Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19493-8 - Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning, and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes Brenda Longfellow Index More information

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INDEX

Achaia, province of, 3, 48, 94, 107, Tyche, 12–13 Asia, province of, 6–7, 62, 64, 65, 73, 110, 112, 114, 119, 134, 140, 141, water supply, 142–143 80, 94, 189, 209. See also 147. See also individual cities Antoninus Pius, 82, 90, 107, 113, individual cities Actaeon, 75, 76 135–136, 142. See also individual Athena, 180. See also Minerva Actium, battle of, 25, 49, 132, 134, monuments under specific locale Athens, 76, 107, 108, 114, 115, 120, 135 statue of, 124 134, 135, 147, 161, 162, 209 Aelius Verus, 128 Aphrodite, 12, 76. See also Arch of , 120–121 statue of, 127, 128 statue of, 76, 86, 92, 93, 94, 155, Arch on Plateia Street, 109, 110, Aemilius Paullus, Lucius, 14 187 130 Agrippa, 19, 20, 21, 26, 55 Apollo, 24–25, 40, 49, 134, 154, 155, Classical Agora, 109, 123, 124, 127 Alexander Severus, 43, 45, 164, 190, 156, 190 East Building, 126, 128, 129 192, 196, 200, 201–204, 209, 211. statue of, 154–155, 158, Enneakrounos, 9, 108, 136 See also individual monuments 170 Fountain in the Roman Agora, 109, under specific locale Apollonia, Albania, 24, 48, 49 110 coins of, 33, 43–44, 45, 190, 191, aqueduct. See water supply and Ilissos River, 9, 108 194 individual aqueducts under Kallirhoe Spring, 9, 108 Alexander the Great, 12, 17, 214 specific locale Library of Hadrian, 120, 136 Alexandria Troas (Eski Stamboul), Argos, Greece, 122, 135, 145, 146, Library of Pantainos, 127, 128 Turkey, 148 161, 162 Lykabettos Nymphaeum, 7, 113, Nymphaeum, 99, 141, 148–150, Kriterion, 119 118, 119, 120, 121–122, 123, 130, 161 Larissa Nymphaeum, 7, 112–120, 140, 150, 162, 209 Ammianus Marcellinus, 164, 172 121, 122, 130, 135, 140, 147, 149, Nymphaeum in the Classical Agora, Androkles, 89–90 150, 157, 160, 161, 162, 171, 7, 99, 113, 121, 122–130, statue of, 86, 89–90 209–210 134–135, 136, 149, 150, 162, 170, Antioch in Pisidia, Turkey. Sanctuary of Kephisos, 119, 145 183, 209, 210 See Pisidian Antioch water supply, 112, 114, 119 Olympieion, 9, 120, 135 Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Turkey, 7, Aristion. See Claudius Aristion, Panathenaic Way, 123, 124, 130, 12, 141–142, 143, 161 Tiberius 134, 135 coins of, 12 Artemis, 76, 79, 80, 94, 186, Roman Agora, 109, 130 Kastalia Spring, 141 187–188 Southeast Fountain House, 108, Pallas Spring, 141 statue of, 158, 160, 187 122, 129–130, 135, 136 Saramanna Spring, 141, 144, Asia Minor, 2, 3, 4, 24, 46, 61, 67, 74, Southeast Temple, 128–129, 130 145 84–85, 86–87, 88, 95–96, 104, Southwest Fountain House, 46 Temple of the Nymphs, 141, 142, 107, 133, 137, 138–139, 140, 141, Stoa of Attalos II, 109, 130 145, 147 147, 149, 152, 159, 161, 162, 168, Stoa of Eumenes II, 109 Theatron, 141, 143–147, 161, 180, 181, 185, 188, 190, 209, 210. water supply, 108–109, 112, 121, 171 See also individual cities 122, 150

