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Home , Federalist Era, Hamilton (play), Whiskey Rebellion

With the Constitution in place, the newly chosen govern- ment began to set procedures and customs for the country. (t)Frank & Marie-Therese Wood Print Collection, Alexandria, VA, (bl)AKG London, (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Alexandria, VA, Print Collection, (t)Frank & Marie-Therese Wood The nation continued to gain new territory and grow, but faced challenges from other countries, including its old foe, Great Britain. The also set foreign policy that would guide its actions for many years. • The American political process took shape during the country’s early years. • The United States began to establish its place in the world as it gained territory and fought wars with foreign powers. 1780 1790 1800 1789 1791 1798 1804 Bill of Rights Alien and Lewis and becomes first is added to Sedition Clark president Constitution Acts are begin passed expedition Washington banner

1796 1800 American ship Strong earth- opens up trade quake hits with San Diego region

1789 1804 The French Revolution begins crowns himself Storming of the emperor Bastille of France 270 ° 130°W120 W 110°W 100°W 90°W80°W70°W

1812 Russian fur traders set up Fort Ross in northern California 1804 Lewis and Clark begin expedition 40°N

1821 California becomes Mexican province N

E PACIFIC W OCEaN S 30°N ATLaNTIC OCEaN

North America, 1830 0 400 miles

United States 0 400 kilometers Lambert Equal-Area projection 20°N Mexican Republic

1810 1820 1830 1812 1823 U.S. declares Monroe Doctrine war on is declared Britain

American sailors 1812 1819 1821 1824 Russian fur traders Northern California California Rancho economy begins set up Fort Ross in border is set at becomes northern California 42nd parallel Mexican province Fort Ross Mexican flag

1815 1821 1824 Allies defeat Mexico wins its Mexico offers land Napoleon at independence grants to Mexicans Waterloo from Spain and immigrants

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See The Era Chapter 5

MONTICELLO

See The Age of Jefferson Chapter 6

Alexander Toussaint Louverture Sacagawea 1755–1804 1735–1826 c. 1743–1804 c. 1787–1812 First Secretary of the First vice president Haitian revolutionary Shoshone guide for Treasury and second president Chapter 6, page 313 Lewis and Clark Chapter 5, page 283 Chapter 5, page 294 Chapter 6, page 315

272 (bkgd)Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Chicago Historical Society, (c)North Wind Picture Archive, (bl)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (bcl)White House Historical Association, (bcr)Bettmann/CORBIS, (br)E.S. Paxson,"Lewis and Clark at Three Forks," Courtesy of the Montana Historical Society, photograph by Don Beaty, LEWIS AND CLARK

See The Age of Jefferson Chapter 6

BATTLE OF NORTH POINT

See Foreign Affairs in the Early Republic Chapter 7

James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving John Calhoun Dolley Madison 1789–1851 1783–1859 1782–1850 1768–1849 American writer American writer Political leader First lady Chapter 6, page 324 Chapter 6, page 324 Chapter 7, page 344 Chapter 7, page 357

273 (t)Western American Prints, (c)Don Troiani, www.historicalartprints.com, (bl bcl)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bcr)Greenville Museum of Art, (br)Stock Montage Royalty-Free/CORBIS

The Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.

1788 1794 1800

1789 1796 1798 George John Adams Congress Washington, D.C. Washington is elected passes Alien THE UNITED is nation’s president and Sedition STATES in 1800 first president Acts hapter Overview C Visit ca.hs om a preview of C s.glencoe.c for hapter 5.

The First President Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments. President Washington and the first Congress built a new government.

Early Challenges Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments. The new American government struggled to keep peace at home and avoid war abroad.

The First Political Parties Citizen participation is essential to the foundation and preservation of the U.S. political system. By the election of 1796, two distinct political parties with different views had developed.

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Summarizing Information Make this foldable and use it as a journal to help you record the major events that occurred as the new nation of the United States formed.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper Step 2 Then fold it in Reading and Writing from top to bottom. half from side to side. As you read the chapter, find the “firsts” experienced by the new nation, and record them in your foldable journal. For example, list the Step 3 Label the precedents set by foldable as shown. Journal of President Washington American and identify the first Firsts political parties.

CHAPTER 5 • The 275 Recognizing Bias

Most people have feelings and ideas that affect their . This viewpoint, or bias, influences the way they interpret events. For this reason, an idea that is stated as a fact may really be only an opinion. Recognizing bias will help you judge the accuracy of what you read.You can look for clues to help uncover bias in written form. Read the list below for hints you can use to identify bias.

• Identify the author of the statement, and examine his or her views and possible reasons for writing the material. • Look for language that reflects an emotion or opinion—words such as all, never, best, worst, might, or should. • Examine the writing for imbalances— focusing on one viewpoint and failing to discuss other perspectives. s fy bias i o identi e way t ut the On ore abo d out m for- to fin u find in r. C an yo or autho he auth about t - mation u under ll help yo that wi e or she inions h stand op ress? may exp

276 Look at the two quotes below. Each has a different opinion about “the people.” On a separate sheet of paper, restate each opinion in your own words. Discuss your conclusions with a partner.

Read to Write Write a paragraph “The people are turbulent describing a person [disorderly] and changing.... or event about which They seldom judge or determine you feel very strongly. right.” Now try to write a paragraph about the —, same person or event Federalist, page 292 without including any personal opinion.

“I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich, are our dependence [what we depend on] Alexander Hamilton for continued freedom.” —, Republican, page 293

Thomas Jefferson

Look for examples of bias in comments made by key figures described in the text.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 277 (bl br)Stock Montage The First President

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary American leaders faced a great challenge. precedent (PREH• suh• duhnt) History Nobody knew if the political system laid cabinet Social Science out by the Constitution would work. national debt (DEHT) Standards Many people wondered: Could this new bond (BAHND) kind of government last? US8.3 Students under- speculator (SPEH•kyuh • LAY •tuhr) stand the foundation of unconstitutional the American political Focusing on the system and the ways in • President Washington and the new (TAR•uhf) which citizens participate Congress established the departments Academic Vocabulary in it. in the executive branch, set up the ultimate (UHL•tuh•muht) US8.4 Students analyze nation’s court system, and added the structure the aspirations and ideals Bill of Rights to the Constitution. of the people of the new (page 279) confirm nation. • Alexander Hamilton, the secretary revenue (REH•vuh• NOO) of the treasury under Washington, Reading Strategy worked to fix financial problems and Classifying Information Use a diagram strengthen the economy. (page 281) like the one below to list the actions Locating Places taken by Congress and Washington’s first Washington, D.C. administration. Meeting People Actions Thomas Jefferson Washington’s Congress Alexander Hamilton First Administration

1789 1790 1791 1792

Apr. 30, 1789 Sep. 1789 Dec. 1791 Washington Judiciary Act Bill of Rights takes the oath sets up federal added to the of office court system Constitution John Jay

278 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era (bl br)White House Historical Association, (bc)Yale University Art Gallery US8.4 Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation.

