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The Federalist Era 1787-1800

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  • THE FEDERALIST ERA
  • 1787-1800

Articles of Confederation: the first form of government.

*NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TOO WEAK! Too much state power “friendship of states”

examples of being too weak:

••••

No President/No executive Congress can’t tax or raise an army States are coining their own money Foreign troubles (British on the frontier, French in New Orleans)

Shays’ Rebellion: Daniel Shays is a farmer in Massachusetts protesting tax collectors. The rebellion is a wake up call - recognize we need a new government

Constitutional Convention of 1787: Delegates meet to revise the Articles, instead draft a new Constitution

• Major issue discussed = REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS

(more representatives in Congress, more influence you have in passing laws/policies in your favor)
NJ Plan (equal per state) vs. Virginia Plan (based on population)

House of Representatives:
GREAT COMPROMISE Based on population

Creates a bicameral

Senate:

(two-house) legislature
Equal, two per state
THREE-FIFTHS • 3 out of every 5 slaves will count for representation and taxation COMPROMISE • increases representation in Congress for South

Other Compromises:
• Congress regulates interstate and foreign trade • Can tax imports (tariffs) but not exports • Slave trade continued until 1808

COMMERCIAL COMPROMISE

How did the Constitution fix the problems of the Articles of Confederation?

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
• States have the most power, national government has little
CONSTITUTION
• states have some power, national government has most
• No President or executive to carry out the laws • Congress has no power to tax • Each state coins its own money, no national currency
• President heads the executive branch • Congress has power to tax • National government coins money

RATIFICATION DEBATE

  • Federalists
  • Anti-Federalists

• Supported the Constitution – therefore supported a strong national government
• Believed a strong government was
• Against the Constitution – supported state power over federal power
• Feared a strong central government important to maintain order and preserve • Argued Constitution contained no

  • the union
  • protection of individual rights

  • o Wrote Federalist Papers to urge
  • o Pushed for a Bill of Rights

people to ratify the Constitution

Other key features of the Constitution:

Separation of powers: power is divided between legislative, executive and judicial branches

Checks and balances: each power can check on the other branches

Federalism: the sharing/division of power between national government and state governments

Flexibility: ability to adapt to changing times, sometimes referred to as a living document

! Amendment process ! necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) ! judicial review

Unwritten Constitution: cabinet, political parties

GEORGE WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY

! sets precedents (traditions): o cabinet o only serves two terms o neutrality

Hamilton’s Financial Plan:

Historical circumstance: United States is in debt following the Revolutionary War. Need to pay back foreign countries and stabilize the economy.

! ASSUMPTION: deal with debt " national government will pay off war debts ! EXCISE TAX: raise revenue " direct tax on manufacturing of whiskey ! NATIONAL BANK: stabilize banking " to help the government in all of its financial dealings

Controversy over the Financial Plan leads to the Whiskey Rebellion (protest to tax) and to the formation of political parties (national bank)

Causes: Whiskey tax was hard on small farmers who had to pay in cash. Did not have access to currency. Farmers in Western Pennsylvania protest
Results: Washington sends a large number of

The Whiskey troops to crush the rebellion. This shows
Rebellion

Washington intends to enforce the power of the national government.

WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY " NEUTRALITY

Proclamation of Neutrality: “the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers” (1793)

Why? What’s going on in the world? Historical Context:
! In 1789, the French Revolution erupted. America is divided over the revolution – some are excited and enthused that American democratic ideas are spreading. Others are shocked and horrified by the slaughter of thousands during the Reign of Terror.
! France goes to war with Britain and Spain in 1793 o Citizen Genet had been sent to the United States of America to gather support for the French regime in their war against Britain. Genet refused to listen to the American administration when it repeatedly asked him to stop gathering support for France and to stop encouraging American citizens to fight Spain, an ally of Britain, in the Spanish held territory of Florida.

  • Background
  • Foreign issue

Jay’s

Impact

During its war with France, Britain began to attack and seize US ships bound for French ports. Britain also continued to have a presence in the Northwest and in 1784 began to build a new fort in the Ohio country. Washington sent Justice John Jay to London to seek a settlement with the British.
The British agreed to evacuate their posts in the West. Also committed the United States to paying preRevolutionary debts still owed British merchants. Washington had succeeded in maintaining neutrality and peace was maintained.

Treaty

At the time of Jay’s Treaty, Spain had feared that Britain and American might team up to attack Louisiana and
Granted the United States free

Pinckney’s
Treaty

navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to unload cargo (“the right to deposit”) at New Orleans. The treaty also settled the border between Spain Florida and the Americas.
Spain’s other American possessions.

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS:

… In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western.

Washington warns the nation to avoid…

! Sectionalism

warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally… Political parties are likely to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government….

! Political parties ! Alliances (“foreign

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world…

entanglements”

THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES " centered over the view of the role of the federal government

(debate over who should have the most power in government)
! Starts over Hamilton’s National Bank: o Thomas Jefferson – the bank is unconstitutional, no where in the Constitution does it say the national government can create a National Bank o Alexander Hamilton – applies the necessary and proper clause (elastic clause)

  • DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
  • FEDERALISTS

IT ALL STARTED
WITH THE
NATIONAL BANK

Against bank – the creation of a bank is not in the Constitution
For the bank - Implied powers: not listed but necessary for government to do its job

VIEW OF
GOVERNMENT
AND THE

STRICT: Government can only do those things that the Constitution specifically spells out
LOOSE: Favors a freer reading of the Constitution that gives government more room to act

CONSTITUTION
POWER IN GOVERNMENT

State and individual rights are most important. Opposed a strong national government
Strong national government is best

OPINION ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS

  • Supported the French
  • Supported the British

Alexander Hamilton

(especially during the French Revolution and War with Britain and Spain)

Important people

Other Beliefs

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Strength of US was in its farmers and agriculture
Manufacturing and trade is the basis for wealth

Support

Rural South and West, commoners, farmers
Urban Northeast, bankers, wealthy

JOHN ADAMS’ PRESIDENCY

The XYZ Affair: Historical circumstances: French attacks on American shipping continued. Adams’ sends an American envoy to try to negotiate a settlement with France.

! French foreign ministers demanded a bribe before they would meet with the Americans. ! “No, no, not a sixpence.” “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”
Effects: Americans angry, caused a sensation. Federalists pushed for a war with France, Adams becomes a national hero. America begins to build up its armed forces.

! Federalists in Congress push through the Alien and Sedition Acts.
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

ALIEN ACTS: Made it more difficult to become Why were they passed? a citizen and easier to arrest and deport any noncitizen thought to endanger national security
! To silence opposition – limit the power and influence of Republicans

SEDITION ACTS: made it easier to arrest a person for criticizing the president or the government
! To protect the country and to avoid war
(maintain neutrality)

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

! Written by Madison and States have rights the federal government cannot reduce
Jefferson

Doctrine of Nullification: States can nullify federal laws that
! In response to the Alien they judge to be unconstitutional

and Sedition Acts
! Nullify = invalidate, cancel, reject

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