceramic or special (tangential sensitivity) case case case HSMS 2850 - 2851 -59 dBm @ 2 GHz SMS 7630 -55 dBm @ 10 GHz these are the much sensitive diodes at usable up to 18 GHz ZERO BIAS -53 dBm @ 2 GHz ND 4991 - 1SS276 DDC2353 -55 dBm @ 6 GHz LOW BARRIER up to 20 GHz from -54 dBm to -52 dBm all BAT 15… types are LOW BARRIER up to 24 GHz depending on type high sensitivity vatious types available -56 dBm @ 2 GHz with bias HP 5082-2824 HSMS.282…series low barrier, up to millimeter freq. beam lead version version with leads of the famous 1N821 point-contact 1N21 - 23 silicon , up to 5 GHz NOTE : high sensitivity silicon or germanium diodes for detectors are available too, see VARIOUS DIODES for : RECEIVING MIXERS - RF DETECTORS - SAMPLING freq. config. glass case SMD or plastic case ceramic case up to 500 MHz BAT 42 - 43 - 46 - 48 - 85 - 86 BAS 40-…- BAT 64-.... 5082.2800 - BAT 45 - 82 - 83 single HSMS 28.... , BAT 68 up to HSCH 1001 2 GHz pair 5082.2804 BAS 70... , HSMS 28... quad 5082.2836 ND 487C1-3R 5082.2810, 2811, 2817 2824, up to HSMS 2810 , 2820 single 2835, 2900, MA4853 ND4991 BAT 17 , BAT 68 3 - 5 1SS154 ,BA 481, QSCH 5374 pair 5082.2826, 2912 HSMS 28…. -
Special Diodes 2113
CHAPTER54 Learning Objectives ➣ Zener Diode SPECIAL ➣ Voltage Regulation ➣ Zener Diode as Peak Clipper DIODES ➣ Meter Protection ➣ Zener Diode as a Reference Element ➣ Tunneling Effect ➣ Tunnel Diode ➣ Tunnel Diode Oscillator ➣ Varactor Diode ➣ PIN Diode ➣ Schottky Diode ➣ Step Recovery Diode ➣ Gunn Diode ➣ IMPATT Diode Ç A major application for zener diodes is voltage regulation in dc power supplies. Zener diode maintains a nearly constant dc voltage under the proper operating conditions. 2112 Electrical Technology 54.1. Zener Diode It is a reverse-biased heavily-doped silicon (or germanium) P-N junction diode which is oper- ated in the breakdown region where current is limited by both external resistance and power dissipa- tion of the diode. Silicon is perferred to Ge because of its higher temperature and current capability. As seen from Art. 52.3, when a diode breaks down, both Zener and avalanche effects are present although usually one or the other predominates depending on the value of reverse voltage. At reverse voltages less than 6 V, Zener effect predominates whereas above 6 V, avalanche effect is predomi- nant. Strictly speaking, the first one should be called Zener diode and the second one as avalanche diode but the general practice is to call both types as Zener diodes. Zener breakdown occurs due to breaking of covalent bonds by the strong electric field set up in the depletion region by the reverse voltage. It produces an extremely large number of electrons and holes which constitute the reverse saturation current (now called Zener current, Iz) whose value is limited only by the external resistance in the circuit. -
Ferranti Quick Reference Guide
FERRANTI SEMICONDUCTORS A short-form data book covering discrete components & integrated circuits @ FERRANTI pic 1983 The copyright in this work is vested in Ferranti pic and this document is issued for the purpose only for which it is supplied. No licence is implied for the use of any patented feature. It must not be reported in whole or in part or used for tendering or manufacturing purposes except under an agreement or with the consent in writing of Ferranti pic and then only on the condition that this notice is included in any such reproduction. Information furnished is believed to be accurate but no liability in respect of any use of it is accepted by Ferranti pic. Issue 2. February 1983 Prinled in U.S.A. iii CONTENTS This data book contains abbreviated information on the entire range of Ferranti Semiconductors. Individual data sheets are available on request, as is technical advice on the usage of any of the devices listed. PRODUCT LIST SECTION 1 DISCRETE COMPONENTS SECTION 2 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS SECTION 3 UNCOMMITTED LOGIC ARRAYS SECTION 4 PACKAGE OUTLINES SECTION 5 SALES OFFICES, SALES REPRESENTATIVES DISTRIBUTORS (ii) ALPHA·NUMERIC PRODUCT LIST DEVICE TYPE PAGE(S) DEVICE TYPE PAGE(S) DEVICE TYPE PAGE(S) BAT21 H13. H14 BC182P E4 BCW29 H5 BAT21J H13. H14 BC183P E5 BCW29R H5 BAT22 H13. H14 BC184P E9 BCW30 H5 BAT22J H13. H14 BCW30R H5 BAT23 H13. H14 BC212P E6 BCW31 H5 BAT23H H13. H14 BC213P E6 BCW31R H5 BC214P E10 BAT24 H13. H14 BAT24H H13. H14 BC237P E4 BCW32 H5 BAT25 H13. H14 BC238P E5 BCW32R H5 BAT26 H13. -
(Or Varicap) Diode
