2019 MG Training
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Outline
All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu • Cultivars: Apples, peaches, cherries, plums, apricots Growing Tree Fruit in New Mexico • Frost management Shengrui Yao • Training and pruning NMSU Alcalde Center • Pest control [email protected] • Jujubes 505-852-4241
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Apples: Ginger Gold Gala
• Nice flavor • Productive • Early, yellow cultivar • Small fruit (need • Nice quality thinning) • Short shelf life • Store well
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Apple- Honeycrisp Apple cultivars • Ginger Gold: early, yellow skin, nice flavor • Crispy, juicy, sweet • Gala: early, nice flavor, small fruit • Weak cultivar, • Golden Supreme: chance seedlings, ranked high semi-dwarfing • Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Honeycrisp rootstocks • Fuji: late cultivar, nice flavor and store well • Specialty: scab resistant cultivars, cooking cultivars • Crop well • Frostbite: special flavor, nice cider apple (pink juice). • Late blooming • Arkansas Black: • Disease resistant
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1 2019 MG Training
Conventional vs. Club cultivars SweeTango® • Gala • Pink Lady • MN1914 (Minneiska) • Honeycrisp • Honey Crunch • Super quality, not resistant to apple scab • Fuji • SweeTango • Parents: Honeycrisp x Zestar • Gingergold • Ambrosia • 2 weeks earlier than Honeycrisp • Store not as well as Honeycrisp • Golden Delicious • Pacific Rose • Club Apple, not available for regular growers except that • Red Delicious • Jazz coop.- ‘The next big thing’ • Granny Smith etc. • New York 1, WA2 • May find it at grocery stores etc. • Evercrisp
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Evercrisp Apple Rootstocks • Released in 2012 by Midwest Apple Improvement • Regular- seedlings, MM111 etc. Association (MAIA) • Fuji x Honeycrisp • Semi-dwarfing, M7, M26, G935. • More like Fuji but a bit • Dwarfing, M9, B9, G41 etc. crispier • Store well • Late bloomer
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Apple cultivar trial results Peaches PF-1 PF-1 mature at early July each year at Alcalde Eight Cultivars: Gala, Fuji, Red Chief, Golden Delicious, Akane, Ginger Gold, Red Free and Lucky Jon. • Early • 6 crops out of 10 years • Nice size • Gala was the heaviest producer among the 8 cultivars tested, followed by Ginger Gold and Lucky Jon. • Reasonable • Red Chief (Red Delicious strain) was the lightest quality producer. • Golden Delicious, Red Chief, Red Free, Lucky Jon Bloomed later than Gala, Akane, Ginger Gold and Fuji. • Honeycrisp bloomed the latest; Pinklady and Braeburn were the two earliest ones. • (Select late bloomer and NON-uniform ones). • NMSU Research Bulletin 803
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2 2019 MG Training
Blazing Star Nectar
• White flesh • Mid season • Sweet • Yellow flesh • Nice flavor • Nice flavor • Productive • Not very hardy
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Contender China Pearl • Medium size • Nice flavor • White flesh • Hardy
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Encore Peach cultivar trial summary • Late cultivar • Nice size • Saturn is the earliest to bloom • China Pearl, Encore, Intrepid and Risingstar are • Good flavor late bloomers. • Blushingstar, Surecrop, Blazingstar, Challenger, • Hardy Nectar, Contender, Coralstar, China Pearl, PF-27A, Encore and Crimson Rocket all cropped well in 2012. • -11.9°F killed all peach flower buds on Feb 3, 2011. • PF-1, Blushingstar, Contender, China Pearl and Encore were recommended for central and northern NM. • NMSU Research Report 782
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3 2019 MG Training
Apricots
PF-1 Surecrop Risingstar Sureprince Blazingstar • Goldcot • Harglow • Harlyne Saturn Redhaven Nectar Ark 9 Intrepid • Nice shade tree in NM
Coralstar Blushingstar Ruston Red Contender China Pearl
PF-27A Encore Crimson Rocket China Pearl All About Discovery! ™ All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu aces.nmsu.edu
High tunnel apricot production Cultivar yields in two systems in at Alcalde 2015 Cultivar Training Yield(lb) size(g) STILL VERY RISKY! • Puget Gold had the highest Chinese Aprocit Spindle 18.56 B 45.7 B yield in spindle system while Golden Amber Spindle 19.62 B 41.0 BC Slim Spindle Golden Amber had the Harcot Spindle 24.06 AB 45.3 B highest for UFO. Katy Spindle 16.75 B 53.5 A • On average, UFO produced Puget Gold Spindle 29.06 A 39.2 C 60% yield of the spindle Chinese Apricot UFO 10.23 B 46.6 BC system in 2015. Golden Amber UFO 18.59 A 39.7 C Harcot UFO 8.62 B 53.7 B Katy UFO 14.94 AB 61.3 A Puget Gold UFO 11.32 AB 53.4 B
