HISTORICAL REVIEW

Stump Speaking See Page 339

„L Y 1956 rly By e State Historical Society of COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State.—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1953-1956 L. M. WHITE, Mexico, President GEORGE ROBB ELLISON, Jefferson City, First Vice-President RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau, Second Vice-President HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence, Third Vice-President BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph, Fourth Vice-President RAY V. DENSLOW, Trenton, Fifth Vice-President W. C HEWITT, Shelbyville, Sixth Vice-President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society ALLEN MCREYNOLDS, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City G. L. ZWICK, St. Joseph Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1956 F. C BARNHILL, Marshall RALPH P. JOHNSON, Osceola FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon ALBERT L. REEVES, City W. C HEWITT, Shelbyville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville STEPHEN B. HUNTER, Cape Girardeau GEORGE C WILLSON, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1957 RALPH P. BIEBER, St. Louis L. E. MEADOR, Springfield ARTHUR V. BURROWES, St. Joseph JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston *WM. P. ELMER, Salem ISRAEL A. SMITH, Independence LAURENCE J. KENNY, S. J., St. Louis HENRY C THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1958 CHESTER A. BRADLEY, Kansas City FRANK L. MOTT, Columbia RAY V. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia GEORGE ROBB ELLISON. Jefferson City JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-eight Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville, Chairman GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia L. M. WHITE, Mexico T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

•Deceased. Missouri Historical Review Floyd C. Shoemaker, Editor

Volume L July 1956 Number Four

The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly at 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri, Communications pertaining to the publication should he addressed to 119 S. Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri, or to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Review is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1,00 a year, or S20 for a life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Kirksville, Missouri, under an act of August 24, 1912. MORE COMMENTS ON THE SOCIETY AND THE REVIEW

The January Review was the most attractive yet.—H. A. TREXLER, Dallas, Texas. I have a friendly criticism of your publication. It doesn't come out often enough!—CHARLES DE LA HAYE, St. Louis. Words fail me when I attempt to describe my keen enjoyment of the January Review.— MRS. R. L. MOTLEY, Bowling Green. I think the Review improves with every issue. All Missourians should be proud of the fine work the Society is doing.—BILLY L. BAILEY, Kansas City. The January, 1956, Missouri Historical Review came yesterday. It is splendid. I read every word.—MRS. P. B. JOHNSTON, Lincoln, . I know of no better way for my son to keep up with the history of his native State than receiving the Review.—MRS. OLIVIA BOUDREAU, New London. Through the Review I feel I am getting to know my native State and realize how rich it is in history as well as being a beauty spot of these .—EMOLENE PARISI, Hollywood, California. I am enjoying the Missouri Historical Review no end.—JUSTIN TOLMAN, Liberty, Missouri. Congratulations on the fine work of the State Historical Society and for having it appreciated now.—MRS. ETHEL MASSIE WITHERS, Liberty. I am always much interested in the Review.—SCOTT CHIPPS, St. Joseph. Each issue of the Review seems to be more interesting than the last, and it is to be congratulated upon such an achievement.—MRS. OKLA H. LUCAS, Fayette. I thoroughly enjoyed your articles on the proslavery fight for Kansas last year. I was brought up in Kansas, on the other side of the fence!—CHARLES F. REHKOPF, St. Louis. I wish to congratulate you on the excellent Review. I look forward eagerly to each publication and frequently find myself wishing it arrived each month instead of quarterly.—MRS. EDWARD B. CURTIS, Alamosa, Colorado. I am very highly impressed with your excellent work.—EDWARD L. SCHEUFLER, Kansas City. The State Historical Society of Missouri is publishing one of the best historical magazines in the United States.—WALTER F. LACKEY, LOW Gap, . May I take this opportunity to voice my approval of the Review? We are grateful to Mr. R. S. Withers who enrolled us for the first time.—SAM C. CHAPMAN, Liberty. I haven't the slightest intention of missing my copy of the one bit of reading I enjoy more than all else.—TOM M. MC CLUSKEY, Richmond. I would like to take this opportunity of saying how much I enjoy reading each issue of the Review. I think it is one of the most attractive magazines ever published.—ROBERT F. HARDIN, St. Louis. I very much enjoy the Review and continue to be interested in Missouri and her history after thirty-five years of residence in Mexico.—MRS. F. J. HEUGEL, Mexico City. It is nice to have your magazine in the office for our own pleasure, and quite often we loan a copy to the various principals and superintendents of the schools of the county. It is a very worth while publication.—ELMO INGENTHRON, Forsyth. I do not want to miss one copy of the Review. I am learning a great deal about our State and enjoying every article. Enclosed is one dollar for another year of interesting and educational reading.—MRS. J. C. BUCHER, Kansas City. Contents Page

DAVID RICE ATCHISON, FRONTIER POLITICIAN. By William E. Parrish 339

CULTURE AND THE MISSOURI FRONTIER. By John Francis McDermott 355

OLD BARRY COUNTY, MOTHER OF EIGHT SOUTHWEST MISSOURI COUNTIES.

By Floyd C. Shoemaker 371

SINGING. By Robert Steele Withers 381

PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS IN MISSOURI. Part III. By Lemont K. Richardson.. .387

VIGNETTES OF FAMOUS MISSOURIANS 400

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 408

A Personal Message from the Secretary 408

Members Active in Increasing the Society's Membership 409

New Members of the State Historical Society 411

Fort Orleans Highway Marker Dedication 413

Hermann Highway Marker Dedication 414

The George Pohlman Collection 415

Activities of Local Historical Societies 416

Monuments and Memorials 418

Notes 419

Historical Publications 422

Books in Brief 424

Obituaries 425

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 428

WILLIAM B. MCGREGOR Verso Back Cover

PROGRESS OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION Back Cover Illustrations Page

ATCHISON, DAVID RICE. Portrait by George C. Bingham 349

BATES, FREDERICK. Strauss Portrait from Drawing by Charles Marks 393

CLARK, CHAMP 401

CLARK, CHAMP, STATUE AT BOWLING GREEN 402

CONFEDERATE CAPITOL AT CASSVILLE 374

GENTNER HOUSE IN HERMANN 408

HARDIN, CHARLES H 404

HARDIN, CHARLES H., HIS BOYHOOD HOME IN COLUMBIA 405

HEMPSTEAD, EDWARD 391

HUSMANN, GEORGE 406

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, PROGRESS OF. By O. E. Berninghaus.

Property of August A. Busch, Jr., St. Louis County Back Cover

LISA, MANUEL 389

LUNETTE FROM THE SOCIETY'S BOOKPLATE 400

MCGREGOR, WILLIAM B Verso Back Cover

MARBUT, CURTIS FLETCHER 379

MORMON ENCAMPMENT ON THE . From Mayhew's

The Mormons or the Latter Day Saints, 1851 342

OLD WIRE ROAD MARKER AT CASSVILLE 375

POTOSI. From H. R. Schoolcraft's Scenes . . . of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas, 1853 367 QUILTING PARTY. From Harper's Weekly, April 13, 1861 366 ST. LOUIS IN 1832. Painting by George Catlin 357

ST. LOUIS, CATHEDRAL. By Leon Pomarede 361

ST. LOUIS, THEATRE, 1837. By J. C. Wild 363

SCHOOLHOUSE, LOG, IN BARRY COUNTY 376

STUMP SPEAKING. Engraving by Gautier of painting by George C. Bingham. The painting is property of Boatmen's National Bank, St. Louis Cover WINE CELLAR AT HERMANN 407 , FRONTIER POLITICIAN

BY WILLIAM E. PARRISH*

In the tempestuous decade of the 1850's, David Rice Atchison of Missouri stands out as one of the most controversial figures on the American scene. Although this native-born Kentuckian ably served the State of Missouri as soldier, legislator, and judge and represented its interests in the Senate of the United States from 1843 to 1855, people remember him today primarily as the "President for one day" or as the leader of the * 'border ruffians" during the Kansas civil war. Yet from the beginning of his senatorial career, Atchison vigor­ ously promoted westward expansion. His efforts to encourage the settlement of Oregon during the 1840's won him early recognition by his colleagues who evidenced their appreciation of his leadership by electing him president pro-tempore of the Senate in 1846, less than three years after he had become a member of that body. The Senate consistently re-elected Atchison to this position by unanimous vote until 1850 when he stepped down for a brief period only to be returned to the post in 1852, again by unanimous ballot, for another two years. During the 1850's, Atchison became one of the leading propo­ nents of the states' rights doctrine of John C. Calhoun. In the struggle to apply this doctrine to the opening of new territories preparing for eventual statehood, no one was more active than Atchison. From the halls of Congress to the plains of Kansas, he played a leading role in the South's attempt to enforce its "right" to take slavery into all territories of the Union. This struggle cul­ minated in ultimate defeat and undeserved malignment for both Atchison and the South which he had come to serve so devotedly. It is the purpose of this study, however, to examine Atchison's early career on the Missouri frontier where as lawyer, soldier, legislator, and judge he prepared himself for the Senate service which followed.

*William E. Parrish, a native of Kansas, received his B.S. degree from Kansas State College and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri where he was an instructor in the history department. He is now assistant professor of history at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri. 339 340 Missouri Historical Review

Born at Frogtown, , on August 11, 1807, Atchison loved to make rough jests about his peculiarly named birthplace and would often remark that he had always been "the big frog in the puddle." His father, William Atchison, was a farmer of moderate means who had come to Kentucky from Lancaster County, Pennsyl­ vania, in the late 1780's and had grown to manhood there. He met Catharine Allen, a "lady of natural and acquired endowments," who had come to Kentucky from Georgia, and they were married on October 14, 1806. Within a year the first of their six children was born in the attractive brick cottage which still stands on the old farm about five miles from Lexington. Hoping that this first son might become a minister, William and Catharine Atchison named him in honor of "Father" David Holt Rice, the founder of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky.1 Little is known of Atchison's childhood, but he evidently made rapid progress, for he entered at Lexington in the fall of 1821 at the age of fourteen. Five of his classmates here later served with him in the Senate: Solomon W. Downs of , Jesse D. Bright of , George W. Jones of , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana, and of . Atchison remained especially close to the latter three throughout his life.2 Jefferson Davis, the most famous of the six Transylvania sena­ tors, writing near the close of his own life, paid tribute to Atchison in the following account of their college days together: Among my college mates in Transylvania was a tall country boy, true-hearted and honest, with many virtues but without grace or tact. The sight of him always seemed to suggest to Mr. Bishop [professor of languages and vice- president of the university] the question of the Catechism, 'Who made ye, Dauvid?' to which Atchison always answered, 'Gaud,' and Mr. Bishop invariably responded, 'Quite right, Dauvid; quite right.' I left him in the college when I went to West Point, and afterward, when I met him in the , in which he was one of the Senators from Missouri, my first greeting was, 'Who made ye, Dauvid?' I loved him when we were boys, and he grew with growing years in all the graces of manhood. David R.

lThe History of Clinton County, Missouri (St. Joseph, 1881), Part II, 179; George F. Milton, The Eve of Conflict: Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War (Boston, 1934), 102; Kentucky Vital Statistics: Record of Marriages in Fayette County, Kentucky, for the period of years 1803 to 1861, inclusive (Frankfort, 1931), p. 5; John W. Townsend, "David Rice Atchison," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, VIII (May, 1910), 39; C. Frank Dunn, "Gen. Green Clay in Fayette County Records," ibid., XLIV (April, 1946), 147.

2Townsend, "David Rice Atchison," p. 39; John C. Parish, (Iowa City, 1912), p. 83. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 341

Atchison, now no more, but kindly remembered even by those who disagreed with him politically, was a man of unswerving courage and stainless honor.3 Following his graduation with high honors from Transylvania on July 13, 1825, Atchison began to study law with several prominent Kentuckians including William T. Barry, who later served as postmaster general in Andrew Jackson's cabinet. He was admitted to the Kentucky bar in 1829. Although urged to remain in his native state, he declined and determined to set up practice further west.4 Early in 1830, Atchison set out for Missouri. At St. Louis in April of that year, he received his license to practice in Missouri, his home state for the remainder of his life. Shortly after this, Atchison moved to Liberty in Clay County to set up practice. Only one other attorney lived in Liberty at the time. William T. Wood had begun practicing there the previous year and welcomed Atchison to the growing community.5 Western Missouri was in its infancy, and its early growth became inseparably connected with the name of David Rice Atchison. Atchison entered actively into the life of the frontier community, and within a few years he had organized and captained a company of some repute, called the "Liberty Blues."6 His law practice flourished, and two other attorneys moved to Liberty to share his office. One of these, Alexander W. Doniphan, became Atchison's firm friend and later carved a prominent niche for him­ self in the annals of Missouri history.7 The Mormons of Jackson County had encountered difficulties with their neighbors because of some of their religious beliefs. Violence resulted in the summer and fall of 1833, and the leaders of the Mormon church sought legal aid from Atchison and his col­ leagues. When first approached in the matter, the attorneys hesitated to accept the case and wrote the Mormon leaders asking a retainer of a thousand dollars in advance for their services. They considered such a procedure necessary because "We have been doing a practice here among these people to a considerable extent, and by this engagement we must expect to lose the greatest part of it, which will be to all of us a considerable loss." Although Joseph

3Varina H. Davis, Jefferson Davis, Ex-President of the Confederate States of America: A Memoir (New York, 1890), I, 25-26. ^History of Clinton County, Part II, 179. Vbid., pp. 179-80. 6Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, March 8, 1834. ^History of Clinton County, Part I, 441. 342 Missouri Historical Review

Mormon Encampment on the Missouri River

Smith criticized the lawyers for placing money considerations above the cause of human rights, the Mormons hired them. It proved to be money well spent, for the attorneys, especially Atchison and Doniphan, served the Mormons well in the many troubles which soon plagued them in Missouri.8 The following fall the Mormons of Clay County helped elect Atchison as one of the county's two representatives in the lower house of the Eighth General Assembly.9 Apparently Atchison had not settled definitely in the Democratic party at this time, for he stood as the opposition candidate for speaker of the (House. He received the votes of most of those members who would later form the leadership of the Whig party in Missouri but lost the contest by a vote of 24 to 41. Throughout the session Atchison played a leading role in the legislative proceedings, serving as a member of the com­ mittees on the judiciary and engrossed bills.10 The experience gained at this time proved of great benefit to Atchison during his later career in the United States Senate. The judiciary committee played an especially important role during this session as a series of proposed constitutional amendments which

8Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Second Edition Revised (7 vols., Salt Lake City, 1951-1952), I, 423-25. 9Columbia Missouri Intelligencer, August 23, 1834. The final returns stood Atchison 565, Thomas C. Gorden 492, John Thornton 367. 10House Journal, Eighth General Assembly, 1834-1835 (Fayette, 1835), pp. 3-4, 38. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 343 would vastly alter the judicial system of Missouri became the major consideration of the legislature. In essence these would abolish the governor's power to make judicial appointments and end the life tenure of Missouri's judges. They proposed instead the election by the General Assembly of Supreme Court Judges for a term of six years, while the people would elect those on the circuit courts for a similar period. In general Atchison favored these proposals and voted with the majority in their favor. All but two minor amend­ ments failed of adoption, however, for a bare lack of the constitu­ tional two-thirds majority required for adoption.11 Atchison also made sure that the legislature considered one amendment vitally affecting the interests of his section of the state. He moved an amendment favoring the inclusion of the Platte coun­ try within the northwestern boundary of Missouri, and, after due consideration, the General Assembly adopted this proposal by an overwhelming majority.12 During the summer of 1835, Atchison attended a regimental militia muster on the Weekly Dale farm, three miles north of Liberty where General Andrew Hughes, an agent of the Iowa Indians, presented the matter of the annexation of the Platte territory for which Missourians had been working, both at home and in Wash­ ington, since 1831. The militia muster appointed Atchison and four others to a committee charged with preparing a memorial to Congress on the issue. The committee thereupon drew up a petition favoring the extension of Missouri's boundaries to include the Platte country and received numerous signatures to it before sending it to the state's delegation in Congress. The desired legisla­ tion passed Congress the following year and became effective by proclamation of President on March 28, 1837. Eventually the Missouri General Assembly carved six counties from this region, and it was only fitting that the legislators named one of these in honor of David Rice Atchison who had played a significant role in its acquisition.13 During this period affairs remained fairly quiet on the western Missouri border. Due primarily to the efforts of Atchison and Doniphan, the Mormons had settled peacefully into the agricultural

"Ibid., pp. 58-65. ^House Journal, Eighth General Assembly 1834-1835, pp. 49, 58. 13William M. Paxton, Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1897), p. 14; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrast and People of Achievements (5 vols., Chicago, 1943), I, 440-42. 344 Missouri Historical Review

life of several of the counties north of the Missouri river following their expulsion from Jackson county in October, 1833.14 During the summer of 1836, they reached a tentative agreement with their Gentile neighbors to have a special county set aside for the exclusive occupation of the Mormons. The General Assembly acquiesced in December and organized Caldwell County for this purpose.15 came to Missouri in the early part of 1838, and, as the year progressed, agitation continually increased. The Mormons had overflowed into other counties where they came into conflict with the Gentiles who feared their combined political power. Violence broke out in August and continued intermittently until the end of October.16 Atchison, by 1838, had advanced from captain of the Liberty Blues to major general in command of the third division of the Missouri Militia. When conflict threatened, Joseph Smith sent for him and sought his counsel as to the course he should pursue. Atchison sympathized with the plight of the Mormons and served once again as their counsel at their initial trial early in September. He further undertook to instruct Smith and another Mormon leader in the study of law.17 When further violence broke out, however, Atchison did not hesitate to use his military authority against both sides in quelling the disturbance. He satisfied Governor Lilburn W. Boggs that he had restored peace by the end of September, but when fresh hostili­ ties occurred the following month, Boggs issued his famous "Exter­ minating Order" which demanded that the Mormons "be extermi­ nated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace." He did not order Atchison into the field again but turned to new leadership on the grounds that Atchison was a member of the legislature which would soon be meeting and the dissatisfaction with him which non-Mormons displayed because of his known sympathies for their enemies. Atchison had entered the field with his troops before learning of the governor's action, but, upon being informed of the "Exterminating Order" by his successor, he quit the army to return to Liberty, having no desire to help carry out such a

14Harry M. Beardsley, Joseph Smith and his Mormon Empire (Boston, 1931), p. 153. 15Walter Williams (ed.), A History of Northwest Missouri (3 vols., Chicago, 1915), I, 372-73. 16Beardsley, Joseph Smith and His Mormon Empire, pp. 167-70; Inez S. Davis, The Story of the Church (Independence, Missouri, 1948), pp. 270-71. "Smith, History of the Church, III, 69-70. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 345 command. The Mormons later capitulated and, after a series of trials involving their leaders, left the state for Illinois.18 Atchison did not participate directly in any of these later events, however, as he was then busily engaged in the work of the legisla­ ture. By the time of the meeting of the Tenth General Assembly in November, 1838, Atchison had definitely identified himself with the Democracy and cooperated with the majority of that party in organizing the House. He became chairman of the committee on criminal jurisprudence and the second ranking member of the judiciary committee.19 Governor Boggs' message to the legislature devoted considerable space to the recent Mormon disturbances. Consequently the General Assembly set up a special joint committee to consider what should be done in this regard. Although not a member of this group, Atchison took an active part in the debate which followed. The committee recommended three resolutions: (1) that it would be inexpedient at this time to prosecute the inquiry further; (2) that none of the documents which the governor had sent the legislature pertaining to the disturbances should be published; (3) that a joint investigation committee be appointed. The legislature adopted the first and second resolutions with Atchison voting for each. When the third came up for consideration Atchison moved that when the committee reported the governor should be required to convene a special session of the General Assembly to receive and act upon the report. The House adopted this amendment by a vote of 53 to 31 but rejected another Atchison proposal that it appoint five members to the committee in favor of selecting only three. The resolution itself failed to pass, however, by a vote of 36 to 44 with Atchison in the minority.20 Atchison performed his principal service during this session as chairman of the joint committee appointed to investigate the adverse criticism levelled at Missouri volunteers in the Seminole War by Gen. in his official report. This had greatly

^Document containing the Correspondence, Orders, &c. in relation to the disturbances with the Mormons . . . (Fayette, 1841), passim. Published upon the order of the Tenth General Assembly, this also contained the evidence in the trial which followed. ™House Journal, Tenth General Assembly, 1838-1839 (Jefferson City, 1839), pp. 1-18. On November 21, Atchison joined the Democratic majority in re-electing Thomas Hart Benton to the United States Senate for a fourth term by a vote of 75 to 48 over Abiel Leonard. Ibid., p. 21. 20Buel Leopard and Floyd C. Shoemaker (eds.), Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (17 vols, to date, Columbia, 1922-), I, 363-64; House Journal, Tenth General Assembly, 1838-1839, pp. 32, 128-35, 406. 346 Missouri Historical Review aroused feelings in the state, and Atchison's committee examined twenty witnesses before presenting a report completely exonerating the Missourians. The General Assembly passed resolutions to this effect and called for an investigation by the President, but Van Buren took no further action.21 Following the adjournment of the legislature, Atchison once again resumed his law practice in Liberty. In the election campaign of 1840, he supported the Van Buren Democratic ticket and again ran as a candidate for the legislature. Although Van Buren carried Clay County 649 to 457, Atchison and the other two Democratic candidates for the legislature went down to defeat at the hands of the Whigs.22 Writing many years later, Alexander W. Doniphan recalled that Atchison at this time "was a very ripe scholar; of fine literary taste and very familiar with all the English classics. . . . We kept our office together, although never partners, and were very warm personal friends, although politically, we were as far apart as the poles." Atchison, while in Liberty, "was fond of hunting, and very successful as a hunter, fond of social life, and indulged in the excite­ ment of politics, so that with a portion of the community who do not know what it takes to constitute a lawyer, he did not rate so high as he would have done if he had stayed in his office, although not professionally employed." Doniphan further remembered that Atchison had "a clear, bright, logical mind; had studied law well, and kept up with his profession by constant reading, when he was not engaged actively out of doors." During a trial "the position he took in any case he sustained with ability, and when he was on the right side he rarely failed of success." Doniphan considered him "one of the best lawyers," with whom he consulted "more frequently than I did anyone else."23 Atchison took an active interest in the , and dur­ ing the Tenth General Assembly he served on a committee of eight which set up Platte and Buchanan counties, the first two organized in the new territory.24 The legislature at first attached the two

21William F. Switzler, Illustrated from 1541 to 1877 (St. Louis, 1879), pp. 232-37. ^History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1885), p. 136; Portrait and Biograph­ ical Record of Lafayette and Saline Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1893), p. 496. ^History of Clinton County, Part I, 441-42. 2iHouse Journal, Tenth General Assembly, 1838-1839, p. 22. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 347 newly-formed counties to the fifth judicial circuit presided over by Judge Austin A. King of Ray County, later governor of Missouri. When King held the first session of the Platte County Circuit Court in March, 1839, Atchison, Doniphan, and other well-known attor­ neys from the surrounding area enrolled to practice before the court. Atchison made numerous trips to Platte City during the next two years to attend court there though he retained his resi­ dence at Liberty.25 The Eleventh General Assembly, convening in the fall of 1840, carved two more counties from the Platte Purchase and set up the twelfth judicial circuit consisting of the entire Platte country and Clinton County. As a result of this action, Governor Thomas Reynolds, on February 5, 1841, recommended Atchison to the state Senate as the first judge of the newly created circuit. Confirmation quickly followed, and the newly appointed jurist left Liberty, his home during the past ten years, to establish his residence at Platte City, where he lived until 1857.26 During the months of February and March, Atchison made the first rounds of his circuit, holding court in each of the five counties composing his charge. He found the usual variety of cases. The first one brought before him in Andrew County involved Alexander Wood, who was accused of betting. Upon Wood's acknowledgment of guilt, Atchison settled the case by fining him one dollar and costs. Another early case in Andrew County charged Abraham Dillon with laboring on Sunday, a serious offense in those days, and resulted in the accused being found guilty and fined $1.75 plus costs. The first case to come before Atchison in Holt County involved Joseph Roberts, indicted for trading illegally with the Indians. When the count convened, however, the sheriff reported that Roberts could not be found, and nothing further resulted from the case.27 Cases of marital incompatibility also came before Atchison. One of the earliest involved the suit of John Tinkle for a divorce from his wife, Frony, whom he accused of "repeatedly assaulting, beating, wounding and cruelly abusing" him to such an extent that life with her became "intolerable and dangerous." Atchison had already gained considerable experience in dealing with divorce cases while

25Williams, History of Northwest Missouri, I, 339,598. 261bid., I, 339; Leopard and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations of the Governors, I, 502. 27Williams, History of Northwest Missouri, I, 311, 531. 348 Missouri Historical Review serving in the Tenth General Assembly. He had been appointed chairman of several committees charged with taking care of specific divorce petitions, and in each case he had presented a bill of divorce­ ment. When opposition arose in the House to the granting of divorces, he offered a resolution to the effect that the General Assem­ bly had the constitutional power to grant them. Before a vote could be taken on Atchison's resolution, however, another member of the House moved to amend it to read "That every bill now pending in this House, for granting a divorce be indefinitely postponed." In spite of Atchison's opposition, this amendment passed 49 to 42, and nothing more came of the issue.28 A contemporary of Atchison, Colonel N. B. Giddings, leaves this picture of the judge's court in Andrew County: When the weather would permit, the courts were held out of doors under a large elm tree. . . . The Hon. ' Dave', as he was familiarly called, seated in his chair, elevated on a huge pine box, presided with the dignity of a Jay, a Livingstone or a Marshall, the attorneys and jurors occupying humbler positions. The attorneys, when engaged in the trial of a cause, used the crowns of their hats as substitutes for tables. The places for the deliberations of the grand and petit jurors were spaces cut out of a hazel patch sufficiently capacious to comfortably hold the occupants. Each of these jury spaces was entered by a narrow path, at the entrance to which were placed sentinels to protect, unmolested the deliberations of these honorable bodies.29 In Platte County, Atchison held court in an arbor, especially con­ structed for the purpose, back of one of the local stores.30 Doniphan practiced before Atchison in these out-of-door courts, and the two maintained their firm friendship during this period. They often rode the circuit together, and invariably both would room at the same hotel in whatever county seat the judge was holding court. Doniphan later wrote of Atchison during this period: "As a judge, he was quick, expeditious and industrious; seemed to arrive at his conclusions almost intuitively, and his high sense of justice always enabled him to decide equitably. I never knew a judge who gave such universal satisfaction, and although his friends were glad to see him elevated to a higher sphere they regretted to see him abandon the bench."31

wibid., I, 311; House Journal. Tenth General Assembly, 1838-1839, pp. 109-10, 130, 145, 154, 189-90. 29Williams, History of Northwest Missouri, I, 311. 30Paxton, Annals of Platte County, p. 43. ^History of Clinton County, Part I, 441-42. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 349

Atchison's popularity in northwest Missouri soon made him the leading Democrat of that region and a man to be reckoned with in state politics. The Missouri Democracy had already begun to show signs of the breach which, within eight years, would widen into an open split. Under the leadership of Thomas Hart Benton, the state organization traditionally had been a hard money party and had supported Jackson in his stand against the second Bank of the United States. Atchison actively backed this policy by introduc­ ing a resolution in the Eighth General Assembly: "That the United States Bank possesses powers too extensive, and that those powers have been pros­ tituted to base and dangerous 32 Courtesy L. M. Atchison purposes." David Rice Atchison During the early 1840's how­ ever, certain groups within the party broke ranks and supported the soft money stand of the Whigs. The movement centered in St. Louis, and the Softs there tended to think of Atchison as one of their number because he agreed with their stand on calling a state convention to re-apportion the lower house and make changes in the judicial clauses of the state constitu­ tion. Atchison had called for such a convention through a resolution he introduced in the General Assembly in November, 1838. This proved unsuccessful, but agitation for such a meeting continued.33 Atchison also favored the plan for dividing the state into congres­ sional districts which the Central Clique, who dominated the Missouri Democracy, opposed. The state had always elected her congressmen on a general ticket, and central Missouri, the home of the Clique, had dominated these elections to such an extent that it had furnished all of Missouri's Democratic representatives for the

MHouse Journal, Eighth General Assembly, 1834-1835, p. 247. v*House Journal, Tenth General Assembly, 1838-1839, pp. 46, 76-77. 350 Missouri Historical Review past ten years.34 The Hards, who controlled the party through the Clique, opposed the calling of a convention more because of what it might do to the banking system of the state than the changes it might make regarding apportionment or the judiciary.35 During the early months of 1843, the Softs began to prepare for the election which would take place the following year. They pro­ posed to overthrow Benton, who would be subject to re-election at the next meeting of the General Assembly, and hoped that the Whigs would join them in a united front to accomplish this. They also sought to bring the frontier counties to the support of the movement through an appeal to Atchison's popularity. Under the leadership of James H. Birch and Winslow Turner, both friends of the judge, some of the Democrats of Clinton County held a convention in March at which they nominated Atchison for governor. They also announced their support of for the presidency in 1844. The follow­ ing month an editorial appeared in the Missouri Reporter, the organ of the Soft Democrats in St. Louis. It asked the Jefferson Inquirer if it would support any one of a number of men, including Atchison, for governor. Birch, meanwhile, wrote one of the prominent Whig leaders of central Missouri outlining the plans the Softs were making. He concluded: "There is scarcely any such thing as counting the probable majority with which Atchison will cross the Grand River. Present appearances warrant the opinions of those who know better than I do—which is that he will get nearly all."36 The Softs made the mistake, however, of not consulting Atchison himself in the matter. On April 5, he wrote Governor Reynolds, a leader in the Central Clique: "I informed you in my last letter that I did not aspire to be your successor; I now tell you in all sincerity that I will not be a candidate for governor nor for any other office whatever." He reported that he had taken no part in the Clinton County meeting and knew of the import of its resolutions only through informants. In his opinion, the main purpose of the leaders of the meeting had been to bring themselves to the attention of the Tyler administration in the hope of gaining political office. He informed Reynolds that he would not stand by the resolutions if,

34Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, December 7, 1843; Alma West, "The Earlier Political Career of , 1836-1851" (Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Mis­ souri, 1941), pp. 36-37. 35Clarence H. McClure, Opposition in Missouri to Thomas Hart Benton (Nashville, 1927), p. 23. 36Columbia Missouri Statesman, April 21, 1843; Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, May 4, 1843: Birch to Leonard, April 4, 1843, Abiel Leonard Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 351 upon reading them, he found that his informants had been correct. Significantly enough, Atchison concluded by attacking Shadrick Penn, the editor of the Missouri Reporter: "Penn is doing more to corrupt the Church with his herisies [sic] than all the open enemies we have. He has sold himself to all the abominations of the Hawkers and Pedlers of St. Louis. I do hope and trust, that St. Louis will never again elect a Democrat to the Legislature; when she does confusion always follows."37 The following month, the Jefferson Inquirer called the attention of its readers to an announcement in the Platte Eagle which stated that Atchison had repudiated the nomination and resolutions of the Clinton County meeting. Commenting on this action, the editor of the Inquirer wrote: "Atchison is too honest, too just, and too sagacious, to approve of such proceedings, or to lend himself to a few disorganizers; would we could say as much of some others."38 On October 3, 1843, Lewis F. Linn, Missouri's junior senator, died unexpectedly at his home in Ste. Genevieve at the age of forty- eight. Linn, an extremely popular figure in the state, had served in the Senate since 1833. The Ninth General Assembly returned him to the Senate by an unprecedented unanimous vote, and he had just been re-elected in 1842 for another six year term with only ten votes out of 129 being cast against him. Linn played a large role in the final congressional approval of the Platte Purchase. He advocated cheap land and pre-emption rights for settlers. Since 1840, he had engaged actively in an effort to settle and organize the Oregon terri­ tory. In the three years before his death, he probably did more to bring Oregon to the attention of the nation than any other public official.39 His successor in the Senate continued this work and saw it successfully concluded. Although the Twenty-eighth Congress would convene within two months, few Democratic leaders expected Governor Reynolds to act as quickly as he did in appointing Linn's successor.40 On October 11, Judge William B. Napton of the Missouri Supreme Court wrote Reynolds to recommend former Governor John Miller

37Atchison to Reynolds, April 5, 1843, Thomas Reynolds Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 38Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, May 5, 1843. 39Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 429; Ora E. Hughes, "The Attitude of the Missouri Members of Congress Toward the Oregon and Texas Questions, 1840-1846" (Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1943), pp. 99-120. 40William R. Ellett to M. M. Marmaduke, October 26, 1843, Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 352 Missouri Historical Review for the vacant position. He urged a quick decision and assured Reynolds that "the genuine Democratic papers" would support any appointment he made. The Whigs and the Softs, on the other hand, would find fault with the decision whether it involved a member of the Central Clique or not. Perhaps as an afterthought, Napton added this postscript: "I cannot think of any one in this upper country who could have any pretensions, unless it be Atchison. He is a clever fellow but he would not immortalize himself in the Senate."41 Governor Reynolds made his decision a few days later. In spite of Napton's assurances, he sought to avoid the criticism which would follow the appointment of any member of the Clique. Therefore, he looked to another section for Linn's successor and chose Atchison, the obviously popular leader of northwest Missouri.42 Reynolds and Atchison had maintained a steady correspondence throughout 1843. The governor evidently relied on the judge for advice on the many controversial subjects confronting him. Undoubtedly Reynolds was already experiencing some of the frustration which led him to suicide the following year. Atchison sympathized with the governor and advised firmness, but he refused to take sides on appointments or other matters.43 He had informed Reynolds in April that he sought neither the governorship nor any other office, and this may have had some bearing on the governor's final decision to send him to the Senate. Shortly after Reynolds committed suicide in February, 1844, Mrs. Linn wrote Atchison at Washington: Is not the fate of our kind friend, Govr Reynolds, most profoundly melan­ choly. From my youth I have known him, and we have ever kept up a correspondence. He was a true friend of yours. Fearing your talents and popularity, Col. Benton first desired that Govr Miller should be my husbands successor in the U. S. Senate, but Govr Reynolds would not yield to his wishes & frankly told Col. Benton that a large portion of the Democratic Party were desirious that you should take Bentons place. This alarmed him greatly, and he commenced his old game of professing great friendship for one that he could not injure. This letter also revealed that Benton had harrassed and abused Senator Linn continually during their service together in Congress.44 As Reynolds had hoped, Atchison's appointment met with the approval of both factions of the Democratic party. The editor of the

41Napton to Reynolds, October 11, 1843, Reynolds Papers. 42Boonville Missouri Register, October 17, 1843. 43Atchison to Reynolds, August 12, 1843. Reynolds Papers. 44Elizabeth A. R. Linn to Atchison, February 19, 1844. David Rice Atchison Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician 353

Jefferson Inquirer, the leading organ of the Clique, wrote: "The peculiar locality of Judge Atchison ... his familiarity with our land and pre-emption laws—and his knowledge of the wants and rights of the hardy pioneer, will render him one of the most useful members of the Senate."45 The Missouri Register, published at Boonville and the leader among the Soft papers of the interior, declared that Atchison "is a true and liberal democrat; and with all is a man of good attainments and fine talents." The editor thought the appoint­ ment a good one and had no doubt that the General Assembly would sanction it unanimously at the next session.46 The appointment pleased northwest Missouri immensely. One correspondent wrote the editor of the Liberty Banner: "I have never, I believe, seen such a universal burst of joy, as the appointment of our beloved Atchi­ son . . . has called forth."47 Atchison himself had not sought the office nor was he aware that Reynolds had him under consideration for the position until he received news of his appointment. Doniphan, arguing a case before him in the Platte County court house at the time, has left an excel­ lent description of the judge's reaction to the news. Atchison received his mail while on the bench, and his face soon evidenced that one of the letters contained something very unusual. The judge said nothing until the court adjourned for dinner. Then he handed Doniphan the letter from Governor Reynolds offering him the United States senatorship. The two men were rooming at the same hotel, and Atchison consulted with his good friend at some length that evening. He hesitated to accept the post and offered candid reasons which he strongly believed justified his indecision. Doniphan does not say what these reasons were but reports that he offered Atchison this advice: Judge, fortune does not shower her favors on us very often, and a man should not turn his plate bottom upwards when it does happen, but should turn the right side up and catch all he can. Your refusal will mortify Governor Reynolds, and as you have some political ambition, you ought to accept. It is your duty to do it. We have never had any senator from the western half of the state. In his narrative, Doniphan further noted: "The tender was made, I know from subsequent conversations with Governor Reynolds, who was from the same county with me from Kentucky, without any

45Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, November 2, 1843. 46 Boonville Missouri Register, October 17, 1843. 47Jefferson City Jefferson Inquirer, November 16, 1843. 354 Missouri Historical Review

request from Atchison or his friends. It was a spontaneous tender from an intellectual and patriotic governor, to a man in every way worthy of the high position of United States Senator." Whether Atchison consulted with anyone other than Doniphan on the matter is not known, but, within a short time, he wrote the governor accepting the appointment.48 David Rice Atchison thereby became western Missouri's first senator and, at the age of thirty-six, the youngest Missourian ever to enter the Senate. During this formative period he had shown an ability to win friendships easily. He refused to allow himself to be used as an instrument at this time in the disruption of the Demo­ cratic party in Missouri, and his appointment to the Senate prob­ ably did more to unify the Democracy for the moment than any other act of Governor Reynolds' administration. Colonel William F. Switzler, another contemporary, describes Atchison at this time "as a man of imposing presence, six feet, two inches high. He was the soul of honor, a fine conversationalist, and possessed a good memory. As a man he was plain, jovial and simple in his tastes. He was a Democrat by nature and education with profound sympathies for what Lincoln called 'The common people.' He was not an orator but regarded language as most ornamental when ornamented the least."49 In the years that followed, Atchison used these traits to great advantage and achieved a respected posi­ tion among such illustrious colleagues in the Senate as Calhoun, Clay, Webster, Mangum, Benton, and Davis.