President Washington believed that it was his leadership that brought them victory in the Revolutionary War. Equally President Washington and the new important, he had willingly given up his mili- Congress established the departments in the tary power as soon as the war was over to executive branch, set up the nation’s court sys- return to his civilian life tending his plantation. tem, and added the Bill of Rights to the Washington was aware of the difficulties Constitution. he faced. He knew that the precedents (PREH• Reading Connection If you were founding our suh• duhnts), or traditions, he established as the nation’s government, what do you think would be nation’s first president would shape the future most important? As you read this section, think of the United States. “No slip will pass unno- about the choices that Washington and the new ticed,” he remarked. One precedent he estab- Congress had to make. lished concerned the way people should address him. Vice President Adams supported “His Highness the President of the United States,” but ultimately it was decided that “Mr. President” would be more appropriate. Washington and the new Congress also had Celebrations erupted in the streets of many decisions to make about the structure of , , Boston, and Charleston government. For example, the Constitution in 1789. News of the Constitution’s ratification gave Congress the power to establish executive was greeted with relief and enthusiasm. All that departments, but it did not state whether the was needed now was a leader to guide the new department heads would report to the presi- nation. dent or to Congress. On April 6, the new Senate counted the presidential ballots. To no one’s surprise, the The First Congress During the summer of votes were unanimous. Senator John Langdon 1789, Congress established three executive wrote to General George Washington: “Sir, I departments: a Department of State to take have the honor to transmit to Your Excellency charge of foreign affairs, a Department of the the information of your unanimous election to Treasury to handle the nation’s finances, and a the office of President of the United States of Department of War to manage the military. America.” Washington was ready to begin the difficult task of leading the country.

The Nation’s First President The 57-year- old president-elect made his way slowly toward , then the nation’s capital. After the Constitutional Convention, George Washington had looked forward to a quiet retirement. Instead his fellow citizens elected him to the highest office in the land. On April 30, 1789, Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States under the federal Constitution. John Adams became vice president. Perhaps no office in the new government created more suspicion among the people than the office of president. Many Americans feared that a president would try to become king, but Americans trusted Washington and they Banner celebrating George Washington

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 279 Frank & Marie-Therese Wood Print Collection, Alexandria, VA Congress also created the office of attorney According to the Constitution, the Senate general to handle the government’s legal must approve presidential appointments to affairs and the office of postmaster general to many important positions. However, other issues direct the postal service. To head the depart- arose. For example, should the president be able ments, Washington chose prominent political to replace an official that he had appointed and figures of the day—Thomas Jefferson as secre- the Senate had confirmed? Senators were evenly tary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary divided when they voted on the issue. of the treasury, and Henry Knox as secretary Vice President Adams broke the tie by voting of war. He appointed Edmund Randolph as to allow the president the authority to dismiss attorney general. Washington met regularly cabinet officers without the Senate’s approval. with the three department heads and the attor- This decision strengthened the president’s posi- ney general, who together became known as tion. It also helped establish the president’s the cabinet. authority over the executive branch.

The Electoral College Billboard advertises new voting system Past The presidents are not elected directly by the voters, but by a body of represen- tatives called the Electoral College. The Constitution left it up to the states to deter- mine how the electors of the Electoral College are chosen. In the first few presiden- tial elections, the state legislatures chose the electors in many states.

Present Today, the voters choose the members of the Electoral College in all the states. Although the ballot shows the names of the presidential candidates, voters are actually voting for a list of presi- dential electors pledged to that candidate. Why do you think voters choose the members of the George Washington Electoral College?

280 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era (tr)Fred Prouser/Reuters/CORBIS, (bl)General Washington on a White Charger, Gift of Edgar William & Bernie Chrysler Garbisch, Image © 2004 Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. US8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of foreign policy, , economic policy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt).

What Did the Judiciary Act Do? The first Strengthening the Economy Congress also had to decide how to set up the nation’s court system. The Constitution briefly Alexander Hamilton, the secretary mentioned a supreme court but did not provide of the treasury under Washington, worked to fix details about the court system. This became a financial problems and strengthen the economy. job for Congress. Reading Connection Have you ever borrowed In the , Congress estab- money from a family member or one of your lished the Supreme Court and the lower federal friends? By doing so, you acquired a debt and had to courts: district courts and courts of appeals. The figure out how and when to pay it back. Hamilton Supreme Court would be the final authority on faced a similar challenge with the nation’s debt. many issues. Washington nominated John Jay to lead the Supreme Court as chief justice, and Washington himself rarely proposed laws, the Senate approved Jay’s nomination. With the and he almost always approved the bills that Judiciary Act, Congress had taken the first steps were passed by Congress. The first president toward creating a strong and independent concentrated on foreign affairs and military national judiciary. matters and left the government’s economic policies to his secretary of the treasury, The Bill of Rights Americans mistrusted Alexander Hamilton. strong central governments. They had fought a The new nation faced serious financial revolution to throw off one and did not want to problems. The national debt (DEHT)—the replace it with another. Many people insisted that amount the nation’s government owed—was the Constitution needed to include guarantees of growing. The United States owed millions of personal liberties. Some states had supported the dollars to France and the Netherlands for loans Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights made during and after the Revolutionary War. be added to protect individual rights. The also had borrowed James Madison introduced a set of amend- millions of dollars from American citizens. ments during the first session of Congress. Congress passed 12 amendments, and the states What Was Hamilton’s Plan? In 1790 ratified 10 of them. In December 1791, these Hamilton proposed that the new government 10 amendments were added to the Constitution pay off the millions of dollars in debts owed by and became known as the Bill of Rights. the Confederation government to other coun- The Bill of Rights protects our individual tries and to individual American citizens. The liberties. Government may not interfere with states had fought for the nation’s indepen- , press, or religion and must dence, Hamilton argued, so the national gov- provide a fair and speedy trial for those accused ernment should pay for the cost of their help. of crimes. The Tenth Amendment protects the Hamilton also believed that federal payment of rights of states and individuals by saying that state debts would give the states a strong inter- powers not specifically given to the federal gov- est in the success of the national government. ernment “are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” With the Tenth Amendment, Opposition to the Plan Congress readily Madison hoped to use the states as an impor- agreed to pay the money owed to other nations, tant line of defense against a too-powerful but Hamilton’s plan to pay off the debt to national government. ; (See pages 260–261 for the American citizens unleashed a storm of protest. entire text of the Bill of Rights.) When the government borrowed money during the , it issued bonds Describe Why was the Bill (BAHNDZ)—paper notes promising to repay the of Rights created? money in a certain length of time.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 281 While waiting for the payment, many origi- Opponents in Congress argued that the pro- nal bond owners—shopkeepers, farmers, posal was contrary to “national justice, grati- and soldiers—had sold the bonds for less tude, and humanity.” than their value. They were purchased by Even stronger opposition came from the speculators (SPEH•kyuh• LAY •tuhrz), people who Southern states, which had accumulated much take risks with their money in order to make a less debt than the Northern states. Southern larger profit. Hamilton proposed that these states complained that they would have to pay bonds be paid off at their original value. more than their share under Hamilton’s plan. Opponents believed that Hamilton’s plan would make speculators rich. Compromise Results in a Capital To win The original bond owners felt betrayed by support for his plan, Hamilton worked out a Hamilton’s proposal. They had lost money on compromise with Southern leaders. They voted the bonds they had bought in support of the war for his plan to pay off the state debts, and in effort while new bond owners would profit. return he supported locating the permanent capital in the South. A special district was laid out between and along the banks of the . This district became Washington, D.C. While workers pre- pared the new city for the federal government, the nation’s capital was moved from New York to Philadelphia.