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Equipment: Cherries
• Lapins Blackgold
Thermostat
Worthington Pro Grade 100-lb Propane Tank
MASTER 125,000-170,000 Btu PROPANE/LP FORCED AIR HEATER: ~$300 with automatic on
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Sweet Cherries • White Gold, Blackgold, Lapins, Sweetheart Tart Cherries • Stella: first self-fertile cultivar, small • Lambert, Van, and Bing going down, Lapins and • Montmorency Balaton, Danube Sweetheart going up in Washington State
Amarelle type Morello type All About Discovery! ™ All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu aces.nmsu.edu
Plums Japanese plum-Santa Rosa • Earlyblue fruited in 2018! • Castleton • Stanley • All European type
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Stone fruit winter hardiness in 2011 Assessment of winter/frost damage • Tart cherry, European plum> sweet cherry> for stone fruit apricot>Japanese plum>peach. • How many buds are swelling- those do not swell • Peach: Encore, China Pearl, and Intrepid> are damaged early (winter damage); Contender, Surecrop, PF-1>Blazingstar • How many buds are blooming- some buds • Apricot: Harlyne, Sunglo, Harglow> Goldcot, swelled but do not go further; Puget Gold, Perfection. • How many flowers have normal green pistils. • Blackgold, Stella> Whitegold, Rainer • How many flowers set fruit. • Peach flower was less hardier than other species. There were still enough flower buds left at -7.2°F but nothing left at -11.3°F. • Tools: razor blade, magnify glass
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5 2019 MG Training
Peach winter damage Feb 3, 2011 China Pearl Crimson Rocket
Suitable for narrow space
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Japanese plum and European Apple frost damages plum
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Frost management Late blooming Varieties • Most critical issue in fruit production in NM • Harglow- apricot • Black Gold- cherry • Contender-peach • China Pearl-peach • HoneyCrisp, Evercrisp-apple
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6 2019 MG Training
Frost management Frost protection
• Site selection: a suitable site is the most • Wind machine/helicopter-commercial important issue in frost protection. Avoid • Burner cold pocket, field with 4-8% slope- ease • Sprinkler: over head sprinkler/under the drainage of cold air. canopy sprinkler • Frost protection: those techniques are • Row cover useful in non-perfect locations • (Christmas lights for single backyard tree)
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Under canopy Sprinklers Overhead sprinklers
• Need continuous water supply
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Orchard Fans Training and Pruning
The central leader system is suitable for apple trees for home gardeners.
Central Leader System Extension Pub H-333
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7 2019 MG Training
Super Spindle Tall spindle system and vertical axe
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Near Alcalde, NM
• Too many heading cut • Stimulate water sprout • Remove strong water sprouts growth • Leave some shoots untouched • Shade problem • Head them back the next season and the remaining All About Discovery! ™ All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University New Mexico State University spurs set fruit soon aces.nmsu.edu aces.nmsu.edu
Pruning new plantings Principles for pruning neglected trees • Central leader system: heading cut. The first • Remove dead, diseased, damaged wood 3-4 years are critical for tree framework • Lower the height of the tree formation. • Reducing overcrowding (remove • Tall spindle, super spindle, vertical axe undesirable interior branches) etc.: high density, no heading cut, minimum pruning for the first 3-4 years. Early cropping. • Remove low hanging off branches • Prune moderately every year.
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8 2019 MG Training
Before pruning After pruning Peach training and pruning
• Peach needs more sunlight than apples. • No central leader for peach training, all open centered. • Open Vase (center), Perpendicular V.