Radio and Electronics Cookbook 20 The varactor (or varicap) diode Introduction Many of the circuits for receivers and transmitters presented in this series rely upon the variable capacitor as a means of tuning. Another method of varying capacitance (without any moving parts) is provided by the varactor diode, sometimes called a varicap diode. This is a component which changes its capacitance as the voltage across it is varied. The details Figure 1 shows how a varactor diode might be connected to demonstrate its operation. Its symbol is that of an ordinary diode, with a capacitor symbol next to it. A variable voltage is applied across it in such a way that the diode is reverse-biased. This means that virtually no current passes through it – the positive voltage is applied to the cathode. Varactors are cheaper than variable capacitors, and they are tiny in comparison, very suitable for today’s miniature circuits. If A and B were connected across the tuning coil in a simple receiver (with a series capacitor to block the DC from the battery reaching the coil), the tuning operation would be accomplished by turning the knob on the 10 kilohm potentiometer. Varactors are available with different values, from less than 20 picofarad (pF) for VHF applications to 500 pF for medium-wave radios. They are Figure 1 The capacitance of the varicap diode (between A and B) increases as the voltage is reduced, using the variable resistor 64 A portable radio for medium waves tuned usually by voltages between 2 V and 9 V. For a real application of varactors, you should consult the circuit diagram of the Yearling 20 metre receiver, elsewhere in this book. -
J. W. Miller Company the Coil Forum March 1960
J. W. MILLER COMPANY-LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA-VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 MARCH 1960 A TRANSISTOR FM RECEIVER With this issue, the J. W. Miller Company inaugurates a new publication devoted to the experimenter. Although coils, and their associated com ponents, are our business, we at Miller would like to supply our customers with timely information on circuits, theory to assist with your work or experiments, and data on how to select and use our coils wisely. We believe you will agree that THE COIL FORUM is indeed an appropriate nam~. www.SteamPoweredRadio.Com J. W. M I L L E R C O M P A N Y Recent advances in the state of the semiconductor from the collector back to the base through capacitor art have made it possible to construct a transistor Cl2 and the stage oscillates. Coil L3, along with the FM receiver which performs every bit as well as a tuning capacitor and circuit capacity, determines the vacuum tube version. VHF equipment places very frequency of oscillation, which is always 10. 7 me. strict demands on the transistors. They must be above the incoming signal frequency. Resistors R9 capable of constant amplification over the entire and Rl 1 provide bias and RIO is used for d.c. degener band being received, create a minimum of circuit ation. Transistor QlO and diode Xl are part of the drift, and provide maximum gain with a minimum automatic frequency control system and will be of stages. ' discussed later. All tuned circuits in the "front end" are tracked with a three-gang variable capacitor The excellent performance of the receiver to be (C3, 3-lOmmfd.) described is an outgrowth of the work done by Philco Corporation on their transistor "Safari" tele The i.f. -
Capacitor & Capacitance
CAPACITOR & CAPACITANCE - TYPES Capacitor types Listed by di-electric material. A 12 pF 20 kV fixed vacuum capacitor Vacuum : Two metal, usually copper, electrodes are separated by a vacuum. The insulating envelope is usually glass or ceramic. Typically of low capacitance - 10 - 1000 pF and high voltage, up to tens of kilovolts, they are most often used in radio transmitters and other high voltage power devices. Both fixed and variable types are available. Vacuum variable capacitors can have a minimum to maximum capacitance ratio of up to 100, allowing any tuned circuit to cover a full decade of frequency. Vacuum is the most perfect of dielectrics with a zero loss tangent. This allows very high powers to be transmitted without significant loss and consequent heating. Air : Air dielectric capacitors consist of metal plates separated by an air gap. The metal plates, of which there may be many interleaved, are most often made of aluminium or silver-plated brass. Nearly all air dielectric capacitors are variable and are used in radio tuning circuits. Metallized plastic film: Made from high quality polymer film (usually polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester (Mylar), and for high quality capacitors polysulfone), and metal foil or a layer of metal deposited on surface. They have good quality and stability, and are suitable for timer circuits. Suitable for high frequencies. Mica: Similar to metal film. Often high voltage. Suitable for high frequencies. Expensive. Excellent tolerance. Paper: Used for relatively high voltages. Now obsolete. Glass: Used for high voltages. Expensive. Stable temperature coefficient in a wide range of temperatures. Ceramic: Chips of alternating layers of metal and ceramic. -