The Fight Over the Bank Hamilton made The other proposals for building a strong national Capitol economy. He asked Congress to create a national bank, the Bank of the United States. The Capitol is The bank would be a place for the federal gov- the seat of the ernment to deposit money raised from taxes. United States The bank could also provide loans to govern- Congress in ment and to businesses. Washington, D.C. Madison and Jefferson opposed the idea Built on a hill popu- of a national bank. They believed it would give larly called Capitol the wealthy too much power over national Hill, the Capitol finances. They also charged that the Bank contains floor was unconstitutional—that it was inconsistent space equivalent to with the Constitution. Hamilton argued that more than 16 acres. although the Constitution did not specifically The dome of the say that Congress could create a bank, Congress United States The Capitol still had the power to do so. In the end, the pres- Capitol, finished in ident agreed with Hamilton and signed the bill 1863, is one of the most famous landmarks in creating the national bank. the United States. Other important parts of the Capitol include the Rotunda directly under What Is a Tariff? Although most Americans the dome, the Senate Chamber in the north earned their living by farming, Hamilton thought wing, the House chamber in the south wing, the development of manufacturing would make and the National Statuary Hall. America’s economy stronger. He proposed a tariff (TAR•uhf)—a tax on imports—to encourage people to buy American products.

282 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era David R. Frazier US8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of foreign pol- icy, Alien and Sedition Acts, economic pol- icy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt).

ALEXANDER HAMILTON 1755–1804

Alexander Hamilton was born on the West Indies island of Nevis, where he worked as a clerk as a young man. In 1773 he moved to New York and studied at King’s College. Hamilton quickly became involved in the fight for American independence. He impressed General George Washington, who made him one of his aides-de-camp (secretaries). Hamilton and Washington established a strong friendship and Hamilton served his country on the battlefield and in government. Hamilton was elected to the Continental Congress and was a driving force in the ratification of the Constitution. Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a series of essays called that explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed. Hamilton became the nation’s first Secretary of the Treasury. He believed that manufacturing and trade were the basis of national wealth and power. He favored policies that would support these areas of the economy. During Washington’s presidency, Hamilton and Secretary “A feeble executive implies of State Thomas Jefferson had some major differences. They a feeble execution of the disagreed strongly about how the U.S. government should government.” operate. Hamilton was the leader of the , and —Alexander Hamilton, Jefferson led the Democratic-Republican Party. These two men The Federalist, No. 70 became, in essence, the founders of today’s political parties. When Jefferson and tied with 73 electoral votes in the presidential election of 1800, the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives had to choose a president. Hamilton urged his followers to support Jefferson, and Jefferson became the new president. After Burr failed in his bid to become president, he campaigned to become of New York in 1804. Hamilton worked actively against Burr. When Burr lost, he blamed his defeat on Hamilton and challenged him to a duel. Hamilton was fatally wounded and died on July 12, 1804, ending the life of one of the Which of Hamilton’s actions do you think most nation’s most influential leaders. influenced the nation’s government? Explain your reasoning.

283 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS Opposition to the Tariff This protective tar- Hamilton and Jefferson Under Alexander iff would not only raise revenue for the new Hamilton’s economic program, the national national government, but also protect American government exercised new financial powers. industry from foreign competition. However, Soon, however, well-organized opposition to many Americans were against the tariff. Hamilton’s political and economic beliefs grew. The South, having little industry to protect, The opposition to Hamilton was led opposed protective tariffs. Congress rejected by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. protective tariffs but did pass low tariffs to raise Where Hamilton’s policies favored merchants, money. By the , the revenue from tariffs bankers, and speculators, his opponents spoke provided 90 percent of the national govern- for the interests of the farmers and laborers. ment’s income. When Hamilton favored increasing the power of the federal government, Jefferson wanted to Taxes The final part of Hamilton’s economic limit it. They had a very different vision of what program concerned the creation of national America should become. taxes. The government needed additional funds Compare Summarize the to operate and to make interest payments on arguments for and against protective tariffs. the national debt. At Hamilton’s request, Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on whiskey distilled in the United States.

Study Central Need hel - g Wash p under standin ington’s presiden Visit glencoe cy? ca.hss. .com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? 1. What challenges did 4. What Reading Summary Washington face as the compromise led to accept- Review the nation’s first president? ance of Hamilton’s plan for reducing the national debt? President Washington and the 2. Name one thing Hamilton • CA HI2. first Congress established the wanted to do to create a sta- cabinet and a federal court sys- ble economic system and 5. Expository Writing Imagine tem. The first 10 amendments strengthen the economy. you are choosing the first to the Constitution, the Bill of cabinet members. Write job Rights, were introduced during Critical Thinking descriptions for the secre- the first session of Congress. 3. Comparing Re-create the taries of state, treasury, diagram below. Compare the and war. CA 8WA2.5 • Under Secretary of the Treasury views of Hamilton and 6. Recognizing Alexander Hamilton, the Jefferson. In the boxes, write Bias Read Hamilton’s quote. national government agreed to “for” or “against” for each Explain in writing why it does CA HR5. pay off states’ debts, created a issue. or does not contain bias. national bank, and put in place a number of tariffs and taxes. Issue Hamilton Jefferson “Can a democratic assembly. . . National steadily pursue the public bank good? Nothing but a perma- Protective nent body can check the tariff imprudence [disregard of oth- National ers] of democracy.” CA HR2. taxes

284 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era Early Challenges

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary The United States needed money to pay neutrality (noo•TRA•luh•tee) its war debts and to finance national impressment (ihm•PREHS•muhnt) History growth. Although located an ocean away Social Science from Europe, the United States could not Standards hope to exist in isolation. The nation had Academic Vocabulary US8.3 Students under- to respond to overseas pressures. stand the foundation of transport the American political Focusing on the maintain system and the ways in • Hamilton’s taxes led to in which citizens participate western and changed the in it. way the government handled Reading Strategy US8.4 Students analyze protesters. (page 286) the aspirations and ideals Classifying Information As you read of the people of the new • The new government faced difficult the section, re-create the diagram below nation. problems in the West. (page 287) and list results of government actions • President Washington wanted the during the early Republic. nation to remain neutral in foreign conflicts. (page 288) Government action Results Locating Places Treaty of Greenville Fallen Timbers Proclamation New Orleans of Neutrality Meeting People Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty Edmond Genêt (zhuh•NAY) (PINGK•nee)

1791 1793 1795

M i s . s s i t Nov. 1791 July 1794 Aug. 1794 Oct. 1795 s s M i p n Whiskey Battle of Spain opens p Fallen ia i h RTimbers c a defeats Rebellion Fallen . al p p St. Clair’s Timbers to American A New forces shipping Orleans

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 285 US8.3.5 Know the significance of domestic resistance movements and ways in which the central government responded to such movements (e.g., Shays’ Rebellion, the ).