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Index

Augustus, 3, 5–6, 19–25, 26, 28, 32, Constans, 205 Fountain near the Magnesian Gate, 37–39, 43, 45–46, 49–50, 55, statue of, 205 63, 79–80, 82, 83, 85, 94, 99, 58–59, 72, 73, 77, 92, 109, Constantine, 59, 196, 201, 202. See 205 131–132, 134, 141, 146, 159, 164, also individual monuments Fountain of , 7, 61, 62, 166, 201, 203, 208, 209, 211. under specific locale 63–76, 81, 82, 84–85, 86, 92, 94, See also individual monuments coins of, 40 99, 126, 127, 149, 195, 209 under specific locale Constantine Chlorus, 196 Hydrekdocheion of Laecanius coins of, 24–25, 39, 40, 42, 43 Constantius, 205 Bassus, 6, 61, 68, 76, 92, 132, Aurelia Paulina, 186–188 Corinth, 4, 9, 49, 76, 108, 110, 112, 168, 181 automaton, 16, 17 134, 182 Hydrekdocheion of , 62, 63, (Bourges), France, 2 coins of, 46, 47–49, 59 76, 77–95, 99, 101, 126, 128, 132, Fountain in the South Stoa, 46, 133, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160, Babbius Philinus, Gnaeus, 110 110–112 162, 171, 206 baetyl, 24–25, 39, 48, 49, 154 Glauke Fountain, 108, 114 Library of Kelsos, 206 Baiae, Italy Peirene Fountain, 4, 9, 10, 49, 68, Marnas Aqueduct, 64, 77, 80, blinding of Polyphemos, 73, 74, 108, 119 103 86 Peirene Spring, 10 Memmius Building, 67, 71, 100, Villa of Claudius, 26, 68, 72, 73 Poseidon Fountain, 213 205 Battle of Actium. See Actium, battle of water supply, 49, 112 Temple of Artemis, 206 Coronea, Greece, water supply, 112 Temple of Domitian, 63, 76, 81, 88 Caecilius Metellus, Lucius, 14 Cuicul (Djemila), Algeria, Meta Throessitica Aqueduct, 77, 80 Caelius Montius, Lucius, 205–206 Sudans–type fountain, 25, 46–47 water supply, 65, 77, 80, 101, 103, Caesar, Julius, 18–19, 20, 24, 25, 59, Cyrene, Libya, 13, 99 209 109, 110 Epirus, province of, 112, 113, 131, Caligula, 39, 142 Delphi, 10 134, 140 Calvisius Ruso, Publius, 7, 61, 64–65, Kassotis Fountain, 108, 119 Eros, 75, 76, 86, 187 68, 73–75, 76, 77, 81, 94–95, 98, Kastalia Fountain, 108, 119 euergetism, 2, 7, 50, 58, 62, 81–82, 93, 149, 155, 195, 202–203, 205, 209 Monument of Aemilius Paullus, 14 107, 114, 119, 135, 155, 203, 209 Caracalla, 62, 160, 166, 178, 182, 183, omphalos, 43 Eusebius, 40 205. See also individual Temple of Apollo, 108 monuments under specific Didius Julianus, 164 Faustina the Younger, statue of, 127, locale Dinokrates, 12 128 statue of, 176 Diocletian, 205 Faustulus, 20 Carthage, Tunisia, spring complex on Dion, Greece, water supply, 112 Formia, Italy, Fountain on the Via Mount Zaghouan, 146, 147 Dionysos, 12, 16, 72, 74, 76, 86, Appia, 16, 17 Cassius Dio, 104, 144, 178, 179 155 fountain sculpture. See individual Castelgandolfo, Italy statue of, 86, 90, 91, 94, 155 monuments under specific locale Blinding of Polyphemos, 73 Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 14 fountains. See also specific locale Ninfeo Dorico, 15, 118 