Coping with Protracted Displacement

\ WORKING PAPER 2\ 2018 Coping with protracted displacement How Afghans secure their livelihood in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan Elke Grawert \ BICC Katja Mielke \ BICC \ WORKING PAPER 2 \ 2018 COPING WITH PROTRACTED DISPLACEMENT \ E. GRAWERT & K. MIELKE SUMMARY This Working Paper addresses the situation of Afghans before, during and after their displacements in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. Its aim is: (1) to under- stand how internally displaced lower-class Afghans, refugees who have returned and Afghan refugees staying in Pakistan and Iran perceive their current living conditions and what activities they pursue towards securing their families’ livelihood; (2) to establish the influence of socio- economic class dispositions on the displaced persons’ abilities and agency and on the strategic forging of networks in translocal space as a way of securing their livelihood, and (3) to contribute towards elaborating an analytical livelihood approach that can explain agency in protracted displacement situations caused by violent conflict—thereby going beyond established assumptions of migration and conventional refugee studies. The authors elaborate on the significance of translocal networks for Afghans as a livelihood pillar and consider ‘established–outsider relations’ as enabling condition. The authors argue that both dimensions are constitutive for a livelihood approach that has analytical value in conflict contexts. The evidence- based identification of these two components for a comprehensive livelihood approach in displacement contexts should subsequently guide assistance to displaced people. Entry points are the support of translocal networks and col- lective approaches to securing livelihoods (e.g. targeting extended families) and the equal consideration of host and (re)integration communities in assistance programming. In the case of displaced Afghans, a support of translocal networks could amount to a ‘fourth durable solution’. The empirical data highlight the difference in livelihood options between lower- and middle-class Afghans. While lower-class Afghans generally have fewer options, some may be able to acquire skills and education during their displacement and thus have a greater chance to secure their livelihood more sustainably in the future. Yet both are affected by national policy constraints and ethnic boundary-drawing that inhibit access to resources and assets and the chance of political participation in the host contexts of Iran and Pakistan. Currently, increasing violence in Afghanistan, heightened tensions and adverse policies against Afghans in Pakistan and Iran as well as restrictive European refugee policies contribute to the narrowing of livelihood options. 2 \ \ WORKING PAPER 2 \ 2018 COPING WITH PROTRACTED DISPLACEMENT \ E. GRAWERT & K. MIELKE CONTENTS Main findings 5 Introduction 7 Research questions and approach 7 Translocal networks as a livelihood option 8 Securing livelihood in violent conflicts and protracted displacement situations 9 Entering positionality and class into livelihood analysis 9 Remarks on methods of field research 11 Structure of the paper 11 Livelihood accounts of lower-class Afghans 12 In irregular settlements in Kabul 12 In the vegetable wholesalers’ market (Sabzi Mandi) of Lahore, Pakistan 20 In a camp for internally displaced persons in Herat 25 In a deportee camp in Herat 30 In Mashhad, Iran 34 Around Al-Asif Square of peri-urban Karachi, Pakistan 35 In an agricultural area in Kerman province, Iran 37 Summary: Livelihood options of lower class Afghans 40 Middle-class livelihoods in situations of protracted displacement 42 Specifics of local integration in the displacement context 42 Specifics of return and reintegration in Afghanistan 45 Specifics of middle class ‘non-return’ 46 Summary: Class differences in livelihood options? Applying a livelihood approach to protracted displacement situations 51 Livelihood as an analytical approach to protracted violent conflicts and displacement 51 The established-outsiders figuration as a new lens in livelihood studies 52 Implications for refugee studies and policy approaches towards Afghan displacement 54 Conclusions: Livelihood in violent conflicts and protracted displacement situations 56 Bibliography 58 List of acronyms and abbreviations 64 Annex \ WORKING PAPER 2 \ 2018 3 \ COPING WITH PROTRACTED DISPLACEMENT \ E. GRAWERT & K. MIELKE Main findings Conceptually, i.e. the application of a Translocal networks are a pillar of livelihood security livelihood approach to violent conflict / for Afghans in protracted displacement protracted displacement Strategic translocal networks enable additional livelihood options; the networks provide social Translocal networks and accord within communities