The Whiskey Rebellion A wagonload of whiskey was worth much more than a wagonload of grain, so Western Hamilton’s taxes led to rebellion in farmers distilled their grain into whiskey before and changed the way the they shipped it to market. government handled protesters. The farmers rarely had cash. As a result, Reading Connection Is there a recent government most lived on a system of bartering—exchang- action that you have opposed? What actions did ing whiskey and other items they produced for you take? Read to learn what actions the farmers goods they needed. took in regards to the whiskey tax. The Tax Leads to Protests In 1791 both houses of Congress approved a bill that placed a special tax on whiskey and other alcoholic beverages. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Far removed from the bustle of trade and Hamilton wanted the tax to help prevent the shipping along the Atlantic coast, farmers on national debt from growing. the western frontier lived quite differently. In The farmers’ resistance was mostly peace- fact, western ways seemed almost primitive to ful—until July 1794, when federal officers travelers from the East. Easterners seemed to stepped up efforts to collect the tax. Then a notice only the poor roads and the plain diet of large mob of farmers armed with swords, guns, corn and salted pork. Living in scattered, iso- and pitchforks attacked tax collectors and lated homesteads, frontier farmers were proud burned down buildings. of their self-reliance. They wanted no “eastern” The armed protest, called the Whiskey tax collectors heading their way. Rebellion, alarmed government leaders as had Shays’s Rebellion in 1786. ; (See Chapter 3, Life in the West In the days before canals pages 194–195.) Now, however, the national gov- and railroads, the Western farmers did not ship ernment had the taxing and military power their grain east of the that it lacked in 1786. The secretary of the because transporting the grain was expensive. treasury, Alexander Hamilton, urged President Washington to use the full power of the federal government to crush the chal- lenge. The president sent an army of 15,000 In 1794 President Washington sent nearly across the Appalachian Mountains, 15,000 troops to crush the Whiskey only to find that the rebels had Rebellion. What did Washington’s action already disbanded. say about the government use of force? By his action, Washington sent a clear message to those who opposed government actions. If citizens wished to change the law, they had to do so peacefully, through constitu- tional means such as proposing legis- lation or using the courts. Otherwise, government would use force when necessary to maintain order.

Explain How did the Whiskey Rebellion affect the way government handled protesters?

286 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era Courtesy Winterthur Museum US8.4.1 Describe the country’s physical landscapes, political divisions, and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents.

Struggle Over the West Armed to defend their lands and encour- aged by the British and the Spanish, Native The new government faced difficult Americans battled settlers over frontier land. problems in the West. Hundreds of people were killed. Reading Connection Imagine you are a member Washington sent an army under the com- of George Washington’s government in 1791. Could mand of General Arthur St. Clair to restore you balance the interests of settlers who are mov- order in the . In November ing into the Northwest Territory with the interests 1791, St. Clair’s forces were defeated by Little of the Native American nations who live there? Turtle, chief of the . More than Chicago Historical Society Read on to see how President Washington handled a 600 American soldiers died in a battle by the similar challenge. Wabash River.

Battle of Fallen Timbers The Native The Native Americans who lived between Americans demanded that all settlers north of the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi the River leave the territory. Washington River insisted that the United States had no sent another army headed by Anthony Wayne, authority over them. a former Revolutionary War general, to chal- lenge their demands. In August 1794, his army defeated more than 1,000 Native Americans Native American who fought under chief at Campaigns the (near present-day

N Toledo, Ohio). The Battle of Fallen Timbers

E crushed the Native Americans’ hopes of keep- W e N.Y. r i S E ing their land. In the Treaty of Greenville (1795), e a k the Native Americans agreed to surrender most L Battle of Fallen of their land in present-day Ohio. Timbers, 1794 Ft. Miami St. Clair's Greenville Treaty Explain Why did President defeat, 1791 Line, 1795 sh R Washington send troops to the Northwest aba . Ft. Defiance PA. W Territory? Ft. Recovery

Land ceded by Native Americans NORTHWEST TERRITORY Ft. Washington (Cincinnati) Upon signing the Treaty of Greenville, VA. Ohio R. 12 Native American nations received Route of General $20,000 worth of goods to share. 0 50 miles Arthur St. Clair Route of General How did the treaty affect white 0 50 kilometers Anthony Wayne settlement? Lambert Equal-Area projection Battle KY. Fort

General Anthony Wayne’s forces marched north from Fort Washington to fight the Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. 1.Location When and where was St. Clair defeated? 2.Location On what lake was Fort Miami located? US8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Washington’s Farewell Address, Jefferson’s 1801 Inaugural Address, John Q. Adams’s Fourth of July 1821 Address).

Problems With Europe Outraged by the French attacks at sea, the British began capturing American ships that President Washington wanted the traded with the French. The British also nation to remain neutral in foreign conflicts. stopped American merchant ships and forced Reading Connection Have you ever felt like you their crews into the British navy. This practice, were in the middle of a disagreement between two known as impressment (ihm • PREHS • muhnt), other people? Read on to see how President infuriated the Americans. British attacks on Washington looked for middle ground in a war American ships and sailors pushed the nation between Great Britain and France. close to war with Great Britain.

A Controversial Treaty President Washington Shortly after Washington was inaugurated decided to make one last effort to come to a in 1789, the began. At first peaceful solution with Britain. He sent John Jay, most Americans cheered upon hearing the chief justice of the Supreme Court, to negotiate. news. The French people had helped the The British were willing to listen to Jay’s Americans in their struggle for independence, proposals. War with the United States would and their revolution seemed to reflect many of only make it harder to carry on the war with the ideals of the American Revolution. France. In addition, Britain did not want to lose By 1793 the French Revolution had turned its profitable trade with the United States. bloody. The leaders had executed the king and In Jay’s Treaty the British agreed to evacuate queen of France and thousands of French citi- their forts on American soil, to pay damages for zens. Public opinion in the United States started ships they had seized, and to allow some to divide. The violence of the French Revolution American ships to trade with British colonies in offended many Americans. Others hailed the the Caribbean. new republic as a copy of the United States. Despite these gains, few Americans When Britain and France went to war in 1793, approved of Jay’s Treaty. They protested that Washington hoped that the nation could maintain the treaty did not deal with the issue of its neutrality (noo•TRA•luh•tee)—that is, that it impressment and did not mention British inter- would not take sides in the conflict between ference with American trade. Although France and Britain. As time went on, however, President Washington found fault with Jay’s remaining neutral became increasingly difficult. Treaty, he realized it would end an explosive crisis with Great Britain. He sent the treaty to Washington Proclaims Neutrality The the Senate, which approved it after a fierce French wanted the help of the United States. In debate. April 1793, they sent diplomat Edmond Genêt (zhuh • NAY) to the United States. His mission Treaty With Spain When Jay’s Treaty was was to recruit American volunteers to attack made, Spanish leaders realized that the United British ships. States and Great Britain might now join forces President Washington took action to discour- to seize Spanish territory in North America. age American involvement. On April 22, he Spain wanted to establish a positive relation- issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited ship with the United States and was willing to American citizens from fighting in the war and offer concessions. President Washington sent barred French and British warships from Thomas Pinckney (PINGK•nee) to Spain to try American ports. Genêt’s plans eventually failed, to settle the differences between the two but he did manage to sign up a few hundred nations. In 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty gave the Americans to serve on French ships. These ships Americans free navigation of the Mississippi seized British vessels and stole their cargoes. River and the right to trade at New Orleans.