^History of Clinton County, Part I, 441-42. 49William R. Jackson, Missouri Democracy: A History of the Party and Its Representative Members—Past and Present (3 vols., Chicago, 1935), I, 131. CULTURE AND THE MISSOURI FRONTIER

BY JOHN FRANCIS MC DERMOTT*

The traveler from the eastern states or Europe approaching Missouri in the early nineteenth century was certain that he was crossing the threshold of savage life and was prepared for rough living, wild adventure, and rude frontiersmen. He would find them all. With a pleasurable thrill but no surprise he might see Mike Fink "trim the heel of a darky" on the levee at St. Louis or seek out mountain men carousing at the Green Tree Tavern or mingle with a thousand Indians come to hold a grand council with the Redhead Clark. Out in Florissant he might call on the Virginian lawyer, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, who had made himself an office in the hollow trunk of a giant sycamore. Down at Shibboleth, not far from Potosi, he might visit John Smith T, who killed thirteen men in his day and who, the stories ran, traveled, ate, and slept with his rifle (named "Hark from the Tombs") at his side. Up the Missouri beyond St. Charles was old Daniel Boone, patriarch of the wilder­ ness, celebrated by that favorite of poets, Lord Byron, in Don Juan. Major Daniel Ashby in the Boon's Lick country could fill the visitor with tales of bear hunting and Indian fighting in the western coun­ ties. Baptiste Roy's heroic defense of Cote sans Dessein in the late war (1812) was sure to resound in the tourist's ear. He might cross the trail of Mike Shuck, the beaver trapper, and hear in action Martin Parmer, that lively legislator who liked to refer to himself as a "ring-tailed painter."1 The western woods and prairies and towns had characters enough to satisfy any traveler eager for "new" experiences. Peasant farmers fand illiterate backwoodsmen and rough-handed boatmen and wandering hunters and poor townsmen did live in "miserable

*John Francis McDermott, a native St. Louisan, received his A.B. and M.A. degrees from Washington University, and is now associate professor of English there. He is president and editor of the St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation and has published many articles on early Missouri history. This paper was read at the Annual Meeting of the State Historical Society, October 7, 1955. ^'Solitaire" in the St. Louis Weekly Reveille, January 25, 1847; William C Preston, Reminis­ cences [1816] (Chapel Hill, 1933), pp. 14-20; John Francis McDermott, "Nathaniel Beverley Tucker in Missouri," William and Mary Historical Magazine, sec. ser., XX (1940), pp. 504-507; H. R. Schoolcraft, Western Scenes and Reminiscences (Buffalo, 1853), p. 33; John Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of North America (R. G. Thwaites, ed.), Early Western Travels, V, 43; "Anecdotes of Major Daniel Ashby," Missouri Historical Society, Glimpses of the Past, VIII (1941), 105-47; Charles van Ravenswaay, "Jean Baptiste Roy—St. Louis Fur Trader," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, III (1947), 85-93; Missouri Intelligencer, October 29, 1822, February 11, 1823; Alphonso Wetmore, Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis, 1837), pp. 89-91. 355 356 Missouri Historical Review

French hovels" and squatters' shanties and crowded, dirty, one- room cabins. Roughnecks and rowdies and eccentrics, violence, and strange ways, were everywhere. There was plenty to write home about. But all this did not really astound the traveler, for it was what he had journeyed so far to see. Coming out west with such expectations, the tourist could find all that his lively imagination and travelers' tales had led him to anticipate. But he was also due for more than one surprise. He was on the threshold of the savage world, but he was in the midst of a cultured life. Missouri at the time of the was almost entirely unsettled country and for decades longer the towns and farms stayed close to the great rivers. But for forty colonial years St. Louis had been a tiny island of civilization in a vast sea of wilderness. The seat of the lieutenant governor of an extensive province, the center of the very important fur trade and its attend­ ant businesses, St. Louis had its share of affluent merchants who were well acquainted in , Montreal, and Philadelphia, and who maintained their contacts with Europe. They were edu­ cated and well read business and professional men, living in pleasant, comfortable houses, with their table silver and china and books, and their silks and satins when they had occasion for them—even though they were a thousand miles from anywhere.2 People in this distant town, Captain Amos Stoddard wrote to his mother about three months after he had received Upper Louisiana for the United States, "live in a style equal to those in the large sea-port towns, and I find no want of education among them." , visiting the western capital in November, 1804, in his official capa­ city as Governor of Indiana, noted that "many [of the houses were] large & convenient. . . . Some of the inhabitants are very rich Most of them in easy circumstances—The ladies are remarkably handsome genteel & well bred & the Society may be considered altogether as a polished one. A few of the Citizens live in a stile of elegance scarcely inferior to those of the first rank in Philadelphia or New York."3 With the coming of the Americans the cultural tone of St. Louis established by the French was given new strength, for many lawyers and doctors and men of capital were attracted to the West. Trav-

2For a more detailed picture of St. Louis in the colonial days see my "Confines of a Wilder­ ness," Missouri Historical Review, XXIX (1934), 3-12 and Private Libraries in Creole Saint Louis (Institut Francais de Washington, 1938). 3McDermott, "Captain Stoddard Discovers St. Louis," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, X (1954), 328-335. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 357

Courtesy J. F. McDermott St. Louis in 1832 elers continued to marvel at the way of life they found when they stopped at the frontier metropolis. Edward Hollister of Andover, Massachusetts, on a missionary tour to Missouri in 1822 reported that "another peculiarity [of this new world] is the mixture of rude­ ness and civilization. You may traverse a lonely wilderness, cheered only by the sprightly deer as he bounds over the plain, or by the thousand songsters of the forest; and in the course of the same day's ride, you may find yourself in the midst of a thickly settled and well cultivated region. You may dine in a log cabin on hominy and venison, and you may sup in the splendid mansion of the city, furnished in a style that would be luxurious in any of the northern States. ... It will be a little surprising to those who have been accustomed to think of the Western country only as a wilderness, to learn that there is beyond the Mississippi a city two-thirds as large as New Haven."4 Beltrami, the Italian traveler, a year later attended at St. Louis "a very brilliant ball, where the ladies were so pretty, and so well dressed, that they made me forget I was on the threshold of savage life." Lafayette's secretaries in 1825 were surprised to find "the rich edifices of a city" on the banks of the Mississippi and declared that "the splendid decorations of the [ball] room, and the beauty of the ladies that graced it, made us completely forget that we were on the confines of a wilderness." The attentions Lafayette received could make one believe himself in one of the great centers of population and industry. Captain Basil Hall a few years later was pleasantly surprised by "some particularly agreeable parties . . . [got up] in a style of elegance we certainly never expected to find in so remote a corner of the globe." His wife wrote to a friend: "you would hardly

4"Remarks on the States of Illinois and Missouri," Christian Spectator, V (1823), 20-21. 358 Missouri Historical Review expect to find such a nice house and well-lighted rooms as Colonel O'Fallon's with the ladies in silks, satins, and artificial flowers."6 The balls, a characteristic feature of life in the French town, were taken over with enthusiasm by the Americans. Parties were frequently on a large scale. Stoddard, having been given a public dinner by Lieutenant Governor Delassus and a dinner and a ball by the people of St. Louis, felt impelled to entertain in return; his party cost him $622.75. Harrison, too, observed that "dinners & balls are frequently given which cost from $400 to 600$." Frederick Bates came out as Secretary of Louisiana Territory in 1807. A few months later he wrote to a female friend about "our Sunday-Balls, and the superior activity and gracefulness of our Dancers. The great object of their existence is pleasure. They dance from their cradles to their graves, and life to them is but one continued Reel. They know the way to happiness, they have discovered that it does not consist in gravity and dullness." Again, in a letter to his sister Nancy, later that season: "The winter-dances are now over—they have been very crowded—and as far as beauty, health, numbers and graceful­ ness are concerned, surpass the assemblies of Detroit." Mary Sibley, daughter of and wife of George Sibley of St. Chailes, in a letter to her father gives us a glimpse of the "season" in Febru­ ary, 1816: "Our great town has been lively enough this winter, if Balls would make it so; In the first place, three at Mr Gamier's. Mr Carr gave a very splendid Party; it is a wonder he did not wait 'til the Legislature were convened, that he might have the honor of that great body being present, for it was only a week before,—next five assembly Balls at Mr Peebles, who keeps tavern where Mr Austin formerly did; besides which the balls of the second class are highly celebrated. Mr Sollomon has opened his Drawing Room, where everyone who pays a Dollar & a half is admitted to eat tough Pancakes & dance as long as they please, he will get rich by it no doubt as they have them regularly once a week, the young Gentle­ men who went there, were finely fixed, they were made Kings, & obliged to give those People a Ball & very great present to their Queens, I suppose it cost each of them forty or fifty Dollars."6

5J. C. Beltrami, A Pilgrimage in Europe and America (2 vols., London, 1828), II, 124; A. Levas- seur, Lafayette in America (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1829), II, 127-28; Charles O. Barbaroux and A. Lardier, Voyage du Geneneral Lafayette (Paris, 1824-1826), Part III, 77-78; Basil Hall, Travels in North America (3 vols., Edinburgh and London, 1830), III, 377; Una Pope-Hennessy (ed.), The Aristocratic Journey (New York, 1931), p. 278. 6Frederick Bates Letterbook No. 1, September 15, 1807, March 8, 1808; Sibley MSS, Vol. 1, both in Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 359

Life in St. Louis was not all dancing parties. From the earliest days St. Louisans could read if they wanted to. St. John de Creve- coeur in 1767 had been pleased to discover books in this remote corner. During the colonial years there were at least fifty-six book owners among the Creoles; some of them had libraries of five or six hundred volumes. Altogether there must have been at least two or three thousand volumes for a white population that in 1804 totalled six hundred and sixty-nine men, women, and children—a notable proportion in those days. The rapid increase of population in the territorial years made for a great increase in books available. Standard authors and the latest popular fancy hot from the press, ancient history and recent western travels were to be found in many a private collection along with legal and medical works and volumes on business and agriculture. It was the boast of the town that Bishop Dubourg had a library of 8,000 volumes open to use by the "man of science, the antiquary, and the linguist." Henry Marie Brackenridge in 1810 had the run of Auguste Chouteau's and Frederick Bates' "extensive" libraries. In the latter he could have found twenty-five or more of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century poets as well as such solid works as Locke's On the Human Understanding and Gibbon's Rome. John Mullanphy in 1833 left a collection of more than twelve hundred volumes of history, travels, memoirs, science, classics, and literature, including a forty-nine volume set of the Waverley novels. A sampling of thirty-five private libraries between 1811 and 1840 shows a total of at least six thousand volumes, but this was only a portion of the reading matter on book shelves in the far west metropolis.7 During these first decades of the century every merchant occa­ sionally sold books; but in 1820 Thomas Essex opened a store devoted exclusively to stationery and books. From that day forward there was always one bookstore or more in the rapidly growing town. In 1819 the first attempt was made to establish a subscription library. Five years later the St. Louis Library Association began its somewhat irregular life, eventually to merge its collections of three thousand or more volumes with those of another organization which was in turn to merge with the Mercantile Library at its founding in 1846.8

7McDermott, Private Libraries in Creole Saint Louis and a forthcoming article on "Private Libraries in Frontier St. Louis" in the Bibliographical Society of America Papers. sMcDermott, "Everybody Sold Books in Early St. Louis," Publishers Weekly, CXXXII (1937), 248-50; "The First Bookstore in Saint Louis," Mid-America, XXI (1939), 206-28; "PublicLibraries in St. Louis, 1811-1839," Library Quarterly, XIV (1944), 9-27. 360 Missouri Historical Review

Opportunities for formal education in the French days had been slight, for the population was too small to offer regular support to schoolmasters. But with the growth of the town following the Purchase a good many schools sprang up. Almost all, it is true, were mushrooms of brief duration, but new ones quickly filled the places left vacant by masters who turned to other occupations. Typical among such men was George Tompkins, later a justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri, who taught for several years to support himself while studying law. Many other teachers were ministers, like Salmon Giddings and James Welch. In 1821 for its five thousand people St. Louis had ten common schools, according to the city directory for that year, and in addition had the St. Louis College (forerunner of ) with a staff of eight and a student body of sixty-five giving itself over to the study of Greek, Latin, French, English, Spanish, and Italian, as well as mathematics, drawing, and other subjects.9 Even in the early days there were glimmerings of intellectual life. Without pretension to learning, there were yet men who could and did read and were well aware of the course of thought across the ocean. The French of St. Louis, in cheerful ignorance of or indiffer­ ence to the Index of Prohibited Books, read Rousseau and Voltaire and the other freethinkers, and many of the incoming Americans were Deists. John Mason Peck discovered in 1818 that "the better informed French population . . . were nominally Roman Catholics. . . . But every Frenchman, with whom I formed acquaintance, of any intelligence and influence, was of the school of French liberalists —an infidel to all Bible Christianity . . . the casual correspondence held with France, where infidelity was demolishing the thrones of political and religious despotism, and tearing up the foundations of superstition, led them to regard all religion as priestcraft, necessary perhaps for the ignorant, superstitious, and vicious, but wholly unnecessary for a gentleman—a philosopher." There was also, he continued, "a class of gentlemen of the bar, the medical profession, merchants, and officers in civil and military authority, Indian traders [who were] devoid of any strong religious principles" and might well be suspected of being Deists or Universalists.10

9McDermott, "Private Schools in Saint Louis, 1809-1821," Mid-America, XXII (1940), 96-119. 10McDermott, "Voltaire and the Freethinkers in Early Saint-Louis," Revue de Litterature Comparee, XVI (1936), 720-31; Rufus Babcock, Forty Years of Pioneer Life (Philadelphia, 1864), pp. 88 JL Culture and the Missouri Frontier 361

As for religion, there was every persuasion. In the mid-thirties it was quite possible to hold in St. Louis whatever religious views one wished. Besides the Catholic

^ %p?-V' Cathedral, there were Presbyter­ ian, Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopalian churches in the city, and in 1834 William Green- leaf Eliot arrived to found the first Unitarian church west of the Mississippi. The Catholics strove to impress their point of view on the public through their weekly Shepherd of the Valley; Courtesy J. F. McDermott the Presbyterians had the St. St. Louis Cathedral Louis Observer under the hot, crusading hand of Elijah Love- joy. But some of the local atheists were not slow to express their non-conformity: in 1834 in the Western Examiner they attacked all organized creeds. Besides all this, there were apparently many who did not care much at all, one way or another. The Reverend John Clark in 1837 was horrified one Sunday morning in passing by the new theater on his way to church to see "twenty or thirty men at work on it- masons, house carpenters, and painters . . . because the people of St. Louis were anxious to have their theatre opened on the evening of the Fourth of July. ... I fear religion is at a very low ebb in St. Louis." Another traveler in this same year wrote back to a New York state paper: "This is a wicked, awfully wicked city; and contains more deists and infidels than I ever met with in any place. The youth here drink deep at the fount of infidelity."11 Signs of intellectual life were to be found in the interest in science. Much of this was amateur and untrained, but it was based on curio­ sity about the western world. 's collection of Indian objects and portraits, though private, was the first real museum in the West. Albert Koch's excavation of mastodon remains in Mis­ souri, even though he misinterpreted his findings, showed an aware­ ness of archaelogical problems. The only trained scientists, general­ ly, were the medical men. Antoine Saugrain, originally a Parisian

uJohn A. Clark, Gleanings by the Way, as quoted in Missouri Historical Society Collections, IV (1912-1923), 355; The New Yorker, June 17, 1837, quoted from the Malone, New York, Palladium. 362 Missouri Historical Review

who settled first at Gallipolis and came to St. Louis about 1800, was something of a mineralogist, botanist, and chemist. Dr. George Engelmann, who arrived three decades later, was presently to be the adviser of Henry Shaw in establishing one of the greatest botanic gardens in the world. In the eighteen thirties there was a large enough group of men interested in science to form the Western Academy of Science.12 It is not expected that a new country will produce much writing of importance, for reasons that are obvious. But it is legitimate to point out that a great part of Stoddard's Sketches of Louisiana is based on material and observations accumulated during his official stay at St. Louis in 1804-1805, that Pike's Voyages and Lewis and Clark's Travels can be claimed in some part as Missouri writings, that Brackenridge wrote at least the first draft of his Views of Louisiana in St. Louis, and that his Journal of a Voyage up the River Missouri in 1811 and Bradbury's excellent Travels are certainly Missouri books. (All of these works, incidentally, were to be found in more than one private library in St. Louis of that day.) Alphonso Wet- more's play The Pedlar and Angus Umphraville's volume of poems, Missourian Lays, though "firsts" in their categories, we need not stop to exclaim over. Original writing, for the most part, is to be found in the newspapers, the Missouri Gazette, which began its history of more than a hundred years in 1808, and the St. Louis Enquirer, first published in 1815. Descriptive writing and political essays, an occasional book or theater review or a bit of amusing satire on a local subject, the chief value of most of these contribu­ tions was to show that there were active minds and well read people, if not notable writers, on the threshold of the wilderness. Book publishing in a new country is commonly limited to immediately practical works, but the theater is an activity that can soon thrive in a mild way. The library of Dr. Saugrain shows there was a real pleasure in reading drama, for the volumes of collected plays were cut apart so that they might be more easily shared around. As early as 1814 there was a group of amateurs playing for the amusement of their fellows and themselves. Four years later the first professional troupe appeared in St. Louis. In 1820 Noah

12McDermott, "Museums in Early St. Louis," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, IV (1948), 129-38; "Dr. Koch's Wonderful Fossils," ibid., pp. 233-56; H. Foure-Selter, UOdyssee Americaine d'une Famille Francaise: le Docteur Antoine Saugrain (Institut Francais de Washington, 1936); McDermott, "Guillotin Thinks of America," Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLVII (1938), 129-58; Mary J. Klem, "The History of Science in St. Louis," Transactions of the Adademy of Science of St. Louis, XXIII (1914), 79-127. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 363

Ludlow arrived with a company. Later with Sol Smith he estab- listed a St. Louis-Mobile-New Orleans circuit which endured for a good many years.13 From the earliest days the French had been fond of music and had their violins and flutes. Many of the incoming Americans were amateurs of music. It was only a few years after the Purchase that the first pianoforte came to the city. Teachers of instrumental and vocal music advertised in the local papers—though some­ times, like A. Mathieu from Kentucky, they had to eke out a living by giving displays of "pyrotechny" and, when times St. Louis Theatre Built in 1837 were really hard, by opening a confectionery. Others, perhaps better teachers, had better luck. The first professional concert was given in 1817. From time to time in the years that followed visiting singers would present popular and operatic recitals which would include such long time favorites as the Factotum song from the Barber of Seville. Opera of a sort came to St. Louis in 1837 and ballet in 1839.14 Commercial exhibition of art works began as early as 1819. For small sums St. Louisans were able to feast their eyes on David's Cain Meditating upon the Dealth of Abel or Lambdin's Interior of a Nunnery, upon the Temptation of Adam and Eve, the Expulsion from Paradise, The Feast of Belshazzar, Death on a Pale Horse, a Venus which might have been by Giorgione, a copy of the Sully portrait of Queen Victoria in her coronation robes, or Hudson River landscapes by Robert Weir, professor of drawing at West Point. Private collections were forming in St. Louis in the 1830's. To an exhibition held for the benefit of the orphans in 1838 twenty-five citizens lent "valuable paintings." William P. Clark, son of the general and man-about-town, at his death in 1840 owned seventeen pictures, some of them by local artists. Joseph Philipson in 1839 lent his

13J. Michau to Madame Plassant, St. Louis, ler decembre 1814, original in the Chicago Histori­ cal Society, and being prepared for publication by the author; William G. B. Carson, The Theatre on the Frontier (Chicago, 1932). 14Ernst C. Krohn, A Century of Music in Missouri (St. Louis, 1924), pp. 1-5 has touched on this subject, as has Carson in The Theatre on the Frontier and in St. Louis Goes to the Opera (Missouri Historical Society, 1946). Much detail can be found in the St. Louis newspapers and in the accounts of travelers. 364 Missouri Historical Review collection of European "masters" for a charity show; when he died five years later records show that he owned more than four hundred pictures. William H. Jones and Gabriel Paul had large collections. During the first four decades at least forty graphic artists worked in St. Louis. Francis Guyol as early as 1812 was doing miniatures on ivory. Chester Harding in 1820-1821 made a fifteen month stay, painting William Clark among other St. Louisans and traveling up beyond St. Charles to do his portrait of Daniel Boone. Catlin in 1832 and Bodmer in 1833 began their Indian studies here. Young Peter Rindisbacher spent the last five years of his life in St. Louis producing Indian genre and hunting subjects as well as miniatures. Leon Pomarede decorated the Cathedral in 1834-1835 and spent fifty years doing fresco and many other kinds of painting in the city. Charles Deas was in and out of St. Louis so much between 1840 and 1846 that the town adopted him as a son. from 1835 used St. Louis as a second home.15 I have given more time than I should perhaps to St. Louis, but it was the largest and richest of the towns and provides much ready evidence that to cross the Mississippi was not to lose oneself entirely in a rough-mannered wilderness. St. Louis, however, had no mono­ poly on comfortable living or interest in learning. The people in the smaller towns and on the land had their share of ease and some concern for more than rudiments of life. The first restless hunters, the shiftless nomads of the frontier, may have been content with rude cabins, but the farmers who spread out from the Mississippi and the Missouri built solidly. Latrobe has described for us the farms he saw in the western counties in 1832: "The dwelling-house usually appeared built substantially of round or square logs, all the interstices being neatly filled with white plaster, and they presented two quadrangular apartments . . . with a wide open space in the centre, all covered by one common roof. In the better farms, one of the rooms was set apart for guests, and was clean, and furnished with three or four beds. The central division of the building formed the ordinary sitting apartment of the family, and from its being open on both ends, was a pleasant cool retreat." Such houses were more commodious than one would at first suppose, for not merely were the slave quarters and the storehouses all separate but "as is the invariable custom of the southern states, the kitchen premises were in separate log-huts in the rear, the whole

15Art shows, art collections, and the work of artists in St. Louis form the subject of a mono­ graph I have in progress. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 365 clearing being surrounded by a zigzag fence of chesnut rails, beyond which might be seen many an acre of tall Indian corn, rising under the girdled trees of the forest. Here the settler apparently lived in peace and plenty; cattle, swine, poultry, being abundant, and costing little or no toil or expense in raising, and that was indeed a poor farm which did not enable the good woman, with half an hour's notice, to spread before her* guests a plentiful meal of ham, fried chicken, eggs, milk, honey, delicious butter, boiled maize, and hot wheaten bread." One settler, Latrobe learned, had bought his three hundred acres that very spring, had come out and girdled ten acres of trees in March, built his house and brought his family out from Independ­ ence in April, cleared and planted the ten acres, and in September had harvested five hundred bushels of corn. In addition he had enough fodder for winter-feeding fifteen head of cattle and had fifty wagon loads of pumpkins. Near Independence Latrobe came upon a new farm at an inter­ esting moment. "From the prominent appearance of a long table covered with dinner apparatus, which appeared arranged in the open air, a few steps from the door, a number of dogs whining and snuffing around it, and the unusual bustle among the negro dependants toil­ ing about a small fire in advance, we suspected something extra­ ordinary was going on. . . . [The settler] informed us that his wife had got a number of her neighbours with her for a 'quilting frolic,' and made us heartily welcome. The interior of the log-hut presented a singular scene. A square table was seen to occupy a great part of its floor. It was surrounded by a compact body of females, whose fingers were occupied with all diligence upon the quilt which lay stretched before them, and which, though neither the smartest nor costliest, promised,—judging from the quantity of cotton or wool which I saw stuffed into its inside, and the close lozenge-shaped compartments into which the latter was confined by rapid and successful gobble-stitching,—was to be of real utility and comfort to the patron who presided, during the coming winter. . . . The meal which followed was plentiful and homely, and was dispatched first by the female and then by the male visitors . . . and, as I sat apart waiting till our turn should come, I was much amused with the bustle of the scene. I watched the plates run the gauntlet from the table to the washing-tub, among a set of little negroes of all shapes and sizes, who all strove as preliminary scourers, much to the disappoint­ ment of the dogs who whined, whimpered, scratched, and pushed 366 Missouri Historical Review their sable competitors, and not less to the annoyance of the fat negress who acted as cook, and who . . . flourished her dish-clout over the tub in a fume of impatience."16 A glimpse of another farm in the making is worth stopping for— this time in Clark County on the Mississippi in 1839. Mrs. Byrne, lately fiom Baltimore, is describ-

& of good height—Now imagine Quilting Party our room carpeted with an extremely pretty Kidderminster, the bed in one corner with a snow white quilt & valance & a handsome mahogany bureau & looking glass to correspond, & you have the picture of my domicle—You need not think, lady fair, that our walls are unornamented, for if I cannot boast of brackets & portraits, I assure you they support a double barreled gun, a pistol, shot bag & pouch & a fine walnut board, which is to all intents & purposes a first rate sideboard. . . . I read in the papers an account of the distinguished visitors at the Exchange Hotel [Baltimore] . . . pray tell Mary Spear to answer my letter immediately & do you the same—giving me all the news—fashionable, literary, social & scandalous—such a mix­ ture would be the essence of a letter & now I think of it, keep a space for the receipt for making soft soap! Oh! dear, Oh! dear to mix up the arrival of Lord Wellesley with soft soap! What an odd compound a woman's mind is to be sure—mine certainly is, for I lay down my guitare to see about making butter, & stop my calculations about hogs and bacon to read Miss Pardoe's City of the Sultan or revel in the pages of Nicholas Nickleby."17 Of course there were illiterate people then in Missouri and many indifferent to books—as there are today. But one could find private

16Charles Joseph Latrobe, The Rambler in North America (2nd. ed., 2 vols., London, 1836), I 22, 134-39. 17Missouri Historical Society, Glimpses of the Past, IV (1937), 71. Miss Pardoe's popular book had been published in London in 1837; Nicholas Nickleby appeared in monthly installments in 1838-1839. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 367 libraries in every town. In French Ste. Genevieve the collections were much like those of colonial St. Louis. At the close of the century Pierre Peyroux, an emigre living there as a schoolmaster, had several hundred volumes of useful works, many of them concerned with engineering. The Beauvais family, the Prattes, the Valles had Montesquieu, Corneille, Madame de Stael, the Dictionary of the French Academy, as well as the Encyclopedic Economique and volumes on the veterinarian's art. In nearby Nouvelle Bourbon, Pierre de Luziere, emigre and commandant in the colonial days and father of Charles Dehault Delassus, last Spanish lieutenant governor of Upper Louisiana, left in 1806 a library of about six hundred volumes.18

Potosi, a Southeast Missouri Frontier Town

Down at New Madrid Pierre Tardiveau in 1800 and Father Gibault in 1802 left interesting collections.19 Tardiveau had books in five languages. Brackenridge stayed at the home of Madame Henry Peyroux de la Coudreniere (brother of Pierre of Ste. Gene­ vieve) not long after her husband's death; the young lawyer's spare time "was agreeably employed [he tells us] in the fine library left by her husband, who had been a man of no mean literary reputation.

