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Konflik Ideologi Di Tubuh Partai Komunis Indonesia Periode 1951-1959: Marxis-Leninis Versus Revisionisme Modern

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Konflik Ideologi Di Tubuh Partai Komunis Indonesia Periode 1951-1959: Marxis-Leninis Versus Revisionisme Modern KONFLIK IDEOLOGI DI TUBUH PARTAI KOMUNIS INDONESIA PERIODE 1951-1959: MARXIS-LENINIS VERSUS REVISIONISME MODERN Skripsi Diajukan untuk Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.I.P.) Oleh : LENDY RAMADHAN NIM: 105033201135 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU POLITIK FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1433 H/2012 ABSTRAK Lendy Ramadhan Konflik Ideologi Di Tubuh Partai Komunis Indonesia Periode 1951-1959: Maxis- Leninis Versus Revisionis Modern Skripsi ini difokuskan pada konflik ideologi yang terjadi di dalam tubuh PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Pengumpulan data-data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dengan para nara-sumber yang terkait dan studi pustaka melalui buku-buku serta karya tulis-karya tulis lainnya yang terkait. Dalam sejarahnya, PKI memang lahir dari konflik ideologi. Pada saat lahir, PKI merupakan jelmaan dari Sarekat Islam (SI) Merah, yang merupakan salah satu faksi dari organisasi Sarekat Islam. Pada saat itu, SI terpecah menjadi dua faksi, SI Merah berideologi komunisme dan SI Putih berideologi Islam. Setelah SI Merah berubah menjadi PKI, konflik ideologi terjadi lagi. Konflik ideologi dalam tubuh PKI, terjadi karena perbedaan ideologi di antara elit partai. Konflik tersebut berawal dari gagasan-gagasan Aidit, yang dilontarkan pada Sidang Pleno CC (Comite Central) 6 Oktober 1953. Dalam sidang tersebut, Aidit menegaskan gagasan yang pernah dilontarkan pada Sidang Pleno CC 7 Januari 1951, yaitu koalisi permanen dengan partai yang berkhianat pada pemberontakan Madiun 1948, PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia) dan MURBA (Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak). Dalam sidang pleno tersebut, perdebatan terjadi dalam menetapkan strategi perjuangan. Menurut Aidit, “Jalan Baru” baru yang digagas Musso sebagai strategi perjuangan mengalami jalan buntu. Oleh sebab itu, Aidit ingin menggantinya dengan strategi yang digagas pada Sidang Pleno CC 7 Januari 1951, sebagaiamana telah dijelaskan sebelumnya. Strategi Aidit mendapat penolakan dari Tan Ling Djie, yang mempertahankan “Jalan Baru” sebagai strategi perjuangan partai (PKI). Namun pada akhirnya, pendapat Aidit yang disahkan sebagai strategi perjuangan PKI yang baru. Konflik ideologi di kalangan internal PKI terjadi pada puncaknya pada saat Kongres Nasional PKI ke V digelar. Dalam kongres tersebut, terjadi perdebatan tentang partisipasi dalam pemilu. Aidit sepakat bahwa, pemilu dilakukan sebagai tujuan akhir. Sedangkan Njono berpendapat bahwa, pemilu merupakan tujuan sementara. Namun, kongres menetapkan bahwa pemilu dijadikan tujuan akhir. Dengan demikian, dalam tubuh PKI terdapat dua ideologi yang saling berlawanan, Marxisme-Leninisme dan Revisionisme Modern. Marxisme-Leninisme meniscayakan revolusi untuk menuju masyarakat komunis, sedangkan revisionisme modern menghilangkan cita-cita membangu masyarakat komunis dan menggunakan parlemen sebagai media perjuangan. i KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji syukur kepada Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan segala nikmat bagi penulis, untuk menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Shalawat serta salam, penulis sampaikan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, sebgai tauladan bagi seluruh manusia. Tidak mudah bagi penulis untuk menyelesaikan tema tentang sejarah dalam pembuatan skripsi sebagai tugas akhir perkuliahan. Meskipun, referensi dan nara-sumber banyak yang bisa diakses. Karena penulis harus mengambil sudut pandang yang berbeda. Perjalanan panjang selama sembilan bulan dalam memahami setiap referensi sebagai data yang siap diolah menjadi sebuah gagasan, dan dituangkan ke dalam lembar-lembar halaman, merupakan pengalaman yang sangat menyenangkan. Selesainya penulisan tugas akhir ini, bukan merupakan sebuah akhir dari kreatifitas penulis, khususnya dalam bidang pendidikan. Tetapi selesainya penulisan karya tulis ini, merupakan sebuah pintu gerbang lahirnya karya-karya berikutnya. Oleh sebab itu, kritik dan saran dari para pembaca, khususnya para dosen dan teman-teman yang terlibat langsung dalam penyempurnaan skripsi ini sangat dibutuhkan, sebagai pengembangan-pengembangan karya berikutnya. Penulis sadar, bahwa dengan bantuan beberapa pihak, skripsi ini bisa diselesaikan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat selaku rektor Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, serta seluruh jajarannya. 2. Bapak Prof. Dr. Bahtiar Effendy selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, serta seluruh jajarannya. 