288 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era Washington’s Farewell In September 1796, Washington’s “Farewell Address” included after serving two four-year terms as president, his explanation for not seeking a third term as Washington announced he would not seek a president. Even more important, he gave the third term. By choosing to serve only two young republic his best advice on the conduct terms, Washington had set a precedent that of politics and foreign affairs. later presidents would follow. Washington’s parting words influenced the Plagued with a variety of ailments, the nation’s foreign policy for more than 100 years. 64-year-old president looked forward to retire- The text of his address is still read aloud in the ment. He also felt troubled over the divisions each year on Washington’s that had developed in American politics and birthday. ; (See page 852 of the Appendix for an excerpt from with what he considered a grave danger to the Washington’s Farewell Address.) new nation—the growth of political parties. Upon returning to , Washington’s “Farewell Address” was pub- Washington had every reason to feel proud of lished in a Philadelphia newspaper. In it he his administration’s achievements. Most of the attacked the evils of political parties and entan- difficulties of the had glement in foreign affairs. He urged citizens to been overcome. In the difficult situation pre- sented by war between France and Britain, Observe good faith and justice Washington had steered a course that kept the United States prosperous and at peace. “toward all nations. . . . It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent Explain What was the alliances.” impact of Washington’s Farewell Address? —George Washington

entra Study C l Need help understanding the government’s early cha it c llenges? Vis ca.hss.glen oe.com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What message was Wash- 4. How did ington sending to the American the Treaty of Greenville affect Review the people when he used force to the land claims of Native • On the western frontier, protests stop the Whiskey Rebellion? Americans in the Northwest against new taxes led to the 2. What precedent did George Territory? CA CS3. Whiskey Rebellion, which col- Washington set for future 5. Creative Writing Imagine lapsed when President Washington presidents? you are a Shawnee following sent troops to the area. chief Blue Jacket. Write a • Following their defeat at the Critical Thinking speech you could give to the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Native 3. Determining Cause and Shawnee about the implica- Americans gave up their claims Effect Re-create the diagram tions of giving up your lands. to lands in Ohio. below. In the boxes, list the CA 8LS1.3 cause and effects of the 6. Evaluate • A number of treaties and a Whiskey Rebellion. CA H12. What did the United States policy of neutrality helped the Cause Cause/Effect Effects have to gain by remaining United States remain at peace neutral in foreign affairs? with the European powers. Whiskey Write a short essay describing Rebellion your conclusions. CA HI3.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 289 The First Political Parties

Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary Today the United States has two major partisan (PAHR•tuh•zuhn) History political parties. The origins of the implied powers Social Science nation’s two-party political system are (KAW•kuhs) Standards found in the conflicts between the alien (AY•lee•uhn) US8.3 Students under- followers of Alexander Hamilton and sedition (sih•DIH•shuhn) stand the foundation of Thomas Jefferson. nullify (NUH luh FY) the American political • • system and the ways in states’ rights which citizens participate in it. Focusing on the Academic Vocabulary • Americans began to take opposing distinct US8.4 Students analyze sides on issues by 1796, and, as a the aspirations and ideals contrast of the people of the new result, two political parties emerged. accompany (uh•KUHM•puh•nee) nation. (page 291) assign (uh•SYN) • John Adams dealt with many things in office, including a dispute with France, Reading Strategy which led to a group of measures Classifying Information As you read called the Alien and Sedition Acts. Section 3, create a diagram like the one (page 293) below and list the differences between the and the Democratic- Republicans. Meeting People (frih NOH) Issue Federalists Democratic- • Republicans Charles de Talleyrand (TA•lee• RAND) Role of federal government

1796 1798 1800

1796 1797 1798 1800 Adams and John Adams Congress passes Convention THE UNITED STATES, 1790 Jefferson run becomes Alien and of 1800 for president president Sedition Acts

290 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era US8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of foreign policy, Alien and Sedition Acts, economic policy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt).

Opposing Views Generally, Federalists stood for a strong fed- eral government. They admired Britain because Americans began to take opposing of its stability and distrusted France because of sides on issues by 1796, and, as a result, two the violent changes following the French political parties emerged. Revolution. Federalist policies tended to favor Reading Connection Think about a time when you banking and business. Federalists received the disagreed with something that one of your class- strongest support in the Northeast and from mates said. Did you voice your opinion? Read to wealthy plantation owners in the South. learn what happened when conflict occurred Efforts to turn opinion against the Federalists between the supporters of Hamilton and Jefferson. began seriously in late 1791 when Philip Freneau (frih•NOH) began publishing the National Gazette. Jefferson, then secretary of state, helped the Although hailed by Americans as the newspaper get started. Later he and Madison nation’s greatest leader, George Washington did organized people who disagreed with Hamilton. not escape criticism during his two terms as president. From time to time, harsh attacks on his policies and on his personality appeared in newspapers. One paper even called Washington “the misfortune of his country.”