Dioskouroi, 14 architectural types of, 4, 7, 11, 15, Villa of Domitian, 73 Domitian, 7, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 42, 47, 25, 63, 67–68, 77, 82, 89, 93, 94, castellum, 19, 26, 28, 32, 36, 102, 103, 48, 50–59, 61, 62, 65, 68, 73–75, 102, 118, 119, 121, 129, 131, 152, 166, 175, 192 77, 95, 168, 192, 195, 198–200, 168, 180, 188, 190, 225 Chronographer of 354, 50, 165 201, 202, 205, 209, 211. See also civic, 1–5. See also specific locale Cincari (Henchir Tounga), Tunisia, individual monuments under domestic, 12, 19, 26, 27–28, 31, 73, Septidonium, 174, 175, 176–178 specific locale 102, 107, 119, 146 Citharoedus, 40 coins of, 33, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47 Greek, 9–11 Claudius, 7, 25, 31, 73, 151. See also statue of, 199, 200 Hellenistic, 11 individual monuments under Dyrrachium, (Durres),¨ Albania, water patrons of, 3, 6–8. See also specific locale supply, 112 individual patrons coins of, 42 payment for, 6, 61–62, 79, 81, 136, Claudius Aristion, Tiberius, 77–82, Elagabalus, 189 148 85, 86, 87, 88, 90–91, 93, 94–95, Eleusis, Greece, 136 sacred, 100. See also specific locale 100, 105, 206, 227, 228, 229, Fountain, Roman, 136 , 73, 100, 102 230 Kallichoros Well, 136 Fucine Lake, 7 Claudius Piso, Tiberius, 141, 151, Ephesos, 61, 62, 64–65, 67, 72, 74, 76, 154–155, 156, 159 80, 82, 89, 90, 91–93, 94, 99, 100, Gallienus, 203 VII, 25 117, 151, 155, 181, 205–206, 208, coins of, 40 Colle Ceserano, Italy, Blinding of 209 gardens, domestic, 11, 16, 17, 19, 27, Polyphemos, 73 Bouleuterion, 62, 82 53, 54, 59 Commodus, 166 Byzantine Fountain, so-called, 206 Geta, 62, 183, 186, 205 statue of, 41 Fontane,¨ so-called, 64–65, 100, 205 statue of, 178

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Index

Gordian III, 44, 94, 181, 205 Laodikeia-on-the-Lykos, Turkey, 188 Nymphaeum Pa, 7, 94, 113, coins of, 33, 44–45 Caracalla Nymphaeum, so-called, 131–133, 149, 157, 210 Gortyn, Crete, 76, 136, 138, 206, 208 189 Nymphaeum Pb, 131–133, 136 Nymphaeum near the so-called Nymphaeum A, 188–189, 190 water supply, 49, 112, 131, Praetorium, 100, 136, 137, Leptis Magna, Libya, 7, 183 133–134 206–208 Great Nymphaeum, 7, 183–185, nymphaeum, 99–100, 213. See also grotto, 3, 9–10, 12, 15, 20, 27, 54, 68, 193 specific locale 72, 73, 76, 102, 103, 113, 114, Small Nymphaeum, 183 nymphs, 10, 100, 102, 108, 113, 119, 119, 146, 149. See also specific Libanius, 141, 142, 145 138, 141, 142, 145, 174 locale Lilybaeum (Marsala), Sicily, statues of, 12, 18, 19, 35, 138, 176 Septizodium, 174 Hadrian, 3, 7, 49, 106, 107–108, 112, literature. See specific authors Octavian. See 114–115, 119–121, 122, 126, 128, Lokroi Epizephyroi, Sicily, 14 Odysseus, 16, 69, 72–73, 86, 252 131, 133–135, 136, 138, 139, Caruso Cave, 10, 15, 113 statue of, 26, 68–69 140–141, 143, 145–148, 154, 157, fountain models, 10 Olympia, Greece, 126, 136, 154, 210 160, 161–162, 164, 181, 182, 195, Lucius Verus, 206 Nymphaeum, 4, 99, 125, 127, 128, 