18Some information about these libraries was published in the Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 17, 1935. i^The list of Gibault's books will be found in Mid-America, XXVII (1935), 273-75 and of Tardiveau's in Illinois Historical Journal, XXIX (1936), 89-91. 368 Missouri Historical Review

Monsieur Peyroux was the author of several publications, chiefly geological, of considerable merit."20 Barthelemi Cousin of Cape Girardeau, who died in 1824, was a man of some pretensions to intellect. In his will he expressed the hope that "the fruits of a long and inten.se application to Mathemati­ cal and Physical Enquiries during the last years of my life, be not altogether lost to the public. ... I must be contented if in their uncouth form they are admitted in some obscure corner of a public museum, where some further sagacious and patient enquirer after truth may extract from the rubbish of investigation the useful results and perhaps, precious, discoveries to which it led me." Isaac McCoy, Baptist missionary, surveyor, and Indian agent, settled in 1830 at Westport. He carried out there with him accounts of the Lewis and Clark expedition, of Stephen H. Long's western exploration, Milton's works, Rollin's History, Morse's Report on Indian Affairs, as well as tracts, sermons, and agricultural and medical works. A few years later he added to his library a number of secular titles, chiefly travel literature.21 A correspondent of the St. Louis Daily Evening Gazette, wander­ ing across the state in 1840, in the Meramec Valley found a Scottish farmer who had started life as a weaver owning and reading "the works of Scott, Burns, Irving, etc. . . . [and] a translation of George Buchanan's celebrated Latin History of Scotland." Detailed investi­ gation of now-untouched sources would reveal that Missourians had a wide choice of reading material.22 The Boon's Lick country in the eighteen twenties was, after St. Louis, the most rapidly developing section of the state. Franklin, laid off in 1816, by 1820 had a thousand inhabitants, and the popula­ tion of its supporting country had jumped from five hundred people to nearly eighteen thousand. For a few years the metropolis of central and western Missouri, it soon boasted a Masonic lodge and a couple of common schools. In 1820 an academy under direction of the Reverend Augustus Pomeroy, Presbyterian minister, was incorporated. There "all the branches usually taught in the Eastern Academies and which are essential to the completion of a good Eng­ lish education" were to be taught, and in addition Latin and Greek

20Recollection of Persons and Places in the West (Philadelphia, 1868), p. 241. 21These lists will shortly be published in a note in the Bibliographical Society of A merica Papers. 22St. Louis Daily Evening Gazette, December 13, 1840. Culture and the Missouri Frontier 369 could be studied. The Franklin Library Company was organized in 1819; three years later it was succeeded by a "public" libiary.23 The most important cultural institution in any western town was the newspaper. The Missouri Intelligencer was established at Franklin in 1819, the third newspaper founded in the territory. Besides the usual political matter and the news of frontier operations so important to the citizens on the very western edge of civilization, the Intelligencer filled its columns with clippings of literary interest from the eastern papers and periodicals, from the latest books, and from London journals. Passages from The Pioneers and Quentin Durward and Irving's Sketch Book, for example, were set before these frontier dwellers. Of local production there were essays in the manner of that long time favorite, the Spectator, there were lively contributions on the poverty shown in the invention of place names in the American West, on the horse races at Franklin, pleasantly urbane wit on the coming of spring, an ironic "Appeal from the General Assembly to the people of Missouri against the laws to suppress the practice of dueling." Among the notable citizens of Franklin was John Hardeman, "a gentleman of fine mind, liberal education, just principles, and most excellent temper, his conversation . . . peculiarly attractive and delightful, being thoroughly imbued with a chaste and delicate wit, and perpetually enlivened with good humor," according to a friendly obituary in the St. Louis Beacon. Bred to the bar but averse to practice, he was "fond of books, of poetry, of polite literature, of philosophy, and of the study of nature, especially in the department of botany." Through he was for a few years active as a merchant, he had money enough "to live at ease among his books and flowers, to reciprocate visits with his friends, and to disperse from his own board a liberal hospitality which knew no distinction between honorable men in all stations and conditions of life." The editor of the Intelligencer looked a trifle askance at Hardeman as a Deist, but his extensive botanical garden was, until its destruction by the flood­ ing Missouri in 1826, one of the sights of the Boon's Lick country.24 Unfortunately, except for a few requests published in the Intelligencer begging for the return of borrowed volumes, we have no record of the titles of books owned in Franklin and the surrounding

23For the Boon's Lick country and Franklin much can be found in the Missouri Intelligencer; see also Jonas Viles' excellent article "Old Franklin: A Frontier Town of the Twenties," Missis­ sippi Valley Historical Review, IX (1923), 269-82. 24Wetmore, Gazetteer of Missouri, pp. 88-89; St. Louis Beacon, October 3, 1829. 370 Missouri Historical Review places. Hardeman must have had a very interesting collection. Men such as the lawyers Dabney Carr, who died in 1823, and Taylor Berry, killed in a duel a year later, Dr. John J. Lowry, who inspired the first library association, Nathaniel Patten, the editor of the Intelligencer, Jonathan S. Findlay, one of the early schoolmasters, Alphonso Wetmore, then a captain in the Army and later an editor and author, must have had private libraries. Henry V. Bingham in 1823 left a small collection of books. In 1826 a subscription library was begun at Fayette, and the Intelligencer of May 12 commended its organization and printed the constitution of the library company. Occasionally, a merchant dealing in dry goods, hardware, queen's ware, groceries, or what have you, would advertise books. P. P. Marshall, for example, in 1829 offered a list of more than eighty titles varying from Shakespeare and the Arabian Nights, Milton and Bunyan, to a book about the Salem witchcraft and a life of General Jackson. Western Missouri in the eighteen twenties developed rapidly. Log cabins gave place to substantial bricks in the towns and on the large plantations.25 Rough hunters were succeeded by educated and thoughtful men. I suggest that Abiel Leonard who arrived in Franklin in 1819, Dr. John Sappington who reached Glasgow in 1817 and settled two years later near Arrow Rock, the lawyer-novelist Nathaniel Beverley Tucker who lived in Saline County for several years in the thirties before he turned back east to be professor of law at William and Mary, and Brigadier General Thomas A. Smith who resigned from the at thirty-nine to settle at Franklin in 1820 and half a dozen years later began to develop his huge showplace farm "Experiment" in Saline County, were a kind of frontier dweller rather different from what many a traveler expected to see on his western adventure. Missouri in the early decades of the nineteenth century was certainly not an area of fine parks and estates in the manner of the English countryside; it by no means provided the intellectual climate of London or the elegance of Paris. It was still a wilderness in the process of development. But with all the roughness of a world-in- the-making there were yet evidences of cultural life to surprise the traveler and make him alter somewhat his concept of life on the threshold of the frontier.

25Charles van Ravenswaay, "Architecture in the Boon's Lick Country," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, VI (1950), 491-502. OLD BARRY COUNTY, MOTHER OF EIGHT SOUTHWEST MISSOURI COUNTIES

BY FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER*

Rolling prairies, swiftly flowing rivers, and rugged Ozark hills lend variety and scenic beauty to the Barry County countryside. Barry County history, as diversified and interesting as the topo­ graphy of the region, covers more than one hundred years of events significant in the development of the southwestern region of Mis­ souri. A few of the highlights of this history are commemorated on the historical highway marker at Cassville; but to include the multi­ tude of events which make up the history of the county is beyond the limitations of the space of the marker or of the time for presenta­ tion of this brief outline. The present Barry County has evolved from several older politi­ cal divisions. The region was included as a part of New Madrid County, one of the first five counties of Missouri organized in 1812, and with subsequent divisions it became a part of Wayne County and then of Greene County. In 1835, Barry County, named for William T. Barry, postmaster general of the United States from 1829 to 1835, was organized to include six counties and parts of two others in the southwest corner of the State. The present Newton, Barton, Lawrence, McDonald, Barry, Jasper, and parts of Cedar and Dade counties were included in the original boundaries. Edmund Jennings, a native of Tennessee, is said to be the first white resident of this southwest Missouri region. A hunter in the western wilds, for fifteen years he lived with the Indians, and in the 1820's returned to Tennessee to tell of his life in the country of the Six Boils, named for six great springs which fed Shoal Creek, Indian Creek, Center Creek, Spring River, North Fork, and Cowskin River, a name later corrupted to Six Bulls. A few years later, settlers came over the Cumberland mountains, across the states of Tennessee and Kentucky, ferried the Mississippi in flatboats, and followed the rough trails or the river routes that led to the country of the Six Bulls. Log cabins sprang up in a wilderness inhabited by wild animals and frequented by Indians. Although

*Floyd C. Shoemaker has been secretary, librarian, and editor of the State Historical Society of Missouri since 1915, following five years as assistant secretary, 1910-1915. The address on "Old Barry County" was delivered at the dedication of the Cassville highway historical marker on November 6, 1955. 371 372 Missouri Historical Review they had relinquished their Missouri lands, the Osage and other Indians formed camps in southwest Missouri counties and by their incursions through the country annoyed and terrified the settlers. In 1837, Governor Lilburn W. Boggs ordered a company of Barry County volunteers raised for the purpose of removing any Indians found hunting or roaming within the limits of the State and com­ pelling them to return to their western reservations. By this time a few roads had been built, a few homes erected in clearings in the woods, and scattered farms were under cultivation. These first settlers were compelled to rely on such crops as could be used most effectively in primitive surroundings. Corn, which could be ground into meal or fermented into whiskey; cotton, to be spun by housewives and woven in with wool from their own sheep for clothing; and a few cattle and hogs running in the pastures and forests, were about all the Ozark farm produced besides furs and game. That old Barry County, as large as Connecticut or Rhode Island and two Delawares, was a vast "empire" of almost unlimited potentialities was yet to be discovered. It was not until after recovery from the havoc and destruction wrought by the Civil War that the people of this region began to realize its wonderful possibilities. The population was increased by those who had passed through the country during the war and liked it. Immigrants poured in from the old Northwest and from the East. Farmers found that small grains could be grown successfully, that the pastures were excellent for grazing, and that the region offered diversified elements of farming seldom found elsewhere in the United States. Great tracts of rough land began to yield crops of peaches, apples, and pears that astonished their owners. Stony tracts proved adaptable to grape growing and it was in this region that Herman Jaeger of Neosho became famous for developing a grape resistant to phylloxera or "grape louse" from the wild Ozark vines and thereby helped save the vineyards of France in the 1870's. In this Barry County "empire" gieat fields of strawberries were later grown. The district around Sarcoxie became known through the nation for growing and shipping strawberries. In spring, the Sarcoxie district also became the mecca for thousands of visitors who came to view the acres of blooming peonies, grown for commer­ cial purposes in the East. With other southwest Missouri counties, these eight counties of old Barry were destined to become the highest milk producing sec­ tion of Missouri. The increase in the number of milk cows per farm Old Barry County, Mother of Eight S.W. Missouri Counties 373 in Missouri from the 1920's to the 1940's was greatest in southwest Missouri. In 1948, fourteen southwest Missouri counties accounted for twenty-six per cent of the State's milk production. Poultry raising also became a lucrative source of income to the farmers of this region. It was a country of great mineral wealth. Discovery of lead at Granby in the early 1850's brought thousands of miners and specula­ tors in a "Granby Stampede." Lead was discovered at Joplin by a Neosho miner, David Campbell, while visiting William Tingley in 1849. Real development followed the Civil War. In 1870 E. R. Moffet and J. B. Sergeant sank the first bonanza shaft on Joplin Creek, precipitating a mining boom. Zinc ore (blackjack), discarded at first, became more valuable to mine than lead. By 1890 Joplin held national recognition as a lead and zinc center and mining was carried on extensively at Webb City, Carterville, in the Oronogo district, and in many other places. Burlington limestone, the under­ lying rock of the region, proved a fine building stone. Quarries were established at Cassville and Carthage. Favored with abundant water power, Joplin and Carthage developed as industrial and manufacturing centers, with Joplin a distributing center for elec­ trical power. With spring-fed steams, precipitous hills, and deep valleys, the region of old Barry County later became a famous resort area, named for its beauty and popularity the Ozarks Playgrounds of Missouri. The excellent camping and fishing facilities and the improved scenic highways have attracted thousands of tourists in more recent years. By successive detachments, beginning with the creation of Newton County in 1838 and ending with Barton County in 1855, Barry County was reduced to its present size. These successive divisions necessitated changes in the county seat. The first seat of justice was located at Mount Pleasant in 1835, where a courthouse was built two years later. The only postoffice in the county was located there. After Newton County was organized, Barry County commissioners selected McDonald, near the present site of Mc­ Dowell, as the county seat. In 1845, Lawrence County was carved from the original Barry County and that left McDonald several miles from the center of the county. The court was then removed to the home of William Kerr, located near the site of the present town of Cassville. After a prolonged dispute over the selection of a site, the court, in 1845, ordered the town of Cassville, named in honor of , states- 374 Missouri Historical Review man and soldier, platted and surveyed. Those who had obtained lots in McDonald were permitted to exchange them for correspond­ ing holdings in Cassville. The peaceful progress of Barry County was completely stopped twenty-six years after its organization by the Civil War. The county, with 248 slaves, was divided in its sympathies. The exigen­ cies of the war caused some queer history to be made in this Ozark region, for in the war, Cassville served as the Confederate capital of Missouri for eight days from October 31, to November 7, 1861. The duly elected but deposed state fled to Neosho in Newton County and, in session there from October 21 to October 29, 1861, seceded from the Union and joined the Con­ federacy. Fleeing before the Union troops, they moved to Cassville. Here the ordinance of secession is said to have been signed and delegates were elected to the Provisional Government of the Confederacy. It was reported that rewrote the ordinance of secession in the Cassville courthouse. Before the adjournment of the Cassville session, a resolution was passed providing for another session to be held in New Madrid the following spring. On March 3, 1862, a few of the legislators appeared at

quarters of Missouri's refugee , , -i Confederate Capitol at Cassville government was temporarily set K up at Marshall, Texas. Cassville, the center of activities in the county during the war, was attacked first by one side and then by the other, and at times there was house to house fighting. Federal troops occupied the town as area headquarters for nearly four years. After the Battle of Carthage, General and his men fell back to Cassville to meet Generals Benjamin McCulloch and N. B. Pearce, each with a large detachment of troops, and marched toward Springfield where they engaged and defeated the Federal troops at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Old Barry County, Mother of Eight S.W. Missouri Counties 375

When General Price was compelled to abandon Missouri in February, 1862, he moved southward on the Cassville road. His troops reached Cassville weary, hungry, and footsore, after having crossed Flat Creek seventeen times during the day, only to be informed that in thirty minutes they must move again because of the proximity of the Union forces. Moving on to Keetsville (Washburn) that night, they kept watch, many of the men going to sleep as they walked, only to be awakened by a rock or stump over which they stumbled as they exclaimed that "it was the worst road for sleeping in the State." General Price and his men moved on southward, taking a short cut from Washburn's Prairie into Arkansas. After he passed through, the southern sympathizers in the region built a rocky barrier to bar his pursuers. This incident caused the place to be known as Blockade Hollow, the name it now bears.

The war caused widespread destruction in the county. After the Federals garrisoned Cassville, the courthouse was portholed and a deep ditch dug around it. In 1875, a claim was prosecuted against the United States government by Barry County for $1,882.69 in payment for repairs on the courthouse damaged in the Civil War. Skirmishes around Cassville, Keets­ ville, and Gadfly (Corsicana), des­ troyed most of these villages. The homes and part of the business sec­ tions of Cassville were destroyed, John Logan's steam mill was burned, and Crout's carding mill, erected early in the town's history, was used as a prison for Confederate troops and sympathizers. Keetsville was rebuilt after the war and the name changed to Washburn.

The movement of large numbers of Confederate and Union troops through the county resulted in wide­ spread destruction. The Old Wire Old Wire Road Marker in Road, named in 1859 upon the com­ Cassville pletion of the telegraph line parallel­ ing the road to Fort Smith, Arkansas, was one of the roads used for this movement. A historical marker, commemorating the Old Wire Road, the route of the Butterfield 376 Missouri Historical Review

stage carrying the overland mail in 1858, was erected at Cassville on July 30, 1955, by the Silver Leaf Benefit Club. Mrs. Justin Goostree and the committee responsible for this project are to be congratu­ lated for this first marker of pretention devoted to the Butterfield Overland Mail to be erected in Missouri. The State Historical Society of Missouri has also erected a marker at Tipton, the northern and eastern stage terminus of the Butterfield mail. Three-fourths of the school buildings of Barry County were destroyed in the war, and in 1866 only one frame and five log school buildings remained. But in 1875, there were 78 schools in the county with high schools at Cassville, Corsicana, and Washburn. Most of the records of the early churches were lost during the war. The Methodist, Baptist, and Christian denominations were of ante-bellum origin. Barry cir­ cuit of the Methodist Episcopal Church dates back to 1836. The first mission of the church was established at Cassville in 1852. The only record of the early Baptist Church is the mention of Baptist ministers in the mar­

Courtesy F. A. Meador riage records, still preserved. T * T .. o i. iu . T> After the war, several Baptist Last Log Schoolhouse in Barry , t , . , County churches were organized in the county and in 1884, the Baptist Association was organized at Cassville with thirteen churches represented. The Cumberland Presbyterians organized the Mount Joy Church, near Corsicana, in 1868. The Flat Creek Christian Church was organized in the same year and the Shell Knob Christian Church in 1876. The Christian Church at Cassville, organized before the Civil War, was reorganized with twenty members in 1887. War was not the only disaster which befell the Barry Countians. The Marshfield tornado tore through the county in 1880, injuring many and destroying barns and homes. Another equally destructive tornado swept away the village of McDowell. A flood in the county in 1875 entailed losses estimated at $100,000 and the new railroad town of Purdy was almost totally wiped out by fire in 1881. But these towns were soon rebuilt by the courageous settlers. With the coming of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad in the late 1870's the county began to prosper. The railroad, by adver- Old Barry County, Mother of Eight S.W. Missouri Counties 377 rising the 140,000 acres of Barry County land it owned, brought in a large immigration and Polish, Swedish, German, and French colonies were founded in the region. Of the estimated 300 families who came to the county from 1879 to 1883, forty percent were foreign born and the rest came largely from Kansas. In a pamphlet distributed by the land department of the Frisco railroad, Barry County land was offered for sale at prices ranging from two dollars to seven dollars an acre. The following description is typical of the inducements offered to enterprising newcomers: Considering the vast water power, supply of timber and absence of any great expense in conducting a business, no better opening exists anywhere in America for the energetic and intelligent manufacturer, as the county abuts directly on the cotton districts of Arkansas. Among those who came to the county was a colony of Walden- sians, a Protestant denomination of medieval origin, natives of the Piedmont Valley of Italy, which formerly belonged to France. Although they were very much attached to their country, many of them were compelled to seek other places because of population pressure. A colony emigrated to Uruguay, South America, in 1857, but dissatisfied after eighteen years of residence there, came to the United States to settle in Lawrence County and near Monett, in Barry County. They bought Barry County land from the railroad for four dollars an acre, and although most of it was in timber and difficult to cultivate, they succeeded in making comfortable homes. Later, they built a church on forty acres of land donated by the Frisco and for many years held church services there in the French language. The moving of the division offices of the Frisco railroad from Pierce City to Monett occurred in 1887. A branch railroad into Texas was built, connecting with the main line at the little village of Plymouth Junction. Originally the village was called Billings, but in 1871 the name was changed to Plymouth Junction. With the com­ ing of the new railroad division to Plymouth Junction, a new town was platted on the same site and named Monett, in honor of a railroad official. Lots were sold at auction and streets running parallel with the railroad track through the town were named for railroad officials. It was no small task to get the town organized and running smoothly, for public improvements could not keep pace with its rapid growth. Within twelve months, one hundred buildings were 378 Missouri Historical Review

erected. A school was opened in a two-room frame building and when this building burned, classes were held in two store buildings until a new school could be built. Religious activity began with the town. The Catholics, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Christians established churches in the years immediately following the town's organization. The noted author, Harold Bell Wright, served as pastor of the Christian Church at Monett in 1899.

When the Frisco railroad was laid through the county, Cassville was by-passed five miles and a connecting line was built in 1896 between Cassville and Exeter. Still running, it is said to be the shortest standard gauge railroad in the United States. A group of Cassville citizens, recognizing the need for better transportation to the county seat, had organized the Cassville and Western railroad company in 1896. They purchased an old locomotive and one or two old freight cars and made one round trip each day between Cassville and Exeter. An extra car was taken to Exeter and set where it could be released to return to Cassville by gravity, as it was downgrade all the way. Dave Dingier, a Cassville business man, and his friend, Jim Ault, bought the line in 1917 and renamed it the Cassville and Exeter. They built a good roadbed, laid new tracks, and purchased a new engine. Dingier, an experienced railroad man, boasted that he knew every bolt and screw in his engine and did his own repair work.

As the county grew more prosperous, newspapers were estab­ lished. The Barry County Banner, at first a Republican paper published in Cassville in 1868, contained little besides business, legal, and patent medicine advertisements. The Banner was merged with the Cassville True Democrat in 1871, but it did not survive. In the same year, B. H. Farmer started the Cassville Democrat. The next year it was purchased by Dr. John Ray and continued in the Ray family for three generations with Means Ray the present editor. The Valley Press was published at Corsicana from 1872 to 1876 and then moved to Cassville where the name was changed to the Cassville Republican. For many years it was edited by E. N. Meador, a member of a Barry County pioneer familv. In 1904, three news­ papers were published in Monett. Of these three, only the Monett Times survives, with Kenneth G. Meuser the present editor. After the death of the Times' first editor and publisher, D. A. Peters, his daughter, Pearl Peters, assumed management of the paper and was the author of its widely-read personal column, "Ramblings." Old Barry County, Mother of Eight S.W. Missouri Counties 379

vSeveral other well-known Missourians have been connected with the history of Barry County. Curtis Fletcher Marbut, internation­ ally famed as an expert in geology and soils, attended and taught school in Barry County, married a Cassville girl, and later owned a farm in the county. Born in Lawrence County in 1863, he attended school at McDowell, where at the age of seventeen, he was employed as a teacher, receiving eighty dollars for a four-month term. With these earnings he attended school at Cassville. There, Noah Lee Maiden taught him Latin, Greek, higher mathematics, literature, philosophy, and gave him a glimpse of the world out­ side Flat Creek valley. Curtis Fletcher Marbut Later, he graduated from the University of Missouri and in 1891 married Miss Florence L. Martin, daughter of a Cassville saddle and harness maker. He continued his study of geology and physiography at Harvard University and from 1895 to 1910 served as professor at the University of Missouri. After 1910, he was employed as scientist with the United States Soil Survey and traveled in many countries. He is credited with revolutionizing the American concept of soil development and greatly influencing world thought on this subject. In 1900, he bought a Barry County farm where he started an apple orchard. On his seventieth birthday, he had his house in the process of construction on this farm and expected to retire there, but his plans were ended by his death in Peiping, China, in 1935. His daughters, Mrs. Leroy Moomaw and Miss Helen Marbut, live in Barry County now. The late Dr. T. M. Sayman, a St. Louis soap manufacturer, donated 2,471 acres of land to the State for the site of Roaring River State Park in 1928. Seven miles south of Cassville, Roaring River State Park, which now includes 2,946 acres, has become a famous recreational area of the Ozarks. Roaring River Spring, sending forth a daily average flow of twenty-eight million gallons of water, issues from a recessed opening at the base of a 75-foot cliff, flows 380 Missouri Historical Review into a man-made lake, falls over a spillway, then roars through steep- walled heavily wooded hills to White River. Crystal Caverns, adjoining Cassville on the north, with six large chambers 120 feet below the earth's surface, decorated with varicolored stalagmites and stalactites, is another scenic attraction of the county. The profusion of wild flowers and blooming shrubs and trees which cover the hills and valleys in spring, further enhance the scenic beauty of the county. An enamelled mural, commissioned by the United States government, portraying agricultural products, wild life, and flowers native to the community, was placed in the newly built postoffice at Cassville in 1941. The history of old Barry County, mother of eight southwest Missouri counties, is significant, not only to its own citizens but to all Missourians. With its importance as the political nucleus of the entire southwestern corner of Missouri, a region rich in mineral resources, now also noted for dairying, fruit growing, and poultry raising, and famed as a recreational area; with its unusual place in Missouri's Civil War history, and with its later contributions to the prosperity of the State, Barry County has added another illustrious chapter to the history of Missouri from the time of its founding to the present. SINGING

BY ROBERT STEELE WITHERS*

Changing conditions in our way of life have altered our habits so much within the span of my own memory that some, once cherished, have vanished completely. Sometimes I feel their passing has left a void which represents a distinct loss. One in particular I miss is the habit of singing. We lived then without any of those things we call conveniences but we were not unhappy. Then we had no time-saving devices but now that we have them we live in an unaccountable rush. We lived uncomfortably but we never froze; nor did we have more heat prostrations then than now. We had no phonograph, radio or television but everybody visited and everybody sang. Perhaps none of the singing of those days could be used by to-day's producers but it did us who heard it and the ones who produced it infinite good, and we had a respectful appreciation for it which the impersonal blaring of our modern machines has totally eliminated. When I was young, if a person sang a song in polite society either in a public building or a private home, not a sound was heard or a word spoken until the end. I'm sure everyone knew a few songs and everyone sang either at work or at play, generally at both. A trip to the spring for a bucket of water, a routine chore in those days, called for a song in rhythm with the swinging bucket, and another all the way back to the house. Ours was a farming community with a liberal sprinkling of hired help, both white and black. Everybody sang. The singing at our home, with one exception which I shall mention later, was like the singing on the farms of our neighbors. As far as I could see then and as I remember now they were all happy songs. Only one or two of our slave cabins were habitable at this time and in one of them lived "Aunt Anisty." She was a "fire-place cook" and had no use for "one of dem little iron box things" to cook in.

*Robert Steele Withers, a native Missourian and a grandson of Abijah Withers, Clay County pioneer, has, since 1906, owned and occupied "Withers Farm," the family home near Liberty. Educated at William Jewell College, he has been closely identified with civic and business affairs in Liberty and was a member of the Missouri State Council of Defense and was county food adminis­ trator during World War I. 381 382 Missouri Historical Review

She had priority above all the folks on Withers Farm, though no one ever accused her of it. While covering the Dutch oven with hot coals and ashes, she sang a song that is supposed to be of African origin: Oh! Hits a long way To de furwell lane, Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet. You kin ast brother mink and You kin ast brother crane, Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet. Dey'll both look wise and Dey'll tell you de same, Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet. Oh! Ma honey, ma honey Ma heart's delight! Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet! On the other side of the fire-place sat her husband, "Uncle Merit." He sang a great deal but all I ever understood ended in "An' he gave up de ghost." In "the house" was the inevitable hired girl, usually a white girl. She got $2.50 a week and her board and lodging. If the weather was favorable, she did the washing out in the back yard. Whether she built up the fire under the kettle out in the yard or hung out the clothes in freezing weather, she sang: Jesse had a wife, Knowed her all my life. Children, they were brave But the dirty little coward Shot Mr. Howard And laid pore Jesse In his grave! Another favorite of the hired girls was: All alone, all alone, all alone he left me And no other's bride I'll be; For in sadness he has left me In the cottage by the sea. Some of our "girls" knew dozens of songs with which they regaled us, but I recall none who failed to know and sing both of these. My father, small and frail, surely seldom felt like singing but one of the pictures that remains most firmly in my mind is of him as he went to work, walking across the yard singing his mother's favorite hymn, "How Firm a Foundation." Singing 383

The Negro field help always sang. There was George, a middle- aged Negro who had seen the last days of the War Between the States, whose singing reflected this. Oh! Jeff Davis, don't you know I'se got a house in Baltimo? Street cyahs runnin' right by de do. An Oh! Ma little gal Dinah, Oh! Yass Oh! Ma little gal Dinah, Oh! And another from the same source: I eats when I'm hungry I drinks when I'm dry If whiskey don't kill me I'll live till I die! Now Elmer was younger. He was running over to Kansas City occasionally and doing his best to keep in step and in tune with the times. He was singing: Got on de cable—didn' have no fare—babe, Got on de cable didn' have no fare. Oh! Ma babe! Got on de cable didn't have no fare, De conductor ast me what I was doin' there Oh! Ma babe.

Tuck me by de ahm an he led me to de do—babe Tuck me by de ahm an he led me to de do. Oh! Ma honey! Tuck me by de ahm an he led me to de do, Says, Don't let me ketch you on de cable no mo! Oh! Ma honey. And then Bill, country raised and still living there with no aspirations to be a city dweller, absolutely satisfied to remain in the country, whose constant refrain was: What yo gwin do when de pond runs dry? Oh! Ma babe! What yo gwin to do when de pond runs dry? Oh! Ma babe! What you gwin to do when de pond runs dry? Gwin to set on de bank and watch de craw dads die. Oh! Ma babe. Bill had another favorite that ran like this: Who built de Ark? Nora! Nora! Who built de Ark? Oh! Nora built de Ark. 384 Missouri Historical Review

In every community there were a few among the younger men who could yodel, and do it as expertly as if they had been born in the shadow of the Swiss Matterhorn. It seemed to me their music was at its best on a frosty autumnal morning when they were on their way to the field to shuck corn. In this setting, the yodels were most beautifully rendered and could be heard a long distance. I remember one fine pleasant day in the fall when everybody was gathering corn. Every field had a man and team in it, and the thump of the ears against the bumpboards was a constant, lively tattoo over the whole area in what is now known as the "South Liberty Bottoms". About three o'clock the wind whipped suddenly to the northwest and began kicking up those blue-bottomed clouds which always are the forerunners of a cold wave. Someone was shucking up next to the Wabash railroad on the northwest side of the land and he was the first to feel the sudden change. I don't know whether he was white or black, but he sang out as loudly as he could: "Oh! The sun ain't goin' to shine no more!" With that start every man in the fields took his cue and repeated the line as lustily as possible. In a very short time the words had traveled over two miles and had reached the Missouri river on the southeast side of the "Bottoms." I knew a man intimately for fifteen years whom I never heard sing anything but two lines of the same song, but he sang these frequently: Many a man's rocking another man's kid When he thinks he's rocking his own! Much of the singing of my childhood days was influenced by Stephen Foster's songs and the camp songs of the War Between the States. The songs of the Southland largely predominated in Clay County. This brings me to the something special in the singing at Withers Farm, my own home, which made me think I was a most fortunate person. My mother, Ella McCoun Withers, was "the sweet singer" of her whole community during her younger, active years. She was born in Liberty, Missouri, and was thoroughly trained at Clay Seminary, which was the finest school of the West at that time. She was a tall, beautiful girl with a happy disposition and engaging personality which made her sought after and beloved in all of the impromptu and original home talent performances produced in the town while she was growing up. Singing 385

Her stage presence was perfect. Once when she was on a stage built for a certain occasion, it collapsed but she went on with her part and finished it as if nothing had happened though she knew that some of the other performers had landed beneath the wreck. She was an expert pianist and played the guitar beautifully. Whenever she visited a home where there was a piano, she was always asked to play and sing. I never knew her to refuse. In our own home there was no piano until I was nearly grown, so I was as delighted with these visits as were the people we visited. My mother inherited a guitar from her mother. It was bought by her father for her mother in Santa Fe and had traveled back to Missouri over the old . What remains of this guitar is still treasured at Withers Farm. I can remember my mother playing her own accompaniment on this instrument while she sang, as far back as my memory goes. Young people flocked to our home, and frequently they made overnight visits. On these occasions in the summertime, as soon as the evening meal was over the whole group would sit around my mother on the front lawn, and she would play and sing until mid­ night. Part of her audience laughed; many of them cried. My mother would vary her program by playing instrumental selections between songs. She knew a vast number of songs and needed no book to guide her. As with every other singer of her generation, my mother's songs included many that were popular during the Civil War, but she also kept up to date with the very latest songs and music. A visitor with the latest song in mind but no music at hand needed only to sing it over a couple of times for my mother to get the words and the melody, and that new song would be added to her collection. Many of the songs she sang were very long and frequently a song had a sequel or answer of equal length. Generally there was a request that the sequel should be sung immediately after the first song was finished. For instance, the song entitled "Lorena" was always followed by "Paul Vane." "The Gypsy's Warning" had an answer, but I do not recall its name. Stephen Foster produced many of her favorite songs which were favorites with her listeners too. Not long ago an old lady who had heard my mother sing sent me the words of one of her most popular songs. It was called "Pass Under the Rod," and there are 463 words in the song! 386 Missouri Historical Review

A song which my mother sang often as a young lady before she married my father, Conn Withers, was "The Faded Gray Jacket." She never sang this after her marriage because, laid aside among the most treasured keepsakes of the Withers family, there was a faded gray jacket which Albert Withers had worn when he was killed at the Battle of Carthage. In the congregational singing at the Liberty Christian Church, her strong, clear voice was always a highly appreciated addition. I have been told by persons who knew voice types that hers was a coloratura soprano. Never have I known another who gave so much pleasure to so many people, or who was so generous with her talent as was my mother. As time went on, as it has a way of doing, her strength failed, her beautiful voice faded away and finally, toward the end of 1906, it was stilled. The memory of my mother's voice is one of my greatest heritages. PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS IN MISSOURI

BY LEMONT K. RICHARDSON*

PART III: THE ERA OF INCREASING LIBERALITY

It has been supposed that citizens of every territory carved out of the public domain were united in one purpose—to progress as rapidly as possible through the stages of advancement prescribed under the Northwest Ordinance and enter the Union on an equal footing with all other states. Having entered the second territorial stage, a territory could ostensibly lay her requests or grievances upon the floor of Congress through her territorial delegate. In the case of Missouri, appropriations to improve navigation on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers were urgently demanded. Also, a territorial delegate could press Congress into an accelerated and liberal confirmation of the private land claims. Missouri, however, lagged behind as her enthusiasm for entering the second territorial stage was suppressed by the large land claimants, a vested interest that, to all outward purposes, had everything to gain by the presence of a territorial delegate on the floor of Congress. The conflict of opinion cropped out early in the Louisiana Gazette when a salvo of editorials reprimanded an overzealous citizen, referred to as "Subscriber," who desired immediate entry into the second territorial stage.1 "Subscriber" struck back, accus­ ing the editor of keeping the "people in ignorance" by neglecting to print his petitions for the second grade of government.2 Prepared to exchange blow for blow, editor Joseph Charless dismissed the peti­ tion as being full of "sophistical inferences and argument." The ultimate goal of state government, he elaborated, could be achieved only through the medium of population. To do anything humanly possible to increase the influx of settlers from surrounding states and territories was, therefore, the correct policy. Any decision tending to double or triple the tax burden of the territory would discourage this influx of settlers. "None can deny that this would be the con­ sequence of entering into the second grade of territorial govern-

*Lemont K. Richardson was born in , attended Reed College, received his A.B. degree from the University of Wisconsin, his M.A. from Cornell University, and returned to the University of Wisconsin to complete his Ph.D. The research for this series of articles was done at Cornell under the direction of Professor Paul Gates. ^Missouri Gazette, January 25, March 1, 1809. 2Ibid., February 3, 1809. The petition referred to by "Subscriber" appeared in the February 3 issue of the Gazette, but this was a full month after it had been circulated. 387 388 Missouri Historical Review ment," he ventured. The inhabitants ran the risk of having to bear additional tax burdens if they progressed at that time into the second stage. An additional sum of $4,500, editor Charless estimated, would have to be raised to defray the expenses of the second grade. Doubling the already burdensome taxes upon houses, town lots, cultivated lands, Negroes, horses, and cattle would produce no more than $2,500, leaving a deficit of $2,000 to be levied upon new objects. And as the public lands and disputed private land claims were non­ taxable, the whole deficiency would come to rest upon the present land holders. "If we then compare the quantity of lands which have been confirmed to individuals with the amount of tax to be levied on them," editor Charless boded, "we shall find that the tax on these lands will be at least four times as great as the land tax paid in any state or territory of the U. States." His reflections, he concluded, were submitted for the consideration of the land holders.3 The call to arms had been issued. By the summer of 1811, con­ centrated efforts were underway to suppress the enthusiasm for the second territorial stage of government.4 Making no effort to disguise his partiality, "An Old Farmer" cautioned the "Ancient Inhabi­ tants," or pre-Purchase residents, many of whom had been circulat­ ing petitions favoring the second stage, to wait until the federal government was more favorably inclined toward all land claims: "Taxes without property to support [us] would soon bring us to ruin and beggary."5 On the other hand, enthusiastic arguments were offered to soothe the fears concerning increased tax burdens. "Baptiste," who identified himself as the little man who could "with some con­ fidence," if his claims were settled, improve his small cabin and bring a few more acres under cultivation, predicted that popular resentment would block all attempts to tax the unconfirmed lands.6 Altering his statistics slightly, "Alknomack" demonstrated that the annual expenses incurred by entering the second stage would be no more than ten cents per capita, or $2,750 divided among 27,500 people.7

Hbid., March 1, 1809. ^Louisiana Gazette, July 1, 1811. *Ibid., November 16, 1811. Hbid., December 14, 1811. "'Ibid., November 23, 1811. Census figures for 1810 list the population of Missouri as 20,S45, of which slightly more than 17,000 were white. {Aggregate Amount of . . . Persons Within the United States . . . in the Year 1810 [Washington, 1811], p. 84.) Private Land Claims in Missouri 389

