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Und Sicherheitslage in Herat, Mazar-E Sharif (Provinz Balkh) Und Kabul 2010-2018 7

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Und Sicherheitslage in Herat, Mazar-E Sharif (Provinz Balkh) Und Kabul 2010-2018 7 1 ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Afghanistan: Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Situation, der Versorgungs- und Sicherheitslage in Herat, Mazar-e Sharif (Provinz Balkh) und Kabul 2010-2018 7. Dezember 2018 © Österreichisches Rotes Kreuz/ACCORD Dieses Dokument ist in elektronischer Form auf www.ecoi.net verfügbar. Österreichisches Rotes Kreuz/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Wien Telefon: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.roteskreuz.at/accord INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorbemerkung ................................................................................................................................. 4 1 Bevölkerungsentwicklung und –zusammensetzung ............................................................. 5 1.1 Anzahl der Einwohner .......................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Herat ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Mazar-e Sharif .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.3 Kabul ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Binnenvertriebene (IDPs) .................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Herat ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 RückkehrerInnen (Iran, Pakistan) ...................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 19 1.3.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Segregation bestimmter Gruppen .................................................................................... 23 1.4.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 24 1.4.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 24 1.4.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 25 2 Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Situation und Versorgungslage, insbesondere von IDPs und RückkehrerInnen seit 2010 ....................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und Trinkwasser ...................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 34 2.1.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 40 2.1.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 46 2.2 Wohnen .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.2.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 62 2.2.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 72 2.2.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 76 2.3 Hygienische Bedingungen & Verbreitung von Krankheiten ............................................ 81 2.3.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 85 2.3.2 Mazar-e Sharif ............................................................................................................ 90 2.3.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 92 2.4 Gesundheitsversorgung ..................................................................................................... 96 2.4.1 Herat ........................................................................................................................... 97 2.4.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 106 2.4.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 113 2.5 Arbeitsmarkt und Arbeitsmarktzugang ........................................................................... 123 2.5.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 131 2.5.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 139 2.5.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 145 2.6 Strukturfördernde Projekte staatlicher und nicht-staatlicher Organisationen ............ 151 2.7 Durchschnittsverdienst und Kosten für Lebensunterhalt .............................................. 158 2.7.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 163 2.7.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 164 2.7.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 165 2.8 Ausbildungszugang für Kinder ......................................................................................... 167 2.8.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 170 2.8.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 174 2.8.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 178 2.9 Umweltbedingungen ....................................................................................................... 182 2.9.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 183 2.9.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 183 2.9.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 184 2.10 Schattenwirtschaft und Drogenhandel ................................................................... 184 3 Entwicklung der Sicherheitslage ......................................................................................... 189 3.1 Sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle, Anschläge und Opferzahlen .......................................... 189 3.1.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 199 3.1.2 Mazar-e Sharif (Provinz Balkh) ................................................................................. 204 3.1.3 Kabul ......................................................................................................................... 209 3.2 Militärische Operationen und Präsenz regierungsfeindlicher Gruppen ....................... 215 3.2.1 Provinz Herat ............................................................................................................ 219 3.2.2 Provinz Balkh ............................................................................................................ 222 3.2.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 225 3.3 Kriminalität und Polizeipräsenz in unterschiedlichen (insbesondere in von IDPs und RückkehrerInnen bewohnten) Stadtteilen ........................................................................ 228 3.3.1 Herat ......................................................................................................................... 232 3.3.2 Mazar-e Sharif .......................................................................................................... 235 3.3.3 Kabul ........................................................................................................................... 239 3.4 Gewalttägige Konflikte innerhalb und zwischen sozialen Gruppen; Übergriffe auf religiöse Minderheiten, IDPs und RückkehrerInnen ........................................................
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