196, 209–210. See also individual Lugdunum (Lyon), France, 178, 196 147, 170, 210 monuments under specific locale Triumphal Fountain, 211 Olympian Zeus of Pheidias, 226 coins of, 46, 47 Lykiskos Dioskourides, 95, 98, 105 Temple of Zeus, 136, 210 statue of, 116, 117–118, 124, 146, Orpheus, 22 154–155, 157, 158, 159–160 Maecenas, 26, 203 Ostia, Italy, 76, 105 Hadrianopolis (Odrin), Turkey, Malalas, John, 12, 141, 142–145, 147 Ovid, 18, 22, 216, 217 181–182 Marc Antony, 25, 72 Henchir Bedd, Tunisia, Septizodium, Marcius Rex, Quintus, 55 Pamphylia, 153, 154, 188 174 Marcus Aurelius, 73, 82, 136, 166, Pausanias, 89, 107, 108, 110, 119, 120, Herakles, 12, 87, 155 196 122, 129 statue of, 155 statue of, 41 Peisistratos, 9, 108, 209 Herod, 141, 142 Maron, 16, 17, 216 Pergamon, Turkey, 11, 62, 67, 159 Herodes Atticus, 4, 73, 82, 94, 99, Mars, 174, 179 Asklepieion, 118 125, 126, 136, 141, 147, 148, 149, statue of, 176 Perge, Turkey, 76, 94, 141, 153, 161, 210, 211 martial, 22, 31, 56–57, 58 162, 188 Hierapolis, Turkey, 144, 159, 188, Megara, Greece Hydreion of Aurelia Paulina, 100, 190 Fountain of Theagenes, so-called, 185–188, 190 Nymphaeum of the Tritons, 11 Kestros River, 158 189–190 water supply, 11 North Nymphaeum, 156–161, 167, Historia Augusta, 40, 165, 167, 170, Mercury, 174, 179 170, 204, 209 171, 173, 174, 201 Messene, Greece, Fountain of Arsinoe, Pertinax, 164, 178 Homer, 69, 74, 75, 114 108–9, 112 Pescennius Niger, 164 hydreion, 100. See also specific locale Meta–Sudans type fountain. Pharsalus, battle of, 18 hydrekdocheion, 99. See also specific See specific locale Philostratus, 148, 150 locale Miletos, Turkey Pisdian Antioch, Turkey, 240 Great Nymphaeum, 7, 61, 68, 76, Piso. See Claudius Piso, Tiberius Julia Domna, 179, 186 94, 168, 181, 205 Plautilla, 178, 182 statue of, 178, 187 Sacred Way, 100 Pliny the Elder, 18, 19, 31 Julia Lydia Laterane, 77–79, 80, 82, Minerva, 50, 176. See also Athena Pliny the Younger, 7, 81, 94, 104–105, 87, 88, 90–91, 94 Mount Athos, 12 150 Jupiter, 174, 179. See also Zeus munera, 100 Polyphemos, 16, 69, 86, 227 Justinian, 142 statue group, 26, 69–75, 76, 86, Nero, 20, 28–30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 195. See also Blinding of Keramos (Oren),¨ Turkey, 61, 99 43, 54, 73, 134, 151. See also Polyphemos under specific locale Bakıcak, 95–98, 99, 153 individual monuments under Pompeii, 11, 53 Korykian Spring (Mount Parnassos), specific locale compital shrines, 26 10 coins of, 40 water supply, 26–28 krene, 100, 213 Nerva, 50, 73, 100, 166, 172 Pompey the Great, 17–18 statue of, 86, 90 Pontus-Bithynia, province of, 7, 104 lacus, 19, 21, 57 Nike of Samothrace, 13 Poseidon, 155 Laecanius Bassus, Gaius, 6, 61 Nikomedia (Izmit), Turkey, 104, 150 Praeneste (), Italy, Laetorius, Gaius, 38 water supply, 105 Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Lambaesis (Tazoult), Algeria, 175 Nikopolis, Greece, 25, 46, 49, 105, 146 Septizonium, 174, 175–176, 177, 134, 135, 136, 161, 209, 211 Propertius, 16, 18, 19 183 coins of, 46, 47, 48, 59, 134, 182 Punta Epitaffio. See Baiae, Italy