How Did Americans View the President? Most attacks on Washington came from sup- porters of Thomas Jefferson. They were trying to discredit the policies of Washington and Washington Serves Hamilton by attacking the president. By 1796 Two Terms Americans were beginning to divide into opposing groups and to form political parties. Washington was elected president in In Washington’s cabinet, Hamilton and 1789 and reelected in 1792—both times Jefferson often took opposing sides. They dis- unanimously. Although many Americans agreed on economic policy and foreign rela- encouraged Washington to seek a third term, tions, on the power of the federal government, he refused nomination and retired from pub- and on interpretations of the Constitution. Even lic life. Stepping down after two terms was Washington was sometimes partisan (PAHR • one of Washington’s most important acts and tuh • zuhn)—favoring one side of an issue. established a precedent Although he believed he stood above politics, that lasted until Franklin Washington usually supported Hamilton’s Roosevelt was elected for a third term positions. in 1940 and later a fourth term in 1944. Political Parties Emerge Like Hamilton and Jefferson, Congress and the nation at large also had differences. By the mid-1790s, two distinct political parties had taken shape. George Washington The name Federalist had first described someone who supported ratification of the Constitution. By the 1790s the word was applied to the group of people who supported the policies of the Washington administration.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 291 Museum of the City of New York/CORBIS Jefferson and Madison, however, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution. ent Web Ac Stud tivity Visit They accepted the idea of implied powers, but lick on Chapter 5 ca.hss.glencoe.com and c —Student ivity Web Activities in a much more limited sense than Hamilton for an act on the firs t political parties. did. They believed that implied powers are those powers that are “absolutely necessary” for Congress to exercise its stated powers. The followers of Jefferson and Madison called their party the Republicans, or the Democratic- The People’s Role The differences between Republicans. The Republicans wanted to limit the parties, however, went even deeper. government. They feared that a strong govern- Federalists and Republicans had sharply ment would endanger people’s liberties. They opposing views on the role ordinary people supported the French and condemned what they should play in government. regarded as the Washington administration’s pro- Federalists supported representative gov- British policies. Republican policies appealed to ernment, in which elected officials ruled in the small farmers and urban workers, especially in the people’s name. They did not believe that it was Middle Atlantic states and the South. wise to let the public become too involved in politics. Hamilton said: Views of the Constitution One difference between Federalists and Republicans con- The people are turbulent cerned the basis of government power. In “[disorderly] and changing; Hamilton’s view, the federal government had they seldom judge or determine implied powers, powers that were suggested right. but not directly stated in the Constitution. ” ––Alexander Hamilton, Hamilton used the idea of implied powers to Speech on the Constitutional justify a national bank. He argued that the Convention Constitution gave Congress the power to issue money and regulate trade, and a national bank Public office, Federalists thought, should be would clearly help the government carry out held by honest and educated men who own these responsibilities. Therefore, he believed that property and would protect everyone’s rights. creating a bank was within the constitutional In contrast, the Republicans feared a strong power of Congress. central government controlled by a few people.

Differences Between the First Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans Leader: Alexander Hamilton Leader: Thomas Jefferson Favored: Favored: • Rule by the wealthy class • Rule by the people • Strong federal government • Strong state governments • Emphasis on manufacturing • Emphasis on agriculture • Loose interpretation of the • Strict interpretation Constitution of the Constitution • British alliance • French alliance • National bank • State banks • Protective tariffs • Analyzing Information Which leader would American business owners favor? Why?

292 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era (bl br)Stock Montage US8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of foreign policy, Alien and Sedition Acts, economic policy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt). US8.4.1 Describe the country’s physical landscapes, political divisions, and territorial expansion dur- ing the terms of the first four presidents. The Republicans believed that liberty would President John Adams be safe only if ordinary people participated in government. As Jefferson explained: John Adams dealt with many things in office, including a dispute with France, which I am not among those who fear led to a group of measures called the Alien and “the people. They, and not the rich, Sedition Acts. are our dependence [what we Reading Connection Do you think you should be depend on] for continued free to say or write anything you want about the freedom.” government? Do you think the government has the ––Letter to Samuel Kercheval right to send you to jail if you criticize its policies? The Federalists passed laws restricting freedom of speech. Read on to find out why. Washington tried to get his two advisers to work out their differences. Nevertheless, by 1793 Jefferson was so unhappy that he resigned as secretary of state. In 1795 Hamilton resigned, John Adams had spent much of his life in too, as secretary of the treasury. The rival polit- government. One of ’s most ical parties moved further apart. active patriots, he later became ambassador to France and to Great Britain. He helped negotiate The Election of 1796 In the presidential elec- the that ended the Revolution. tion of 1796, candidates sought office for the first Under Washington, he served two terms as vice time as members of a party. To prepare for the president. election, the Federalists and the Republicans John’s wife, Abigail, actively supported the held meetings called (KAW•kuhs•ihz). American cause and raised their sons and At the caucuses, members of Congress and other daughter while John was away on government leaders chose their party’s candidates for office. business. Abigail also capably managed their The Federalists nominated Vice President family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. John Adams for president and Charles Pinckney for vice president. The Republicans The XYZ Affair When Adams took office, the nominated Jefferson for president and Aaron nation faced a crisis with France. The French Burr for vice president. Adams and Jefferson, regarded Jay’s Treaty, signed in 1794, as an who had been good friends, became rivals. The American attempt to help the British in their Federalists expected to carry . The war with France. To punish the United States, Republicans’ strength lay in the South, which the French seized American ships that carried would give most of its votes to Jefferson. cargo to Britain. In the end, Adams received 71 electoral votes, Adams wanted to avoid war with France. In winning the election. Jefferson finished second the fall of 1797, he sent a delegation to Paris to with 68 votes. According to the Constitution at try to resolve the dispute. French foreign minis- that time, the person with the second-highest ter Charles de Talleyrand (TA• lee• RAND), how- number of electoral votes became vice president. ever, refused to meet with the Americans. Jefferson therefore became the new vice presi- Instead, Talleyrand sent three agents who dent. The administration that took office on demanded a bribe and a loan for France from March 4, 1797, had a Federalist president and a the Americans. “Not a sixpence,” the Americans Republican vice president. replied and sent a report of the incident to the United States. Adams was furious. Referring to Explain Which political the three French agents as X, Y, and Z, the pres- party would a Boston factory owner most likely ident urged Congress to prepare for war. The support? incident became known as the XYZ affair.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 293 US8.4 Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation.

ABIGAIL ADAMS 1744–1818 JOHN ADAMS 1735–1826

John Adams, a young lawyer, and Abigail Smith were married in 1764. The young couple lived on a farm in Braintree, Massachusetts, and had five children. John was one of the leaders of the movement for independence. In late 1774 John Adams went to Philadelphia as a delegate to the Continental Congress, while Abigail Adams remained in Massachusetts to manage their business affairs and take care of the family. During most of the Confederation period, Abigail Adams lived in Europe with John, who was the first American minister to Great Britain. Eventually, when John was elected the second president of the United States, Abigail became the first First Lady to preside over the still unfinished White House. Although she lacked a formal education, Abigail Adams developed a notable talent as a letter writer. Letter writing, she said, was “a habit, the pleasure of which increases with practice, but becomes irksome by neglect.” In one of her most well-known letters, she made the following plea to her husband and his associates in the Continental Congress. “Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ances- tors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If [particular] care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice.” Despite the hopes of Abigail and many women, they still could not vote or hold office in the years after the American Revolution. Abigail Adams believed strongly in equal rights for women and African Americans at a time in history when such views were not well received.

How does the role of women in government differ John Adams today from their role during Abigail Adams’s time?

