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Disorders on Cardiovascular Parameters in Rats and in Human Blood Cells Caused by Lachesis Acrochorda Snake Venom

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Disorders on Cardiovascular Parameters in Rats and in Human Blood Cells Caused by Lachesis Acrochorda Snake Venom Toxicon 184 (2020) 180–191 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Disorders on cardiovascular parameters in rats and in human blood cells caused by Lachesis acrochorda snake venom Karen Leonor Angel-Camilo a,b, Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas b, Emanuella Feitosa de Carvalho a, Karine Lima-Silva a, Rodrigo Jos�e Bezerra de Siqueira a, Lyara Barbosa Nogueira Freitas c, Joao~ Antonio^ Costa de Sousa c, Mario Rog�erio Lima Mota a, Arm^enio Aguiar dos Santos a, Ana Gisele da Costa Neves-Ferreira d, Alexandre Havt a, Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal c, Pedro Jorge Caldas Magalhaes~ a,* a Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Ceara,� Fortaleza, Ceara,� Brazil b Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educacion,� Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigaciones Biom�edicas-Bioterio, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetologicas� y Toxinologicas,� Universidad del Cauca, Popayan,� Colombia c Centro de Estudos Farmac^euticos e Cosm�eticos, Faculdade de Farmacia,� Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal Do Ceara,� Fortaleza, Ceara,� Brazil d Laboratorio� de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In Colombia, Lachesis acrochorda causes 2–3% of all snake envenomations. The accidents promote a high mor­ Snake venom tality rate (90%) due to blood and cardiovascular complications. Here, the effects of the snake venom of Lachesis L. acrochorda (SVLa) were analyzed on human blood cells and on cardiovascular parameters of rats. SVLa platelet Aggregation induced blood coagulation, as measured by the prothrombin time test, but did not reduce the cell viability of Vasodilation neutrophils and platelets evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Hypotension reduction assay and by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme assay. In fact, SVLa increased the absorbance in tests made with platelets subjected to the MTT assay. SVLa induced platelet aggregation whose magnitude was comparable to that of the positive control adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and occurred earlier with increasing SVLa concentration. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) or clopidogrel (an ADP receptor blocker) inhibited the aggregating effect of SVLa. Inhibition of SVLa-elicited platelet aggregation also resulted from the treatment with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2-EDTA; metalloproteinase inhibitor) and with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF, serine protease inhibitor). In isolated right atrium of rats, SVLa increased slightly, but significantly, the magnitude of the spontaneous contractions and, in isolated rat aorta, SVLa relaxed KCl- or phenylephrine-induced contractions. In vivo, SVLa induced hy­ potension and bradycardia in rats, with detection of hemorrhage in pulmonary and renal tissues. Altogether, under experimental conditions, SVLa induced blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, hypotension and brady­ cardia. Part of the effects presented here may be explained by the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs), constituents of SVLa. 1. Introduction (Guti�errez et al., 2010). In Latin America, an estimation of 137,000–150, 000 annual snakebite accidents has been reported, with 3400–5000 In South American countries, as in other tropical countries, ophidism deaths (Gutierrez� et al., 2017b; Walteros and Paredes, 2014). is a public health problem. As a neglected tropical disease, snakebite The Lachesis acrochorda snake, popularly known as “verrugosa” envenomation annually reaches approximately 1.8–2.7 million people (warty), inhabits the Pacific region of Colombia and northern Ecuador worldwide, with an estimation of 81,000–138,000 deaths (Guti�errez (Madrigal et al., 2012). In Colombia, this species is responsible for 2–3% et al., 2017a). Snakebite accidents occur most often in rural areas and of snakebite accidents, which result in approximately 90% mortality. the high mortality is due to the scarce availability of antivenoms Clinical reports indicate the following most common symptoms * Corresponding author. Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, 60.430-270, Fortaleza, Brazil. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.J.C. Magalhaes).~ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.009 Received 31 January 2020; Received in revised form 11 June 2020; Accepted 15 June 2020 Available online 23 June 2020 0041-0101/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. K.L. Angel-Camilo et al. Toxicon 184 (2020) 180–191 resulting from Lachesis bites: bleeding around the bite, profuse sweating, intense peaks of each MS1 spectrum were sequentially selected for abdominal cramps, nausea, coagulation, diarrhea and vagal symptoms high-resolution MS/MS in the orbitrap, following fragmentation by such as hypotension and bradycardia (Castrillon-Estrada� et al., 2007; higher-energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD), with a normalized Madrigal et al., 2012). Electrocardiographic changes such as T wave collision energy (NCE) of 45%, a fixed first mass of m/z 100 and an elevation, cell death, interfibrillar edema and elevation of creatine isolation window of 2.5 m/z. The spray voltage was set to 1.9 kV, with � kinase-MB (CK-MB) enzyme fraction has been reported (Angel-Camilo the capillary at 200 C. The following parameters were used: MS1 (5E6 et al., 2016). Other reports also include vascular and cardiac effects AGC, 500 ms IT, resolution 60,000 FWHM at m/z 400, survey scan (Ayerbe-Gonzalez� and Latorre-Ledezma, 2010; Otero et al., 1992). 300–1700 m/z, centroid mode); MS2 (2E5 AGC, 250 ms IT, resolution The presence of enzymatic (snake venom metalloproteinase - SVSP, 15,000 FWHM at m/z 400, centroid mode). Dynamic exclusion was set snake venom serine protease - SVMP, phospholipases A2, L-amino acid to 45 s and single charged precursors or those with unassigned charge oxidase, thrombin-like enzymes, kallikrein-like enzymes and fibrinoge­ states were excluded. nases) and non-enzymatic (C-type lectins) proteins has already been Protein identification was based on the peptide-spectral matching reported in the composition of Lachesis venom (Madrigal et al., 2012; Pla (PSM) approach, using the PatternLab for Proteomics computational et al., 2013). The clinical manifestations observed in Lachesis enven­ environment (version 4.1.1.22, freely available at http://www.patternl omation are attributed to the presence of these proteins in the venom. abforproteomics.org), which adopts Comet algorithm as the database They include local tissue damage, hemostatic changes and potentially search engine. The “Generate Search DB” module was used to generate a lethal systemic effects (Benvenuti et al., 2003; Gutierrez� et al., 2017a; target-reverse database made of “Serpentes” protein sequences retrieved Mora-Obando et al., 2014; Takeda et al., 2012). There is generally a high from UniProt (taxon ID 8570; 156,362 protein entries downloaded April conservation in terms of the composition of venoms of species belonging 10, 2020), in addition to common MS contaminants (e.g., keratins, al­ to the Lachesis genus, although the literature on the biological effects bumin and trypsin). Uninterpreted high-resolution MS/MS spectra were caused by the venom of L. acrochorda is still scarce. Therefore, the searched against this combined database using Comet default parame­ present study experimentally addressed the direct effects of ters. Enzyme (trypsin) specificity was fully specific, up to 2 missed L. acrochorda venom on hemostatic and cardiovascular parameters. cleavages were allowed, and the initial precursor mass tolerance was set to 40 ppm. Carbamidomethylation of cysteine (þ57.02146 Da) was 2. Materials and methods considered as fixed modification and variable modifications included methionine oxidation (þ15.9949) and asparagine/glutamine deamida­ 2.1. Lachesis acrochorda snake venom (SVLa) tion (þ0.9840). PSM results were filtered by the Search Engine Pro­ cessor (SEPro) tool. The final post-processing step was adjusted to Pooled SVLa used in the present study was a pool of samples obtained converge to reliable results showing �1% FDR at the protein level and from 4 adult specimens of L. acrochorda from the Center for Biomedical �10 ppm mass error for MS1 and MS2 spectra. Investigations – Bioterium of the University of Cauca (CIBUC) at Colombia. The extraction of SVLa was by manual stimulation following 2.3. Human blood samples the biosafety protocols adopted by CIBUC-Bioterium. After collection, � the pool of venom was lyophilized and stored at À 20 C until use. Human blood samples, were collected from healthy donors with the authorization of the Research Ethics Committee at the Federal Univer­ 2.2. Biochemical analysis of SVLa sity of Ceara,� Fortaleza, Brazil [Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appraisal (CPEA) No. 11590519.7.1001.5054 (report No. 3.355.242)]. SVLa was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel For in vitro assays, human neutrophils were isolated from a by-product of electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions (Laemmli, 1970) human blood (buffy coat) kindly provided by Centro de Hematologia e using the VERT-i10 mini-gel system (Loccus, Cotia, SP, Brazil). The Low Hemoterapia do Ceara� (Fortaleza, Brazil). For the platelet aggregation Molecular Weight Calibration Kit for
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