Optoisolators Transistors
TRANSISTORS TRANSISTORS CAT# Description Price 100 2N2222A NPN, TO-18 2 for $1.50 .60 2N2906 PNP, TO-18 2 for $1.00 .35 PN2907 PNP, TO-92 5 for .75 .10 2N3055 NPN, TO-3 $2.35 each 2.00 TO-18 TO-92 TO-202 TO-218 TO-220 TO-3 2N3904 NPN, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 2N3906 PNP, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 TRIAC 2N4124 NPN, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 2N4400 NPN, TO-92 5 for .50 .08 CAT# AMP VOLT CASE Each 10 2N4401 NPN, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 Q6025P 25 600 TO-3 base 3.00 2.50 2N4403 PNP, TO-92 10 for .80 .05 2N5401 PNP, TO-92 .25 each .20 SCR 2N5416 PNP, TO-39 $1.95 each 2SC2352 NPN, TO-92 3 for 1.00 .29 8A 200V TO-202 SCR. 200 uA gate current. 2SC3457 NPN, TO-220 .65 each .50 CAT# S306B1 45¢ each • 10 for 40¢ each 2SC5511 NPN, TO-220 .95 each .75 BC556B PNP, TO-92 5 for $1.00 Gate sensitive SCR, Teccor T106F41. D33D30 NPN, TO-92 5 for $1.00 .16 Off-state voltage: 50V. Gate trigger, D45H5 PNP, TO-220 .75 each .65 Gate: 200uA 3-pin DIP package. KSP8599 PNP, TO-92 5 for .50 .08 CAT# T106F41 2 for $1.00 MJL1302A PNP, TO-264 $3.00 each MPS8599 PNP, TO-92 5 for .50 .08 N-CHANNEL J-FET PN2222A NPN, TO-92 5 for .80 .15 TIP31C NPN, 3A 100V, TO220 .45 each .35 30V 350MW. -
How Diodes Work
HOW DIODES WORK There are several types of diode included in your Joe Knows Electronics Semiconductor Kit: general- purpose diodes, Zener diodes, Schottky diodes, PIN IMPORTANT diodes, varicap (variable capacitance) diodes, and current regulation diodes. NOTE CONTENTS ON DIODE PACKAGES CONTACT US ....................................... 3 Most of the diodes supplied in our DATASHEET ACCESS ............................ 4 semiconductor kit are in very small DO-35 glass cases. There is very little room on GENERAL PURPOSE DIODES ............... 5 these cases to print identifying numbers and codes clearly. It would be best to ZENER DIODES .................................. 11 keep track of the identities of parts from SCHOTTKY DIODES ............................ 13 the moment they are removed from their envelopes until they are replaced. PIN DIODES ....................................... 15 VARICAP DIODES ............................... 18 CURRENT REGULATION DIODES ........ 23 CONTACT US DATASHEET Email ACCESS [email protected] Access more information about this The best way to communicate with us is by product including datasheets by email. This allows us to have a record of your scanning this QR code or visiting correspondence and the ability to convey information like technical specifications wiki.joeknowselectronics.com more easily. Toll Free Number 855-JOE-KNOW (855-563-5669) Someone is available 24/7 to take your call at our toll free number. Your contact information will be taken and a member of our management team will contact you within normal business hours, 9am – 6pm EST M-F. Please note that our phone associates don’t have the necessary information to discuss products or orders but will direct your call Find community driven content and to the appropriate company representative. -
TRANSISTORS N-CHANNEL MOSFETS, SURFACE MOUNT IRF540NS 100V, 33A, 44M Ohms
TRANSISTORS N-CHANNEL MOSFETS, SURFACE MOUNT IRF540NS 100V, 33A, 44M Ohms. CAT# IRF540NS 95¢ each 10 for 85¢ each • 100 for 70¢ each TO-18 TO-92 TO-218 TO-220 TO-3 RF1S640 18A, 200V, 0.180 Ohm CAT# RF1S640 65¢ each TRIAC 10 for 60¢ each • 100 for 45¢ each CAT# AMP VOLT CASE Each 10 900v. TO-263. MAC223A8 25 600 TO-220 1.85 1.75 IRFBF20S Q6015L5 15 600 TO-220 1.60 1.40 CAT# IRFBF20S 60¢ each Q6025P 25 600 TO-3 base 5.50 5.15 BUK92150-55A. 55V, 11A, 36W, 97m Ohm. CAT# BUK92150 4 for $1.00 N-CHANNEL J-FET 100 for 19¢ each 30V 350MW. TO-92 package. CAT# 2N5638 5 for $1.00 • 100 for 15¢ ea. TRANSISTORS CAT# Description Price 100 N-CHANNEL MOSFETS, TO-220 D33D30 NPN, TO-92 5 for $1.00 .16 D45H5 PNP, TO-220 .75 each .65 BUZ11A 26 Amp, 50 Volt, 0.055 Ohms. PN2222A NPN, TO-92 5 for .80 .15 With right-angle pre-formed leads. 2N2222A NPN, TO-18 2 for 1.00 .40 2N2906 PNP, TO-18 2 for $1.00 .35 CAT# BUZ11A 75¢ each PN2907 PNP, TO-92 5 for .75 .10 10 for 65¢ each 100 for 55¢ each MJE2955T PNP, TO-220 .65 each MJE3055T NPN, TO-220 .65 each BUZ71A ST Micro. 50V, < 0.12 Ohms , 13 A. 2N3055 NPN, TO-3 $1.25 each .95 CAT# BUZ71A 75¢ each 2N3904 NPN, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 10 for 65¢ each • 100 for 53¢ each 2N3906 PNP, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 2N4124 NPN, TO-92 5 for .75 .13 2N4400 NPN, TO-92 5 for .50 .08 IRF734 1.2 Ohms (max.). -