3. Ali Munhanif, Ph.D selaku ketua jurusan ilmu politik. 4. M. Zaki Mubarok, M.Si selaku sekretaris jurusan ilmu politik. ii iii 5. Bapak Idris Thaha, M.Si selaku pembimbing dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini, yang telah berjasa memberikan kritikan-kritikan serta saran-saran. 6. Bapak Herry Herland Suryakusuma dan Ibu Sri Suryantini, selaku orang tua saya yang telah memberikan bantuan moral dan material kepada saya. 7. Seluruh nara-sumber yang telah rela meluangkan waktu untuk diwawancara, Rewang selaku mantan politbiro CC PKI dan Esempe (samaran) selaku mantan anggota CC PKI. 8. Seluruh pihak pengelola Perustakaan Umum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, dan seluruh pihak pengelola Perpustakaan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, yang telah meminjamkan buku-buku. 9. Seluruh kawan Kedai Pemikiran sebagai partner diskusi dan tempat meminjam buku-buku. DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. i KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................. iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................ 1 B. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah ............................................ 8 C. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................... 9 D. Metode Penelitian .......................................................................... 9 E. Sistematika Penulisan ....................................................................10 BAB II LANDASAN TEORI A. Konflik .......................................................................................... 12 B. Ideologi ......................................................................................... 13 B. 1. Marxisme .............................................................................. 15 B. 2. Marxisme Leninisme ............................................................ 17 B. 3. Revisionisme Modern ........................................................... 19 C. Partai Politik ................................................................................ 21 BAB III SEJARAH SINGKAT PARTAI KOMUNIS INDONESIA A. Awal Pembentukan (Orang Belanda Sang Pemula) ..................... 23 B. Pemberontakan PKI 1926 (Awal Konflik Internal) ...................... 28 C. Peristiwa Madiun 1948 (Memanfaatkan Tentara) ........................ 31 iv v BAB IV PEREBUTAN PENGARUH ANTARA MARXIS-LENINIS DAN REVISIONIS MODERN A. Masuknya Pengaruh Remo (Gagasan-gagasan Aidit) ................... 37 B. Konflik Antar Elit (Perebutan Program) ................................... 42 C. Kemenangan Remo (PKI Berubah Haluan) .................................. 47 BAB V KESIMPULAN ................................................................................. 53 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 56 LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN 1. Transkrip Wawancara Dengan Anggota Politbiro PKI Tahun 1964, Rewang Tentang Konflik Internal PKI Tahun 1951-1959 ................................................... 61 2. Transkrip Wawancara Dengan Anggota CC PKI Tahun 1963, Esempe (samaran) Tentang Konflik Dalam Tubuh PKI Tahun 1951-1959 ........................ 76 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Setelah gagalnya pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) di Madiun pada 1948, para anggota partai tercerai-berai akibat penumpasan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah.1 Pada 1950, Alimin2 sebagai tokoh senior dalam PKI pada saat itu mencoba membangun kembali PKI yang hancur pasca kegagalan pemberontakan Madiun, hingga pada Sidang Pleno Comite Central3 (CC) PKI yang diselenggarakan pada 7 Januari 1951.4 Pada saat itu (7 Januari 1951), golongan muda5 PKI yang diwakili oleh Aidit6 berhasil menggeser kepemimpinan Alimin dalam Politbiro,7 karena Aidit dianggap masih memegang prinsip “Jalan Baru”8 Muso9 sebagai 1 Pada saat itu, yang menjabat sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS) adalah Ir. Soekarno. Sedangkan Wakil Presiden dan Perdana Mentri dijabat oleh Mohammad Hatta. Lihat George McTurnan Kahin, Refleksi Pergumulan Lahirnya Republik: Nasionalisme dan Revolusi Di Indonesia (Solo: UNS Press dan Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1995), h. 323. 2 Alimin Prawirodirdjo (1884-1964) adalah wakil ketua Perserikatan Pegawai Pegadaian Bumiputera (PPPB). Sudah menjadi anggota PKI pada skitar tahun 1917. Pada saat itu, PKI masih bernama Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereniging (ISDV). Lihat Ruth T. Mcvey, Kemunculan Komunisme Indonesia (Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2010), h. 68-70. 3 Comite Central (CC) merupakan sebuah lembaga perwakilan partai di tingkat pusat. CC bertanggung jawab atas pemilihan anggota Politbiro dan pengadaan kongres. Lihat Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, “Central Committee”,
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