The large land claimants, chiefly the Creoles of St. Louis and the Americans of the Ste. Genevieve district, were determined to preserve the existing form of government. Forty-five inhabitants of St. Louis petitioned Congress: "Let us by a few years of Patient industry acquire property the Surplus of which weill defray the expenses of government . . . that the present order of things, may not be changed until time and Circumstances have prepared us to receive that change as a blessing rather than a curse."8 Many of the signers, , Pierre Chouteau, Auguste Chouteau, Sr., Charles Gratiot, James Mackay, Antoine Sou­ lard, Bernard Pratte, and Marie P. LeDuc, had amassed title to comparatively large blocks of land through confirma­ tion of their claims; further­ more, they held large portfolios of unconfirmed claims. Pierre Chouteau had acquired roughly 9,000 acres through confirma­ tion; Soulard, 6,600; Mackay Courtesy Mo. Hist. Soc. and Gratiot, each 1,200 acres.9 Manuel Lisa Much was at stake. The speculators intended to reserve from sale these enlarged tracts accumulated through confir mation of their claims until the price had been bid up by incoming settlers. Now these idle tracts were threatened with tax liens, and eventually, confiscation and sheriff's auction. Moreover, as the editor of the Gazette had remonstrated, increased tax burdens might deter settlement and thereby depress the market price of land. Finally, the territorial government in its quest for additional revenues could assess the great unconfirmed

8Petition to Congress by inhabitants of St. Louis, November 9, 1811, in Clarence Edwin Carter (ed.), The Territorial Papers of the United States (21 vols, to date, Washington, 1934- ), XIV, 486-87. 9American State Papers (38 vols., Washington, 1832-1861), Public Lands (Gales and Seaton edition), II, 689-729. 390 Missouri Historical Review tracts of land—a move which, in the space of a few years, might render ultimate confirmation worthless. During this controversy the Board of Land Commissioners was preparing to adjourn. It had acted on all claims filed and closed its work on January 24, 1812.10 Out of more than 3,000 claims reviewed, certificates of confirmation were issued on 1,342, or roughly one- third.11 There was still hope for those whose claims had been turned down, however, because the negative decisions of the board could be reversed by act of Congress. For the large land claimants, the tax burdens implied in the second stage of government outweighed the advantages to be gained through having a territorial delegate on the floor of Congress. The land claimants already enjoyed access to Congress through private agents who, for a slight fee, worked zealously to secure confirmation. In 1806, James L. Donaldson, through still a member of the Board of Commissioners, had advertised himself as the "proper person" to lay the claims before Congress. He charged two dollars per claim. Four years later, Thomas F. Riddick, clerk of the board, advertised that he would go to Washington as soon as the board had completed its business. Those who entrusted their claims to him could calculate with some certainty that "proper attention would be given."12 It was a discouraging matter for the small claimants when the Board of Commissioners closed its books. One of them complained: "Individual claimants are either obliged to abandon their claims to what constitutes the best support of their families, or expend money, hard to earn, and difficult to obtain, in paying an agent, and that agent vested with no power, authority, or privilege to speak, except when the 'committee' shall deign to permit him."13 To them, a delegate in Congress appeared advantageous. Seemingly, the large land claimants suffered a defeat when the territory entered the second stage on June 14, 1812,14 but they con­ trolled the territorial legislature and nominated eighteen of their

10Eugene M. Violette, "Spanish Land Claims in Missouri," Washington University Studies, VIII, Humanistic Series, No. 2 (St. Louis, 1921), p. 18L "ASP, Lands, II, 689-729. 12Settler Jesse Cain had entrusted his claim to Donaldson, and unfortunately that was the last he ever heard of it. Deposition of Cain, October 30, 1806, in Carter, Territorial Papers, XIV, 22-23; Louisiana Gazette, October 4, 1810. nIbid., July 1, 1811. The well-known select committee of the Ste. Genevieve Convention of 1809 was implied. ^United States Statutes at Large, II, 743-47. The territory was renamed Missouri. Private Land Claims in Missouri 391

own men to the territorial council. The President of the United States, in turn, selected nine from the eighteen nominees in June, 1813. Among the nine were Auguste Chouteau, Sr., and Samuel Hammond of St. Louis, and John Scott and James Maxwell of Ste. Genevieve.15 These selections must have been gratifying to the larger land claimants. In the territory's first delegate to Congress, Edward Hemp­ stead, they also had a firm friend. Hempstead, an aggres­ sive lawyer who had arrived in St. Louis from Vincennes in 1805, was appointed attorney general for the territory in 1809.16 He soon allied himself with the land junto, serving first on the St. Louis committee of 1809 Courtesy Mo. Hist. Soc. with Bernard Pratte, Alexander McNair, and Auguste Chouteau, Sr., and later with John Smith T and George C. C. Harbison on the select committee of Ste. Gene­ vieve.17 His legal services were much in demand, and, unquestion­ ably, the various resolutions and memorials to Congress bore evidence of the penetrating pen of the lawyer. His activities in land claims, begun after his arrival in St. Louis, indicated a drive to accumulate as many titles to land in as many ways as possible. He attended auctions, enlisted the aid of agents, and made direct pur­ chases himself, obtaining eleven unconfirmed titles to land totaling 4,660 arpents.18 Hempstead's opponents, Rufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, and Matthew Lyon, were land claimants themselves and promised liberal action toward all land claims.19 Rufus Easton, Hempstead's

15 Frederic L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in Its Territorial Days, 1804-1 (St. Louis, 1881), pp. 43-46. ™Ibid., p. 206. l7Ibid., pp. 44-45; Missouri Gazette, December 19, 28, 1812. HASP, Lands, II, 469, 532, 535, 545, 547, 625, 638, 642, 650, 652, 659. ^Missouri Gazette, October 24, 31, 1812. 392 Missouri Historical Review primary adversary, was closely allied with Moses Austin and his fellow Americans of the Ste. Genevieve area, and at that time the eligible American-born voters far outnumbered the eligible French inhabitants.20 However, Hempstead was backed by powerful interests, the Creole inhabitants of St. Louis, the wealthiest and most influential men of the territory, and the Missouri Gazette, the only newspaper in the territory.21 Hempstead took his seat in Congress January 4, 1813,22 and his record shows a desire to accelerate and liberalize confirmation of the private land claims. He repeatedly lampooned the irregularities of the Board of Commissioners. In New Orleans the board had been extemely generous in adjudicating the claims, but the St. Louis board was more parsimonious. Hempstead advocated similar treat­ ment for all land claimants under the various Congressional acts and the abolition of the board, transferring its functions to the recorder of land titles. He proposed to inquire into the expediency of a speedy and final confirmation of all grants of land in the Territory of Missouri, extend confirmation to all claims not in excess of 640 acres which were inhabited and cultivated prior to December 20, 1803, and allow the claimants to test the validity of their rejected claims in the federal courts.23 Legislative steps were finally taken. Congressional confirmation was extended to all village or commons claims of the inhabitants of Portage des , St. Charles, St. Ferdinand, St. Louis, Village a Robert, Carondelet, Ste. Genevieve, New Madrid, New Bourbon, and Little Prairie.24 Section four of the act of March 3, 1813, con­ firmed 640 acres to practically everyone who had previously held 640 acres or more but had been granted less by the board. Two hundred and thirty-five certificates, most of them for 640 acres, were issued.25 Under an act of April 12, 1814, passed for the "final adjustment of land titles in the State of Louisiana and the Territory of Missouri," the powers and duties of the boards were transfrered

20Hattie M. Anderson, "Missouri, 1804-1828: Peopling a Frontier State," Missouri Historical Review, XXXI (January, 1937), 156-63. ^Missouri Gazette, October 24, 31, November 7, 14, 1812. 22Annals of Congress: Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (42 vols., Washington, 1834-1856), 12 Cong., 2 Sess. (1812-1813), p. 510. ™Ibid., pp. 846-47; Annals of Congress, 13 Cong., 1 Sess. (1813-1814), p. 787. 2iUnited States Statutes at Large, II, 748-52. Confirmation was also extended to 1342 certificates of confirmation issued by the Board of Land Commissioners between December, 1808, and January, 1812. (ASP, Lands, II, 689-729.) ^United States Statutes at Large, II, 812-15; ASP, Lands, III, 327-31. Private Land Claims in Missouri 393 to the recorder of land titles in each district, and all land titles in Missouri that fell into two classes were confirmed.26 First, grants made by a French or Spanish concession, warrant, or order to survey issued prior to March 10, 1804, were confirmed if the claimant was an actual resident of the territory at the time of the concession. This mollified the land claimants on one of the most urgent issues, as all previous acts had nullified all Spanish conces­ sions dated after October 1, 1800, when Spain secretly ceded Louisiana to France. Second, grants previously denied for lack of evidence of habitation prior to December 20, 1803, were now con­ firmed. Eventually, confirmation was extended to 392 claims falling under these categories.27 According to the four reports of Recorder Frederick Bates, 2,318 claims, slightly more than seventy-five percent of the 3,056 claims submitted, were con­ firmed or enlarged. Still uncon­ firmed and in dispute were the claims of John Smith T, Moses Austin, Julien Dubuque, and Jacques Clamorgan. These claims ranged from 10,000 to 500,000 arpents, each one a story in itself. To the large landholder and claimant, Hempstead's efforts were especially gratifying. Many doubled and tripled their holdings. As Missouri's public lands were nowhere ready for Frederick Bates casn saie or pre-emption entries, this proved to be most profit­ able.28 Auguste Chouteau, Sr., who prior to January, 1813, held twenty-four confirmatory certificates entitling him to 9,000 acres and seven town lots in St. Charles and St. Louis, acquired title to five more town lots and six field tracts to bring his total holdings to

^United States Statutes at Large, III, 121-23. 2'ASP, Lands, III, 332-44. 28The first Presidential proclamation ordering land sales to begin at the land offices in St. Louis and Franklin was issued April 30, 1818. See Territorial Papers, XV, 385. 394 Missouri Historical Review

23,500 acres. Marie P. LeDuc expanded his holdings from one town lot in the village of New Madrid to almost 13,000 acres. Pierre Chouteau now commanded five tracts totaling more than 22,700 acres; his estates, collectively, had amounted to little more than 500 acres before. Antoine Soulard, already assignee to more than 6,600 acres of confirmed land, acquired four more tracts totaling 3,900 acres. One included a tract of 3,250 arpents strategically located on the north bank of the Missouri River near its junction with the Mississippi. Jacques St. Vrain, meanwhile, received confirmation to an identical adjacent tract, so that the two men controlled more than 5,600 acres at the mouth of the Missouri. John Mullanphy, whose confirmed land holdings prior to January, 1813, comprised seven scattered tracts of less than 750 acres, added three outlots (two near St. Louis and one near St. Ferdinand) and three plantations, total­ ing 2,900 acres, to his holdings. Even territorial delegate Edward Hempstead benefited by securing confirmation of a town lot in St. Louis and two field strips north of the town.29 Generous plantations and field strips ranging anywhere from 800 to 3,000 arpents, generally situated in the districts of St. Charles and St. Louis, were confirmed to a small group of men. Similarly, valu­ able river frontages in St. Charles, St. Ferdinand, and St. Louis, which in time would become wharf landings, railroad sidings, or warehouse sites, as well as strategically situated outlots, were con­ firmed to these same men. If the village desired to develop its waterfront or to expand, it was compelled to purchase its so-called "Lebensraum" at a high price. To assess the impact of the confirma­ tion of these village and outlot claims upon the early communities of the Missouri Territory is a project rich in historical speculation. In a general evaluation of the effects of the private land claims upon Missouri's development, it is necessary to try to determine their influence upon the sales of public lands. Preparations for surveys and sales were initiated with the passage of the act of March 3, 1811,30 but the first land office did not open in St. Louis until 1815,31 and actual sales did not begin until 1818. We see, therefore, that the land sales were unquestionably postponed. With the arrival of the surveyors, anticipation of cash sales of the public lands swept the territory, and the claimants intensified their

29The above tabulations have been compiled from the listings of confirmatory certificates issued by Recorder of Land Titles Frederick Bates under the acts of 1812, 1813, and 1814, in ASP, Lands, II, 689-729; ibid., Ill, 314-44. 30United States Statutes at Large, II, 662-66. 31Carter, Territorial Papers, XIII, 126n. Private Land Claims in Missouri 395 efforts to have their respective claims properly located before the sales began. Their sanctuary was the famous section ten of the act of March 3, 1811, which reserved all duly registered unconfirmed claims from cash sales. To reserve these claims proved to be no easy task. Time and time again, sales had to be postponed because the claims were not properly registered. In early July, 1817, William Rector reported that his surveys were practically completed and that by the first Monday of the following November the lands would be ready for sale.32 The people, he remarked, "were generally anxious for the public sales." Most of the land would sell immediate­ ly and "some of it at a high price."33 "Nowhere had the sales been more anxiously awaited," Alexander McNair, the territorial marshall, wrote.34 However, the necessary Presidential proclama­ tion was not issued, and the following spring Rector was still trying to get the General Land Office to bring the lands into immediate sale. Five and seven-tenths million acres were ready at that time.35 Finally, the Presidential proclamation was issued on April 30, 1818, ordering land sales to begin at the land offices in St. Louis and Franklin no later than the first Monday of September, 1818.36 On the eve of the sales, territorial delegate John Scott, who had once promised to work for the opening of additional land offices and acceleration of the land sales,37 submitted a frantic plea for post­ ponement.38 Scott's initial plea touched off a concerted drive to postpone the actual sales. In June, Recorder of Land Titles Frede­ rick Bates, feeling much "anxiety on the subject," announced that he was unable to decide judiciously which lands were exempt from sale under section ten of the act of March 3, 1811.39 Simultaneously, William Rector divulged that Bates had refused to make a list of properly reserved claims, because he did not feel authorized to make such a list.40 Samuel Hammond, recently appointed receiver of the public monies at the land office in St. Louis, reported that he was considerably embarrassed in his attempts to administer section ten and that, as a result, there were many unconfirmed tracts in a

32William Rector to Josiah Meigs, July 7, 1817, in ibid., XV, 288-90. 33Rector to Meigs, September 15, 1817, in ibid., 306-308. 34Alexander McNair to Meigs, June 16, 1817, in ibid., 282-84. ssRector to Meigs, March 28, 1818, in ibid., 367-68. 36Proclamation of Land Sales at St. Louis and Franklin, April 30, 1818, in ibid., 385-86. zlMissouri Gazette, November 8, 1817. ssDelegate John Scott to Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, May 5, 1818, in Carter, Territorial Papers, XV, 388-90. 39Bates to Meigs, June 21, 1818, in ibid., 401. toRector to Meigs, June 24, 1818, in ibid., 402-403. 396 Missouri Historical Review

"precarious" situation which could not possibly be adjusted prior to the approaching sales.41 Finally, Commissioner Meigs, unable to bring the Missouri public lands into sale, acquiesced to the demands made by Scott and seconded by Recorder Bates and Samuel Hammond; he instructed Rector to withdraw all claims from sale without addi­ tional survey.42 With the claims safely withdrawn, it seemed that the sales could begin. Then from the Franklin land office came a request that all public sales be further postponed. Because of the confused status of all pre-emption claims, the registrar and the receiver believed that the two week period prior to the commencement of the sales for register­ ing pre-emption claims was insufficient, and requested at least two months.43 When it was announced that the sales at Franklin would be postponed until January 1, 1819, an anonymous letter appeared in the Missouri Gazette charging the Franklin agents with full responsibility because of their refusal to do anything to adjudicate the status of pre-emption, New Madrid relief, and Spanish claims.44 Delaying the land sales only intensified the problem of adjudica­ tion. In the meantime, the number and variety of claims increased. Pre-emptioners and New Madrid relief claimants moved in, mili­ tary bounty warrants were located, and the old private claims were confirmed. Meanwhile, an influx of settlers created pressure on the demand side. Between 1814 and 1820, Missouri's population was increasing at an annual rate of 6,800.45 Many had been attracted by the promise of abundant lands. "Every ferry on the river," reported the Missouri Gazette, "is daily occupied in passing families, carriages, wagons, negroes, wagons, carts . . . respectable people . . . Come one, Come all, we have millions of acres to occupy, and provisions are cheap and in abundance."46 The gazetteers did not hesitate to praise Missouri's attractions. Missouri soil was described as the "richest kind," consisting of a black alluvium of "unknown depth." It was a vegetable soil, sug­ gested another, having a uniform "depth of forty feet, and earth thrown up from the bottom of wells is as fertile as that on the

"Samuel Hammond to Meigs, June 25, 1818, in ibid., 403-405. 42Meigs to Rector, August 1, 1818, in ibid., 422. 43Henry Carroll to Meigs, August 22, 1818, in ibid., 425-26. ^Missouri Gazette, August 28, 1818. ^Anderson, "Peopling a Frontier State," p. 151. ^Missouri Gazette, October 26, 1816. Private Land Claims in Missouri 397 surface." The Ste. Genevieve district was reported to be "rich in Mineral [treasures]" which, according to all testimony, were inexhaustible. There was no "country in the world where cattle and hogs can be raised with so little trouble ... no country better adapted to the raising and keeping of large flocks of sheep." Mis­ souri was reputed to have the most extensive and continuous "tract of productive soil in the United States," and the Missouri River afforded a navigable channel to the very heart of this rich agricul­ tural country. There was unlimited water power, and pine forests crowded both banks of most steams. Missouri's prairies were not extensive in the least but stretched into "picturesque hills, infinitely varigated in altitude, and form and beauty." No stagnant waters, no repositories of mud and slime, no "pesti­ lential airs from decaying vegetables and drying ponds" were found in Missouri. Winds from the west swept in, drying all fens and pools of stagnant water. "Fever and ague is a very rare thing." "Epi­ demics are unknown." And the settler was categorically guaranteed immunity from "miasmata." No western country held out greater advantages to the new settler than Missouri, according to these accounts. Few towns west of the Alleghenies held better prospects for "future eminence" than St. Charles, St. Louis, and Ste. Genevieve. Of course, there were abundant lands for all. A safe estimate was twenty million acres. Opportunities for purchase abounded at modest terms. Land titles were unquestionably secure, as they had been confirmed by Con­ gress. And finally, it was advised, the best terms could be obtained from the earlier settlers.47 The gazetteers mentioned but occasionally the actual status of the unconfirmed land claims and the public lands. As far as can be determined, only one guide book specifically informed the immigrant that the only lands for sale in Missouri, as late as August, 1818, were the confirmed private land claims.48 Therefore, since the right of pre-emption had been extended only to those settlers who were

47The above accounts have been randomly drawn from the following sources: Henry R. Schoolcraft, A View of the Lead Mines in Missouri (New York, 1819), pp. 34-35, 227; Schoolcraft, Travels in the Central Portion of the Mississippi Valley (New York, 1825), p. 234; [Samuel Augustus Mitchell], An Accompaniment to Mitchell's Reference and Distance Map of the United States (Philadel­ phia, 1835), p. 317; John Mason Peck, A Guide for Emigrants (Boston, 1831), pp. 95, 97; John Melish, The Traveller's Directory through the United States (Philadelphia, 1822), p. 40; Alphonso Wetmore, A Gazetteer of the State of Missouri (St. Louis, 1827), pp. 26-28; William Darby, Universal Gazetteer (Baltimore, 1827), p. 489; Darby, A New Gazetteer of the United States of America (Hart­ ford, 1833), pp. 313-14. 48William Darby, The Emigrant's Guide (New York, 1818), p. 146. 398 Missouri Historical Review actually inhabiting or cultivating a tract of land in Missouri on or before April 12, 1814,49 all immigrants who arrived in Missouri after 1814, expecting lands to be had for the asking, were obliged to purchase a confirmed title to a plantation or town lot from one of the earlier inhabitants, to purchase a New Madrid relief certificate, or to band together with others who had been similarly lured by the promise of abundant lands and await the public sales. Unfortunately, the federal officials had no idea who should be removed from the public lands or what lands had been properly reserved from cash sales and private entry. Pre-emption claims under the act of April 12, 1814, could not be filed at the district land office until two weeks before the land sales commenced, and only a sprinkling of private land claims had been surveyed and officially recorded at the land office. For example, on thirty-five township plats submitted to Commissioner Meigs by Missouri land office authorities prior to the commencement of sales in 1818, not one private land claim had appeared. Meigs then presumed that there were no private land claims.50 Local authorities concluded from the same evidence that the claims did exist and that the claimants had not been allowed sufficient time to file them. Was the settler who was cutting timber and harvesting fruit on Antoine Soulard's planation51 really violating the law? Perhaps he was a lawful pre-emptioner, but no one could tell until all surveys had been completed and the lands brought into sale. Cutting across the classic township, section, and quaiter-section pattern of land ownership which characterized the public land states, an irregular pattern of land ownership had been laid down in Missouri. The river bottoms in a tier of counties about fifty miles deep, bordering the and extending up the Missouri River as far as Franklin in Howard County, were covered with a jumble of surveyed holdings that ran from the various stream courses in all directions.52 There were no uniform extensions back to the foothills, and depths were jagged and irregular. The common field strips belonging to the villages were preserved intact as late as 1880. Adjacent to the village of St. Ferdinand, north and west of St. Louis, lay a cluster of narrow field strips, uniform in breadth,

^United Stales Statutes at Large, III, 121-23. 50Josiah Meigs to William Rector, October 19, 1820, in Carter, Territorial Papers, XV, 658. 51 Missouri Gazette, September 4, 1818. a2Plat Book of St. Louis County, Missouri (Des Moines, 1909). Map No. 7. Private Land Claims in Missouri 399 extending inland from the banks of the Missouri River to a small parallel creek.53 The incoming waves of immigrants found that this blanket of private land claims west of the Mississippi formed an obstacle to quick location and settlement. Some, perhaps, became discouraged and moved elsewhere, while others squatted and prepared to fight for the lands they wanted. The United States had acquired, as a result of its purchase of Louisiana, a tangled problem of land ownership which remained a major issue throughout the territorial period. The land grants by the French and Spanish governments had offered a rich field for speculation, and the resulting confusion and controversy over their confirmation by the United States government caused strife and violence in the territory and greatly delayed the sale of public lands in Missouri.

This is the last of three articles on "Private Land Claims in Missouri." The first two appeared in the January and April, 1956, issues.

hZIbid. See map opposite. VIGNETTES OF FAMOUS MISSOURIANS

DIRECTED BY FLOYD C SHOEMAKER

COMPILED BY DOROTHY J. CALDWELL

A famous congressman, a State governor, and a creative agricul­ turist are the current subjects in the series of biographical sketches intended to highlight the contributions of Missourians to state and national life. They were prepared for release to the newspapers of the State in April, May, and June, 1956, and are reprinted here under the new title, "Vignettes of Famous Missourians," for the benefit of readers who may have missed them in their local papers.

The portrait of Missouri's Speaker of the House used in the first article is reproduced from his autobiography, My Quarter Century of American Politics, and the photograph of his statue was made by Gerald Massie of the Missouri Division of Resources and Develop­ ment. The second sketch is illustrated by a picture of the subject's home found in a biography by Mary Barr Hardin, and a drawing of the famous wine cellars at Hermann, taken from the Bulletin of the Stone Hill Wine Company, accompanies the third article.

References are listed with each article for those who may wish to read further.

400 Vignettes of Famous Missourians 401

MISSOURI'S ONLY SPEAKER OF THE NATIONAL HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WHO WAS HE?

Released April 5, 1956

This adopted Missourian represented Missouri in Congress for twenty-six years; was elected minority leader and speaker of the House; won fame as a leading orator of the nation; and led in the Baltimore Democratic national convention of 1912 for the presi­ dential nomination on twenty-nine ballots with a clear majority on eight. Do you know his name?

1. What was his early back­ ground?

A. Of Puritan and Cavalier ancestry, he was born March 7, 1850, near Law- renceburg, Kentucky. He attended Kentucky Univer­ sity, Lexington, from 1867 to 1870 and was graduated in 1873 from Bethany College, West Virginia. Then only twenty-three, he became president of Marshall Col­ lege, Huntington, West Vir­ ginia, but resigned after a year to study law, graduating from the Cincinnati Law "He Serves His Party Best Who School in 1875. Serves His Country Best"

2. How did he begin his public career in Missouri?

A. Seeking a place to start his law practice, he lived for a short time in Wichita and then in Kansas City, Kansas, moving in 1875 to Louisiana, Missouri, where he became superintendent of schools for a year and edited the Louisiana Daily News and the Riverside Press for a brief period. His first public office was that of city attorney of Louisiana; and moving to Bowling Green in 1880, he became city attorney there. He served as prosecuting attorney of Pike County from 1885 to 1889. 402 Missouri Historical Review

3. What was his record in the Missouri legislature?

A. He was elected in 1888 to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly of Missouri, where he served as chairman of the Committee on Criminal Jurisprudence and supported bills providing for trust regulation, the popular election of senators, and the Australian ballot system.

4. What was his record in Congress?

A. Elected as a Democrat to Congress in 1892, he continued to sit in the House until his death March 2, 1921, except for the Fifty- fourth Congress from 1895 to 1897. As minority leader of the House from 1907 to 1911, he led the fight to overthrow Speaker Joseph G. Cannon's arbitrary control of legisla­ tive procedure. He was elect­ ed speaker in 1911 and served in that capacity for eight years. In Congress he advo­ cated war pension relief, downward revision of tariff, river and harbor appropria­ tions, and rural free delivery. He opposed the acquisition of territory after the Spanish- Massie, Mo. Resources Div. American War and during His Statue at Bowling Green World War I opposed the use of the draft before opportunity had been given citizens to volunteer. His honesty, courage, impartiality, and interest in people made him one of the beloved public men of his day.

In the Democratic national convention at Baltimore in 1912, he met defeat by Woodrow Wilson for the presidential nomina­ tion only after William J. Bryan withdrew his support. He graciously yielded to Wilson's nomination and came home to Missouri to campaign for him.

5. How did he win fame as an orator?

A. He entered Congress with a local reputation as an orator and Vignettes of Famous Missourians 403

won wider recognition with his Tammany Hall speech July 4, 1893, his debates in the House, and his public lectures. Dry humor, logic, simplicity, and the use of appropriate anecdotes characterized his speeches.

6. How has Missouri honored his memory? A. His statue, erected by the State in 1926, stands on the court­ house lawn at Bowling Green, and in 1941 his portrait was unveiled in the Missouri legislature's gallery of Missourians prominent in World War I.

7. What was his name? A. Champ (James Beauchamp) Clark.

[References: Champ Clark, My Quarter Century of American Politics (New York, 1920), I, II; Wilfred R. Hollisterand Harry Norman, Five Famous Missourians (Kansas City, 1900), pp. 177-216; Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone (eds.), Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IV, 121; Floyd C. Shoemaker (ed.), Missouri Day by Day (Jefferson City, 1942), I, 182-183; W. L. Webb, Champ Clark (New York, 1912).]

A WOMAN'S COLLEGE WAS NAMED FOR THIS MISSOURI GOVERNOR

Released May 10, 1956 This Missourian founded a college for women at Mexico, Mis­ souri, and, while serving as governor of the State, issued a famous proclamation. Do you know his name?

1. What was his early background? A. He was born July 15, 1820, in Trimble County, Kentucky, but in the fall of that year his family moved to Missouri, settling in Columbia in 1821. His father was the first postmaster of Colum­ bia and his mother was the sister of Dr. William Jewell, for whom William Jewell College was named. He attended the Columbia schools, the University of Indiana, and was graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1841. While in college at Miami, he was one of the founders of the Greek letter fraternity, Beta Theta Pi, now a national organiza­ tion. After graduation he returned to Columbia to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He married a Boone County girl, Mary Barr Jenkins, in 1844. 404 Missouri Historical Review

2. How did he begin his public career?

A. In 1843 he commenced the practice of law in Fulton and from 1848 to 1852 served as circuit attorney. He was elected in 1852 to the lower house of the General Assembly from Callaway County and served three suc­ cessive terms.

3. What stand did he take in the Civil War? A. In 1860 he was elected state senator and as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Com­ mittee was the author of the resolution calling for a state convention to consider Mis­ souri's relation to the Union. He opposed secession and in the ''Rebel Legislature," which met at Cassville, Mis­ souri, was the only senator who voted against Missouri's secession ordinance. During the war he retired to his farm near Mexico, Missouri. This Missouri Governor Issued the Famous "Grasshopper Proclama­ tion" 4. What did he do after the war?

A. He practiced law in Mexico from 1865 to 1871 and was one of the founders of the Mexico Southern Bank. He retired from law practice and in 1872 was elected state senator. In the Senate he gained recognition for his legal ability and integrity.

5. What were his accomplishments as governor of Missouri?

A. During his administration from 1875 to 1877, the constitution of 1875 was adopted, the State debt and current expenses were reduced, criminal laws were vigorously enforced, and the State assumed direct administration of the penitentiary and erected new buildings there. He issued his famous "grasshopper pro­ clamation" designating June 3, 1875, as a day of "fasting and Vignettes of Famous Missourians 405

prayer" for relief from grasshoppers which had again invaded Missouri after ruining crops the year before.

6. For what other work is he remembered? A. In 1873 he founded Hardin College for women and in 1889 was active in the establishment of Missouri Military Academy at Mexico. He died in 1892 and was buried on his farm near Mex- His Boyhood Home in Columbia ico. Two years later, he was reinterred in the Jewell Cemetery south of Columbia.

7. What was his name? A. Charles Henry Hardin.

[References: Grace Gilmore Avery and Floyd C. Shoemaker (eds.), Messages and Proclama­ tions of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, 1924), V, 375-523; Mary Barr Hardin, Life and Writings of Governor Charles Henry Hardin (St. Louis, 1896); Dumas Malone (ed.), Dic­ tionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), VIII, 244-245; Herschel Schooley, Audrain Centennial History (Mexico, 1937), 54-59; Floyd C. Shoemaker (ed.), Missouri Day by Day (Jeffer­ son City, 1943), II, 32.]

THIS GERMAN-BORN MISSOURIAN WON NATIONAL FAME AS A GRAPE GROWER AND WINE MAKER

Released June 7, 1956 This horticulturist established one of the largest and oldest American vineyards and wineries at Hermann, Missouri, where he developed extensive nurseries and a model fruit farm; promoted the grape and wine industry in Missouri; and won national recognition as the author of books and publisher of a journal on the subjects of grape culture and wine making. Do you know his name?

1. What was his background? A. Born in Meyenburg, Germany, in 1827, he was early inspired by his father, the village schoolmaster, with the love of horti­ cultural pursuits.

2. How did he happen to come to Missouri? A. When he was 10 years old, his family emigrated to Philadel- 406 Missouri Historical Review

phia, where his father took shares in the German Settlement Society and in 1838 joined the society's settlement in Hermann.

3. How did he gain fame as a grape grower and wine maker? A. A pioneer in grape culture in Missouri, his first vineyard was planted on his father's farm near Hermann in 1847. In 1852 he looked after his widowed sister's farm, which soon became the model fruit farm of Missouri. He turned to writing and his second book, Grapes and Wines, was published in four editions. His monthly journal, the Grape Culturist, published in St. Louis from 1869 to 1873, was the only American peri­ odical at that time devoted exclusively to grapes and He Established at Hermann One of wines. the First and Largest Vineyards in America That Turned Grapes into Wine 4. What were his other activities? A. He helped found the Missouri Fruit Growers' Association in 1859, which became the Missouri Horticultural Society in 1861; was a charter member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1865, and in 1880 was one of the originators of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society, which became the American Horticultural Society in 1885. He served 18 months in the Civil War, but saw little action. As a member of the 1865 Missouri Constitutional Convention, he advocated giving Negroes the right to vote and to hold office. Opposed to the disqualifications for voters in the new constitu­ tion, he refused to vote for its adoption.

5. What was his later career in Missouri? A. In 1869 he moved to Bluffton as president of the Bluffton Wine Company, but after a ruinous decline in grape and wine Vignettes of Famous Missourians 407

Famous Wine Cellars at Hermann prices, he started a nursery in Sedalia in 1872. From Sedalia, he shipped millions of phylloxera (root louse)—resistant grape cuttings to France to help re-establish her vineyards. While professor of pomology and forestry at the University of Missouri in Columbia from 1878 to 1881, he made such extensive grape plantings on the White Campus that the grapes could not be sold one year and were used to make wine, with resulting student raids which became famous in legend and story. 6. Why did he leave Missouri? A. His private enterprises in the grape and nursery industry did not prove as profitable as his sanguine nature had expected. He resigned his professorship; moved to Napa City, California, as manager of the Talcoa Vineyards; and devoted his efforts to the vinifera grape, producer of classic European wines, but grown successfully in this country only in California. While serving as United States statistical agent for California from 1885 to 1900, he attended the first Viticultural Congress in Washington, D. C. His death occurred at Napa in 1902.

