A bibliography on the communist left in the Netherlands cannot be limited to the sources and studies existing either in the Dutch language or in the Netherlands. The merging of the kapd current, descended from the Spartakusbund – with the Gorter and Pannekoek current – gave birth to an international revolutionary current, from 1920 onwards. This current developed simultaneously in a number of countries: Bulgaria, Russia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Great Britain; then – during the 1930s – in France, Belgium, Denmark and in the United States. The Dutch communist left must be placed in this international context, which shows something of the state of the subject. The existence of archives and documents, dealing with German-Dutch left- communism, in almost ten languages, gave us an idea of the scope of the research-work. In this updated bibliography, we shall deliberately confine ourselves to a few countries, more particularly the Netherlands and Germany.

Archival Sources

Russian State-Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sot- sial’no-politicheskoi istorii, rgaspi, Russian Centre for Preservation and Study of Re- cords of Modern History): Dossiers 488–93: Comintern congresses; 495: Exekutiv Komi- tee der Kommunistischen Internationale (ekki); 497: Amsterdam Bureau; 499: West- Europäisches Büro (web); 581: Wijnkoop archives; 626: Rutgers archives.

Het Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (riod, Amsterdam): The State-Institute for War Documentation, in Amsterdam, includes an important dossier on the Marx- Lenin-Luxemburg Front led by Henk Sneevliet as well as illegal publications of this group (web: http://www.riod.nl/collecties.html). iisg (Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam). The website of the International Institute of Social History gives up-to-date descriptions of its archives: https://socialhistory.org/en/archives.

Above all, refer to the essential books of: – Mies Campfens, De Nederlandse archieven van het iisg, Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1989 (relates to the Archives of the International Institute of Social History). – Henk Hondius and Margreet Schrevel, Inventaris van het archief van de Sociaal- Democratische Arbeiderspartij (sdap) 1894–1946, working-paper, Amsterdam: iisg, 1985. further reading 551

– Margreet Schrevel and Gerrit Voerman, De communistische erfenis. Bibliografie en bronnen betreffende de cpn, Amsterdam: iisg/dnpp, 1997. At the iisg, since the fall of Berlin Wall and the auto-dissolution of the cpn on 15 June 1991, all the documents of the Comintern (in the form of microfilms) from Moscow and all the archives of the party in the Netherlands can be consulted at the International Institute of Social History of Amsterdam. This book draws up the complete list of these archives.

For the archives of the Social Democracy, which contains exchanges of letters with the future Tribunist leaders (Gorter and Pannekoek): – Archives Kautsky; Archives Troelstra; Archives Van der Goes; Archives Wibaut; Archives Saks; Archives sdap (All these archives are at the iisg, Amsterdam.) – For the left-socialist currents, which left the Sneevliet tendency, see Archives rsv, osp, rsp, rsap. For the inventory of the Archives of the iisg, see Atie van der Horst, Inventaris van de archieven van het Revolutionair-Socialistisch Verbond (rsv), de Revolutionair Socialistische Partij (rsp), de Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeiders Partij (rsap) in enkele afdelingen, gewesten en federaties van rsp, rsap en Onaf- hankelijkSocialistischePartij(osp),1928–1940; working-paper, Amsterdam: iisg, 1991.

With regard to the study of Tribunism and left-communism, in the Amsterdam iisg: – Henk Canne Meijer (1890–1962) archives: incorrectly called ‘Radenbeweging’ (the councils-movement); they deal, above all, with Gorter’s kapn, the kapd and the kai Essen tendency. Very important political correspondence between the left- communists of Germany, Bulgaria, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, and so on. The documents are in German, Dutch, and even in French. See Inventaris Canne Meijer, Henk 1916–1938 (1944–1945) (‘Collectie Canne Meijer’), list of the papers of Canne Meijer, by B.A. Sijes, Amsterdam: iisg, November 1964, and Johanna Welcker, February 1973. – Anton Pannekoek archives: catalogued (1964) by B.A. Sijes, they contain many unpublished works by the main theoretician of council-communism. His memoirs were published as: Herinneringen: herinneringen uit de arbeidersbeweging, sterren- kundige herinneringen (Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 1982). Pannekoek’s papers still await publication. A fire during the war (in Arnhem in 1944) destroyed most of the written correspondence of the interwar period. – Herman Gorter archives: the Gorter Archive in Bussum (where Gorter lived) includes some unpublished works and manuscripts, both political and literary. It includes letters to Kautsky, Pannekoek, Van Ravesteyn, Wijnkoop, and so on. Gorter destroyed many letters (including some from Lenin) in the 1920s. – Gerrit D. Jordens (1877–1957) archives: engineer, kapn treasurer in the 1920s, until 1925; Jordens collected internal papers, congress-minutes, correspondence and fin-

Further Reading