With the Constitution in place, the newly chosen govern- ment began to set procedures and customs for the country. (t)Frank & Marie-Therese Wood Print Collection, Alexandria, VA, (bl)AKG London, (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY Alexandria, VA, Print Collection, (t)Frank & Marie-Therese Wood The nation continued to gain new territory and grow, but faced challenges from other countries, including its old foe, Great Britain. The United States also set foreign policy that would guide its actions for many years. • The American political process took shape during the country’s early years. • The United States began to establish its place in the world as it gained territory and fought wars with foreign powers. 1780 1790 1800 1789 1791 1798 1804 Washington Bill of Rights Alien and Lewis and becomes first is added to Sedition Clark president Constitution Acts are begin passed expedition Washington banner 1796 1800 American ship Strong earth- opens up trade quake hits with California San Diego region 1789 1804 The French Napoleon Revolution begins crowns himself Storming of the emperor Bastille of France 270 ° 130°W120 W 110°W 100°W 90°W80°W70°W 1812 Russian fur traders set up Fort Ross in northern California 1804 Lewis and Clark begin expedition 40°N 1821 California becomes Mexican province N E PACIFIC W OCEaN S 30°N ATLaNTIC OCEaN North America, 1830 0 400 miles United States 0 400 kilometers Lambert Equal-Area projection 20°N Mexican Republic 1810 1820 1830 1812 1823 U.S. declares Monroe Doctrine war on is declared Britain American sailors 1812 1819 1821 1824 Russian fur traders Northern California California Rancho economy begins set up Fort Ross in border is set at becomes northern California 42nd parallel Mexican province Fort Ross Mexican flag 1815 1821 1824 Allies defeat Mexico wins its Mexico offers land Napoleon at independence grants to Mexicans Waterloo from Spain and immigrants (t)North Wind Picture Archives, (bl)Michael T. Sedman/CORBIS, (br)Royalty Free/CORBIS TREATY OF GREENVILLE See The Federalist Era Chapter 5 MONTICELLO See The Age of Jefferson Chapter 6 Alexander Hamilton John Adams Toussaint Louverture Sacagawea 1755–1804 1735–1826 c. 1743–1804 c. 1787–1812 First Secretary of the First vice president Haitian revolutionary Shoshone guide for Treasury and second president Chapter 6, page 313 Lewis and Clark Chapter 5, page 283 Chapter 5, page 294 Chapter 6, page 315 272 (bkgd)Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Chicago Historical Society, (c)North Wind Picture Archive, (bl)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (bcl)White House Historical Association, (bcr)Bettmann/CORBIS, (br)E.S. Paxson,"Lewis and Clark at Three Forks," Courtesy of the Montana Historical Society, photograph by Don Beaty, LEWIS AND CLARK See The Age of Jefferson Chapter 6 BATTLE OF NORTH POINT See Foreign Affairs in the Early Republic Chapter 7 James Fenimore Cooper Washington Irving John Calhoun Dolley Madison 1789–1851 1783–1859 1782–1850 1768–1849 American writer American writer Political leader First lady Chapter 6, page 324 Chapter 6, page 324 Chapter 7, page 344 Chapter 7, page 357 273 (t)Western American Prints, (c)Don Troiani, www.historicalartprints.com, (bl bcl)Bettmann/CORBIS, (bcr)Greenville County Museum of Art, (br)Stock Montage Royalty-Free/CORBIS The Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. 1788 1794 1800 1789 1796 1798 George John Adams Congress Washington, D.C. Washington is elected passes Alien THE UNITED is nation’s president and Sedition STATES in 1800 first president Acts hapter Overview C Visit ca.hs om a preview of C s.glencoe.c for hapter 5. The First President Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments. President Washington and the first Congress built a new government. Early Challenges Political ideas and major events shape how people form governments. The new American government struggled to keep peace at home and avoid war abroad. The First Political Parties Citizen participation is essential to the foundation and preservation of the U.S. political system. By the election of 1796, two distinct political parties with different views had developed. View the Chapter 5 video in the Glencoe Video Program. Summarizing Information Make this foldable and use it as a journal to help you record the major events that occurred as the new nation of the United States formed. Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper Step 2 Then fold it in Reading and Writing from top to bottom. half from side to side. As you read the chapter, find the “firsts” experienced by the new nation, and record them in your foldable journal. For example, list the Step 3 Label the precedents set by foldable as shown. Journal of President Washington American and identify the first Firsts political parties. CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 275 Recognizing Bias Most people have feelings and ideas that affect their point of view. This viewpoint, or events. For this reason, anbias, ideainfluences that is stated the asway a factthey may interpret really be only an opinion. Recognizing bias will help you judge the accuracy of what you read.You can look for clues to help uncover bias in written form. Read the list below for hints you can use to identify bias. • Identify the author of the statement, and examine his or her views and possible reasons for writing the material. • Look for language that reflects an emotion or opinion—words such as all, never, best, worst, might, should. or • Examine the writing for imbalances— focusing on one viewpoint and failing to discuss other perspectives. One way to identify bias is to find out more about the author. C an you find infor- mation about the author that will help you under- stand opinions he or she may express? 276 Look at the two quotes below. Each has a different opinion about “the people.” On a separate sheet of paper, restate each opinion in your own words. Discuss your conclusions with a partner. Read to Write Write a paragraph “The people are turbulent describing a person [disorderly] and changing.... or event about which They seldom judge or determine you feel very strongly. right.” Now try to write a paragraph about the —Alexander Hamilton, same person or event Federalist, page 292 without including any personal opinion. “I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich, are our dependence [what we depend on] Alexander Hamilton for continued freedom.” —Thomas Jefferson, Republican, page 293 Thomas Jefferson Look for examples of bias in comments made by key figures described in the text. CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era 277 (bl br)Stock Montage The First President Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary American leaders faced a great challenge. precedent (PREH• suh• duhnt) History Nobody knew if the political system laid cabinet Social Science out by the Constitution would work. national debt (DEHT) Standards Many people wondered: Could this new bond (BAHND) kind of government last? US8.3 Students under- speculator (SPEH•kyuh • LAY •tuhr) stand the foundation of unconstitutional the American political Focusing on the system and the ways in • President Washington and the new tariff (TAR•uhf) which citizens participate Congress established the departments Academic Vocabulary in it. in the executive branch, set up the ultimate (UHL•tuh•muht) US8.4 Students analyze nation’s court system, and added the structure the aspirations and ideals Bill of Rights to the Constitution. of the people of the new (page 279) confirm nation. • Alexander Hamilton, the secretary revenue (REH•vuh• NOO) of the treasury under Washington, Reading Strategy worked to fix financial problems and Classifying Information Use a diagram strengthen the economy. (page 281) like the one below to list the actions Locating Places taken by Congress and Washington’s first Washington, D.C. administration. Meeting People Actions Thomas Jefferson Washington’s Congress Alexander Hamilton First Administration Henry Knox Edmund Randolph John Jay 1789 1790 1791 1792 Apr. 30, 1789 Sep. 1789 Dec. 1791 Washington Judiciary Act Bill of Rights takes the oath sets up federal added to the of office court system Constitution George Washington John Jay James Madison 278 CHAPTER 5 • The Federalist Era (bl br)White House Historical Association, (bc)Yale University Art Gallery US8.4 Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation. President Washington believed that it was his leadership that brought them victory in the Revolutionary War. Equally President Washington and the new important, he had willingly given up his mili- Congress established the departments in the tary power as soon as the war was over to executive branch, set up the nation’s court sys- return to his civilian life tending his plantation. tem, and added the Bill of Rights to the Washington was aware of the difficulties Constitution. he faced. He knew that the precedents (PREH• Reading Connection If you were founding our suh• duhnts), or traditions, he established as the nation’s government, what do you think would be nation’s first president would shape the future most important? As you read this section, think of the United States. “No slip will pass unno- about the choices that Washington and the new ticed,” he remarked. One precedent he estab- Congress had to make. lished concerned the way people should address him. Vice President Adams supported “His Highness the President of the United States,” but ultimately it was decided that “Mr. President” would be more appropriate. Washington and the new Congress also had Celebrations erupted in the streets of many decisions to make about the structure of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charleston government. For example, the Constitution in 1789. News of the Constitution’s ratification gave Congress the power to establish executive was greeted with relief and enthusiasm.