7. What was his name? A. George Husmann.

[References: L. H. Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (New York, 1915), III, 1581; Henry D. Hooker, "George Husmann," Missouri Historical Review, XXI11 (April, 1929), 353-360; Dumas Malone (ed.), Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1943), IX, 430-431; Annual Reports, Missouri Horticultural Society, 1859-1881.1 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

A PERSONAL MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY

Hermann, Missouri, is a small city with a unique past, and its citizens are making a distinct contribution to the whole state by recognizing this fact and by doing something about it. As new residential, business, and industrial areas spring up rapidly around all of our cities, large and small, it is easy to see the effects of stand­ ardization and the result of the "melting pot" idea, of which Amer­ icans are justly proud. But in the midst of this, we find a greater interest than ever before in the sources of our culture and in the origins and activities of the varied national and racial groups which have contributed to it. Hermann has always been a * prototype of the German settle­ ments in Missouri, but recently it has become aware of itself in a significant way and has set out to restore consciously its typical German architecture and per­ petuate its German folkways. This new emphasis on the past centers around the annual Maifest, which has been devel­ oped into a two-day celebration bringing thousands of people into the Gasconade county seat Courtesy Mrs. Anna Hesse whose normal population is Gentner House in Hermann 2,523. The idea of expanding the traditional May Day school picnic and parade into a full-scale festival, featuring pageants, authentic German costumes, old homes tours, folk dancing, and German music and cooking, originated with Mrs. Anna Hesse who recognized the value of preserving the German culture of Hermann. She wrote the first pageant on the history of the city and with Mrs. Mary Harrison and other members of the Brush and Palette Club organized the Maifest in 1952. The celebration was so successful that within two years enough funds were provided to restore the Rotunda, a building of rare 408 Historical Notes and Comments 409 design and historic interest, in the city park. It also demonstrated both that Missourians were interested in what Hermann represents and that the project of restoring community buildings and inspiring community spirit was too big a job for the fifteen members of the Brush and Palette Club. Historic Hermann, Inc., was founded in 1952 for the purpose of supervising the Maifest. As the Brush and Palette Club turned over this large responsibility and finished restoring the Rotunda, the members found that they could buy the Gentner House, an interesting residence built about 1850, and they set about the restoration of its rooms to represent different periods. Historic Hermann, Inc., has gone on to become a truly community project, with most of the organizations of the city and many indi­ viduals as members and Captain Edward Heckmann as president, In March, 1955, this larger organization was able to acquire the old German School building for community and historical use and to house the Hermann museum and public library. Recognition of Hermann's success was given when the Missouri Council for Social Improvement presented to Historic Hermann, Inc., a meritorious achievement award in 1954. Additional evidence of the value of the work is the enthusiasm of its citizens for pre­ serving the character and heritage of the city and the tremendous interest displayed by the many visitors during the weekend of the Maifest, held in 1956 on May 19-20. Congratulations to the city of Hermann, an example of early Missouri German culture restored through modern Missouri enterprise.

MEMBERS ACTIVE IN INCREASING THE SOCIETY'S MEMBERSHIP

During the two and one-half months of February, March, and April 1-14, 1956, the following members of the Society have increas­ ed its membership as indicated:

ONE LIFE MEMBERSHIP Robert N. Jones, St. Louis Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Smithey, Kansas City

ELEVEN NEW MEMBERS Mrs. C. A. Evans, Chicago, Illinois

NINE NEW MEMBERS C. F. Halligan, Union 410 Missouri Historical Review

FOUR NEW MEMBERS Byron B. Banta, Marshall Raymond E. Blake, Independence E. E. Swain, Kirksville

THREE NEW MEMBERS Hazel Eastman, Kansas City Thomas R. Hooper, Maryville

TWO NEW MEMBERS James R. Amos, Kansas City Leroy L. Lucas, Macon H. F. Chadeayne, St. Louis Ethel McMichael, Mt. Vernon Sam C. Chapman, Liberty Sydney B. Maughs, Webster Groves E. J. Gahan, Perry ville S. T. Mead, Slater Mrs. H. T. Hickman, Harrisonville Lester L. Sanks, Kansas City Harry S. Hunter, Kirkwood Floyd C. Shoemaker, Columbia O. E. Kaiser, Clayton Mrs. Helen R. Williams, Bowling Clem T. Kelly, St. Louis Green Lon H. LaRue, Elsberry Charles I. Wright, Centralia

ONE NEW MEMBER

Adams, R. H., Agency Jackson, Ellis O., Marshfield Agee, Mrs. Frank, Brunswick Jackson, Floyd M., Neosho Alison, Milton, San Jose, Calif. Johns, S. P., Jr., Seattle, Wash. Bedford, Thomas P., Fayette Jones, Mrs. Ray D., Kansas City Boudreau, Mrs. Olivia, La Grange Kehner, T. W., Chicago, Illinois Brown, Clarah F., Marshall Kelley, Mr. & Mrs. R. W., Columbia Caldwell, Mrs. Joseph C, Columbia Kitchen, Virgil, Poplar Bluff Cornwall, H. H., Charleston Lee, Wilson T., Fayette Creamer, Robert E., Chicago, 111. Liosnoff, Mrs. Lillian W., Columbia Dail, Edward D., St. Louis Lucas, Mrs. Okla H., Fayette Dawson, Mrs. L. V., Excelsior Springs McDaniel, John, Savannah Dicknson, Howard, Dexter McFarlin, Mrs. John, Cassville Dunn, Richard M., Holts Summit McMahon, J. K., St. Louis Ernst, Charles F., Jr., Kirkwood Macdonnell, C. R., Marshfield Felton, C. E., Washington, D. C. Mason, W. S., Brownsville, Texas Frieberger, Irvin J., St. Louis Maughs, T. M., St. Joseph Griesbaum, Edgar G., Affton Mauntel, Fred W., Washington Hall, Mrs. H. Baxter, Clarence Merritt, Mrs. J. B., Raton, N. M. Hardin, Robert F., St. Louis Middleton, Mrs. E. B., Springfield Heinberg, Mrs. J. G., Columbia Miller, Mrs. E. Lee, Kansas City Heuer, Flora, St. Louis Miller, Wilda E., St. Charles Hicks, James, St. Louis Moore, Joe H., Charleston Higgins, Mrs. A. J., Platte City Moore, L. F., Laclede Horn, Mrs. J. A., Kirkwood Motley, Mrs. R. L., Bowling Green Howdeshell, C. L., Elsberry Oeschle, A. H., Jefferson City Howell, Clark M., Springfield Parsons, Mrs. J. H., Otterville Hunter, Mrs. S. L., New Madrid Pearson, Adolph R., Kansas City Historical Notes and Comments 411

Peoples, Mrs. W. E., Cut Bank, Mont. Stephens, Mrs. Howard P., Columbia Rapp, Irma K., Union Sturges, H. A., Rawlins, Wyoming Rhodes, O. R., Gideon Swofford, Mrs. R. T., Jr., Kansas City Richardson, W. A., Maitland Thomas, Ralph S., Independence Russell, Mrs. Vic, Dexter Thompson, John R., Jefferson City Sames, Arthur M., Centralia Toler, H. Les, Minneapolis, Minn. Settle, W. A., Jr., Tulsa, Okla. Trail, E. B., Berger Sibley, Mrs. A. K., Columbia Trimble, Mrs. Minnie B., Columbia Skelton, Ike, Lexington Van Sant, T. H., Fulton Smiser, Mrs. A. L., Warrensburg Wade, T. R., Laclede Smith, Frank W., Canton Wescott, Mrs. C. M., Kansas City Somerville, George W., Chillicothe White, L. M., Mexico Steinkuhle, Mrs. F., St. Louis Wight, Amos, Nevada

NEW MEMBERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Two hundred and three applications for membership were received by the Society during the two and one-half months of Feb­ ruary, March, and April 1-14, 1956. The total membership as of April 15, 1956, is 7,906.

Adams, John Q., Greeley, Colorado Burns, Mr. & Mrs. Beryl I., Kansas A.F. & A.M. Lodge, Laclede City Bader, Mrs. Mary E., Marshfield Butts, Mrs. Marie E., Independence Ball, Mrs. D. A., Chevy Chase, Md. Coghill, W. T., Farmington Banister, Blanchard V., St. Louis Cole, James A., Union Barber, W. F., Jr., St. Joseph Cordle, R. L., Columbia Barger, Stuart H., Harrison ville Coulter, R. D., Newcastle, Penn. Bean, Lyle H., North Kansas City Crackenberger, Mrs. Fred, Hale Beckett, Theodore C, Columbia Craig, Mr. & Mrs. J. S., Independence Benedict, C. C, Union Crain, W. C, Alexandria, Va. Berning, Wallace Dale, Carrollton Cumpton, Ralph, Liberty Beyer, Mrs. Freda, Columbus, S. C. Dickie, Roy A., Columbia Blake, Fred C, Kirkwood Dobson, George, Canton Blattner, J. P., St. Louis Dorsey, John B., Norborne Boehm, R. J., Jr., Kirkwood Dowling, Edward, St. Louis Boone, Mrs. Walker, Houston, Texas Duncan, Clone, Princeton Boudreau, R. L., Van Neye, Calif. Edwards, J. S., Tulsa, Okla. Boyer, Gilbert J., Jefferson City Edwards, Mrs. Ray, Willard Bresson, B. L., Springfield Eidson, C. R., Los Angeles, Calif. , Provo, Ellis, Paul, Kearney Elsey, Mrs. Homer, Potosi Brown, Mrs. J. L., Clayton Engel, G. A., Kirkwood Broyles, Mrs. C. W., St. Louis Estill, Rhodes, New Franklin Brunkhurst, Mrs. Otto, Syracuse Evangel College, Springfield Buehler, Sanford, Perryville Fehler, George, St. Louis Burcham, Barbara L., Glendale Files, Mrs. T. E., Kansas City Burchett, R. M., Elsberry Finlay, Harold E., Carrollton 412 Missouri Historical Review

Fitzgerald, Mrs, Carolyn C, Inde­ Korbitz, Mrs. Ellen K., Burlington, pendence Iowa Ford, David, Ashland Kozeny, T. J., Carthage Franklin, A. D., Tacoma, Washington Kuhn, Chris, University City Frey, Father J., Union LaBeaume, Louis, St. Louis Frick, Owen, Union Lacher, Mrs. Edgar, St. Louis Gabbert, Benton S., St. Louis Lanton, James S., Kirkwood Gaebe, Albert B., Union Lee, Mrs. F. L., Kansas City Carder, A. O., Kansas City Lee, John, Centerview Garthoffner, Edward E., Macon Leeper, Chauncey L., Kirksville Gholson, Lloyd F., Kirksville Leeper, L. L., St.. Louis Gladson, Albert E., Macon Lionberger, "Bones," Trenton Greenhaw, Horace, Sedalia Louisiana State University Library, Groves, Hannah, Long Beach, Calif. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Guitar, A. Leonard, Columbia Lowell, S. K., Kansas City Handley, W. L., Topeka, Kan. McCarty, Henry, Dexter Harmon, Theresa, Marshfield McDowell, Lee, Macon Harrall, H. L., Columbia McGee, W. J., Jr., Joplin Hatfield, W. C, Blue Springs McGinnis, Mrs. Irlene K., St. Louis Henderson, Charles, De Soto MacAdow, Mrs. Dorothy, Mt. Vernon Hendrick, Helen, Columbia Manley, Robert, Union Hibler, Mrs. W. D., Jr., Brunswick Marlin, Charles L., Columbia Hickman, D. C, Cleveland Heights, O. Martin, L. F., Sullivan Hill, Henri G., Lexington Maughs, Thomas M., Brentwood Holtman, John, Belleville, 111. Mead, Anna Lou, Kansas City Homsley, E. V., Columbia Meyer, Dallas K., Columbia Hough, Roy F., Sikeston Miller, John P., Kansas City Howard, Mrs. Henry, Lancaster, Calif. Minwegan, Peter, Rhineland Howard, Mrs. Omar, Otterville Missouri Good Roads Ass'n., Hoy, Mrs. Clementine, Parkville Jefferson City Hurster, T. K., Crestwood Mockbee, J. B., San Mateo, Calif. Hussey, Mrs. H. A., Berkeley, Calif. Moore, James Handy, Charleston Ingenthron, Elma, Forsyth Morrow, Mrs. Harry, Lathrop Jackson, Ronald Gene, Texas City,Tex. Mueller, Mrs. C. H., Kansas City James, Mrs. R. B., Fayetteville, Ark. Nash, James, St. Joseph Jeffries, C. B., Salem Neuhaus, Mrs. Grace May, Hazel- Jensen, James W., Rolla crest, Illinois Jones, Linda, St. Louis, LIFE Niemeyer, R. L., St. Louis Kelley, Charles D., Butler Nippert, Helen, St. Petersburg, Fla. Nouss, Frank A., Washington Kennan, S. Jack, Charlottesville, Ya. O'Brien, James J., Richmond Heights Kerns, Lloyd, Cyrene Parker, Mrs. Lucille, Maplewood Kiefner, Edward L., Perryville Petersen, Mrs. Eugene, Miami Kimball, Mrs. Frank N., Hayward, Pinnick, Mrs. C. H., Clayton California Polinsky, G. R., University City King, Joseph, Villa Ridge Potts, J. R., Wichita, Kansas Knuth, Mr. & Mrs. R. P., Jefferson Powell, Ralph, Union City Powers, Mrs. Nannie B., Los Angeles, Kohn, Mrs. Jack, Milwaukee, Wis. California Historical Notes and Comments 413

Presnell, C. E., Jefferson City Swaim, Louis, Hale Proctor, Mrs. Nana B., Monroe City Swanson, Kermit, Savannah Rauhut, Mr. & Mrs. Emil, Kansas City Sweany, Henry C, Mt. Vernon Renfro, Robert B., Kansas City Taylor, Clark, Tulsa, Oklahoma Rhodes, Roger F., Clarkton Taylor, William E., Springfield Roberts, Mrs. T. M., Kirkwood Toler, H. L., Columbia Robinson, Mrs. O., Detroit, Mich. Toler, W. R., Kansas City Roehrs, Mrs. Rodger, Union Toll, Mrs. A. C, Lawndale, Calif. Rosen, Elliott A., Kansas City Vanderpool, M. D., Centralia Rosner, Robert E., Dellwood Van Houten, Ralph N., Clarence Russell, Robert L., Columbia Veninga, Frank, St. Louis Sanks, John L., Kingsport, Tenn. Voyles, D. W., St. Louis Sanks, Lee E., Lexington, Neb. Ward, Mrs. Mike, Cut Bank, Mont. Schmidt, Mrs. H. B., Waverly Watts, Earle H., Egypt, Mass. vSchuermann, Father, Union Waugh, Mrs. W. K., Norfolk, Neb. Shelton, Marvin, Brentwood Webber, E. L., Laclede Shoemaker, Benjamin H., Ill, Whiteside, E. R., Elsberry Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Whitesides, J. R., Albuquerque, N. M. Shoot, Mrs. J. H., Rothville Whitmire, Mrs. N. W., Otterville Sibley, Mrs. A. K., Columbia Wolfangle, Mrs. Betty A., St. Paul, Silvey, Mrs. E. J., Farmington Minnesota Simmons, Russell R., Potosi Wood, Mrs. Claude H., Marshfield Sims, Mrs. C. E., West Plains Wooldridge, J. W., San Clemente, Smith, F. M., Pueblo, Colorado California Snyder, Frank L., Nevada Wright, Charles I., Centralia Sower, C. E., La Feria, Texas Wright, Homer L., Tuscumbia Springer, Mrs. P. E., Jr., San Fran­ cisco, California Wright, Merrill J., Rockport Stephens, Mr. & Mrs. G. F., Marshall Wright, Scott O., Columbia, LIFE Stevens, Eldon M., Kirkwood Yeomans, Norman K., Fayette Stewart, I. R., Warrensburg Yount, John E., Leawood Stout, Vern, Maitland Zekind, Harry M., St. Louis Surber, W. J., Jr., Independence Zimmermann, Mrs. Lyman, Advance

FORT ORLEANS HIGHWAY MARKER DEDICATION The dedication of the Wiese Roadside Park and the Fort Orleans highway historical marker, commemorating the founding of Fort Orleans in 1723 in what is now Carroll County, took place May 6, 1956, at the park located on Highway 24 approximately \x/i miles east of De Witt. Earl F. Cheesman, president of the Carroll County Historical Society, presided over the ceremonies and music for the occasion was furnished by the Brunswick High School band. The Reverend F. J. Yehle, pastor of St. Boniface Catholic Church in Brunswick, gave the invocation and G. J. Albrecht, president of the Brunswick Business Men's Club, welcomed guests and speakers. The park was formally presented to 414 Missouri Historical Review

the State Highway Department by J. J. McKinny of De Witt, representing the donors, Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph H. Wiese and Wal­ ter Wiese, who live near De Witt. Rex M. Whitton, chief engineer of the State Highway Department, accepted the park and intro­ duced a number of the personnel of the department. A. D. Sap­ pington of Columbia, a member of the Missouri State Highway Commission, expressed appreciation to the Brunswick Business Men's Club and the people of Carroll and Chariton counties for their co-operation in obtaining the park. Senator J. C. Jones of Carrollton introduced Floyd C. Shoemaker, the principal speaker, who sketched the history of Fort Orleans in a speech entitled "Fort Orleans, the Heritage of Carroll County." James Todd of Moberly, a trustee of the State Historical Society, made the formal presenta­ tion of the marker, and Lieutenant Governor James T. Blair, Jr., accepted it on behalf of the State. Paul West, vice president of the Carroll County Historical Society, introduced distinguished visitors present and made acknowledgments. The benediction was pro­ nounced by the Reverend W. J. Boehne, pastor of St. Johns Lutheran Church in Brunswick.

HERMANN HIGHWAY MARKER DEDICATION

The dedication of the Hermann, Missouri, highway historical marker, commemorating the German Settlement Society of Phila­ delphia and its colony, was held on May 19, 1956, in connection with the annual Hermann Maifest. Floyd C. Shoemaker was the principal speaker at the ceremony dedicating the marker, which is located in Frene Valley Roadside Park on Highway 19. His topic was, "Hermann, a Bit of the Old World in the Heart of the New." Rex Davis, Director of Public Affairs at KMOX, St. Louis, was the master of ceremonies, and music was furnished by the Hermann Municipal Band. The Rev. Leon A. Slover of the Hermann Meth­ odist Church gave the invocation, and the speaker was introduced by Mrs. Anna Hesse, author of the Maifest pageants. George A. Rozier of Jefferson City, former president and life trustee of the State Historical Society, made the formal presentation of the marker, and acceptance speeches were made by John M. Dal ton, attorney general of Missouri, Rex M. Whitton, chief engineer of the State Highway Commission, Ben C. Ridder, State representative from Gasconade County, R. W. Ochsner, mayor of Hermann, and Edward Heckmann, president of Historic Hermann, Inc. The benediction Historical Notes and Comments 415 was pronounced by the Rev. R. T. Dismuke, pastor of the Hermann Baptist Mission.

THE GEORGE POHLMAN COLLECTION Original survey maps of early state roads in Macon and other north Missouri counties highlight the George Pohlman collection of about 550 manuscript items donated to the Society by Mrs. George Pohlman, wife of the local historian and collector of Mis- souriana. The late Mr. George Pohlman was assistant postmaster at Macon from 1917 until his death in 1953. Of interest among the many early survey maps are those of the road from Palmyra in Marion County to Bloomington in Macon County made in 1839; and the road from the mouth of the Des Moines River in Clark County to Paris in Monroe County made in 1839. Though several north Missouri counties are represented in the manuscript collection, the main body of material relates to the town and county of Macon. Included are a few school and church records and several documents relating to the industrial growth of Macon and its county. Of unusual interest are an article of appren­ ticeship signed in Macon in 1858; the Articles of Incorporation of the Missouri Coal and Mining Company dated June 3, 1871; and several Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad land deeds for property in Macon dated 1866 and 1869. There are also many items relating to the Macon County 1937 Centennial and a rare copy of a special issue of the Bloomington Gazette of 1851. Among items in the collection relating to another north Missouri county are a handwritten copy of section two of the act to organize Shelby County in 1835, made by Secretary of State Henry Shurlds; the original report of the commissioners on the selection of the seat of Shelby County in 1835; and the floor plan and specifications of the first Shelby County courthouse signed by Obediah Dickerson in 1836. The Society received as part of the collection some 35 photo­ graphs including pictures of Macon County towns and scenes in north Missouri. Of special interest is one of the famous old fish trap in the Chariton River. The George Pohlman Collection, of which it has been possible to list only a sampling, has been catalogued as a permanent part of the library of the State Historical Society of Missouri. 416 Missouri Historical Review

ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Officers elected February 18, 1956, by the board of directors of the Campbell House Museum, St. Louis, are John A. Bryan, presi­ dent; Mrs. Marvin E. Holderness, first vice president; Joseph P. Desloge, second vice president; C. L. Thomas, secretary; and Olin P. Stansbury, treasurer.

A constitution was adopted and a nominating committee selected by the newly formed Carroll County Historical Society at a meeting at the Carrollton City Hall on April 4, 1956, with Earl F. Cheesman presiding as temporary chairman. The group will become an auxil­ iary member of the State Historical Society. Members participated in the dedication of the Fort Orleans historical marker and Wiese Roadside Park located east of DeWitt on May 6, 1956.

Lieutenant Governor James T. Blair, Jr., was the principal speaker at the annual dinner meeting of the Clay County Historical Society at the Second Baptist Church in Liberty on March 5, 1956, and Russell V. Dye read a paper on the Clay County Savings Asso­ ciation robbery which took place in Liberty in 1866. The president, Ernest L. Capps, presided over the meeting and discussed the socie­ ty's interest in securing the Watkins Mill Farm as a state park and in developing county museum projects in Liberty and Excelsior Springs.

On February 5, 1956, the Concordia Historical Institute, St. Louis, held an open house in connection with an exhibit of photo­ graphs of individuals and conventions of the Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod.

The Franklin County Historical Society met March 19, 1956, at. Union with Herman Hensen as the speaker. Mr. Hensen discussed the early history of Franklin County with emphasis on the early settlers, land titles, and land transactions of the area. Plans were made for a June meeting of the society in Sullivan.

The Gentry County Historical Society met at Albany on April 8, 1956, and elected the following officers for the coming year: Mrs. Thelbert Childers, Union Star, president; John Patton, Albany, first vice president; Mrs. Wilbur Ferguson, Berlin, corresponding Historical Notes and Comments 417 secretary; Mrs. Sarah Jameson, King City, recording secretary; Robert Birbeck, Island City, historian; and Edgar Lippincott, Stanberry, treasurer. A display of antiques was a feature of the meeting.

At a meeting of the Greene County Historical Society on Febru­ ary 23, 1956, Springfield attorney Turner White spoke on the career of John S. Phelps, Missouri congressman and governor.

The Historical Association of Greater St. Louis met at the Chou­ teau House of St. Louis University on March 9, 1956. Dr. Stanley Spector of Washington University spoke on "New Perspectives in History with Special Regard to the Far East," and Miss Phyllis O'Callaghan of St. Louis University discussed "Pragmatism and the Progressives."

John H. Flanigan, Sr., of Carthage, Missouri, was the guest speaker at a dinner meeting of the Jasper County Historical Society held April 27, 1956, at the First Christian Church in Webb City. Mr. Flanigan's topic was the first hundred years of the Jasper County Circuit Court.

The Kansas City Posse of The Westerners met on April 10, 1956, for dinner and a program by Elmer L. Pigg on "Bloody" Bill Anderson.

The Macon County Historical Society met at La Plata, Missouri, on April 5, 1956, for a varied program. The president of the society, Paul D. Hess, Jr., presided over a brief business meeting, and an identification quiz on implements and objects in common use a century ago was conducted by Lester Dent and George Brammer. Dr. Ralph Gillette showed colored slides of the historical pageant presented at La Plata's Centennial in 1955, and the group toured the home of Mrs. Minnie Graves Marsh near La Plata.

The Executive Board of the Pike County Historical Society met on March 13, 1956. The society contributed toward the pur­ chase of a plaque honoring Admiral Reynolds Purnell to be placed in the courthouse, and the program included talks by Leo Howde- shell and Mrs. Edna L. Essman. Mr. Howdeshell described the work of the Missouri artist, William Knox, and Mrs. Essman 418 Missouri Historical Review

discussed pioneer life and read contemporary correspondence con­ cerning early plank roads in Pike County. The regular quarterly meeting of the society was scheduled for April 24 at Louisiana, with Hugh P. Williamson as speaker.

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS

President Eisenhower has signed a bill authorizing a memorial to General John J. Pershing. Final plans for the memorial will be made by the American Battle Monuments Commission.

Senator Thomas Hennings has introduced a bill providing for the issuance of a special series of stamps commemorating the cen­ tennial of the beginning of the Butterfield Overland Mail. The memorial stamps would be offered for sale at Springfield, Missouri, on September 17, 1958. Plans are being made for extensive celebra­ tions of the Butterfield Mail centennial in several states through which the coach line passed on its route from St. Louis to San Francisco.

Plans for the erection of a monument or memorial to General John J. Pershing by the national government in Pershing State Park, Laclede, Missouri, were furthered by the introduction of resolutions in the House of Representatives by Congressman Wil­ liam Hull endorsing that location.

A new library for Washington University, St. Louis, to be started in 1957, will be named for John M. Olin of Alton, a member of the university's board of directors and board chairman of the Olin- Mathieson Chemical Corporation. Mr. Olin has made a donation of more than $1,000,000 for the construction of the library building.

A portrait of the late Judge Berryman Henwood, judge of the Missouri Supreme Court from 1930 to 1933, was presented by his daughters, Miss Virginia Henwood and Mrs. Roy Truesdale, and hung in the Supreme Court building on January 6, 1956. A memor­ ial to Judge Henwood containing the proceedings of the presentation was given to the Society for its biographical files.

William R. Cady, a member of the Board of Trustees of the David R. Ranken, Jr., School of Mechanical Trades, St. Louis, Historical Notes and Comments 419

from 1936 until his death in 1955, has been honored by the presenta­ tion of his portrait, painted by J. S. MacNutt of St. Louis, to the school. NOTES An account book of the firm of Nowlin, Sneed & Nowlin of Missouri City, Missouri, for the period September 2, 1865, to November 21, 1866, has been given to the Society by the Eliza­ beth Benton Chapter of the D.A.R., Kansas City, and Mrs. Tracy Nowlin Creel, Missouri City. The accounts of this firm are pasted over the pages of a journal of a Richfield, Missouri, firm of 1851- 1852, and several pages of the earlier accounts are legible.

The Society has received as a gift from the Osage Chapter of the D.A.R., Sedalia, Missouri, a volume of cemetery records of rural Pettis County and an index to the 1880 census record of Pettis County.

The Society has been informed by the Office of the Chief of Infor­ mation and Education of the Department of the Army that inquiries relating to the records of servicemen during World War II may be directed to the Military Personnel Records Center, 9700 Page Boulevard, St. Louis 14, Missouri. There is also a Missouri cas­ ualty list for World War II in the Office of the Adjutant General at Jefferson City.

The 110-year career of the Liberty Tribune was described in an article by Bart King in the Kansas City Star February 26, 1956, as the Liberty newspaper approached its anniversary on March 1, 1956. The weekly publication and its companion, the Liberty Advance, are edited by Eugene L. Preston and owned by members of the Preston family.

The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association observed the 213th anniversary of the birth of by ceremonies held in the Old Court House in St. Louis on April 13, 1956. Mr. Gale F. Johnston was the principal speaker, and a wreath was placed on Jefferson's statue.

The February, 1956, issue of the Missouri Alumnus carried an article by Dean Huber O. Croft entitled "One Hundred Years 420 Missouri Historical Review of Engineering Education," which was the keynote for the issue devoted to the centennial of the University of Missouri College of Engineering.

The Newsletter of the Missouri Division of Resources and Devel­ opment has been changed to magazine format in its February, 1956, issue. The twenty-eight page illustrated magazine contains features on Missouri communities, industries, and attractions and is now the Missouri News Magazine. It is published for free distri­ bution from the Division's Jefferson City office.

A guide to the collection of the papers of John Franklin Shaforth in the State Historical Society of Colorado has been published by the Society and the Colorado Division of Archives and Public Rec­ ords. Shaforth, who was born in Fayette, Missouri, and began the practice of law there, was later a congressman, senator, and governor of Colorado.

A mimeographed copy of "The Story of Automatic Electric Company" which includes the biography of Almon Brown Strowger, the Kansas City inventor of the dial telephone, was given to the Society by Bruce Quisenberry.

A series of two articles by James A. Williams on steamboat traffic on the Grand River appeared in the Carrollton Weekly Demo­ crat of March 23 and 30, 1956.

A series of articles by George W. Somerville about early mills in Livingston County began in the Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune on March 21, 1956.

An illustrated article by Henry C. Thompson in the Flat River Lead Belt News of March 16, 1956, described the history and present day operations of the Iron Mountain mining property, a subsidiary of the M. A. Hanna Company of Cleveland, at Iron Mountain, Missouri.

An article by Mrs. Oliver Howard in the Hannibal Courier-Post of April 5, 1956, discussed the Centralia Massacre of September 27, 1865, when 162 northeast Missouri men under the command of Major A. V. E. Johnson were killed by Bill Anderson's guerilla band. Historical Notes and Comments 421

The Independence Examiner carried an article on July 30, 1954, about the painting "The Westward March of America," which was acquired by the Society when Floyd C. Shoemaker discovered that the background of the painting was drawn from an old engraving of Independence, Missouri. James A. Southern was the author of the article.

An article by Lawrence Lutkewitte in the Jefferson City News and Tribune February 12, 1956, described the beginning of the Parent-Teacher Association in Jefferson City in 1906 and listed the presidents of the present school organizations. A special edition of the Jefferson City News and Tribune of March 18, 1956, was devoted to a survey of the new construction and development in Jefferson City in recent years.

The efforts of St. Louis-born "Buckey" O'Neill to achieve statehood for Arizona was the theme of an article by John Edward Hicks in the Kansas City Star of February 13, 1956. O'Neill had gone to Arizona in 1879, and had been newspaper man, prospector, promoter, and sheriff before he was killed while serving with Theo­ dore Roosevelt's Rough Riders at San Juan Hill.

Experiences of Duncan C. Milner, a minister in Osceola, Mis­ souri, after the Civil War, were described by Charles Arthur Haw- ley in the Kansas City Times March 1, 1956. Chester A. Bradley reviewed the question of whether the Mis­ souri Senator David Rice Atchison was really "President for a day" in 1849 in an article in the Kansas City Times, March 3, 1956.

A description of the robbery of the Clay County Savings Asso­ ciation in Liberty, Missouri, in 1866, was carried in the Liberty Tribune on March 8, 1956. The article was by Russell V. Dye. An article by Robert S. Withers entitled "My Mother's Recol­ lections of the Civil War" was published in the Liberty Tribune March 22, 1956, describing wartime happenings around Liberty, Missouri.

An article entitled "This Little Battle Had an Audience," con­ tributed by Sarah V. Lasher, appeared in the Monroe City News March 29, 1956. The account described the Civil War battle in Monroe City in July, 1861. 422 Missouri Historical Review

An article on "Hungarians in St. Louis," by Leslie Konnyu, was published on April 6, 1956, in the St. Louis Es Videke, a Hun­ garian weekly. It described the contributions of the city's Hun­ garian population from the 1850's to the present.

"The Life Story of Bishop Ivan Lee Holt," by Justin L. Faherty appeared in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Magazine on February 19, 1956. For forty-six years a Methodist minister, and a bishop since 1938, Bishop Holt retired in July, 1956, after a career of brilliant service to Methodism and Protestantism. Cape Girardeau was spotlighted in an article in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Magazine of March 18, 1956. The illustrated profile of the city includes a sketch of its history and plans for the future.

Pictures and a description of the camp chest given to William Clark by Lafayette appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on March 18, 1956. The chest was purchased recently by Stix, Baer & Fuller Company and was displayed at the stores until it was pre­ sented to the Missouri Historical Society for permanent exhibit at the Jefferson Memorial Building.

A special progress edition of the Daily Sikeston Standard was published on March 31, 1956, depicting the new construction and the growth of business and industry in the area during the last year.

The Springfield News and Leader of March 25, 1956, carried an article by Lucile Morris Upton describing and illustrating a his­ torical tour of the city of Springfield, pointing out many of its re­ maining landmarks, points of historical interest, and historical markers.

HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS

Empire on the Pacific. By Norman A. Graebner. (New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1955. viii, 278 pp. Indexed. $4.50.) This study of American continental expansion brings into clear focus the process by which the United States acquired its Pacific coast bound­ ary and probes beneath the slogan of "manifest destiny" to show that this addition was not an accident but the result of "clearly conceived policies relentlessly pursued." American interest in the West Coast stemmed from the exploration of New England mer­ chants who engaged in the fur and hide trade and recognized the Historical Notes and Comments 423 value of Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, and San Diego Bay as excellent ports for control of the trade with Asia. This desire for ports remained the controlling motive in administration policy toward England and Mexico, although it was not the publicly announced policy. The role of James K. Polk in acquiring the harbors is clearly presented and convincing, and the confusing events of the Mexican War as discussed from the perspective of Polk's war aims aie fitted into a logical pattern. Mr. Graebner has written a lucid and compelling study which brings new insights to a complicated period of American history and has done it with admirable restraint.

The Frontier Camp Meeting: Religion's Harvest Time. By Charles A. Johnson. (Dallas, Southern Methodist University Press, 1955. xiv, 325 pp. Indexed. $5.00.) The frontier camp- meeting, unique religious phenomenon of the nineteenth century, is here examined in its social and religious setting. The tone of the outdoor services was closely related to the degree of population and the social development of a particular area. The author is careful to quote widely from the criticisms of camp-meetings made by both casual observers and clergymen, but he also states his conclusion that the forest revivals successfully filled a need of their time, satisfying both the pioneer's spiritual desire and his need for companionship, and were a powerful weapon in taming the lawless­ ness and immorality of the early West. Based on extensive con­ temporary sources, this is an excellent and interesting study of a completely American institution and an important contribution to American church history. A useful appendix is included.

Enoch H. Crowder: Soldier, Lawyer and Statesman. By David A. Lockmiller. (Columbia, University of Missouri Studies, 1955. 286 pp. Indexed. $5.00.) This biography of a famous Missourian examines the career of a man of exceptional talent who served as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, the originator and administrator of the Selective Service Act of World War I, and ambassador to Cuba during the troubled period of the 1920's. Missourians may be especially interested in the description of Crowder's boyhood in Grundy County, Missouri, and his duties as professor of military science at the University of Missouri where he also took a law degree shortly after his graduation from West Point. After this interlude his army experience included adminis- 424 Missouri Historical Review trative duties in the Philippines and Cuba, service as an American military observer during the Russo-Japanese War, and staff expe­ rience in Washington before his appointment to the army's top legal post, which he held from 1911 to 1923.

Memoirs by Harry S. Truman. Volume 11: Years of Trial and Hope. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1956. xi, 594 pp. Indexed. $5.00.) In the second volume of his memoirs, former President Truman has discussed his experiences and the issues which faced him during the years 1946 to 1952. This book is arranged in topical rather than chronological form in order to permit a detailed and comprehensive account of such con­ tinuing problems as the control of atomic energy, the unification of the armed forces, the Marshall plan, the 1948 campaign, and the Korean War. The style remains pungent and interesting, and this volume, like the first, provides a valuable record of the decisions and policies of the administration of the President from Missouri.

