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How 'Great' Was Alexander?
Historical Site of Mirhadi Hoseini http://m-hosseini.ir ……………………………………………………………………………………… IRANIAN HISTORY: POST-ACHAEMENIDS How ‘Great’ Was Alexander? By: Professor Ian Worthington1[1] (University of Missouri-Columbia) Why was Alexander II of Macedon called 'Great'? The answer seems relatively straightforward: from an early age he was an achiever, he conquered territories on a superhuman scale, he established an empire until his times unrivalled, and he died young, at the height of his power. Thus, at the youthful age of 20, in 336, he inherited the powerful empire of Macedon, which by then controlled Greece and had already started to make inroads into Asia. In 334 he invaded Persia, and within a decade he had defeated the Persians, subdued Egypt, and pushed on to Iran, Afghanistan and even India. As well as his vast conquests Alexander is credited with the spread of Greek culture and education in his empire, not to mention being responsible for the physical and cultural formation of the Hellenistic kingdoms — some would argue that the Hellenistic world was Alexander's legacy.[2[2]] He has also been viewed as a philosophical idealist, striving to create a unity of mankind by his so-called fusion of the races policy, in which he attempted to integrate Persians and Orientals into his administration and army. Thus, within a dozen years Alexander’s empire stretched from Greece in the west to India in the far east, and he was even worshipped as a god by many of his subjects while still alive. On the basis of his military conquests contemporary -
INTRODUCTION in the Late Fourth Century, Athens Came Under The
INTRODUCTION In the late fourth century, Athens came under the spell of one of the more colourful and complex fi gures of her history: Demetrius of Phalerum. A dilettante who bleached his hair and rouged his cheeks, a man whose luxurious banquets were conducted in perfumed and mosaic-clad rooms, Demetrius was also a product of Aristotle’s philo- sophical establishment, the Peripatos, and a remarkably accomplished scholar in his own right. Th is erudite and urbane fi gure rose from political obscurity to rule his native city for the decade 317–307. His regime occupies a vital transitional period of Athenian history. In temporal terms, it provides the link between the classical Athens of Lycurgus and the emerging Hellenistic city of the third century. It was a time at which Athens was still held fi rmly under the suzerainty of Macedon, the dominant world power of the day, as it had been already for three decades, but the very nature of that suzerainty was being re-defi ned. For much of the previous three decades, Athens had been but one of numerous Greek states subordinated to the northern super-power by a web of treaties called the League of Corinth. By the time of Demetrius, both Philip and Alexander, the greatest of the Macedonian kings, were gone and the Macedonian world itself was fragmenting. Alexander’s subordi- nates—the so-called Diadochoi—were seeking to carve out kingdoms for themselves in Alexander’s erstwhile empire, and in the resulting confusion, individual Greek states were increasingly becoming infl u- ential agents and valued prizes in the internecine strife between war- ring Macedonian generals. -
Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V. -
Herodotus' Four Markers of Greek Identity (Ch
Loyola Marymount University From the SelectedWorks of Katerina Zacharia September, 2008 Hellenisms (ii), Herodotus' Four Markers of Greek Identity (ch. 1) Katerina Zacharia, Loyola Marymount University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/katerina_zacharia/15/ 1. Herodotus’ Four Markers of Greek Identity Katerina Zacharia [...] πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ Σπάρτης ἀγγέλους τάδε· Τὸ μὲν δεῖσαι Λακεδαιμονίους μὴ ὁμολογήσωμεν τῷ βαρβάρῳ κάρτα ἀνθρωπήιον ἦν. ἀτὰρ αἰσχρῶς γε οἴκατε ἐξεπιστάμενοι τὸ Ἀθηναίων φρόνημα ἀρρωδῆσαι, ὅτι οὔτε χρυσός ἐστι γῆς οὐδαμόθι τοσοῦτος οὔτε χώρη καλλει καὶ ἀρετῇ μέγα ὑπερφέρουσα, τὰ ἡμεῖς δεξάμενοι ἐθέλοιμεν ἂν μηδίσαντες καταδουλῶσαι τὴν Ἑλλάδα. Πολλὰ τε γὰρ καὶ μεγαλα ἐστι τὰ διακωλύοντα ταῦτα μὴ ποιέειν μηδ᾿ ἢν ἐθέλωμεν, πρῶτα μὲν καὶ μέγιστα τῶν θεῶν τὰ ἀγάλματα καὶ τὰ οἰκήματα ἐμπεπρησμένα τε καὶ συγκεχωσμένα, τοῖσι ἡμέας ἀναγκαίως ἔχει τιμωρέειν ἐς τὰ μέγιστα μᾶλλον ἤ περ ὁμολογέειν τῷ ταῦτα ἐργασαμένῳ, αὖτις δὲ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν, ἐὸν ὅμαιμόν τε καὶ ὁμόγλωσσον, καὶ θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι ἤθεά τε ὁμότροπα, τῶν