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Regilla, 4, 125, 126, 136, 210, 211 Fountain in the Terrace of Temple of the Flavian Gens, 50, Remus, 20 Domitian, 32, 51–53, 54, 55–57, 58 Rhodes, Greece, 119 58, 59, 74, 118, 137, 163, 172, Temple of Venus Genetrix, 18, 19, Sanctuary of Athena Lindia, 13 208, 211 57 river god, 103, 157, 160, 161, 171, Fountain of Orpheus, 22–23, 57 Temple of Venus Victrix, 16, 17 180. See also specific locale Garden of Maecenas, 32, 203 Temple of Vespasian and Titus, statue of, 103, 152, 155, 159, 170, Horologium, so-called, 39, 58 50 171 hortus, 31, 32 Tiber, statue of, 170–172, 178, hydra, statue of, 20 194 Appiades Fountain, 18, 19, 20, 21, Lacus Curtius, 20 Via Flaminia, 6 56 Lacus Juturnae, 13–14, 20 water supply, 19, 21, 28, 101, 102, Aqua Alsietina, 19 Lacus Servilius, 20 166 , 25, 194 Lares Augusti, 21, 25 Romulus, 20, 21, 23–24, 178, 208 Aqua Anio Vetus, 22 , 20 Ruso. See Calvisius Ruso, Publius , 25, 28, 54, 166, 168, Marble Plan, Severan (Forma Urbis 194 Romae), 22, 102, 167–168, 169, sacred springs, 10, 15, 76. See also Aqua Julia, 19, 77, 194 172, 173 specific locale , 54–56, 57 Markets of Trajan, 32, 51 Sagalassos, Turkey, 150, 151, 152, Aqua Tepula, 55 Marsyas, statue of, 17 155, 157, 159, 161 , 39, 101–104, 107, Meta Sudans, Augustan, 23–25, 28, Nymphaeum, Antonine, 151, 213, 114, 171 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38–39, 43, 58, 245 , 19 163, 208 Nymphaeum, Late Hadrianic, 141, , 39 Meta Sudans, Flavian, 23, 25, 26, 151–156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 170 Arch of Claudius, 42 32, 33–37, 38–40, 41–48, 49, 50, Nymphaeum, Trajanic, 151 , 57, 195, 196, 58–60, 61, 74, 134, 154, 163, 164, Temple of Apollo Klarios, 154, 156, 201, 202 165, 179, 192, 202, 208, 209, 211 161 Arcus Caelimontani, 166, 168 Nymphaeum of Alexander Severus, Samothrace, Greece Auditorium of Maecenas, 26, 53 39, 163–164, 170, 190–195, Nike, 13 , 20 196–198, 199, 200–201, 202–204, Sanctuary of the Great Gods, 13 , 104, 198, 200 205, 209 Saturn, 174, 179 Baths of Titus, 42, 43, 44, 50 Odeum of Domitian, 50, 51 statue of, 176 , 50, 102, 103 Palatine, 20, 50, 58, 164, 165, Scythopolis, Israel, Nymphaeum, Campus Martius, 17, 18, 20, 39, 51, 172 213 56, 58 Pantheon, Agrippan, 195 Seleukos I, 12 Capitolium, 32, 33, 42, 50, 65, Pantheon, Hadrianic, 164 Seleukos II, 142 120 pomerium, 23 Septimius Severus, 7, 62, 160, 163, , 104, 169, 182 Porta Capena, 50, 164, 172, 175 164–167, 168, 172, 173, 175, . See Flavian Porticus Divorum, 50, 51 178–179, 182–183, 185, 186, 188, Amphitheater Porticus Minucia Vetus, 50 205. See also individual , 200 Porticus of Pompey, 5, 16–18, 19, monuments under specific locale Column of Trajan, 104, 198, 200 22 statue of, 167, 170, 178, 187 compital shrines, 21, 22, 25 Sacred Way, 38, 172, 175 septizodium, 163, 173–178. Curiae Veteres, 