The Panhandle-Plains Historical Society and Its Museum. By Joseph A. Hill. (Canyon, Texas: West Texas State College Press, 1955. xi, 172 pp. Indexed. Privately published by the author. $3.50.) This is the story of the development of a historical institu­ tion which has done significant work in preserving the past in a colorful section of the West, told by one of its enthusiastic supporters and leaders. The founder of the Society and Museum on the West Texas State Teachers College campus at Canyon, Dr. Hattie M. Anderson, is a former Missourian from Norborne, whose articles have been published in the Missouri Historical Review,

BOOKS IN BRIEF

Schoolcraft in the Ozarks. Edited by Hugh Park. (Van Buren, Ark., Press-Argus Printers, 1955. x, 191 pp. Not indexed. $3.75.) A reprint of a rare and important travel account written by Henry R. Schoolcraft on a trip into the Ozark region in 1818 and 1819, the narrative records the geologist's journey from Potosi southwest to the White River, by canoe down the river to Poke Bayou, and then back to St. Louis.

A Century of Faith: The Story of the First Baptist Church, Kan sas City, Missouri, 1855-1955. By Otto F. Dubach and Virginia Historical Notes and Comments 425

Sheaff. (Kansas City: Printing Service, Inc., 1955. 95 pp. Not indexed. $1.50.) A survey of the growth of the church through the trials of the Civil War, postwar financial difficulties, and twen­ tieth century expansion, the study includes a complete history of the church's staff and a summary of activities.

David Whitmer, Witness for God. By Helen Van Cleave Blank- meyer. (Springfield, 111., Robert W. Ely, 1955. 68 pp. Not indexed. $5.00.) A biography of David Whitmer, an organizer and agent of the Church of Christ (renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Lat­ ter-Day Saints) who later broke with Joseph Smith and remained in Richmond, Missouri, where he established the Church of Christ.

Exploring the Northern Plains, 1804-1876. Edited and illus­ trated by Lloyd McFarling. (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Print­ ers, Ltd., 1955. ix, 441 pp. Indexed. $7.50.) This book is a collec­ tion of accounts of exploration compiled from contemporary reports of scientists, newspaper reporters, missionaries, private travelers, and military expeditions. Events and observations on journeys to the Missouri River, the Great Plains and Badlands, the Black Hills, and the Yellowstone territory are arranged in chronological order from 1804 to 1876.

OBITUARIES

ARNOLD, GLENDY B., St. Louis: Born January 30, 1875; died February 26, 1955. Retired St. Louis probate judge. A member of the Society.

BALL, S. S., Kahoka: Born September 21, 1864; died January 25, 1956. Former editor and publisher of the Kahoka Gazette- Herald. A life editorial member of the Society.

BAUER, JOSEPH, Pilot Grove: Born April 10, 1884; died March 24, 1955. Farmer. A member of the Society.

BLACK, ARTHUR GEIGER, Kansas City: Born February 14, 1880; died September 11, 1955. Retired attorney and former U. S. consular advisor. A member of the Society.

BOWSHER, ALLEN, Clinton: Born June 22, 1900; died April 2, 426 Missouri Historical Review

1956. Businessman and farmer, State representative, 1945-1948, and State senator, 1953-1956.

BRADFORD, WILLIAM E., Fayette, Mississippi: Born March 9, 1867; died December 3, 1955. Farmer and stock raiser. A member of the Society.

BROWN, G. C, Slater: Born July 30, 1881; died September 28, 1953. Farmer superintendent of the Alton western division, Alton and Chicago Railroad. A member of the Society.

BURTON, E. Y., Houston, Texas: Born March 1, 1877; died March 30, 1956. President of Missouri Military Academy, Mexico, 1914-1933, and Mexico civic leader.

CASSITY, FRANKLIN E., Purdin: Born August 10, 1878; died June 3, 1955. A member of the Society.

CRESAP, MRS. SANFORD P., City, Nebraska: Born August 12, 1868; died October 5, 1955. A daughter of Moses U. Payne, Boone County philanthropist.

ELLIS, JOHN BRECKINRIDGE, Cordell, Oklahoma: Born Febru­ ary 11, 1870; died April 2, 1956. Author from Plattsburg, Missouri, and the second president of the Missouri Writers' Guild. A mem­ ber of the Society.

FAUTH, E. S., De Soto: Born October 30, 1881; died January 7, 1956. Retired superintendent of the International Shoe Com­ pany's De Soto plant and civic leader. A member of the Society.

GALE, E. J., Chester, Illinois: Born March 18, 1872: died Sep­ tember 19, 1955. A member of the Society.

HOY, CHARLES, Parkville: Born July 13, 1897; died March 3, 1956. State representative from Platte County, 1955-1956. A mem­ ber of the Society.

HITCH, A. M., Boonville: Born February 26, 1875; died Febru­ ary 20, 1956. Former superintendent and president emeritus of Kemper Military Academy. A member of the Society. Historical Notes and Comments 427

JACKLING, DANIEL C, San Francisco: Born August 14, 1869; died March 14, 1956. Mining engineer, founder of the Utah Copper Company. A member of the wSociety.

KIMBER, JOHN E., Brookfield: Born May 25, 1884; died March 13, 1956. Retired railroad conductor, State representative from Linn County, 1951-1956.

MITCHELL, GUY B., Branson: Born February 7, 1878; died February 22, 1956. Physician, State representative, 1917-1920, State senator, 1925-1928.

MIZE, T. H., Ladue: Born May 7, 1892; died February 10, 1956. President of the T. H. Mize Real Estate Company. A mem­ ber of the Society.

MORRIS, KENNETH W., Maiden: Born August 30, 1906; died January 15, 1956. Former editor and publisher of the Maiden Merit.

NEWBY, J. D., JR., Kansas City: Born January 20, 1886; died December 14, 1955. Vice president of the Speas Company. A member of the Society.

POPHAM, OTIS A., Hayti: Born December 3, 1888; died January 30, 1956. Editor of the Hayti Missouri Herald.

SCHUPPENER, DEWEY D., Kansas City: Born April 18, 1898; died October 9, 1915. General agent for the Chicago & North Western Railroad. A member of the Society.

SLANKARD, WAYNE V., Neosho: Born June 26, 1910; died March 20, 1955. Attorney and civic leader, State representative from Newton County, 1939-1940. A member of the Society.

SMITH, E. HERBERT, Poplar Bluff. Born March 25, 1865; died February 8, 1956. Former owner and publisher of the Charleston Enterprise-Courier and newspapers at Sikeston, Benton, and Clarkton.

WITTHAUS, JOHN A., Clayton: Born November 14, 1890; died February 23, 1956. Attorney, judge of the St. Louis County Circuit Court. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

THE GRAMMAR OF POLITICS

From the Sarcoxie Record, April 22, 1904.

Strictly speaking politics means the science of government and should be in the singular. And the more you study politics the more singular it becomes.

A WOMAN'S RIGHT

From an advertisement in the Sedalia Daily Democrat, December 4, 1872. [We] hold this truth to be self-evident—that all women are endowed with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and a Charter Oak Cook­ ing Stove. The latter is an indispensable article in any well regulated household.

LOOK OUT!

From the Bloomington Gazette, June 4, 1851. LOOK OUT! I take this method to inform the public that my wife, Amanda Knight, is still living absent from me without my consent. And I hereby forbid all persons from harbouring, protecting or trading with her in any manner what­ ever, as she has carried off property of mine without my knowledge or consent since our separation; and I know not when she may further interfere with my rights. All persons assisting her will be held accountable.—Thos. B. Knight, Adair Co., Mo. June 4th.

EARLY AIR-CONDITIONING

From the Sheldon Enterprise, April 8, 1910.

Undeterred by the colder weather of this week Charlie Jones is continuing his preparations to make his store the "coolest place in town." A gasoline engine, instated at the rear of the building, will operate a system of overhead fans. . . . This same motive power will operate his ice cream freezers later in the season and will, in fact do most of the chores around the store aside from sweeping out and waiting on the trade. It is Mr. Jones' present intention to use the engine largely in the maceration of the ingredients used in the many proprietory remedy and extracts which he manufactures.

A BARGAIN

From the Sarcoxie Record, April 3, 1904.

A Macon paper tells of an Iowa man who was looking for farm land in South Missouri and when the real estate man got him down in the timber he noticed 428 Missouri'History Not Found in Textbooks 429

mud marks on the trees which looked as though they might have been left there by a flood. He asked the real estate man what did it. "Hogs," replied the real estate man. "They wallow in the mud and then rub against the trees." As they proceeded the Iowa man noticed that the mud marks rose higher and higher on the trees until on some it was ten feet from the ground. When they got back to town the real estate man asked him if he would like to buy some of the land. "I don't believe I want any of your land," replied the Iowa man, "but say, I would like to buy a carload of your hogs."

WHERE IS HIS MONUMENT?

From the Sarcoxie Record, April 3, 1904.

For 30 years Prof. David Jones, a district schoolteacher a few miles from Lancaster has been going around with a spelling chip on his shoulder, begging anything that talks English and walks on two legs to come along and knock it off. In that period five or six spellers have invaded Lancaster with blood in their eyes and dictionaries under their arms. They left town with the explanation that they were out of practice, or growling at the pronouncer. In consequence of which Prof. Jones closes his letters with the inscription: "The greatest English speller the world has produced."

NO CURTAIN CALLS

From the Sheldon Enterprise, May 27, 1910.

Sheldon has had her share of poor shows in the past, but Halley's Comet which is just finishing a return engagement here—its last appearance at this place being in 1834—was one of the greatest disappointments ever afforded the show going public. To be plain about it, it was a fake, pure and simple. No show was ever better advertised. . . . Since the attraction was billed as an educational and moral performance no license fee was collected. On Monday evening. . .an additional attraction a full eclipse of the moon was added to the regular performance with no extra charge . . . and was alone worth the price of admission. Mr. Halley will do well to steer clear of Sheldon when routing his show for 1986. It is safe to say that but few who attended this time can be induced to go to the next performance unless assured that the show will be greatly improved in character.

"COLONEL R. E. BEL"

From: "The History of the County Press of Missouri," by Minnie Organ, in the Missouri Historical Review, April, 1910 (Vol. 4, No. 3), p. 151. Among the noted editors of the [Lexington, Missouri] Express and Caucasian were Colonel Jacob T. Child, legislator, diplomat and author, whose editorials were of the scholarly, dignified type, and Col. Peter or "Pat" Donan. During Col. Donan's editorship the paper belonged to that branch of the Democratic faith styled in his own phraseology "red hot." The Caucasian claimed the honor of nominating Horace Greeley for president. It is said Donan made a special trip East in order to induce Greeley to accept the nomination. Returning to Lexing- 430 Missouri Historical Review ton he issued a special edition of The Caucasian with glaring headlines: "Horace Greeley, the devil or anybody to beat Grant." Col. Donan was a fearless, versatile writer. His articles in defense of the Confederacy were of such force that the St. Louis Globe-Democrat called him "the sounding brass on the tinkling cymbal of the rebel Democracy of Missouri." He was never "reconstructed" and for some years after the war was a contributor to .St. Louis and New York papers, using the pen name "Col. R. E. Bel."

BUT THEY DIDN'T WIN $64,000

From the Hannibal Daily Journal, July 21, 1853.

Yesterday the First Presbyterian Church was crowded all day by a deeply interested audience, who had assembled to attend the examination of Miss Horr's pupils. The thorough understanding and perfect recollection manifested by the pupils, elicited very strong expressions of admiration from all whom we heard express an opinion. The audience were urged to question the pupils, to show that there had been no special preparation of question and answer. Coming thus from the audience, the questions of course could not have been expected or pre­ pared for by the pupils; yet they answered instantly and correctly. . . . We have conversed with several competent judges, but have not found any who had ever attended a better examination, particularly in Geometry. The exercises in Calisthenics in the evening, exhibited the "poetry of motion" in an innocent and beautiful form. Gliding gracefully and smoothely [sic] through a great variety of pleasing figures, the young ladies seemed rather floating in the air than walking on the floor. Calisthenics are used in the school for exercise. Accompanied by good vocal music, it was extremely fascinating.

MISSOURI'S FIRST NEGRO CIRCUIT JUDGE

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 18, 1956. Theodore McMillian is believed to be the first Negro appointed to the circuit bench in Missouri, and so his appointment is something of a surprise. Gov. Donnelly deserves great credit for ignoring race and setting a healthy precedent for the state. Apart from that, the appointment is promising and can stand on its own. Mr. McMillian, who was born in a St. Louis tenement, began to establish a record of accomplishment almost as soon as he entered school, and this is more remarkable because of the racial obstacles which existed at the time. He did his undergraduate work in segregated Lincoln University. After overseas duty as an Army officer, Mr. McMillian was graduated first in his class at St. Louis Uni­ versity School of Law. Then as Assistant Circuit Attorney, he earned a reputation as a brilliant trial lawyer whose performance certainly helped to break the color line in the courtroom. Now Mr. McMillian faces a new problem. There is some distance between a vigorous prosecutor and an objective judge—but there is also a long distance from a tenement to the circuit bench. A man who spanned the latter should be able to take the former in stride. Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 431

CAN HARRY CARAY MATCH THIS?

From the Sheldon Enterprise, June 24, 1910.

Listen to my ditty, and hearken to my tale, it's fraught with deep misfortune and dark with woe and wail. The Bloomers and the [Models] played; they "crossed bats," so to speak, but I dread to tell the story for it's left me faint and weak. . . . But Wilhelmina went to bat and smashed one to left field and slowly trotted out to first; then Nelle the bat did wield. She hit the ball right on its nose—a beautiful two-bagger went sizzling o'er the short stop's head and made the left field stagger. But Clementina was the cream of that whole batting cheese: she hit the ball when e'er she chose and sent it where she pleased. She'd drive a single to the left, two-bagger to the right, and smash a triple straight in front, with lusty main and might. . . . 'Twas Dorathea tossed the ball and had all kinds of speed; her outshoot was a beauty, a thing of joy, indeed. The [Models] couldn't find her curves (or bluffed until they daren't) but in the costume that she wore her curves were all apparent. The Models got one measly run . . . the Bloomers rolled up twenty-three. . . . Here's hats off to the Bloomer Girls; we have no unkind feeling, they simply proved too swift a bunch in batting and base stealing.

A SPELUNKER'S DELIGHT

From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 12, 1956. The class in elementary speleology will come to order. The textbook is " Cele­ brated American Caves," edited by Charles E. Mohr and Howard N. Sloane. . . We are pleased to report that we have read the assignment for today . . . Ozark Cave Life, and stand ready to be examined on it. In the first place Missouri is one of the most heavily caved states. We have about 1000 caverns in our deep Ozark bed of limestone. Only Kentucky with approximately 2000, Tennessee with 1500 and Virginia with 1200 have more . . . Our under-caved neighbors, Kansas and Illinois, must be content with only 30 and 25, respectively. But we must not make the mistake of seeming to emphasize figures and so to suggest that Missouri's caves are merely like Methuselah's years—great in num­ bers. Mr. Mohr, who writes the chapter on Missouri caves, makes it very clear that our caverns are of particular fascination for speleologists. This is because in addition to their unusual minerals, Missouri caves have been found in recent years to contain "new strange denizens of underground rivers and lakes." And what are these new strange denizens? Nothing less than very rare sightless sala­ manders, blindfish, and other odd manifestations of underground animal life that your true speleologist would give his eyeteeth to meet face to face in some deep- down slimy black pool. Missourians will be gratified to know that Mr. Mohr, who has descended into caves a thousand times from Canada to Mexico, rates the Ozarks as "this rich but still only partly known portion of our American underworld." 432 Missouri Historical Review

THIS MISSOURIAN "SHOWED THEM" From the Scientific American quoted in the Boonville Weekly Advertiser, February 1, 1878. Capt. Eads' improvements at the mouth of the Mississippi river [having| successfully progressed to a point at which, under the act of Congress relating to the subject, a second installment of half a million dollars falls due to him. . . It is safe to say that no engineering work of similar magnitude has ever been maintained and conducted with such splendid success, under so many unfavorable conditions. From the very outset Capt. Eads has met with opposition not the less better because it came from official sources. He was confronted by adver­ saries who would neither support his plan nor agree among themselves upon the feasibility of any other project, and the prospect was that the Mississippi would remain unopened to commerce indefinitely into the future. Writh a boldness born of perfect faith in his scheme, Captain Eads broke through the deadlock of con­ flicting opinions by himself assuming the entire expenses of putting the same into practice, and asking no reimbursement or pay until the officers of the United States should themselves testify to the successful attainment of various points in the progress of operations. Congress at length passed the requisite act, and Capt. Eads began the apparently unpromising work of building his great jetties out into the open sea. Capt. Eads has labored on, always successfully, until now large ocean vessels may safely pass through the channel he has made, and his title to the gratitude of the people rests on an unassailable foundation.

THEY'D DONE HIM WRONG From the Sarcoxie Record, August 25, 1904. , ex-confederate and life-long democrat, at Independence, in his address to the surviving members of Quantrell's [sic] band, the most daring of their kind in the confederate army, exploded a political bombshell, which all but disrupted the meeting. For not only did the ex-bandit renounce allegiance to the democratic party, but to his own native state as well. Declarations that were considered by the grizzled, war-scarred veterans as little less than treason. And had not some of his less excitable friends forcibly pushed him from the crowd the court house yard in Independence might have been the scene of a conflict recalling border days. It has been known among his friends that since the Missouri legis­ lature some four years ago refused to elect James as doorkeeper of the lower house he has carried the soreness of defeat deep in his heart. Not until Saturday, how­ ever, has he publicly exposed his hurt. Holding his hand high above his head, as his custom when delivering a remark born of anger, he shouted to his old-time Quantrell followers: "I have been in Ohio, Pennsylvania and other states we had learned to hate because they gave birth to the federal troops we hated so well and their people have treated me like a man. But here in Missouri, among my own people, I am unhonored and unsung. Then why should I not turn to the belief of the people who have, in my declining years, proved my friends? I am an ex- confederate and a guerrilla, boys," he shouted, "but I am no longer a democrat. This year I vote the straight republican ticket from Roosevelt down the line. The same as the people will vote it who have been my friends in Ohio, Pennsyl­ vania and the other states." Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 433

FROM A COLLAR BOX, PINS, AND A PENCIL From the Kansas City Times, December 14, 1955. As Kansas Citians struggle to become accustomed to the dialing of seven digits instead of six, few realize that the little round contraption which takes the place of "central" sprang from the collar box device of a Kansas City undertaker. Improvements have been steady since 1889, when Almon Strowger invented his automatic switch, and the original company has changed hands several times. But it still is called the Strowger system in telephone circles. . . At that time Strowger operated his undertaker establishment on the north side of Ninth street between Wall (now Baltimore avenue) and Wyandotte streets. His telephone was the old Blake transmitter, the type with a crank which had to be whirled to call central. Hardly a day passed that Strowger did not call the telephone company with a complaint. . . Finally the failure of the telephone to function brought an official from the company. . . He saw plans which were to originate several fortunes in a half a century to follow. . . The drawings which Strowger took from his desk. . .represented the means of taking away the jobs of all the central operators. With a round collar box, a packet of pins and a pencil, the undertaker demonstrated how any number could be selected at will by a radial contact arm arranged to sweep around the circle. . . Strowger sold the undertaking business and went to Chicago to put up a working model of his telephone. He already had taken the proper steps for patenting it. . . In 1891 Harris floated a company which he called the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange, capitalized for $50,000. . . A year later the first automatic exchange was established in La Porte, Ind., and the innovation began revolutionizing telephone service. . . The Auto­ matic Electric, Inc., the successor to the Strowger company, continues to manu­ facture the apparatus.

IT SCATTERED SEEDS FOR FUTURE HARVEST From the Kansas City Star, February 19, 1890. Few Kansas City institutions are less generally known than the Kansas City .School of Fine Arts, and few have a more enthusiastic following among those who having a taste for the brush and pencil have found their way to this school. A little over two years ago the little groups of artists and amateurs called the Sketch club began working for the founding of an art school worthy of the name. Money was collected, and in due course the rooms in the Bayard building, Eleventh and Main streets, were leased for a term of three years. A careful selec­ tion of casts of classic statuary was made and purchased from a famous London house, whose casts from the antique are used in all the leading art schools of the world. . . Having the rooms and casts to work with the school was opened with a fair membership in December, 1887. . . The third season began last October with thirty pupils, and the classes now contain over 100. The French system of art education. . .is followed. The pupil begins by making drawings in charcoal from the simplest objects. . . From these he proceeds to draw. . .figures, which exhibit the perfection of form according to the classic Greek models. After acquiring a certain degree of proficiency. . .the student is admitted to the still-life class. . . 434 Missouri Historical Review

Still later the student enters upon portraiture. This naturally is the most inter­ esting of the classes. . . . The association under the auspices of which the school was organized has a very fine collection of autotypes, etchings and photogravures. Besides these, there is a number of paintings, including the ones presented to the school by the famous Albert Bierstadt. The galleries also contain a very excellent exhibit of the work of the pupils in all the classes.

Editor's note: This school was the first of the forerunners of the present Kansas City Art Institute. It was seemingly abandoned about 1894, but a Fine Arts Institute was chartered some years later, 1906. The noted Institute of today was incorporated about 1920.

BORN NINETY YEARS TOO SOON

Extract from a letter from Mrs. E. M. Snell of Arlington, Va.

In my research through old newspapers in the Library of Congress, I ran across a story which I thought you and your Review readers might find amusing and interesting. It appears in the Boston Evening Journal for July 15, 1858. The writer had gone to Missouri and Kansas to look into the quarrelsome and bad humored doings between the people of the two states. He was obviously on the side of the Kansas folks, for in every case where he ran into something or somebody who displeased him, he remarked that the thing or person was "undoubtedly a Missourian." . . . This story was inspired by a July 4th celebration in Monrovia, Kansas, a place not too far away from the Missouri border. Part of the celebration was a long series of speeches by people of some importance. They were made out-of- doors under an improvised shelter of tree boughs draped over a frame. The writer who apparently had managed to get himself a seat with the dignitaries says: "One feature of the affair would have startled an Eastern audience. During the whole speaking, a matronly-looking, elderly lady dressed in solemn black, sat in the midst of the crowd, listening attentively and calmly smoking a cigar! She was undoubtedly a Missourian, and the spectacle excited no particular attention. The practice of smoking tobacco is very common among the females of Missouri. I have seen a mother and her little girl of ten years each smoking their morning pipe over the breakfast they were cooking! Once stopping to spend the night in the house of an intelligent young Missouri squatter, I found his wife to be a fine looking woman, a girlish blonde, with beautiful eyes and a sweet expression of countenance. But the romantic halo around her was very soon dissipated, for the moment her dishes were washed after tea, she produced from a concealed nook in the fireplace, an old black pipe, and sat down for an evening smoke!"

GEOLOGICALLY SPEAKING

From an article by Norman F. Williams in The Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1956.

Many Mountaineer readers have asked, why are the Ouachita Mountains, lying just a few miles south across the Arkansas River, not a part of the Arkansas Ozarks? The Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission at our request now furnishes the scientific answer. Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 435

Arkansas is in part occupied by two mountain areas, the Ozarks and the Oua- chitas. Not high and spectacular like the Rockies they still owe their origin to the same system of mechanics characteristic of all true geologic mountain areas. The Ozarks had their beginning long before the Ouachitas, possibly 450 million years ago. This makes the Ouachitas little more than half the age of the Ozarks. . . The Ozarks typify a true dome, which may be considered as being formed by a gentle uplift from below. For this reason the rocks in general dip away from the central core, the St. Francis Mountains of Missouri, where granite is exposed that is possibly a billion years old. The Ouachitas were formed by a thrusting horizontal force which bent and in places tore the heavy beds of rocks. . . The core of these mountains near Mt. Ida would now possibly be as high as Mt. Ever­ est if the action of the elements had not gradually worn it away. Another and final difference is the kind of rocks found in these two regions. The Ozarks have great thicknesses of limestone and dolomite exposed, and in many places these rocks contain fossilized shells of old sea dwelling animals. From this it is known that during long periods of time the Ozarks lay under shallow quiet seas, the water at times possibly as warm as that around the Bahamas. The Oua­ chitas have almost no limestones or dolomites present since here shales and sand­ stones occupy the bulk of the section. For the most part, these rocks were laid down as sands and muds in river deltas and in the rapidly filling shallower por­ tions of the seas. The water was too dirty for many forms of shell animals during much of this time and in very few of the rock formations can you find the fossilized evidence of their existence. The Ozarks and the Ouachitas are two very significant areas to geologists. They offer marked contrast in age, in structure, and especially in the difference in rock types characteristic of the two areas. Look for as many of these differences as you can find when next you travel through these mountains.

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

Civil War History, December, 1955, "West Point and Wilson's Creek," by John K. Hulston.

Good Housekeeping, March, April, and May, 1956, "Souvenir," by Margaret Truman.

Harper's, March, 1956, "St. Louis Wakes Itself Up," by Avis Carlson.

Hobbies, February, 1956, "The Passing of Robert Emmet Sherwood," by Cyril Clemens.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1955, "Patrolling the Santa Fe Trail: Rem­ iniscences of John S. Kirwan," introduced by Merrill J. Mattes.

Montana, Spring, 1956, "Up River to Benton," by Jay Mack Gamble.

Museum Graphic [St. Joseph], Fall, 1955, "Captain Thomas H. Brierly," "Mrs. Quantrill and Zerelda Samuel James, Two Mothers," "His Career Explained [William Clarke Quantrill]," "St. Joseph Historical Society [1867]," by 436 Missouri Historical Review

Bartlett Boder; Winter, 1956, "Sir Richard Burton Visits the Patee House," "About the Indian Medicine of the Brave Dance Near the Patee House, 1862," "The Letters and Notes of George Catlin," " Medicine Customs of the Sac Indians," "John Patee, Patriarch," "The Present Patee House," "The Pioneer Cargills," "The Lozo [photograph] Collection," by Bartlett Boder.

Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1956, "Courtships and Marriage Among Ozarks Indian Tribes," by Sam A. Leath; "The Fascinating Scope of Our Ozarks History," by Clair V. Mann; "Ozarks and Ouachitas, Geologically Speak­ ing," by Norman F. Williams.

Pony Express, February, 1956, "St. Louis to San Francisco—1858-1861," by Walter B. Lang.

Royal Arch Mason, March, 1956, "Famous Lodges—Louisiana No. 109 [Ste. Genevieve]," by William R. Denslow.

Saturday Evening Post, January 21, 1956, "Wonder of St. Louis: Union Station," by George Sessions Perry. INDEX TO VOLUME L

COMPILED BY VIVIAN K. MCLARTY

The names of members of the State Historical Society of Missouri who have obtained new members for the Society and the names of the new members themselves have not been listed individually in this index. References to the list of members are to be found under the heading State Historical Society of Missouri, membership.

Anderson, Mrs. R. F., verso t.p. Oct. issue Anderson, William T. (Bill), 417, 420 Abbott Laboratories, verso back cover Oct. Anderson House and Lexington Battlefield Foundation, 308 "Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by Anheuser-Busch Inc., outside back cover, the Indians" (Wimar painting), 66 July issue Able, Ezekiel, 57 Anniversaries, 88-91, 191-93, 311-12 Adair County, communal settlements in, "Annual Meeting of the State Historical 263, 268 Society of Missouri, 1955," by Floyd C. Adams, John Quincy, 26-27, 28, 29, 148, 151 Sheomaker, 159-67 Adams, Mary P., art. by, listed, 222 Antoine Robidoux, 1794-1860; A Biography of a Adams, Ramon F., Six-Guns and Saddle Western Venturer, by William Swilling Leather; a Bibliography of Books and Pam­ Wallace, 207 phlets on Western Outlaws and Gunmen, 208 Archeology of Mo., 361; arts, on, listed, Adams, W. E., 86, 189 117-18, 338 Adamson, Don O., 85 Argubright, Mrs. Lucia, 88 Agriculture, old Barry County, 372 Arizona, art. on efforts to achieve statehood, Aker, Mrs. E. G., 87, 189 noted, 421 Albrecht, G. J., 413 Arkansas, book on early history of, 105 Aldrich-Vreeland Bill, 291 Armour, Anobel, art. by, noted, 204 Alewell, Louis Emil, obit., 106 Arnold, Glendy B., obit., 425 Alexandria, Mo., early telegraph in, 256-57 Arpent, definition of, 132 Alison, Milton, verso t.p. Jan. issue Arrow Rock, Mo., historical marker dedi­ Allcock, __ (Lawrence County), 42 cated, 160 Allen, Catharine. See Atchison, Mrs. Catha­ Arrow Rock Tavern, redecorated, 193 rine (Allen) Art, prehistoric, book on, 209 Allen, Joel, 88 Artists, Missouri, 65-67 Allen, Joseph H., obit., 324 Ashby, Daniel, 355 Allen, William, 88 Ashley, George T., Reminiscences of a Circuit Allen, William F., art. by, listed, 222 Rider, 104 Allendale, Mo., centennial of, 88, 311; centen­ Ashley, William, 57 nial marker dedicated, 194; Mineral Springs Atchison, Mrs. Catharine (Allen), 340 in, 88; pictures of, noted, 311 Atchison, David Rice, art. on, 339-54 (illus.), Alton, 111., early telegraph in, 256-57 noted, 421 Alvord, Joshua N., 252, 255 Atchison, William, 340 Aly, Bower, 185 Atherton, Lewis E., 185 Amarooga, Mo., art. on, noted, 321 Atlantic, Lakes, and Mississippi Telegraph Amberg, Richard H., 314 System, 248 American Assoc, for State and Local History, "Attack on an Emigrant Train" (Wimar 103, 159, 204, 269; Missouri River States painting), 66 Committee on Awards, 78; awards made by, Atterbury, J. W., obit., 324 167; gives Award of Merit to Floyd C. Atwood, Frank E., 79 Shoemaker, 194-95, 218-19; gives Awards of Atwood, Mrs. Frank E., donor, 79 Merit to Native Sons of Kansas City, 195 Audrain County Historical Society, 187 American Assoc, of University Women, 316 Augusta, Mo., centennial, 88 American Barns an Covered Bridges, by Eric Aull, William, III, 308 Sloane, 210 Ault, Jim, 378 American Battle Monuments Commission, Aunt Anisty (slave, Withers Farm), 381-82 418 Aurora, Ore., established, 266-68 American Council for Education in Journal­ Austin, Emily. See Bryan, Mrs. Emily ism, 121 n. (Austin) American Fur Company, 65 Austin, Horace, 358 American Heritage, ed. by Bruce Catton, 103 Austin, James, 241 American Horticultural Society, 406 Austin, Moses, 206, 283, 285, 313, 392, 393; American Pioneer Trails Assoc, Greater art. on business career of, 235-47 (illus.); Kansas City Council of, 91 birth of, 235; personality of, 239; status of, American Trails Assoc, 91 244 (illus.); death of, 246-47; tomb of, 246 Anderson, Ephraim, 8; quoted, 10 (illus.); Texas venture of, 246-47; art. on, Anderson, Hattie M., 424 noted, 319 Anderson, James, art. by, noted, 317 Austin, Mrs. Moses, 241, 246, 247 Anderson, John, 31 Austin, Stephen F., 206, 235, 242, 244, 246-47, Anderson, John Q. (ed.), Brokenburn; The 313; art. on, listed, 119, quoted, 217, noted, Journal of Kate Stone, 1861-68, 105 319 Anderson, Leo O., art. by, listed, 338 Austin Colony Papers, by Worth S. Ray, 206 438 Missouri Historical Review