προδότας γενέσθαι Ἀθηναίους οὐκ ἂν εὖ ἔχοι. ἐπίστασθέ τε οὕτω, εἰ μὴ καὶ πρότερον ἐτύγχανετε ἐπιστάμενοι, ἔστ᾿ ἂν καὶ εἶς περιῇ Ἀθηναίων, μηδαμὰ ὁμολογήσοντας ἡμέας Ξέρξῃ .1 Herodotus, Histories, 8, 144.1–3 1. The Sources: Some Qualifiers All contributors were invited to think about the four characteristic features of Hellenism (blood, language, religion, and customs) listed by some anonymous Athenian speakers at the end of Herodotus VIII, in the caption of this chapter. Some of the questions the contributors were asked to explore are: How far has it been true historically that these four features have acted 1 “To the Spartan envoys they said: ‘No doubt it was natural that the Lacedaemonians should dread the possibility of our making terms with Persia; none the less it shows a poor estimate of the spirit of Athens. -
Because of the Number of Articles Contained in This Work and Because They Span Both the Greek and Roman Worlds, We Ha
INDEX Nota Bene: Because of the number of articles contained in this work and because they span both the Greek and Roman worlds, we have made no effort to stan dardize the spelling of transliterated Greek names from one article to the next. Therefore we advise you to check under variant spellings as you seek something from this index. Ab-ad-Dud: 375 Alexander the Great: 304 n. 11, Abdera: 189, 2ll 307-8, 314 Abu Simbel: 239 Alexandra (Kassandra): 131-51 Abydos: 240 Alexandre (Amazonian): 137 Academy: 292 n. 34, 296-7 Alexandria (Egypt): 238 n. 27, 350 n. 44 Achaea: 118, 125, 137 n. 39 Alexandros (Hera): 136 n. 35 Achaemenes/ Achaemenids: 36, 30 l-14 Alexandros (Paris): 136 Achilles: 232 Alexida: 136 n. 32 Actium, Batde of: 102, 339-55 Allienoi: 235 Adeimantus: 38 n. 15 Allies, Greek, see 'Xenos' Aegean Sea: 187, 239, 241 Allies, Roman, see 'Foederatei' Aegina/Aeginetans: 35, 37, 39, 257, 307 Allotment: 197, 207, 215 Aegospotami: 324 al-Mgawga: 375 Aelius Tubero, Q: 99-102 Altar: 198, 204, 206, 261 Aeolians: 273 n. 5 Amaklaios (Apollo): 139 Aequians: II 0 Amasis: 238 Aeschylus: 34 n. 4, 293 Amazons: 137, 232 Mrica Proconsularis: 120 n. 28 Ambracian Gulf: 350 Agamemnon (hero): 131, 133-5, Amisos: 190 140-5, 148-51, 232 Amoibichos: 240 Agamemnon (Zeus): 135 n. 23 Amompharetus: 44 Agesilaus: 259, 293 n. 36, 301 Ampe: 182, 184 Agis: 285-6, 288-90, 294-5, 297-8 Amphiaraos: 136 n. 32 Agora: 120, 198, 200, 202-3 Amphictyonic League: 125 Agrippa, see 'Vipsanius' Amphinnes: 238 Agrippa Menenius: I 02 Amphipolis: 208, 293 Aigisthos: 147 n. -
Xenophon's Life and Times: Some Important Dates
Xenophon Anabasis Xenophon’s Life and Times: Some Important Dates BC 431 Outbreak of Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta 430 – 425 Birth of Xenophon (in Athens) 423 Birth of Cyrus the Younger 413 Destruction of the Athenian expedition to Sicily 411 – 410 Athenian democracy overthrown, and oligarchic rule imposed (The 400) 410 Democracy restored at Athens 407 Cyrus becomes viceroy of Asia Minor 406 Athenian victory at the Battle of Arginusae, and the subsequent trial of the generals. 405 Artaxerxes II (elder brother of Cyrus) succeeds to the throne of Persia The Athenian fleet is destroyed by Lysander at Aegospotami 404 Athens surrenders to Sparta The Thirty Tyrants are established at Athens Xenophon serves in their cavalry (?) 401 Xenophon joins the expedition of Cyrus the Younger who is defeated at the Battle of Cunaxa (near Babylon) Xenophon becomes a general and the Ten Thousand begin their retreat 400 The Ten Thousand reach the Black Sea, and continue their retreat to Byzantium Agesilaus becomes one of Sparta’s two kings 400 – 399 Xenophon and the Ten Thousand with Seuthes in Thrace 399 Xenophon brings the remnant of the Ten Thousand to join the Spartan Thibron in Asia Minor Socrates is tried and executed in Athens 399 – 394 Xenophon serves under the Spartans in Asia Minor 395 Outbreak of the Corinthian War: Athens, Corinth and Thebes in coalition against Sparta 394 Agesilaus is recalled from Asia Minor to Greece; Xenophon accompanies him Xenophon fights with Sparta at Coronea; he is formally exiled from Athens (if not already -
Ancient Greece Chapter Four