23 Sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus, See also specific locale Dioskouroi, statues of, 14, 20 100 Side, Turkey, 76, 188 , 52 Septizodium, 137, 163, 164–173, Nymphaeum, 94, 181, 204 , 28–30, 31, 32, 38, 174, 175, 176, 177–180, 181, Sinope, Turkey, 105, 150 43, 53, 54, 73, 102, 172 182–183, 185, 194, 203, 209, 211 Soada Dionysiade (Suweida), Syria, 2, , 53 , 50, 51 61, 99 Esquiline Gate, 22, 193, 203 Stagnum Agrippae, 20 Nymphaeum, 100, 101 Euripus, 20 Temple of Apollo Palatinus, 24, 25, Sparta, Greece, water supply, 112 Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), 39, 154 Sperlonga, Italy, 54, 72, 74 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 172 Temple of Castor and Pollux, 14, Blinding of Polyphemos, 73, 74 , 20–21, 22, 24, 50 grotto, 73 50, 51, 52, 56, 110 Temple of Divine Caesar, 42 spolia, 57, 71–72, 74, 195–196, , 5, 18–19, 20, 21, Temple of Divine Claudius, 28, 201–203 23, 50, 51, 55, 56 29 Statius, 40 Forum of Trajan, 32, 50, 52, 55, 57, Temple of Isis and Serapis, 50 Suetonius, 23, 25, 38, 40, 50, 173 104, 198, 199, 201, 202 , 20–21, summa honoria, 6, 62 Forum Romanum, 13, 14, 17, 18, 110 20, 164, 178, 196, 199 Temple of Minerva Chalcidia, 50 Tacitus, 32 Forum Transitorium, 50, 51 Temple of Peace, 39, 50, 164, 167 Temnin el Foka, Syria, 118

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Index

Tetrarchs, statues of, 205 Trajan, 6, 7, 12, 50, 59, 61, 62, 73, 78, Venus, 86, 174, 179. See also Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria, 105, 80, 81, 82, 92, 94–95, 99, Aphrodite 160 100–106, 107, 114, 134, 141, statue of, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, Thasos, Greece, 13 142–143, 146, 150, 156, 160, 171, 138, 176 Thucydides, 9, 108 192, 198–201, 202, 203, 209. Vespasian, 32–33, 42–43, 48, 49, 54, Thugga (Dougga), Tunisia, 62 See also individual monuments 151, 164. See also individual arch, 62, 160 under specific locale monuments under specific Meta–Sudans type fountain, 25, coins of, 103–104 locale 46–47 statue of, 84, 86–89, 91, 94, 99, 117 coins of, 42 Tiberius, 20, 73, 77, 141 Triton, 16, 187 statue of, 151 Tigranes II, 12 trophy, 191–192, 194, 195, 196–202, villa. See specific locale Titus, 33, 55, 173, 175. See also 211 Vitellius, 32 individual monuments under Tyche, 12–13, 190 Vitruvius, 12, 214 specific locale coins of, 33, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 59 Ulpia Augusta Traiana (Stara Zagora), water supply. See specific Tivoli, Italy Bulgaria, 100 locale Fountain in the Villa of Brutus, 15, Ulpius Traianus, Marcus, 6, 61, 100 118 Zaghouan, Mount. See Carthage, Villa of Hadrian, 73, 107, 118, 126, Valens, 205 Tunisia 146, 195 Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Marcus, Zeus, 65, 95, 145, 147, 158, 159, 196, Tortoreto, Italy, Polyphemos statue 214 210. See also Jupiter group, 73 Vedius Antoninus, Publius, 82, 90 statue of, 158, 160

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