arrangements for self-help of extended Afghan families are crucial for securing livelihoods and have become indispensable for securing their Securing a livelihood involves various activities livelihood in protracted displacement situations. Long- of collectives or individuals) within their social envi- established translocal networks, that have long been ronment and social interaction in times of emergency established and have amplified during the past forty with the aim of retaining the basis for resuming years of violent conflict, therefore, constitute a liveli- ‘their way of life’ when the emergency is over. Two hood pillar rather than purely an option. Currently, components are crucial for applying a livelihood these networks are massively under pressure. A con- approach to protracted displacement situations: sequence of this is the decline of self-help capacities Translocal networks as livelihood option and estab- and agency, in particular among the lower class. lished‒outsider relations as framing / enabling Gaining skills during displacement enables future condition. social mobility for lower-class Afghans Research and assistance must consider that people Education and skills acquired during the dis- are under pressure to navigate local power structures placement phase/s are likely to have a positive effect The following aspects must be taken into account: on making a livelihood in the future. (1) The significance of access to powerholders; (2) the ability to negotiate one’s family’s everyday existence In practical terms, i.e. how to apply in adverse conditions as one livelihood option; (3) the findings to policies and operational enabling role of the informal economy; and (4) the assistance work tension between enabling and inhibiting effects of the absence of the rule of law in the displacement Support of transnational networks is necessary to and (re)integration environment. enhance self-organizing capacity of displaced people Refugee and aid policies as well as implementing In terms of content, i.e. how Afghans agencies need to pay systematic attention to options secure their livelihood that could enhance self-organizing capacities of displaced persons on the move and in displacement and Social class affiliation determines livelihood prospects return contexts. This implies adapting measures to Livelihood options of displaced persons differ the logic of translocal networks and their context- considerably depending on their social class as the specific role in sustaining a livelihood in conflict and availability of assets, access to education and regular protracted displacement situations. Currently, how- employment for individuals and their extended family ever, translocal networks do not always receive the vary. Lower-class Afghans who have less or no access same attention as other livelihood options. Likewise, to such options cannot secure their livelihood in the established-outsider relations would be another point same way as middle-class Afghans can. Lower-class of intervention to apply leverage for support. people mostly must do with network relations whose A safe legal status is a precondition financial means at most allow them to survive in pre- The provision of political entitlements to those carious livelihood conditions and largely provide who were born in Iran and Pakistan or have been liv- moral support. In contrast, the networks of middle- ing there in the second or third generation as well as class Afghans are spatially and economically more assuring access to land, housing and employment . diversified. would be the first step to create a sustainable livelihood for lower-class Afghans. \ WORKING PAPER 2 \ 2018 5 \ COPING WITH PROTRACTED DISPLACEMENT \ E. GRAWERT & K. MIELKE Acknowledgements and translated from Dari and Pashto into English for the BMZ project. Moreover, as part of the BMBF’s This Working Paper would not have been possible Crossroads Asia project Ali Yadwar Adili and Wali without the project funding by the German Federal Mohammad Kandiwal assisted the authors in Ministries for Economic Cooperation and Development Afghanistan while Muhammad Usman supported (BMZ) and Education and Research (BMBF), which them in Pakistan. The research in Iran benefitted allowed the authors to repeatedly travel to Afghanistan, greatly from the assistance of Nazi Ahmadi and the Iran and Pakistan and to receive desk support by stu- comments by Homa Maddah. We also extend our dent assistant Laura Gerken. In Afghanistan, we gratitude to the project team—Markus Rudolf, Heidrun strongly relied on the support provided by the staff of Bohnet and Clara Schmitz-Pranghe—as well as Nikita The Liasion Office (TLO), in particular Karima Karimi, Shah and Marie Müller-Koné for a continuous exchange Noordad Sahak, Sharifullah

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