Ancient Greece Chapter Four http://www.angelfire.com/tx5/mere dithaggie05/greecemap.gif http://www.bing.com/images/search ?q=ancient+greece&view=detail&id =9999AE976245F9D7F700165B6B 7377537DCFC1EC&first=0&FORM =IDFRIR Early Civilization in Greece • Geography impacts the people who moved into the area of Greece around 1900 BCE • Pindus Mountains cover 80% of Greek peninsula • Greek city-states grow in isolation from each other as a result • Surrounded by Mediterranean, Ionian, and Aegean Sea, no part of Greece is more than 60 miles from the sea http://www.ancient-greece.org/images/maps/ancient- greece101_th.jpg Minoans Settle on Crete • 2700 BC to 1450 BCE • Crete serves as trading port between eastern Mediterranean coastal lands and Greece • Capital city of Knossos is rich and powerful • Probably devastated by tsunami caused by volcanic http://www.minoanatlantis.com/pix/Knos action on Thera in 1450 BCE sos_Palace_Reconstruction_1.jpg • Mycenaeans invade and Greek era begins Mycenae: The First Greek State • Begins around 1900 BCE, at high point 1400-1200 BCE • Warrior people who traded with the eastern Mediterranean areas • Conquer Crete and numerous islands in the Aegean Sea • Homer’s account of the Trojan War likely based on some fact http://www.warchat.org/pictures/the_trojan_war_map.jpg Dorian Conquerors from North Create a Dark Age • 1100-750 BCE sees decline in Mycenaean culture • Agriculture begins to revive around 750 • Greeks settle Aegean Islands and Ionian coast of Turkey • Move southward into http://noirlecroi.com/truth/wp- -
Vocabulary in Robert Beekes's Etymological
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 133 (2016): 149–169 doi:10.4467/20834624SL.16.011.5680 FILIP DE DECKER Universiteit Gent [email protected] ETYMOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ‹PG› AND ‹PG?› VOCABULARY IN ROBERT BEEKES’S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF GREEK: N Keywords: substrate, inherited lexicon, Indo-European phonology, Greek Abstract This article presents an etymological case study on Pre-Greek (PG): it analyzes about 20 words starting with the letter N that have been catalogued as ‹PG› or ‹PG?› in the new Etymological dictionary of Greek (EDG), but for which alternative explanations are equally possible or more likely. The article starts by discussing the Leiden etymological dictionaries series, then discusses the EDG and the concept of PG and then analyzes the individual words. This analysis is performed by giving an overview of the most important earlier suggestions and contrasting it with the arguments used to catalogue the word as PG. In the process, several issues of Indo-European phonology (such as the phoneme inventory and sound laws) will be discussed. 1. General observations on the EGD and the Leiden etymological dictionar- ies series1 The Leiden etymological dictionaries series intends to replace Pokorny (1959), no longer up-to-date in matters of phonology and morphology, by publishing separate etymo- logical dictionaries of every Indo-European language (Beekes 1998). While an update of Pokorny is necessary, some remarks need to be made. First, most etymological 1 For a (scathing) assessment of the Series, see Vine (2012) and Meissner (2014). For a detailed discussion of the EDG, the reader is referred to Meissner (2014). -
The Successors: Alexander's Legacy
The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy November 20-22, 2015 Committee Background Guide The Successors: Alexander’s Legacy 1 Table of Contents Committee Director Welcome Letter ...........................................................................................2 Summons to the Babylon Council ................................................................................................3 The History of Macedon and Alexander ......................................................................................4 The Rise of Macedon and the Reign of Philip II ..........................................................................4 The Persian Empire ......................................................................................................................5 The Wars of Alexander ................................................................................................................5 Alexander’s Plans and Death .......................................................................................................7 Key Topics ......................................................................................................................................8 Succession of the Throne .............................................................................................................8 Partition of the Satrapies ............................................................................................................10 Continuity and Governance ........................................................................................................11 -
Analogy and Sound Change in Ancient Greek Brian D. Joseph 0