294 (bl)Bettmann/CORBIS, (tr)Stock Montage Undeclared War With France Congress Alien and Sedition Acts The threat of war responded with a program to strengthen the with France made Americans more suspicious armed forces. It established the Navy of aliens (AY • lee • uhnz)—immigrants who Department in April 1798 and set aside were not citizens but were living in the nation. money for building warships. Congress also Many Europeans who came to the United increased the size of the army. George States in the 1790s supported the ideals of the Washington was appointed commanding French Revolution. Some Americans ques- general. tioned whether these aliens would remain loyal Between 1798 and 1800, United States and if the United States went to war with France. French naval vessels clashed on a number of Because many of the newcomers to the nation occasions, although war was not formally were anti-British, many of them tended to sup- declared. Adams’s representatives negotiated port the Republican Party. an agreement with France in September 1800 Federalists in Congress responded with strict that ensured peace. laws to protect the nation’s security. In 1798 they In the view of most Americans, France had passed a group of measures known as the Alien become an enemy. The Republican Party, and Sedition Acts. Sedition (sih • DIH • shuhn) friendly toward France in the past, hesitated refers to activities aimed at weakening estab- to turn around and condemn France. As a lished government. Many Federalists believed result, in the 1798 elections, Americans voted that the laws would weaken the Republican some Republicans out of office. Party.

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Why they were passed Naturalization Act The Federalist-controlled Congress Required that aliens be residents for wanted to: 14 years instead of 5 years before they strengthen the federal government. became eligible for U.S. citizenship. silence Republican opposition.

Alien Acts Allowed the president to imprison aliens, or send those he considered dangerous Results Reaction out of the country. Discouraged immigration Opposition to Federalist and led some foreigners party grows. already in the country to Led to movement to leave. allow states to overturn Convicted 10 Republican federal laws. Sedition Act newspaper editors who Made it a crime to speak, write, or had criticized the Federal- publish “false, scandalous, and ists in government. malicious” criticisms of the government.

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 295 Fighting in Congress The Sedition Act led to hard feelings, even violence. This cartoon pro- vides a humorous look at a fight in Congress. Federalist Roger Griswold attacks Republican Matthew Lyon with a cane. Lyon seizes a pair of fire tongs and fights back. On the wall is a painting named “Royal Sport” showing ani- mals fighting. How are the other members of Congress reacting to the fight?

3

1 Matthew Lyon2 Roger Griswold3 painting 1 2

What Effects Did the Acts Have? As it Jefferson drafted documents of protest that turned out, the anti-Republican laws hurt the were passed by the Virginia and Kentucky Federalist Party more. The Alien Acts offended legislatures. new immigrants and drove them more than The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of ever to the support of the Republicans. Ten 1798 and 1799 claimed that the Alien Republicans, mostly newspaper editors, who and Sedition Acts could not be put into were jailed under the Sedition Act were hailed action because they violated the Constitution. as heroes in the cause of freedom of the press. The Kentucky Resolutions further suggested Typical of the effects of the Sedition Act was that states might nullify (NUH • luh • FY)— the case of Matthew Lyon of Vermont, who was legally overturn—federal laws considered the editor of an Antifederalist newspaper. In unconstitutional. 1798 he was convicted under the Sedition Act What does nullification mean? Thomas for the publication in the Vermont Journal of a let- Jefferson, who authored the Kentucky ter criticizing President John Adams. While in Resolutions, explained that the states are “sov- jail, Lyon was reelected to Congress. After his ereign and independent.” If an act of the gov- release from prison he set off for Philadelphia. ernment exceeded the powers granted by the He was accompanied on the first day of his jour- Constitution, Jefferson believed, a state had the ney by a long parade of followers. right to refuse to obey.

The Republicans Respond For some Ameri- What Are States’ Rights? The resolutions cans, fears of a strong central government abus- affirmed the principle of states’ rights—limiting ing its power seemed to be coming true. The the federal government to those powers clearly Republicans looked to the states to preserve the assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving people’s liberties and stand up to what they to the states all other powers not expressly for- regarded as Federalist tyranny. Madison and bidden to them.

296 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era Stock Montage To phrase it differently, the state had the In 1800 the French agreed to a treaty and right to assert its power to protect its citizens stopped attacks on American ships. Although the from the misuse of federal power. The issue of agreement with France was in the best interest of states’ rights would arise again and again in the the United States, it hurt Adams’s chance for nation’s early history. reelection. Rather than applauding the agree- Federalists criticized the Kentucky and ment, Hamilton and his supporters now opposed Virginia Resolutions as a step toward the their own president. Federalist leaders were furi- breakup of the Union. They argued that if any ous, but they could not long oppose an effort to state could nullify any federal law it considered make peace. By the end of Adams’s presidency, unconstitutional, the power of the federal gov- peace with France had been restored. ernment would cease. Adams’s action in making peace against the wishes of most of his party was a courageous act. Making Peace With France As the election Proud of his nonpartisan action, Adams wrote that of 1800 approached, the Federalists found on his gravestone he wanted written “Here lies themselves under attack. They urged Adams to John Adams who took upon himself the responsi- step up the war with France. If war continued, bility of the peace with France in the year 1800.” the Federalists expected to win reelection. They With the Federalists split, the Republican believed Americans would be reluctant to elect prospects for capturing the presidency improved. a new president in wartime. Adams refused to The way was prepared for Thomas Jefferson in rush to war, especially for his own political the election of 1800. gain. Instead he appointed a new commission Summarize How did the to seek peace with France. peace agreement with France affect the Federalists?

Study Central Need help u ing s of nderstand the origin political parties? V encoe isit ca.hss.gl .com and click on Study Central.

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who was elected president in 4. How were 1796, and who became vice the Federalists different from Review the president? the Republicans in how they By the election of 1796, the • 2. What does “sedition” refer to viewed the Constitution? political parties known as the CA HR5. in the Alien and Sedition Acts? Federalists and the Republicans 5. Drawing Conclusions Do you had developed. Critical Thinking think the development of 3. Classifying Information political parties was neces- • During President John Adams’s Re-create the diagram below. sary? Why or why not? Write term, the threat of war with Provide information about a short essay justifying your France led to the passage of the the election of 1796 in the conclusion. CA 8WA2.4 Alien and Sedition Acts, which spaces provided. CA HR3. 6. Persuasive Writing Design a were greatly opposed by the campaign poster or button Republicans. Presidential Election of 1796 for the presidential candidate Candidate you would have chosen in 1796. Write a short paragraph Electoral votes that summarizes your reasons Elected position for your choice. CA 8WC1.1

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 297 US8.4 Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation.

Challenging Times Even after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, the leaders and citizens of this young nation faced many challenges. With an outline for how the government should work and the leadership of George Washington, people began to work together to launch this new republic. Read the passages on pages 298 and 299 and answer the questions that follow.