Variable Capacitors in RF Circuits
Source: Secrets of RF Circuit Design 1 CHAPTER Introduction to RF electronics Radio-frequency (RF) electronics differ from other electronics because the higher frequencies make some circuit operation a little hard to understand. Stray capacitance and stray inductance afflict these circuits. Stray capacitance is the capacitance that exists between conductors of the circuit, between conductors or components and ground, or between components. Stray inductance is the normal in- ductance of the conductors that connect components, as well as internal component inductances. These stray parameters are not usually important at dc and low ac frequencies, but as the frequency increases, they become a much larger proportion of the total. In some older very high frequency (VHF) TV tuners and VHF communi- cations receiver front ends, the stray capacitances were sufficiently large to tune the circuits, so no actual discrete tuning capacitors were needed. Also, skin effect exists at RF. The term skin effect refers to the fact that ac flows only on the outside portion of the conductor, while dc flows through the entire con- ductor. As frequency increases, skin effect produces a smaller zone of conduction and a correspondingly higher value of ac resistance compared with dc resistance. Another problem with RF circuits is that the signals find it easier to radiate both from the circuit and within the circuit. Thus, coupling effects between elements of the circuit, between the circuit and its environment, and from the environment to the circuit become a lot more critical at RF. Interference and other strange effects are found at RF that are missing in dc circuits and are negligible in most low- frequency ac circuits. -
6.101 Course Roadmap Time Domain Analysis
6.101 Course Roadmap • Passive components: RLC –with RF • Diodes • Transistors: BJT, MOSFET, antennas • Op‐amps, 555 timer, ECG • • Course Roadmap Switch Mode Power Supplies • Rectification • • Bipolar Junction Transistor Fiber optics, PPG • Applications Acnowledgements: Neamen, Donald: Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition The Art Of Electronics by Horowitz and Hill 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 1 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 2 Time Domain Analysis Fourier Series ‐ Ramp v (Ac KAm cosmt)*cosct KA v A cos t m [cos( )t cos( )t] c c 2 c m c m function [ t, sum ] = ramp(number) %generate a ramp based on fixed number of terms % t = 0:.1:pi*4; % display two full cycles with 0.1 spacing sum = 0 for n=1:number sum = sum + sin(n*t)*(-1)^(n+1)/(n*pi); end plot(t, sum) shg end 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 3 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 4 CT: center tap Rectifier Circuits Full Wave Bridge vs Center Tapped + 1N4001 + V = 120 V 60 Hz 12.6 VCT RMS C F R L v OUT out - Pri Sec 3a) Half-wave rectifier circuit diagram 1N4001 + + 120 V 60 Hz 12.6 VCT RMS C F R L v OUT Vout = - Pri Sec Center tapped advantages: 1N4001 3b) Full-wave rectifier circuit diagram • Lower diode voltage drop (high efficiency) 4x 1N4001 + • Secondary windings carries ½ average + 12.6 VCT RMS 120 V 60 Hz CF R v L OUT Vout = current (thinner windings, easier to wind) - Pri Sec • Used in computer power supplies 3c) Bridge rectifier circuit diagram RC >> 16.6ms why? 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 5 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 6 Power Supply Ripple Voltage Calculation Physical Wiring Matters D2 conduction angle in degrees 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 7 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 8 5 V Adapters Diode AC Resistance 500 ma 1000 ma 300 ma 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 9 6.101 Spring 2020 Lecture 3 10 Log Amplifier Bipolar Junction Transistors bypass caps 0.1uf caps (2) NPN collector • BJT can operate in a linear ic = βib mode (amplifier) or can ID i IR = - ID b operate as a digital switch.