Published (in Greek) in: Istoria tis elinikis glosas, ed. by A.-Ph. Christides (Thessaloniki: Center for the Greek Language), 2001, pp. 1059-1064. Analogy and Sound Change in Ancient Greek Brian D. Joseph 0. Introduction A key observation that has emerged out of the examination of different stages of a language is that no language is static; all aspects of language are subject to change, including the sounds, the forms, the sentence structure, meanings, etc. Indeed, as far as Greek is concerned, the evidence presented in the chapters on syntactic change between Classical and Hellenistic Greek and on movement towards Modern Greek shows that Greek in the post-Classical period was a vital living linguistic system, one that did not stand still but rather underwent changes and evolved. Moreover, the same is true of earlier stages of Greek, that is from early Greek of the second millennium B.C. up to (and beyond) the Classical period, and for domains of grammar other than the syntax. Information on change in Greek over this chronological span comes from several sources. First, there is the direct evidence obtained by comparing two stages of the same dialect. Second, different dialects of Greek can be compared with one another, and judged against the comparative evidence of Indo-European languages other than Greek (see the chapter on Indo-European) to see which one is innovative, the assumption being that if two dialects disagree on some feature, at least one of them has undergone an innovative change away from their common starting point. Finally, variation within a single dialect generally indicates that a change has occurred and the new form and the older form are competing with one another. -
Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens Tim Rood
Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens Tim Rood To cite this version: Tim Rood. Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens. KTÈMA Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, Université de Strasbourg, 2017, 42, pp.19-39. halshs-01670082 HAL Id: halshs-01670082 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01670082 Submitted on 21 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Les interprétations de la défaite de 404 Edith Foster Interpretations of Athen’s defeat in the Peloponnesian war ............................................................. 7 Edmond LÉVY Thucydide, le premier interprète d’une défaite anormale ................................................................. 9 Tim Rood Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens ...................................................................................... 19 Cinzia Bearzot La συμφορά de la cité La défaite d’Athènes (405-404 av. J.-C.) chez les orateurs attiques .................................................. 41 Michel Humm Rome, une « cité grecque -
The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module B) the Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek Alphabet 2 Phonology (Part 2)
The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module B) The Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek Alphabet 2 Phonology (Part 2) Lesson Two Overview 2.0 Introduction, 2-1 2.1 Ten Similar Letters, 2-2 2.2 Six Deceptive Greek Letters, 2-4 2.3 Nine Different Greek Letters, 2-8 2.4 History of the Greek Alphabet, 2-13 Study Guide, 2-20 2.0 Introduction Lesson One introduced the twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet. Lesson Two continues to present the building blocks for learning Greek phonics by merging vowels and consonants into syllables. Furthermore, this lesson underscores the similarities and dissimilarities between the Greek and English alphabetical letters and their phonemes. Almost without exception, introductory Greek grammars launch into grammar and vocabulary without first firmly grounding a student in the Greek phonemic system. This approach is appropriate if a teacher is present. However, it is little help for those who are “going at it alone,” or a small group who are learning NTGreek without the aid of a teacher’s pronunciation. This grammar’s introductory lessons go to great lengths to present a full-orbed pronunciation of the Erasmian Greek phonemic system. Those who are new to the Greek language without an instructor’s guidance will welcome this help, and it will prepare them to read Greek and not simply to translate it into their language. The phonic sounds of the Greek language are required to be carefully learned. A saturation of these sounds may be accomplished by using the accompanying MP3 audio files.