Painter and President by J.L.G. Ferris

Reader’s Dictionary embarking (ihm • BAHRK • ihng): setting agitated (A • juh • TAYT • ihd): upset and out nervous integrity (ihn • TEH • gruh • tee): honesty ungainly: awkward, clumsy gallery: outdoor balcony plainest manner: in a simple way proclamation (PRAH • kluh • MAY • shuhn): announcement On Becoming President Washington’s First

Americans were happy that the hero of the Inaugural American Revolution, George Washington, was elected the nation’s first president. Pennsylvania Senator William Maclay was Washington expressed his feelings about one of the many witnesses to the nation’s first becoming president in a letter. presidential inauguration. He wrote about the event in his journal. I am embarking . . . on this voyage, but what returns will be made for them [T]he President was conducted out of the [Americans], Heaven alone can foretell. middle window into the gallery [overlook- Integrity and firmness is all I can prom- ing ], and the oath was adminis- ise; these, be the voyage long or short, tered by the Chancellor [the highest judicial never shall forsake me although I may be officer in the state of New York]. Notice deserted by all men. that the business done was communicated to the crowd by proclamation . . . who ––Letter to Henry Knox, April 1789 gave three cheers, and repeated it on the President’s bowing to them.

298 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era Bettmann/CORBIS As the company returned into the Senate The face of the seal shows an American chamber, the President took the chair and the eagle with its wings spread. The seal also Senators and Representatives their seats. He includes the motto E pluribus unum (“From rose, and all arose also and [he] addressed many, one”). Most Americans may not know them. This great man was agitated and embar- it, but they often carry around the seal. The rassed more than ever he was by the leveled one-dollar bill shows both sides of the Great cannon or pointed musket. He trembled, and Seal. several times could scarce make out to read, The seal’s reverse side shows a 13-step though it must be supposed he had often read pyramid with the year 1776 in Roman it before…. When he came to the words all the numerals at the base. Below the pyramid, a world, he made a flourish with his right hand, scroll reads, Novus Ordo Seclorum, meaning which left rather an ungainly impression. I sin- “New Order of the Ages.” It refers to the year cerely, for my part, wished all set ceremony in 1776 as the beginning of a new era. the hands of the dancing-masters, and that this The number 13 is featured prominently on first of men had read off his address in the the Great Seal. There are 13 stars in the crest plainest manner, without ever taking his eyes above the eagle, 13 stripes on the eagle’s from the paper, for I felt hurt that he was not shield, 13 arrows in the eagle’s left claw, and first in everything. 13 olives and leaves in the eagle’s right claw. ––from the Journal of William Maclay Why thirteen? The number represents the original 13 states of the nation.

The Great Seal of the United States The Great Seal of the United States is the official seal of the United States government. The seal appears on important government documents. First adopted in 1782, it remains in use today.

The Great Seal

On Becoming President The Great Seal of the United States 1. What promise did Washington make? 5. What image on the Great Seal is one of the 2. How would you describe Washington’s feel- nation’s symbols? ings about becoming president? Explain your answer. Read to Write 6. Choose a U.S. president that has been in office during the last 50 years. Do research to find Washington’s First Inaugural out how that president might have viewed his role. Playing the role of this president, 3. What events at Washington’s inaugural did write a letter similar to George Washington’s Maclay seem to like? letter. Then design a symbol that would have 4. What was it about Washington’s public been appropriate for the nation under that speaking manner that troubled Maclay? president’s leadership. CA 8WA2.1

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 299 file photo Standards US8.3 & US8.4

Review Content Vocabulary Geography Skills 1. Use the following terms to write a para- Using this map, answer the following ques- graph about the new U.S. government: tions about the election of 1796. CA CS3. cabinet implied powers caucus states’ rights Election of 1796 Review the N.H. 6 Section 1 • The First President VT. 4 2. Why did Hamilton want national taxes? Why did some oppose the taxes? MASS. N.Y. 16 3. What was the importance of the Judiciary 12 Act of 1789? TERR. R.I. 4 PA. PA. 1 40°N INDIANA NORTH- CONN. 9 PA. 14 TERRITORY WEST OF Section 2 • Early Challenges OHIO N.J. 7 4. What caused farmers in western RIVER DEL. 3 VA. MD. 7 VA. 1 Pennsylvania to revolt during the Whiskey KY. VA. 20 MD. 4 N 4 Rebellion? E N.C. 1 W ° 5. What was the significance of the Battle of TENN. N.C. 11 N.C. S 70 W 3 Fallen Timbers? TERRITORY S.C. ATLaNTIC SOUTH OF 8 OCEaN Section 3 • The First Political Parties GA. 4 0 200 miles 6. MISS. TERR. According to Hamilton, what are implied 30°N 200 kilometers 80°W 0 powers? Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 7. What actions by France led to an un- declared war with the United States?

90°W Candidate Electoral Votes Party Critical Thinking John Adams 71 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 68 Democratic- 8. Evaluate Refer to the grievances listed in Republican the Declaration of Independence. How were these grievances addressed in the Bill of Rights? CA CS1. 11. Identify How many states did John 9. Analyze What did President Washington Adams win? How many did Thomas say in his Farewell Address about political Jefferson win? parties and foreign policy? CA HR4. 12. Evaluate What was the total electoral vote 10. Compare and Contrast In a brief essay, count for each man? What was the election compare the positions of the Federalists result? and Democratic-Republicans on the 13. Region What was the distribution of votes national bank. CA HR5. by state? What pattern do you see?

300 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era eck .com Self-Ch Quiz Visit ca.hss.glencoe are for to prep the Chapter 5 test. 19. Sequencing Create a time line that lists key events in President Adams’s dispute with France. Write a Read to Write paragraph analyzing President Adams’s 14. Government and handling of this dispute. CA CS2. Democracy Political ideas and major events shape how people form govern- ments. Select an event from this chapter. Write an essay describing how people and ideas affected government through that event. CA 8WS1.1 Select the best answer for each of the 15. Using Your Review the following questions. “American firsts” that you listed in your foldable. Using numbers, rank each first 20 Thomas Jefferson and Alexander from the most important to the least Hamilton served as members of important. Explain the reasons for your Washington’s highest and lowest rankings. CA HR3. A congress. Using Academic Vocabulary B judiciary. C cabinet. 16. Read the following sentence and then write the meaning of the underlined word. D military. The new federal government was interested 21 Which amendment of the Bill of in increasing revenue in order to pay off its Rights protects the rights of the debts. states? Building Citizenship A First Amendment B Fifth Amendment 17. Research Work in groups of four to discuss and develop answers to these C Sixth Amendment questions: D Tenth Amendment • How does the Bill of Rights reflect the 22 The XYZ Affair dealt with prob- principle of limited government? lems between the United States • What are two individual rights protected and in the Bill of Rights? • Why would it be necessary to change A France. the Constitution? CA 8RC2.0 B Spain. C Great Britain. Reviewing Skills D Canada.

18. Recognizing Bias 23 Hamilton proposed a national tax Imagine that you were living in the United on imports, or a(n) States in 1798. Write an editorial to your A bond. newspaper that demonstrates bias about your view as to whether the Alien and B impressment. Sedition Acts violated the U.S. Constitution. C caucus. Use details from the text and chart about D tariff. the Alien and Sedition Acts on page 295. CA 8WA2.4

CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 301