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Open Vase Perpendicular-V • Dormant Pruning –Remove vigorous shoots (water sprouts) –Shape tree –Choose fruiting wood as close to scaffolds as possible –Thin branches • Summer Pruning –Reduce height of tree to 8 feet –Remove dead shoots –Increase light penetration to fruiting wood • Thin shoots • Be careful of sunburn – leave a few upright shoots in middle
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Pest Management
• Codling moth • Apple maggot • Peach twig borer • Peach tree borer • Cherry fruit fly
Too upright
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9 2019 MG Training
Codling moth
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Codling moth CM mating disruption
• Mating disruption plus sprays • Biofix= first moth catch in traps • Degree Day (DD) • DD=(Max T+Min T)/2-50F • Threshold 50- 88F. • Egg hatch between 200- 250 DD after biofix • IPM All About Discovery! ™ All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu aces.nmsu.edu
Pheromone Puffer Apple maggot • Spread quickly in NM • Monitor with yellow card • Chemical spray: GF-120 NF Naturalyte bait
Easy installation
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10 2019 MG Training
Peach twig borer Peach twig borer
• Overwinter larvae- oil + insecticide • 2nd cover: monitoring traps for Biofix • DD: same formula as CM • Pheromone disruption: Isomate®-P
(Pacific Biocontrol Corporation)
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Peach tree borer (Greater) Peach tree borer management
• Pheromone traps start May 15 at Alcalde • Long flight time (June – Sept) • Chemical control • Cultural management (healthy tree, latex paint, no trunk wrap in summer, free space around trunk etc.) • Pheromone disruption (Isomate PTB Dual or Isomate P) • Mechanic treatment
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Cherry fruit fly Spotted Wing Drosophila • New pest • Attach soft fruit especially later in the season • Blackberry and raspberry, cherry and grape • Yellow sticky card to monitor • GF-120 NF Naturalyte* Fruit • More info: contact? Fly Bait (Dow Agro)
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Alternative tree fruit crop- Multipurpose Plants jujubes Fruits • Bloom late and avoid late frosts – Fresh eat – Drying • Tolerate high pH soil and summer heat – Processing • Nutritious fruit (Vitamin C 200- – Culinary uses 600mg/100g) – Drinks – Wine • Dried fruit stores well – Medicinal uses (including seeds- ‘Suanzaoren’) Wood: very hard Nectar plants: for honey production and sanctuary for beneficial insects.
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Adaptability Drought tolerant! • Wide adaptability to soil and weather conditions • Late season startup–leaf out in late April or May at Alcalde • Heat and drought tolerance • Precocious, reliable crop, and long-lived plants • Varied tree shapes, fruit shapes and sizes • Winter hardy in NM (-20˚F?) • NO insect and disease problems (so far) Avoid late cultivars in northern NM and high elevations.
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Sepals When to harvest the fruit? Green fruit creamy in color (white mature Petals stage) half creamy/half red in color (half red stage) fully red in color (fully red stage) Fully mature stage
Pistil Anthers
A single jujube flower All About Discovery! ™ All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu aces.nmsu.edu
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Cultivars • Li: big fruit, good for fresh eating; • Lang: pear shaped, good for drying; • Alcalde #1: earliest at Alcalde, big fruit, nice flavor; • Sugarcane: medium in size, sweet, good for both fresh Early cultivar: Late cultivar, Productive eating and drying; Alcalde #1 excellent quality: cultivar: KFC • Honeyjar: excellent in fresh eating, small fruit; Honeyjar MayaSandia Russian 2 • Maya/Russian 2: excellent quality, small fruit, productive; • KFC: mid season, very productive, good flavor; • Sandia: late cultivar, best fruit eating in my collection! • So: contorted, nice flavor, good ornamental; • Mushroom, Dragon, Teapot
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Ornamental cultivars So Sugarcane
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References • H310: Fruits and Nuts for New Mexico Orchards aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H310.pdf • H324: Home Garden Strawberry Production in New Mexico aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H324.pdf • H330: Jujube: Chinese Date in New Mexico aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H330.pdf • H333: Training Young Apple Trees to the Central Leader System aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H333.pdf • H335: Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) Grafting aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H335.pdf • NMSU Research Bulletin 803: Evaluation of eight apple cultivars and two training systems in northern New Mexico • NMSU Research Report 782: Peach cultivar evaluation in northern New Mexico http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/research/horticulture/RR782/welcome.html
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