B Bennett, Andrew, Sr., 44, 46 n. Bennett, Andrew, Jr., 44 Baber, Mrs. John Franklin, 91 Bennett, Andrew (of Santa Barbara, Calif.), Bailey, Billie L., verso t.p. July issue 46 Bailey, I. O., 41 Bennett, Ann. See Weaver, Mrs. Ann (Ben­ Bailey, Paul, Walkara, Hawk of the Moun­ nett) tains, 211 Bennett, Mrs. Ann (Abbott), 44, 46 Bailey, William H., obit., 324 Bennett, Charles, 44; letter from, 45-48 Bainbridge, Mo., platted, 58 Bennett, Dorothy. See Brown, Mrs. Dorothy Baker, W. W., arts, by, noted, 203, 319 (Bennett) Ball, S. S., obit., 425 Bennett, Elizabeth. See Barr, Mrs. Eliza­ Bank of Missouri, 243 beth (Bennett) Baptist Church Bennett, Faney. See Wildish, Mrs. Faney —Association, organized at Cassville, 376 (Bennett) —Barry County, 376 Bennett, John, 44, 45 n. —Bethel, 55-56, 191 Benson, Ezra Taft, 93 —Big Shoal Creek, 219 Bent, Charles, 320 —Cape Girardeau District, 54, 55 Bent, Silas, 143-44, 277 —Hermann, Mission, 415 Benton, Elizabeth, verso t.p. Jan. issue —Little Shoal Creek, 219 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 6, 102, 103, —St. Louis, 1830's, 361 verso t.p. Jan. issue, 294, 345 n., 349, 350, Barbarelli, Giorgio, 363 352, 354; art. on, 16-29 (illus.); art. on po­ Bare, Ivan, 184 litical philosophy of, 145-58 (illus.); statues Barker, Mrs. J. W., 191 of, 152, 156 (illus.); art. on, noted, 203, Barnes, C. Rankin, booklet by, noted, 198 quoted, 333-34; and the Bank of St. Louis, Barnes, Donald, 195 243-44; portrait of, noted, 313 Barnhill, F. C, 161, verso t.p. April issue, 320 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), inside back Barns, George C, Denver, the Man, 207 cover Oct. issue (illus.); dedication of Lin­ Barns, early, book on, 210 coln mural by, 78-79 Barr, Mrs. Elizabeth (Bennett), 46 Benton, Mrs. Thomas Hart, 152 Barr, Lou, 46 Berninghaus, Oscar E., 323; paintings by, Barr, Mary, 46 back cover, all issues (illus.) Barr, William, 46 Berry, Mrs. Claud, obit., 211 Barrow, R. Wilson, 86, 189 Berry, Taylor, 370 Barry, Clara Reasoner, Preachers' Progeny, Beta Theta Pi fraternity, 403 106 Bethel, Mrs. Allen, Jr., donor, 317 Barry, William T., 341, 371 Bethel, Mo., historical marker dedicated, 96, Barry County, museum organized, 197; art. 160, 259 n; Masonic Lodge, 183; founded, on, 371-80 260; early picture of, 260; communal settle­ Barry County Banner, 378 ment at, 262-66 (illus.); dissolved, 267-68 Bartle, H. Roe, 77, 90; art. on, listed, 338 Bethel Baptist Church, 191 Barton, David, 21, 22-23, 27, 29, 150 Bethel School, Lawrence County. See Sylvan Barton, William E., obit., 106 School Barton County, centennial, 91, 191; early Bickerstaff, Laura M., Pioneer Artists of history of, 371, 373 Taos, 323 Barton, Warren Stone; Early American Advo­ Biddle family, 272 cate of Christian Unity, by William Garrett Bieber, Ralph P., 160 West, 209 Bierstadt, Albert, 434 Baseball, women's, 1910, art. on, quoted, 431 Big Bend Archaeological Society, 311 Bass, Tom, 27 (illus.), 121, 124, 129, 130, 131, Big Shoal Creek Baptist Church, 219 329; Riding Club, 125 Bigler, Henry W., 207 Basye, Eddie, 312 Bill (slave, Withers Farm), 383 Basye, John Walter, 312 Billings, Mo. See Monett, Mo. Bates, Frederick, 282, 283, 285, 359, 393 Billy the Kid. See Bonney, William H. (illus.), 395, 396; quoted, 358 Bingham, George Caleb, 85, 88, 100, 364; Bates, Nancy, 358 "Stump Speaking" (painting), cover, July Bates County Republican, special edition of, issue 89-90 Bingham, Henry V., 370 Battle Cry of Freedom, The; The New England Birbeck, Robert, 417; art. by, noted, 200, 204 Emigrant Aid Company in the Kansas Cru­ Birch, James H., 350 sade, by Samuel A. Johnson, 102-03 Birkhead, Mrs. Robert, 190 Bauer, Joseph, obit., 425 "Birth and the Resurrection, The" (song), 63 Bay, J. Christian, 210 Bishop, Edmund Ward, arts, on, noted, 205 Bay, W. V. N„ 155 Bishop, Esther Downs, verso t.p. Apr. issue Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant de, 12; Bishop, Robert H., 340 book on, 105 Bissell, Daniel, art. on, listed, 222 Beauvais family, 367 Black, Alex, 44 Beavers, Mrs. Ellis, 191 Black, Arthur Geiger, obit., 425 Becknell, William, 317 Black, William, 44; letter to, 45-48 Beebe, Elijah, 245 Black, William H., 330 Beineckc, Frederick W., donor, 316 War, art. on, noted, 99 Bel, Col. R. E. See Donan, Peter Blackhurst, Stephen, donor, 95 Belin University, art. on, noted, 319 Blaine, William, obit., 211 Belisle, Mrs. E. B., art. by, listed, 223 Blair, Francis P., Sr., 5 Belisle, Raymond L., art. by, listed, 223 Blair, Francis P., Jr., 5-6, 7, 8, 68, 102; busts Bell, Leslie H., 308 of, 6, 12-13 (illus.) Bell, Robert E., art. by, listed, 223 Blair, James T., Jr., 76, 80, 90, 165, 196, 414, Bell, W. Bruce, art. by, listed, 118 416 Belle Beach (horse), 126 (illus.) Blair, Montgomery, 5, 102, 204 Belleville, 111., early telegraph in, 250, 257 Blake, Mrs. Dorothy Gaynor, 62, 63, 64 Below, Ida Comstock, 168 Blake, Leonard W., art. by, listed, 118 Beltrami, J. C, 357 Bland, Richard, 330 Index 439

Blankmeyer, Helen Van Cleave, David Whit­ Bowman, W. L., obit., 324 mer, Witness for God, 425 Bowsher, Allen, obit., 425-26 Blanton, C. L., Jr., 81 Boys' Town. See Missouri Boys' Town Blanton, Carter V., 269 Brackenridge, H. M., 54, 359, 362, 367; Blanton, Edgar P., 81, 269 quoted, 56 Blanton, H. J., 81, 160 Bradbury, John, 362 Blees, F. W., 128 Bradford, William E., obit., 426 Blockade Hollow, 375 Bradley, Chester A., trustee, 159; art. by Bloody Island, 251, 252 noted, 421 Bloomington Gazette, special issue of 1851, 415 Bradley, James, 97 Bluffton, Mo., Wine Company, 406 Bradley, John H., 308-09 Blumenschein, Ernest L., 323 Bradley, Omar N., 115 Board of Land Commissioners, 141, 143 Brammer, George, 417 Bodell, R. O., 310 Brandenburg, William A., 186 Boder, Bartlett, 190, 197; arts, by, listed, Brandon, William, art. by, listed, 222 118, 223, 435-36 Branson, Mo., open air theatre, 94-95 Bodgen, ._. 218 Brase, A. C, 311 Bodgen, Mrs. __, 218 Braun, Helen, 197 Bodmer, Charles, 364 Brayer, Garnet M. (ed.), Land of Enchant­ Boehne, W. J., 414 ment; Memoirs of Marian Russell along the Boggs, Lilburn W., 345, 372; "Exterminating Santa Fe Trail, 206-07 Order" of, 344 Breckenridge, Mo., centennial, 307 Bolduc .HousedSte. Genevieve, 186 Breckinridge, John Cabell, 12 Bollinger, George Frederick, 51; settlement, Breihan, Carl, art by, listed, 118 51 Bremerton, Wash., "moth-ball fleet" at, 202 Bollinger, W. T., verso t.p. Apr. issue Brenneisen-Tihen family, 319 Bollinger's Mill, Mo. See Burfordville, Mo. Bridger, Jim, art. on, listed, 338 Bomar, Joe, 121 Bridges Bond, Hertert, 191 —covered, book on, 210 Bond, John, 37, 38, 42 —Eads, thesis on, 83 Bond, Mary, 43 —first railroad, across the Missouri River Bonham, David, 44 319 Bonney, William H. (Billy the Kid), 208 —Illinois and St. Louis. See Eads bridge Boomer, George B., portrait of, noted, 12-13 —Jefferson City, dedicated, 196 Boone, Daniel, 56, 66, 355; captured by —Salt River, 261, 262 Lorimier, 49; arts, on, listed, 118, 222; Brierly, Thomas H., art. on, listed, 435 burial place of, 219-20; Harding portrait Bright, Jesse D., 340 of, noted, 364 Brite, R. A., 43 Boone, Mrs. Rebecca (Bryan), burial place Brokenburn; the Journal of Kate Stone, 1861- of, 219-20 1868, ed. by John Q. Anderson, 105 Boone, William, 220 Brook, Arthur H., verso t.p. Jan. issue Boone's Lick Country, and Santa Fe Trade, Brooks, Marcia. See O'Reilly, Mrs. Marcia 24, 25; described, 368-70 (Brooks) Boonslick Historical Society, 83, 308 Brooks, Micah, 248 n. Boonville, Mo., Hotel Frederick, 308 Brother, Ferdinand, 14-15 Booth, Bertha, verso t.p. Jan. issue, 316 Broughton, W. B., 260 Border ruffians, 339 Brown, Amanda, 318 Bornstein, Heinrich, art. on, listed, 337 Brown, Andrew T., 188-89 Borron, John A., art. by, 62-64 Brown, Andy J., verso t.p. Apr. issue Botkin, B. A., art. by, listed, 338 Brown, B. Gratz, 102 Boucher, Addie, 43 Brown, Carl W., obit., 211 Boucher, Alma, 42, 43 Brown, Clarah Frances, 88 Boucher, Bill, 42 Brown, Mrs. Dorothy (Bennett), 46 Boucher, Cary, 31-42 Brown, Earl C, 190 Boucher, Enoch, 38, 39 Brown, G. C, obit., 426 Boucher, Euphratus, 37 Brown, Irene, verso t.p. Oct. issue Boucher, Gabriel, 31, 32, 35, 40 Brown, James S., 207 Boucher, Jane. See Hewlett, Mrs. Jane Browne, Joseph C, 240, 276, 277 (Boucher) Bruno, Frank J., obit., 107 Boucher, John, 35, 38 Brunswick, Mo., High School Band, 413; St. Boucher, Livona, 35 Boniface Catholic Church, 413; Business Boucher, Lycurgus, 42 Men's Club, 413, 414; St. Johns Lutheran Boucher, Martha, 42 Church, 414 Boucher, Wallis, 36, 37, 39 Bryan, Mrs. Emily (Austin), 241, 246 Boucher, William, 31 Bryan, Howard, art. by, quoted, 337 Boucher, Willie, 40 Bryan, John A., 416 Boucher, Willis, 34, 37, 38 Bryan, William Jennings, 124, 295, 402; Boucher School, Lawrence County. See peace and arbitration treaties, 292 Sylvan School. Bryson, Thomas, 45 Boudreau, Mrs. Olivia, verso t.p. July issue Bubbel, Eric, 124 Bounds, T. J., 260 Buchanan, Mrs. Charles, 84 Bounous, Lyle Galen, thesis by, 83 Buchanan, George, 368 Bourgmont, Etienne Veniard de, art. on Buchanan, James, 207 noted, 204 Buchanan, Robert, 13 n. Bourke-White, Margaret, art. by, listed, 118 Buchanan County, established, 346-47 Bowen, John S., 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11-12; death of, Bucher, Mrs. J. C., verso t.p. July issue 13; bust of, 7, 12, 15 (illus.); Division, Civil Buck, Willa D., 93, 161 War, 4 Buckner, Alexander, 60 Bowers, E. W., 317 Budd, Louis J., art. by, listed, 117 Bowles, Barbara Ann, 306 "Buffalo Dance" (Wimar painting), 66 Bowling Green, Mo., statue of Champ Clark, "Buffalo Hunt by Indians" (Wimar painting), 403 66 (illus.) 440 Missouri Historical Review

Bull, Thomas, 55 Cape Girardeau County, formed, 55 Bumbarger, J. V., obit., 107 Cape Girardeau County Historical Society, Bundy, B. C, 184 61, 77, 83, 187 Bunker, Herbert, 90 Cape Girardeau District, history of, 50-54 Bunyan, Paul, 370 Cape Girardeau Patriot, established, 57 Burch, J. W., 89 Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian, 58, Burfordville, Mo., early history of, 51 193; Boulder Crest laboratory garden of, Burk, Cassie, 84 61; receives award, 77-78, 167 Burke, Mrs. Flora (Spilman), 30 Cape Rock Drive, 61 Burke, Mrs. Jane, 208 Capitals and capitols, Mo. state, murals in, Burkham, Mary Hayes. See Ray, Mrs. Mary 80-81, back cover Oct. issue, 165, 323; Hayes (Burkham) Ohio state, paintings in, noted, 211 Burns, Robert, 368 Capps, Ernest L., 416 Burrows, Charles N., 89 "Captive Charger, The" (Wimar painting), 66 Burton, E. Y., obit., 426 Caray, Harry, 431 Burton, Richard, art. on, listed, 436 Cardwell, Mrs. Frances, 88 Busch, August A., Jr., back cover, all issues Cargill family, art. on, listed, 436 Busch family, art. on, listed, 118 Memorial Foundation, art. on, Bushnell, Sam C, donor, 312 listed, 337 "Business Career of Moses Austin in Missouri, Carlson, Avis, art. by, listed, 435 1798-1821, The," by James A. Gardner, Carlyle, 111., early telegraph in, 250 235-47 Carmody, P. J., 13 n. Butterfield Overland Mail, plans for 100th Carnegie, Dale, obit., 211 anniv., 188, 418; route of, marked at Cass­ Carr, Dabney, 370 ville, 375-76, at Tipton, 376; memorial Carr, Nanon Lucile, Wills and Administra­ stamps, 418 tions of Clinton County, Missouri, 1833- Butterfield stage, route of, 194 1870, 106 Byland, C. R., 269-70 Carr, William C, 274. 358 Byland, Mrs. Virginia L., 184, 270 Carroll County Historical Society, 413, 414, Byrd, Amos, 51 416 Byrd, Mrs. Elsie (Kochtitzky), donor, 163 Carterville, Mo., zinc and lead mining at, 373 Byrd, John, 51 Carthage, Mo., arts, on, noted, 318; quarries Byrne, Mrs. Edmond, 366 at, 373 Byron, George Gordon, 6th baron Byron, 355 Carthage, Battle of, 68, 374 Carthage Evening Press, award of merit, 93 Caruthers, J. Henry, obit., 324 Carver, George Washington, 93; National Monument, 93 C. S. S. Missouri (Confederate iron-clad), 227 Carver, William, 31 Cady, William R., portrait of, noted, 418-19 Case, Mrs. Dean, 88 Cagle, Henry, 42 Casebeer, R. S., 309 Cagle, Lenzy, 31 Cash, J. B., 310 Cain, Jesse, 390 n. Casperson, W. P., 112 "Calamity Jane." See Burke, Mrs. Jane Cass, Lewis, 373 Caldwell, Cal, 35 Cassity, Franklin E., obit., 426 Caldwell, Dorothy J., arts, by, 62, 65-69, Cassville, Mo. 168-76, 287-97, 400-07 —Amer. Legion Home, 184 Caldwell, Norman W., art. by, listed, 118 —Baptist Assn. org. at, 1884, 376 Caldwell, William, 35 —Barry County courthouse, 194 Caldwell County, history of rural schools of, —Butterfield Overland Mail marker at, 376 316; organized, 344 — Christian Church, 376 Calhoun, John C, 147, 339, 354 — Civil War in, 374-75 Callaway County, art. on, noted, 317 — Confed. capital of Mo., 1861, 374 (illus.), Cameron, Archie K., verso t.p. Jan. issue 404 Cameron, Elisha, photo of, noted, 199 — County seat, 1845, 373-74 Cameron, Mo., origin of name of, 199; cen­ —high school, 376 tennial of, 89, 199; history and pictures of, —Irwin-Easley Amer. Legion Post, 184 noted, 199 —marker, highway hist., 371; dedicated, Cameron News-Observer, centennial edition of, 160, 184, 193-94, 201 89 — Methodist mission at, 1852, 376 Camino Real. See King's Highway —post office mural, 380 Camp Jackson, captured, 5 —quarries, 373 Camp meetings, book on, 423 —Silver Leaf Benefit Club, 193-94, 376 Campbell, Calvin, 194 Cassville and Exeter Railroad, 378 Campbell, David, 373 Cassville and Western Railroad. See Cassville Campbell, Robert, 316 and Exeter Railroad Campbell, Sterling, 36, 42 Cassville Democrat, 378 Campbell House Museum, St. Louis, 416; art. Cassville Republican, 378 on, listed, 337 Cassville True Democrat, 378 Campbell Site (archeological), art. on, listed, Catholic Church 338 —Bishop of Quebec, 204 Cannon, __,330 —Brunswick, 413 Cannon, Clarence, 87, 190, 233-34 — Cape Girardeau County, early, 58 Cannon, Joseph G., 402 — Cape Girardeau District, 53, 54 Cape Girardeau, Mo., art. on, 49-61 (illus.), —colleges, art. on, listed, 119 noted, 422; historical marker dedicated, —Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de 77-78, 160, picture of, noted, 199; booklets Paul, early hospital, 101 on and pictures of, noted, 199; 150th anniv. —Franciscans, 114 planned, 311 —Index of Prohibited Books, 360 "Cape Girardeau, Most American of Mis­ —Kansas City Diocese, diamond jubilee of, souri's Original Five Counties," by Floyd 202, 204 C. Shoemaker, 49-61 (illus.) —Monett, 378 Index 441

—Negro priest, art. on, 114 (illus.) —Westport, 68, 322 —St. Louis, 361 (illus.), 364 —Wilson's Creek, 68, 203, 322, 374; com­ —Sisters of the Humility of Mary, 315-16 memoration of, 85; art. on, noted, 200 Catlin, George, 364; art. on, listed, 436 Civil War, "Wide-Awakes," 5; iron-clads in, Caton, John D., 257 9, 227; books on, 105; letters on, noted, Cattle drives, art. on, noted, 100; in Mo., 203; in Shelby County, 261-62; arts, on, art. on, noted, 200 noted, 318; in Webster County, 323; Cen­ Catton, Bruce (ed.), American Heritage, 103 tralia Massacre, art. on, noted, 420; art. on, Caves in Mo., saltpeter, 205; Crystal Caverns, in Liberty, noted, 421; art. on, in Monroe 380; art. on, quoted, 431; number of, 431 City, noted, 421. Cedar County, 371 Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865, Central College, 268; Methodist Historical by Jay Monaghan, 321-22 Collection of, 199 Clamorgan, Jacques, 137, 141 n., 271, 280, 393 Central Missouri State College, established, Clarence, Mo., laid out, 260, 261 59; "Diemer Day," 195 Clark C. F. 123 Centralia, Mo., art. on massacre at, 1865, Clark', Champ, 295; art. on, 401-03 (illus.); noted, 420 statue of, 402 (illus.) "Centralsonne," 263 Clark, Charles, 127 Century of Faith, A; The Story of the First Clark, Charlie E., verso t.p. Apr. issue Baptist Church, Kansas City, Missouri, Clark, Cyrus, 122 1855-1955, by Otto F. Dubach and Vir­ Clark, George Rogers, 49 ginia Sheaff, 424-25 Clark, John, quoted, 361 Chadeayne, Mrs. H. F., 200 Clark, S. A., 168 Chadwick, Rufus, 252 Clark, William, 21, 22, 80, 355, 361, 362, 422, Chaffee, Mo., 50th anniv., 91, 191 outside back cover July issue Chalfant, Lou, 334 Clark, William P., 363, 364 Chaney, Emory, 91 Clarke, Robert P., 97 Chapel Hill College, 287, 293, 294 (illus.)\ art. Clarksville, Mo., homecoming, 94 on, noted, 198-99; chartered, 309 Clay, Henry, 10n., 26, 150-51, 154, 354; Chapman, Carl H., art. by, listed, 338 American System of, 27 Chapman, Sam C, verso t.p. July issue Clay, Thomas E., verso t.p. Apr. issue Charles V, Roman emperor, back cover Oct. Clay County, "Bonnet Day," 219 Clay County Historical Society, 416 Charless, Joseph, 18, 283 n.; quoted, 387-88 Clemens, Cyril, 86; arts, by, listed, 337, 435 Charlestown, 111., early telegraph in, 254 Clemens, John N., 309-10 Charter Oak Cooking Stove, art. on, quoted, Clemens, Samuel L., 198, 309; literary shrine, 428 194; shrines to, noted, 319-20; arts, on, Chassaing, Olga, 168 listed, 223, 337; booklet on, noted, 317 Cheesman, Earl F., 413, 416 Clement, Frank G., 191 "Chert Effigies," by Kyle L. Sly, art. listed, Cleveland, Grover, 125 222 Cleveland, Ohio, early telegraph in, 255; N. A. Chesnut, Eleanor, art. on, noted, 204 Hanna Company, 420 Chestnut, Mrs. Kirby, 84; art. by, noted, 321 Clingenpeel, C. A., 308 Chicago, 111., World's Fair of 1893, 125; early Clinton, Mo., lighting problem in, 1883, telegraph in, 256-57 332-33 Child, Jacob T., art. on, quoted, 429 Clinton Academy, 319 Childers, Marvin, 314 Clinton County, book on, 106; Democrats in, Childers, Mrs. Thelbert, 416 nominated Atchison for governor, 1843, Chillicothe Business College, 319 350-51 Chilton, Cleo, 187 Clyde, Mrs. Maurice F., donor, 316 Chinn, Jennie, 184 Cochran, Charles F., 330 Chipps, Scott, verso t.p. July issue Cockrell, Francis Marion, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 105, Chouteau, Auguste, 17, 133n, 136-37, 140, 227, 328, 330; portrait of, noted, 7, 12, 15 271, 274, 276 (illus.), 280, 285, outside back (illus.); art. on, 287, 293-95 (illus.), noted, cover Apr. issue, 321, 359, 389, 391, 393-94; 99 home of, 139 (illus.) Cockrell, Monroe F., (ed.), The Lost Account Chouteau, Pierre, 137, 276, 389, 394 of the Battle of Corinth and Court-Martial Christian Church of Gen. Van Dorn, 105 —Cassville, 376 Coffey, Mo., centennial of, 307 —Flat Creek, organized, 376 Colburn, Fred M., 252 —Mexico, history of, noted, 97 Coldren, Philip R., obit., 325 —Monett, 378 Cole, Bill, 309 —Shell Knob, organized, 376 Cole, Redmond S., 97 Christy, William, 22 Cole, Mrs. Redmond S., donor, 96-97 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Cole, Wilbur V., thesis by, 82 book on organizer of, 425 Cole County Historical Society, 187; bulletins Churchill, Harry, verso t.p. Jan. issue of, noted, 83-84; 1948 award to, 167 Churchwell, Thomas, 92 Coleman, Thomas, 38, 39, 40, 42 Cincinnati, Ohio, early telegraph in, 254 College of the Propagation of the Faith in Cincinnati (steamboat), 9 Rome, 114 Civil War battles Collet, John C, obit., 324 —Atlanta, Ga., 293 Collot, Victor, quoted, 52 —Carthage, 68, 374 Colonial Dames of America —Champion's Hill, Miss., 3 —National Society, 186 —Franklin, Tenn., 293 Colorado University of, 289; Division of Arch­ —Kenesaw Mountain, Tenn., 6 ives and Public Records, 421 —Lexington, 68, 322 Colorado State Historical Society, guide to —Pea Ridge, Ark., 68, 322 Shaforth papers of, published, 420 —Pilot Knob, 322 Columbia, Mo., Calvary Episcopal Church —Raymond, Miss., 3 centennial, 91 —Springfield, 68 Columbus, Ohio, early telegraph in, 254 —Vicksburg, Miss., 1-15, (illus.), 197 Coly, Charles, 31 442 Missouri Historical Review

Combs, J. F., 311 Cumulative Index to the Missouri Historical "Come Down to the River Tonight, Love" Review, Volumes X^VI-^LV, comp. by (song) 63 James P. Gregory, Jr., 75 Cunningham, Bill, 123 Commercial Agency Register, The, 198 Cunningham, Thomas, 30 Communal settlements, 262-68 Currier and Ives print, 315 Compton, Charles H., Memories of a Librar­ Curry, Jean L., 81 ian, 106 Curtis, Mrs. Edward B., verso t.p. July issue Compton Township, founded, 318 Curtis, Samuel R., 322 Comstock, Julia Sutherland. See Field, Mrs. Curtis, Winterton C, 335 Julia (Comstock) Cushing, Caleb, 225-26 Concordia Historical Institute, 84, 308; open house of, 416 Confederates, Civil War, 328; Mo. troops at D Battle of Vicksburg, 1-15; Mo. cavalry of, 67-69; Mo's "rebel legislature" Ordinance Daab, Frederick, art. on letters of, noted, 203 of Secession passed, 172, 374; iron-clad of, Dade County, 371 227; mail service to Missouri, art. on, Dairying, old Barry County, 372-73 quoted, 330-31; at Linn Creek, 334; capital Dale, Eliel L., 93 at Cassville, 374, 404, at Neosho, 374, Dale, F. Himer, 314 at New Madrid, 374, at Marshall, Tex., Dale, Weekly, 343 374, at Caruthersville, 374 Dalton, John M., 80, 90, 165, 184, 414 Dalton brothers, 208 Conley, Dudley S., obit., 211 Daly, Lowrie, 319 Connelly, Mrs. James A., verso t.p. Oct. "Dance of the Rainbow Fairies" (song), 63 issue Danforth, William H., obit., 325 Constitution, 1820, 20, 21 Daniel, Albion (co-auth.), The Story of Pied­ Constitution, 1865, ratified, 296-97 mont, 324 Constitution, 1875, 404 Daniel, Velma (co-auth.), The Story of Pied­ Constitution, 1945, thesis on, 83; amendment mont, 324 to, approved, 307 Daniels, Mrs. O. C, 311 Constitutional Convention (1820), 20 Danielsville, Mo. See Piedmont, Mo. Cook, Nathaniel, 22 Darrow, Charles, 252 Coolidge, Calvin, 125 Daughters of the American Revolution Coon, Walter A., 115; art. by, noted, 205 —Bethel, Clarence chapter, 184 Coons, Frederica B., The Trail to Oregon, 209 —Cape Girardeau, Nancy Hunter chapter, Copeland, Silvia, 197 77 Cordell, Ralph, 185 —Carthage, Rhoda Fairchild chapter, 93 Corn, in old America, book on, 208-09 —Jackson, Guild chapter, 77 Corneille, Pierre, 367 —Kansas City, Elizabeth Benton chapter, Corsicana, Mo., 375, 376 419 Corsicana Valley Press. See Cassville Repub­ —Mexico, Mexico chapter, 97 lican —Missouri State Society, 91 Cottey College, 90 —National Society, 65th Anniv., 91, 193 Cottle, Joseph, 80 —plaque unveiled to first board of man­ Council of the American Law Institute, 289 agers, 193 Courtney, W. R., donor, 97 —Sedalia, Osage chapter, 419 Couse, E. Irving, 323 —State conference, resolution of apprecia­ Cousin, Barthelimi, 55, 368 tion, 92-93 Covington, Ky., early telegraph in, 255 —suggests state flag, 61 Cowen, Ruth Caroline, thesis by, 83 Daulton, M. F., 261 Cox, Evelyn Candace, thesis by, 83 David, Jacques Louis, 363 Cox, James, Jr., 245 David, Robert W., verso t.p. Jan. issue Coy, Roy E., 190 "David Rice Atchison, Frontier Politician," Crabbs, Mary Scott, art. by, noted, 100 by William E. Parrish, 339-54 Craig, Ben, Jr., 184 David Whitmer, Witness for God, by Helen Craig, Mamie, 97 Van Cleave Blankmeyer, 425 Craig, Virginia, 309 Davidson, Wilburn, 309 Crawford, Charles, 333 Davis, C. C, 42 Crawford, Mrs. Mary (Wilson), 333 Davis, Jefferson, 12, 383; quoted, 340-41, 354 Crawford, William H., 26 Davis, Rex, 414 Creel, Mrs. Tracy Nowlin, 419 Davis, Stanley N., art. by, listed, 338 Cresap, Mrs. Sanford P., obit., 426 Davis, T. D., 309 Creve-coeur, Michel Guillaume Jean de, 359 Davis, T. P., 91 Crisp, John T., art. on, noted, 100 Dawson, Dana, 314 Crittenden, Thomas L., 220 Dawson, Mrs. Lerton V., 161 Crittenden, Thomas T., 293 Dawson, William E., 4 Crockett, David, 215 Day, Cecil L., donor, 95-96 Croft, Huber O., art. by, noted, 419-20 Dayton, Ohio, early telegraph in, 255 Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, Dean, Mrs. Albert, 188 awarded, 314 Dean, W. S., verso t.p. Apr. issue Crout's carding mill, Barry County, 375 DeArmand, Fred, 88 Crowder, Enoch H., book on, 423-24 Deas, Charles, 364 Crowder, Robert, 188 Defoe, Luther M., portrait of, noted, 196 Croy, Homer, verso t.p. Apr. issue; Wheels De LaHaye, Charles, verso t.p. July issue; West, 103 art. by, noted, 205 Culmer, Frederic A., art. by, noted, 203 Delassus, Charles Dehault, 136, 141, 238, "Culture and the Missouri Frontier," by 358, 267, John Francis McDermott, 355-70 De Leon, Maximilian, 263 Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Mount De Lespinasse, Cobie, Second Eden, 104 Joy, 376 De Luziere, Pierre, 367 Cumberland Road bill, 24 De Maris, Walter, painting by, 165 (illus.) Index 443

Democratic party, national committee of, Durham Hall, 236 (illus.), 240 (illus.) 291; national convention of, 1904, 295, Du Tisne, Charles Claude, art. on, noted, 204 1912, 401, 402; in Mo., 1830's and 1840's, Dutton, H. U., 183 349; Central Clique of, 349-50, 352, 353 Duvall, Mrs. Milton F., Sr., 87, 190 Denhoefer, W., manual by, noted, 315 Dye, Russell V., 416; art. by, noted, 421 Denny, John S., donor, 199 Dysart, Marjorie, "Missouri's Namesakes of Denslow, Ray V., trustee, 159 the Navy," 225-34 Denslow, William R., art. by, listed, 436 Dent, Lester, 417 Denver, James W., book on, 207 Denver, the Man, by George C. Barns, 207 Derr, Ray, Missouri Farmers in Action, 101 Eads, James B., 9; art. on, quoted, 432 Desloge, Joseph P., 416 Earp, George, 85 De Soto, Hernando, back cover Oct. issue Earp, Wyatt, 208 (illus.) Easton, Hamilton, 92 De Soto, Mo., laid out, 296 Easton, Rufus, 136 (illus.), 137, 142, 280, "De Soto Discovering the Mississippi" 285, 358, 391-92 (Berninghaus painting) back cover Oct. Eckles, Clarence H., 196 issue (illus.) Economy, Pa., communal colony of Harmony De Tocqueville, Alexis, 148-49 at, 263 Detroit, Mich., Public Library, Burton His- Edmonds, R. S. (erratum Edmunds), 330 orical Collection, 198 Education, State Dept. of, 1871 school De Ulloa, Antonio, 132 clerk's record book, noted, 201; early, in Devil's Pretty Daughter and Other Ozark Folk Franklin, 368-69 Tales, The, by Vance Randolph, 104 Edwards, Fraser, art. by, noted, 317 Devina, Mrs. Jack, 87 Edwards, Hollis, 330 DeVoto, Bernard, 336 Edwards, Jim S., 316 Dickerson, Mahlon, 24, 147 Edwards, John N., 316 Dickerson, Obadiah, 259, 261, 415 Egan, Howard, 207 Dickey, Kenneth McM., Tycoon in Trouble, Eichenberger, J. Allen, art. by, listed, 118 104-05 Eichenlaub, Martin, donor, 81, 315 Dickey, Walter S., book on, 104-05 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 418; quoted, 114, 115 Diemer, George W., 195 Elections, in Mo., 1820, 20-21, 1825,28, 1940, Diesing, Eugene H., art. by, listed, 118 79, 163; presidential, 1824, 26-27, 1828, 29 Dietrich, Ben, 83, 187 Electoral college system, proposal to abolish, Dietz, Mrs. William, 45 n. 24, 26, 27 Dietzler, John Patrick, thesis by, 82 Elim (home of William Keil), 263 (illus.) Diller, Aubrey, art. by, listed, 118 Elim, Mo., 266 Dillon, Abraham, 347 Eliot, William Greenleaf, 361 Dingier, Dave, 378 Elliff, Joseph D., donor, 96 Disciples of Christ Church, book on, 209 Eliff family, history of, noted, 96 Dismuke, R. T., 415 Elliott, Henry, 22 Division of Public Buildings, State, 165 Ellis, Abner T., 253 Divorce, argument over in Mo.'s 10th General Ellis, Elmer, 76, 92, 160, 307 Assembly, 348 Ellis, Emmett, 193, 195 Dockery, T. P., 10 Ellis, John Breckinridge, obit., 426 Donaldson, James Lowry, 272-82, 390 Ellis, Mrs. W. W., obit., 325 Donan, Peter (Pat), art. on, quoted, 429-30 Ellison, George Robb, trustee, 159 Doniphan, Alexander W., 341, 342, 343, 346, Ellsworth, Henry L., 101 348, 353-54; art. on, listed, 338 EUsworth family, 315 Donnell, Forrest C, 79, 163 Elmer (slave, Withers Farm), 383 Donnelly, Joseph F., 319 Elmer, William P., arts, by, noted, 205 Donnelly, Phil M., 80, 94, 160, 165, 196, 232, Elmira College, Elmira, N. Y., Samuel Clem­ 326, 430 ens' study at, 195 Donner, Tamsen, book on, 103 Emancipation Ordinance of Jan. 11, 1865, 296 Donner Party, book on, 103 "Emperor" (elephant), art. on, quoted, 335 Doohna, John J., 62, 69; arts, by, noted, 204 Empire on the Pacific, by Norman A. Graeb­ Douglass, Robert S., 54 ner, 422-23 Douty, Esther M., art. by, listed, 117 Engelmann, George, 362 Dow, Blanche, 90 English, George H., 330 Downey, Sis, 38 Enoch H. Crowder: Soldier, Lawyer and States­ Downing, James, 32, 33, 42 man, by David A. Lockmiller, 423-24 Downing, Sabert, 308 Episcopal Church Downs, Solomon W., 340 • —first presiding bishop of, born west of Downs, W. W., verso, t.p. Oct. issue Mississippi, 198 Drake, Daniel, Northern Lakes; A Summer —St. Louis, 1830's, 361 Resort for Invalids of the South, 210 Erie, Pa., early telegraph in, 255 Drake Constitution. See Constitution, 1865 Ertegun, Mehmet Munir, 231 Draper, William R., 198 Erwin, Eugene, 10; portrait of, noted, 12 Drisdale, William, 48 Eskridge, Elsie, 87 Drury College Writers' Conference, 198 Essen, Roy F., obit., 325 Dubach, Otto F. (co-auth.), A Century of Essex, Thomas, 359 Faith; The Story of the First Baptist Church, Essman, Mrs. Edna L., 417 Kansas City, Missouri, 1855-1955, 424-25 Estis, Joe, 34 Dubourg, Louis William Valentin, 359 Etheridge, W. C, portrait of, noted, 195-96; Dubuque, Julien, 140, 393 obit., 325 Dubuque, la., early telegraph in, 256, 257 Eubanks, A. C, 112 Duels and dueling, 56 Eubanks, Amber E., Ill Duff, John, 260 Eubanks, Bertie, 112 Dunklin, Daniel, 321 Eubanks, Mrs. Don L., obit., 325 Dunklin County Historical Society, 308-09 "Eulogy to a Dog," noted, 99 Dunton, W. Herbert, 323 Evans, George Richard, thesis by, 82 444 Missouri Historical Review

Evans, J. L., obit., 325 Franklin, Mo., laid out, 368; population, Evans, Sammy, 197 1820, 368; Masonic Lodge, 368; academy Ewing, Thomas, 296, 322 in, 1820, 368; Library Company organized, Exploring the Northern Plains, 1804-1876, 369; Missouri Intelligencer established, 369; ed. by Lloyd McFarling, 425 U. S. land office in, 396 Franklin County Historical Society, 416; organized, 185 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer and Boons Lick Advertiser, established, 57, 369 Factory system, Indian, 17-18, 23-24; book on, Freeman, R. T., 128 105 Freeman, Mrs. Roger, 86, 189 Faharty, Justin., art. by, noted, 422 Freeman, W. B., 128 Fairback, Henry, 13 n. French in Mo., 53; early, art. on, noted, 203- Fairchild, Rhoda, 93 04; early explorers, outside back cover, Farley, Alan W., 317 Jan. issue (illus.); in Barry County, 377 Farm homes, 1832, described, 364-65, 366 Friedman, Robert Phillip, thesis by, 83 Farmer, B. H., 378 Frisco Railroad. See St. Louis and San Farmers Mutual Windstorm Insurance Com­ Francisco Railroad pany, 161 Fritsche, Sydney T., verso t.p. Oct. issue Farmington, Mo., Kiwanis Club, 161 Fromentin, Elgius, 139 Farrar, Bernard G., portrait of, noted, 13 "Frontier Army Officer, 1794-1814," art. "Father of the Santa Fe Trail." See Becknell, listed, 118 William Frontier Camp Meeting, The; Religion's Har­ Faust, K. A., 311 vest Time, by Charles A. Johnson, 423 Fauth, E. S., obit., 426 Frost, Gene, obit., 107 Fayette, Mo., Parish House, 308 Frost, Griffin, 261 Feature articles, historical, 62-69, 168-76, Fry, J. Overton, 190 287-97, 400-07 Frye, J. Grant, obit., 325 Federal River Improvement program, 61 Fuerbringer, Alfred O., trustee, 159 Feldhaus, A. J., verso t.p. Oct. issue Fulton, Mo., art. on, noted, 317; Callaway Felling, R. J., 87 Bank, 331; Baptist Church, 331; Masonic Fellows, Mrs. Norris, 85 Lodge, 331 Fenton, E. H., obit., 211 Funk, Mrs. Mildred Von Gruben, donor, 96 Ferguson, Lottie Lenorah, 313 Funk, Sharon Judith, donor, 96 Ferguson, Mrs. Wilbur, 416 Fur trade, outside back cover, Apr. issue Ferries, horse, 58; cable, art. on, noted, 318 Fur traders, and the factory system, 17-18, 22, Field, Eugene, 317; art. on, 173-76 (illus.), 337 23-24 Field, Mrs. Julia (Comstock), 174 Filley, Chauncey I., 330 G Finck, Henry, 264, 268 Finck, Henry T., 268 Gadfly, Mo. See Corsicana, Mo. Findlay, Jonathan S., 370 Gaiennie, Frank, 13 n. Fink, Mike, 355 Gale, E. J., obit., 426 Finn, Bernard, obit., 212 Gallatin, Albert, 272, 273, 274, 275, 281, 282 Fisher, Mrs. Annie Taylor, 319 Gallaudet, Mrs. Edson, 227 Fisher, M. M., 116-117 Gallup, Mrs. Clifford, 308 Fite, Robert, 42 Gamble, Jay Mack, art. by, listed, 435 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R., art. on, inside back Gardner, A. E. L., obit., 212 cover, Jan. issue (illus.) Gardner, Frederick Dozier, inside back cover Fitzpatrick, John C, 27 Apr. issue Flags, Confederate, art. on, noted, 318 Gardner, James A., "The Business Career of Flanigan, John H., Sr., 417 Moses Austin in Missouri, 1798-1821," Fletcher, Thomas Clement, 287; art. on, 235-47 295-97 (illus.) Garfinkel, Bernard M., thesis by, 82 Flint, Timothy, 16; quoted, 51, 57 Gamier, J. V., 358 Florida Treaty, 1819, 18 Garrard, Lewis H., 320 Fly, Mrs. Letha, 85 Garrison, James H., 330 Folk tales, book on, 104 Gates, Paul, 132 n., 271 n., 387 n. Ford, Thomas W., art. by, listed, 223 "Gateway to the West." See St. Louis Foreman, Aaron, 259 Gaynor, Jessie L., 308; art. on, 62-64 (illus.) Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, Indian Women Gaynor, Rose, 63 Chiefs, 211 Gayoso, Manuel de Lemos, 133 Forest King (horse), 124 Geary, John White, 103 Forney, John H., 4, 11 General Assembly, thesis on, 82; gallery of Forts Missourians prominent in World War I, 403 —Clark. See Osage —1820, senatorial elections in, 21, 22-23 —Jackson (Miss.), 10 —-1826, senatorial elections in, 28 —James, 50 —1834-35, amendment favoring inclusion —Orleans, 413, 414 of Platte Territory in Mo., 343 —Osage, mural of, noted, 80; picture of, —1836, organized Caldwell County for the notes, 165; restoration of, 80, 167, 195; Mormons, 344 colored slides of, noted, 189 —1836-37, elected Lewis F. Linn as U. S. —Robidoux (Utah), 207 senator, 351 —Woods, 164-65 (illus.); mural of, noted, —1838-39, resolutions on Mormons, 345; 80-81 report on Mo. volunteers in Seminole Forty-niners, book on, 207-08 War, 345-46; set up Platte and Buchanan Foster, Luther H., 93 counties, 346-47 Foster, Stephen, 384, 385 —1840-41, carved 2 counties from Platte Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, art. on, Purchase, 347; established the 12th judi­ listed, 337 cial circuit, 347 Frankfort, Ky., early telegraph in, 255 —1842, elected Lewis F. Linn as U. S. Franklin, Benjamin, 248 senator, 351 Index 445

—1911, established commission to erect Greeley, Carlos, 253 Civil War monuments, 13; approved Greeley, Horace, 429-30 state flag, 61 Green, A. P., 124 —1917-1918, appropriation for the State Green, Carroll G., verso t.p. Oct. issue Historical Society, inside back cover, Green, Duff, 21, 22 Apr. issue Green, James S., 6 —1919-1920, appropriation for the State Green, John Raeburn, 314 Historical Society, inside back cover, Green, Martin E., 3, 4, 6-7, 8; killed, 10; Apr. and July issues portrait of, noted, 7, 12, 15 (illus.) —1937-38, appropriation for State His­ Green family, 329 torical Society, verso, back cover, July Greene, David, 55 issue Greene, John P. (erratum Green), 330 —1955, passed resolution honoring W. C. Greene County, art. on old cemeteries in, Etheridge, 195 noted, 205-06; art. on early academies in, —1955-57, appropriations for highway noted, 321 historical marker program, 160 Greene County Historical Society, 84-85, 161, Genter House, Hermann, 408-09 (illus.) 166, 188, 309, 417 Gentry, Sarah, portrait of, noted, 313 Greenough, William, 218 Gentry, William R., 97; art. by, quoted, 116-17 Greenough, Mrs. William, 218 Gentry County Historical Society, 84, 166, Greer, Mrs. Ewing, 85 187, 309, 321, 416-17; sponsors republica­ Gregory, James P. Jr. (comp), Cumulative tion of history of Gentry and Worth coun­ Index to the Missouri Historical Review, ties, 191 Volumes XXVI-XLV, 75, 162 George (slave, Withers Farm), 383 Griffin, Mrs. Walter, verso t.p. Oct. issue George, Floy Watters, History of Webster Griffith, Clark, obit., 212 County, 1855 to 1955, 323-24 Grimes, Absalom, 330 Georgetown, Ky., early telegraph in, 255 Grimm, R. E. (ed.), Prehistoric Art; A Pic­ Gerber, Fred A., obit., 212 ture Study of Ancient America Thru Tools Gerhardt, J. W., 83, 187 and Artifacts, by the Greater St. Louis Germans in Mo., 51, 55, 65-67, 88; at Bethel, Archaeological Society, 209 263-68; in Barry County, 377; at Hermann, Griswold, Earl F., 219 406, 408-09, 414 Griswold, Harvey, 219-20 German Reformed Church, Cape Girardeau Grizzell, Mrs. Jess, 88 District, 55 Grover, Dayton, 90 German Settlement Society, 406; settlement Guibor, Henry, 4 in Hermann, Mo., 406, 414 Guibord House, Ste. Genevieve, 186 Gibault, Pierre, 367 Guilford, Mo., centennial of, 307 Gibbon, Edward, 359 Guitar, Sarah (co-ed.), Messages and Procla­ Giboney, Alexander, 51 mations of the Governors of the State of Mis­ Giboney, Rebecca, 51 souri, Vol. XVII, 75, 162 "Gibraltar of the West." See Vicksburg, Miss. Gulf System railroad, 60 Gibson, H. T., verso t.p. Jan. issue Gundlach, George C, 196 Giddings, N. B., quoted, 348 Gundlach, Mrs. George C, 196 Giddings, Salmon, 360 Gunn, J. Henry, 83 Giesy, Andrew, 267 Gustin, J. D., art. by, quoted, 334 Gill, Roy A., verso t.p. Apr. issue Guth, Mrs. Ora N., verso t.p. Oct. issue Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 189 Guyol, Francis, 364 Gillette, Ralph, 417 Gwinn, M. S., 77 Gillilan, Ethel, 85 Gilmer, Thomas W., 334 Giorgione. See Barbarelli, Giorgio Girardot, _ _ (Sieur de), 49 Goff, James B., 316 Gold, Henry, art. by, noted, 99 Haddock, Allen, 31 Gold, legends about, 318 Haddock, Nathan, 31 Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 190 Hadley, Herbert Spencer, thesis on, 83; art. Goodin, Katherine Kleiss, thesis by, 82 on, 288-91 (illus.) Goodson, Mrs. W. B., 191 Hafen, Ann W. (co-auth.), Journals of Forty- Goostree, Mrs. Justin, 194, 376 Niners; Salt Lake to Los Angeles, 207-08 Gorden, Thomas C, 342 n. Hafen, LeRoy R. (co-auth.), Journals of Governors of Mo., arts, on, 288-90, 295-97, Forty-Niners; Salt Lake to Los Angeles, 403-05 207-08 Governors of Ohio, The, by the Ohio State Hager, W. L., 187 Historical Society, 211 Hale, George C, 125-26 Graebner, Norman A., Empire on the Pacific, Hale, Mrs. Mark, verso t.p. Jan. issue 422-23 Hall, Basil, 357 Graham, Mo., centennial of, 307 Hall, Thomas E., 310 Granby, Mo., lead stampede, 1850's, 373 Hall, William G., Turkey Knob Line; a Novel Grand Army of the Republic, founder of, 166 of the Ozarks, 106 Graham, Henry, 252 Halley, Edmund, 429 Grand River Valley Historical Society and Halliburton, Westley, Jr., Ill Museum (Livingston County), 84, 166, Halsey, William, 230; quoted, 228 187, 309 Hamilton, Mrs. Henry W., donor, 98 Grant, Ulysses S., 1-2, 3, 6, 11, 261-62, 430 Hamilton, James G., 100 "Grasshopper proclamation," 404-05 Hamilton, William J., 186 Gratiot, Charles, 17, 136, 139, 140, 271, 276, Hamilton brothers, 122 280, 389 Hamilton, Mo., centennial, 89, 199-200, 201; Gravier, Joseph, 198 Memorial Garden, 89; arts, and pictures on Greater St. Louis Archaeological Society, history of, noted, 201 Prehistoric Art; A Picture Study of Ancient Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian, centennial America Thru Tools and Artifacts, ed. by edition of, 89, 201 R. E. Grimm, 209 Hamlin, Herb S., arts, by, listed, 223, 338 446 Missouri Historical Review

Hammers, Clyde C, arts, by, listed, 222, 223 Municipal Band, 414; Methodist Church, Hammond, George, 245 414; Baptist Mission, 415 Hammond, Samuel, 242, 244, 245, 246, 276, Herrick, George H., art. by, listed, 223 277, 283 n., 391, 395-96. Herrman, Elvin, verso t.p. Apr. issue Hanna, Mary Teresa of Avila, thesis by, 82 Hertrich, Henry G., obit., 212 Hanna family, thesis on, 82 Hess, Paul D., Jr., 189, 417 Hannegan, Edward A., 340 Hesse, Mrs. Anna, 191, 408, 414 Hanni, Otto, obit., 325 Heugel, Mrs. F. J., verso t.p. July issue Hannibal, Mo., Woman's Club, 96; art. on Hewitt, Mrs. Paul J., verso t.p. Oct. issue history of noted, 201; first minute book of, Hewitt, W. C, 160, 183, 269 315; early newspapers of, 315 Hewlett, Alfred, 36, 38 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 260-61, Hewlett, Cardon, 34, 37 319, 331, 415 Hewlett, James P., 31 Hansen, Esther V., 194 Hewlett, Mrs. Jane (Boucher), 35 Hansen, Herman, 185, 416 Hewlett, John T., 36, 38 Harbison, George C. C, 391 Hewlett, Thomas, 36 Hardeman, John, 369-70 "Hexendoctor, Der." See Keil, William Hardin, Charles H., 294; art. on, 403-05 Hibbard, Benjamin H., 25 (illus.); home of, 403, 405 (illus.); "grass­ Hickok, James Butler (Wild Bill), 208 hopper proclamation" of, 404-05 "Hickory, Dickory, Dock" (song), 63 Hardin, Mrs. Mary (Jenkins), 400, 403 Hicks, John Edward, art. by, noted, 421 Hardin, Robert F., verso t.p. July issue Hicks, Thomas, 31 Hardin College, 405 Higginbotham, Valle, verso t.p. Oct. issue Harding, Chester, 364 Higgins, J. C, 195 Hardy, Charles, 42 Higgins, Victor, 323 Harlin, John C, obit., 326 Highway Commission, State, 414 Harmon, Conley, donor, 199 Highway Department, State, 287, 414 Harmony Mission, mural of, noted, 80-81 Highway historical markers. See Markers, (illus.), 165 highway historical Harrin, H. H., Jr., 88 Highway Patrol, State, thesis on history of, 82 Harris, Joseph, 433 Hill, Joseph A., The Panhandle-Plains His­ Harris, Lorenzo, 33 torical Society and Its Museum, 424 Harris, Thomas, 262 Hill, Robert E. Lee, 195 Harris, W. C. (Uncle Will), 331 Hillias, G. Watts, 261 Harris, W. Paul, 84 Hilmer, George Henry, art. by, listed, 118 Harris, Wyat, 33 Hindman, Albert H., art. by, noted, 203-04 Harrison, Jack, 129 Hine, Charles C, 252 Harrison, Mrs. Mary, 408 Hinton, William, donor, 165 Harrison, William Henry, 54, 140, 142, 143, Hirth, William, 101 276, 356, 358 Historic Hermann, Inc., 85, 309, 313, 409, 414 Hart, Edward, 86 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, Hartman, Mrs. F. V., 190 190, 417 Harvard University, 290 Historical Background of the United States Haseltine, Seward A., 328 Army, 1775-1955, by P. M. Robinett, 95 Haseman, Leonard, 196 Historical Notes and Comments, 70-110, 177- Haskin, Frederic J., 269 214, 298-327, 408-27 Hatten, Homer A., obit., 107 Historical societies, activities of, 83-88, 187- Hawley, Charles Arthur, arts, by, noted, 91, 308-11, 416-18 203,421 History of Missouri, A, by Louis Houck, Hay, Charles Martin, thesis on, 82 noted, 60 Heady, Ray, art. by, noted, 99 "History of Sylvan School, Lawrence County, "Heart of the Saddle Horse Story of Mis- Missouri," by John F. Spilman, 30-43 souti, The," by L. M. White, 121-31 (illus.) (illus.) Hebert, Louis, 10 History of the United States Indian Factory Hebron, Mo., 266 System, 1795-1822, A, by Ora Brooks Hecker, Harold F., verso t.p. Jan. issue Peake 105 Heckmann, Edward, 313, 409, 414 History of Webster County, 1855 to 1955, by Hedrick, Ira G., obit., 107 Floy Watters George, 323-24 Hedrick, Mrs. Ira, 309 Hitch, A. M., obit., 426 Heidbrink, William, obit., 107 Hoar, Eliza, 42 Heiligers, Mrs. E. J., 186 Hobart, Harrison C, 338 Hellmuth, Harry I., 14 Hodge, J. T., art. on, noted, 201 Hempstead, Edward, 391-92 (illus.), 394 Hodge, Loren C, obit., 107 Hempstead, William, 257 Hodges, William R., 62 Henderson, Mrs. Arch, 85, 188 Hoemeyer, Walden, obit., 212 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 84, 187 Hogan, Albert G., 196 Hendrex, James, thesis by, 82 Hogue, Arthur R., art. by, listed, 337 Hennings, Thomas C, Sr., 189, 418 Holderness, Mrs. Marvin E., 416 Henry, C. E., art. by, listed, 118 Hollister, Edward, quoted, 357 Henry County Historical Society, 166 Holm, Victor S., 14 Hensen, Herman, 416 Holmes, Samuel A., portrait of, noted, 13 Henwood, Berryman, portrait of, noted, 418 Holt, Ivan Lee, 314; art. on, noted, 422 Henwood, Virginia, 418 Honey War, art. on, noted, 319 Herculaneum, Mo., 283 n.; laid out, 238; Honors and tributes, 92-94, 194-96, 313-14 shot factory at, 238; Moses Austin store in, Hook, John, 123, 130 241 Hook, Leonard, 123 Hermann, Mo., St. Paul Evangelical and Re­ Hoole, W. Stanley, The James Boys Rode formed Church, 100th anniv., 191; highway South, 106 historical marker, 313, dedicated, 414-15; Hoover, H. Lee, 85 wine cellars, 405-07 (illus.); "Maifest" of, Hopper, Leo, 309 309, 408-09, 414; Brush and Palette Club, Horr, __, 430 408-09; Gentner House, 408:09 (illus.); Horses, arts, on, noted, 98; art. on, 121-31 Index 447

Hoselton, E. D., 261 —Delaware, 49, 50 Hoshaw, Hattie, 43 —Inca, back cover, Oct. issue Houck, Louis, 51, 53, 55, 60 (illus.); collection —Missouri, outside back cover Jan. issue of statuary, 59; The Spanish Regime in —Osage, 49-50, 237, 318, 372; Harmony Missouri, 60; A History of Missouri, 60 Mission of, 80-31 (illus.), 165 Houck, Mrs. Louis, 51 —Ozark tribes, art. on, listed, 436 House, Mrs. John, 191, 311 —Pawnee, book on, noted, 101-02 House telegraph instrument, 254-55; 256 —Sac, art. on, listed, 436 "House That Jack Built, The" (operetta), 64 —Seminole, War, 169, 345-46 Houston, Mary Virginia, 97 —Shawnee, 49, 50 Houston, Sam, book on, noted, 326 —Ute, book on chief of, 211 Houx, Edwin C, 86 "Indians Pursued by American Dragoons" Howard, Mrs. Oliver, arts, by, noted, 99, 201, (Wimar painting), 66 202, 318, 420, quoted, 114, 330 Ingenthron, Elmo, verso t.p. July issue Howden, George, 48 Ingram, Glenn, 312 Howdeshell, Leo, 417 Inland Daily Press Assoc, 306 Howe, Mrs. Golda V., 270 Inter-American Conference, Rio de Janerio, Hoy, Charles, obit., 426 1947, 232 Hubbell, Ithmar, 51 International Walther League, 84 Hubbell, Jay B., The South in American Interstate Commerce Commission, 295 Literature, 1607-1900, 208 Iowa, book on history of, noted, 102; early Huber, Mrs. Leonard J., 186 telegraph in, 256-57 Huddlestun, J. R., thesis by, 82 Iowa (U. S. battleship), 229 Hufty, Mrs. Don, 313 Iowa State Historical Society, 177 Hughes, Andrew, 343 Irion, T. W. H., portrait of, noted, 196 Hughes, Mrs. John R., 312 "Iron Brigade" (Civil War), 68 Hughes, John T., 128 Iron Mountain, Mo., art. on mining property Hughes, Neva, 112 in, noted, 420 Huling, Polly, "Missourians at Vicksburg," Irving, John Treat, Jr., Indian Sketches Taken 1-15 (illus.) During an Expedition to the Pawnee Tribes, Hull, William R., 87, 418 ed. by John Francis McDermott, 101-02 Hulston, John K., 85; art. by, listed, 435 Irving, Washington, 101, 102, 368, 369 Hundhausen, Helen, 185 Irwin, John, 42 Hunley, William, 39 Hunnel, William, 31 Hunnewell, Mo., 262; laid out, 260, 261 Hunt, Josiah, 260 Jackling, Daniel C, 92; art. on, listed, 119; Hunter, Harry S., verso t.p. Jan. issue obit., 427 Hunter, Mrs. Mary M., donor, 166 Jackson, Andrew, 26-27, 29, 148, 157, 341, Hunter, Nancy, 77 349, 370; book on, noted, 326 Hunter, Stephen B., donor, 166 Jackson, Mrs. Ellis O., 88 Huntingfield Stables, 124 Jackson, Lester Bode, thesis by, 82 Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., 93 Jackson, Mo., early history of, 57, 58 Hurricane Township, art. on, noted, 318 Jackson County Court, and restoration of Husmann, George, art. on, 405-07 (illus.) Ft. Osage, 80 Hyde, Arthur M., verso back cover July Jackson Independent Patriot, established, 57 issue; thesis on, 83 Jackson Missouri Herald, established, 57 Hyder, Robert L., 90 Jacksonville, 111., early telegraph in, 256, 257 Jaeger, Herman, 372 James, Edwin, art. on, listed, 337 I James, Frank, book on, 106; art. on, quoted, 432 Ike, Carl B., verso t.p. Oct. issue James, Jesse, 208; book on, 106; art. on, listed, Illinois, troops at Battle of Vicksburg, 4; 118 number of caves in, 431 James, Marquis, obit., 326 Illinois and Canal, 257 James, Zeralda Samuel, art. on, listed, 435 Illinois and Mississippi Telegraph Company, James Boys Rode South, The, by W. Stanley 253, 256-57 Hoole, 106 Illinois Central Railroad, 310 Jameson, Mrs. Sarah, 417 Illinoistown, 111., early telegraph in, 250, Jameson, W. Ed. (Lespedez Eddie), 331 252, 255 Jamesport, Mo., centennial of, 307 Immigration and emigration, thesis on, 83; Japan, surrender in World War II, 225, 228, 1763-1800, 132-34; into Barry County, 230 (illus.), 231; Perry's arrival in, 1854, 1879-1883, 377; 1814-1820, 396 231 Indian Corn in Old America, by Paul Weath- Jarman, Mrs. Cyrus, 188 erwax, 208-09 Jarman, Homer C, 85, 188 Indian Sketches Taken During an Expedition Jasper County, 371; divorces in, 1903, 215 to the Pawnee Tribes, by John Treat Irving, Jasper County Historical Society, 85, 417 Jr., ed. by John Francis McDermott, Jay, John, 348 101-02 Jefferson, Thomas, 141, 275 n., 276, 277, 279, Indian Wars of the West, The, by Paul I. 282, outside back cover July issue; adminis­ Wellman, 210 tration, attitude toward public lands, 272, Indian Women Chiefs, by Carolyn Thomas 278-79, 280; art. on, listed, 222; 213th Foreman, 211 anniv. of birth of, observed, 419 , 138, 140 Jefferson Barracks, 329 Indianapolis, Ind., early telegraph in, 254 Jefferson City, Mo., art. on threatened attack Indians, paintings of, 65-67 (illus.); books on, on, noted, 202; curfew ordinance proposed, 210, 211; in Civil War, 322 318; art. on PTA of, noted, 421; arts, on —Apache, book on, 210 new construction and developments in, —Aztec, back cover, Oct. issue noted, 421 —Cherokee, book on, 105 Jefferson County, Old Settlers' Assoc, 98; —Dakota, book on, 210 arts, on history of, noted, 201 448 Missouri Historical Review

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Kansas City Star, Vol. 1, No. 1, given to So­ Assoc, 419 ciety, 98; 1951 award, 167 Jenkins, Mary Barr. See Hardin, Mrs. Mary Kansas City Town Company, 189 (Jenkins) Karr, W. K., 84 Jennings, Edmund, 371 Kaskaskia, 111., 133 Jesse, Richard Henry, 216 Kasson, John A., book on, 102 Jewell, William, 403 Kaye, Joseph, art. by, noted, 202-03 Jewett, W. O. L., 268-69 (illus.) Kearney, Mo., centennial of, 307 John A. Kasson: Politics and Diplomacy Kearny, Stephen Watts, 207, 336 from Lincoln to McKinley, by Edward Keetsville, Mo. See Washburn, Mo. Younger, 102 Keil, August, 267 Johnson, A. V. E., 420 Keil, Aurora, 267 Johnson, Charles A., The Frontier Camp Keil, Mrs. Louise (Reiter), 262 Meeting; Religion's Harvest Time, 423 Keil, William, 104, 163, 184, 262 (illus.); Johnson, Charles F., 252 early life, 262-63; at Bethel, Mo., 263-66 Johnson, Henry, 25, 147 (illus.); migration to Oregon, 266-67; Johnson, Icie F., 309 death, 267 Johnson, Mrs. Irl L., 94 Keil, Willie, 266-67 Johnson, Ruth Louise, arts, by, listed, 117, Keller, Laura St. Ann, 187 337 Keller, Lydia Buenger, art. on, listed, 222 Johnson, Samuel A., The Battle Cry of Free­ Kempster, Harry L., 196 dom; the New England Emigrant Aid Com­ Kendall, Amos, 248 pany in the Kansas Crusade, 102-03 Kendrick Theological Seminary, 58 Johnson, Thomas, 55 Kennedy, Vernon, Stadium, 91 Johnson County Historical Society, 85-86, Kenny, Laurence J., verso t.p. Jan. issue 166, 188, 309 Kentucky, troops at Battle of Vicksburg, 4; Johnston, Gale F., 419 first governor of, 259; number of caves in, Johnston, Joseph E., 2, 3, 8 431 Johnston, Mrs. P. B., verso t.p. July issue Kerens, Richard C, 330 Jolliet, Louis, outside back cover Jan. issue Kerr, William, 373 (illus.) Kessenger, John, 112 Jones, Blanche, 190 Key, J. Albert, obit., 107 Jones, Charlie, 428 Kilb, William P., 184 Jones, Mrs. Clifford, 191 Kilmer, Roy, donor, 315 Jones, David, 429 Kilmer family, 315 Jones, George W., 340 Kimber, John E., obit., 427 Jones, J. C, 414 Kimbrell, Raymond B., 193 Jones, Jean, 309 Kimbrough, Mary, art. by, noted, 205 Jones, John Rice, 22, 136, 238, 280 Kinder, Lyman T., obit., 107 Jones, Laurence Clifton, 220; art. on, noted, Kindrick, A. H., 88 205 King, Andrew, art. by, noted, 320 Jones, M. J., 13 n. King, Austin A., 316, 347 Jones, Nancy, 35, 42 King, Mrs. Austin A., 316 Jones, Ruth, 309 King, Bart, donor, 199; art. by, noted, 419 Jones, William H., 364 Kingcaid, Robert, 32, 33, 42 Joplin, Mo., lead discovered at, 1849, 373; Kingdom of Callaway, 331 distributing center for electrical power, 373 Kingman, W. A., 85 Jordan, Levi, 31 King's Highway, 52 Jordan, Lutie Gordon, art. by, noted, 320 Kingsville, Mo., centennial of, 307 Journalism, book on, 198 Kirkpatrick, Arthur Roy, thesis by, 83 Journals of Forty-Niners; Salt Lake to Los Kirkpatrick, James C., 75, 195 Angeles, by LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Kirwan, John S., reminiscences of, listed, 435 Hafen, 207-08 Klein, Bernard W., thesis by, 82 Joy, Charles F., 330 Knight, Amanda, 428 Knight, Thomas B., 428 K Knobbs, Pauline D., 92, 186 Knobnoster, Mo., centennial of, 307 KMOX radio station, St. Louis, 414 Knox, William, 417; murals by, 80, 164-65; Kain, John Joseph, 330 painting by, 229 (illus.), 232-33 Kaiser, O. E., verso t.p. Jan. issue Koch, Albert, 361 Kansas, border troubles, book on, 102-03; Kochtitzky, Elsie. See Byrd, Mrs. Elsie number of caves in, 431 (Kochtitzky) Kansas City, Mo. Kochtitzky, Mary, 61; donor, 163 —American Royal, 126 Kochtitzky, Otto, 61, 163 —Art Institute, 434 Koetting, John, 87 —Baptist Church, First, book on history of, Konnyu, Leslie, art. by, noted, 422 424-25 Korean War, 225, 232 —Catholic Church, diamond jubilee of, 202 Kosmal, Edward, art. by, noted, 101 —Catholic Diocese, art. on, noted, 204 Kraehe, Enno, 161 — Chamber of Commerce, centennial of, 307 Krekel, Arnold, 112, 118 —Fine Arts Institute, 434 —Horse Show, 1896, 129 —Liberty Memorial, art. on, noted, 204 —music in, art. on, noted, 203 —School of Fine Arts, art. on, quoted, 433 Labeaume, Louis, 136, 137, 139 —Tom Bass Riding Club, 125 Lacher, Edgar, obit., 212 —Veterans Administration hospital, 99 Lackey, Walter F., verso t.p. July issue —"Westport Day," 193 Laclede, Pierre, 312, outside back cover —Westport High School choir, 193 Apr. issue —William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art. Laclede Landing, outside back cover, Apr. See William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of issue Art Lafayette, Marie Joseph, 357, 422 Index 449

Lakenan, Mo., established, 261 Liberty, Mo., circus day, 1887, 221; "Liberty Lamar, Mo., centennial of, 191, 307; Agricul­ Blues," 341, 344; Clay County Savings tural and Industrial Exposition, 191 Assoc, art. on robbery of, noted, 421 Lamar Democrat, centennial edition of, noted, Liberty Advance and Tribune, 1951 award to, 191 167 Lamb, Roy, 311 Liberty Tribune, art. on, noted, 419 Lamb, W. B., 31 Library of Congress, 75 Lambdin, James Reid, 363 "Lichtfuersten," 263 Land Claimants' Convention, Ste. Genevieve, "Lichfuerstinnen," 263 1809, 283, 284, 285 Liesenberg, Mrs. Vivian Angela, obit., 212 Land claims, private, in Mo., 1804-1812, Lightfoot, Gustavus, portrait of noted, 13 arts, on, 132-44, 271-86, 387-99 Lighting, 1883, art. on, quoted, 332-33 Land grants, in Mo., 1763-1804, 132-44 (illus.) Limbaugh, Frederick, 56 Land of Enchantment; Memoirs of Marian Limbaugh, Rush H., 77, verso t.p. Oct. issue, Russell along the Santa Fe Trail, dictated to 212 Mrs. Hal Russell, ed. by Garnet M. Brayer, Lincoln, Abraham, 5, 102, 204, 296, 354; 206-07 mural depicting, 78-79 (illus.) Landgraeber, Clemens, 5 Lincoln University, dedication of Benton Landis, John C, 4 mural of Lincoln in, 78-79 Lands, price of, 1820, 25; graduated price for, Lindbergh, Charles A., 328 plan, 25, 26; 1867, 47; in Barry County, Lindmueller, Mrs. Mary, donor, 97 1879-1883, 377 Lindsey, Arthur Neal, obit., 213 Lane, Jim, 322 Linn, Mrs. Elizabeth A. R., 352 Lane, William Carr, 149; quoted, 28 Linn, Lewis F., 351, 352 Lang, Howard B., Sr., 191 Linn Creek, Mo., 334 Lang, Walter B., art. by, listed, 436 Lippincott, Edgar, 417 Langdon, Jervis, 194 Lisa, Manuel, 141 n., 276, 389 (illus.) La Plata, Mo., centennial, 89 Little, __, (teacher, Lawrence County), 43 La Plata Home Press, centennial edition of, 89 "Little Boy Blue" (Field poem), 174 (illus.) t Larkin, Lew, 85, 88, 100 175 Larkin, T. H., 253 "," 122, 329 Larson, Sidney, 78 Little River Drainage District, 61 LaSalle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 163 Little Shoal Creek Baptist Church, 219 Lasher, Sarah V., art. by, noted, 421 Liverette, Lucia, 310 Latham, Frank B., art. by, listed, 338 Livingston, Henry Brockholst, 348 Latrobe, Charles Joseph, quoted, 364-66 Livingston County, arts, on, noted, 98 Lavat, Nelson E., 86 Locke, John, 359 Lawrence, Mrs. B. I., 308 Lockmiller, David A., Enoch H. Crowder: Lawrence, David, 188 Soldier, Lawyer, and Statesman, 423-24 Lawrence, Mr. and Mrs. John, 202 Loeb, Isidor, portrait of, 166 (illus.) Lawrence County, early history of, 371, 373; Logan, John, 375 Waldensians in, 377 Logan, Mrs. John A., painting of, noted, 97, Laws, Samuel Spahr, 116, 335 166; history by, noted, 97 Lawson, Martin E., 314; art. by, noted, 320, Long, Edward V., 94 quoted, 331 Long, Margaret, The Oregon Trail, 105 Lea, Mrs. Fay E., obit., 212 Long, Stephen H., 368 Lead and lead mining, arts, on, noted, 201; Lorenz, Mrs. Carl S., verso t.p. Apr. issue first shaft sunk in Mo., 235, 237; produc­ Lorimier, Louis, 49, 50 (illus.), 54-55, 58, 60, tion, 1796, 237; production, 1798-1803, 83; death of, 57; estate divided, 58; grave of, 237; methods of smelting, 237-38; shot 60 factory at Herculaneum, 238; depression Los Angeles, Calif., Missouri "Show Me" in, 1812, 241; "Granby stampede," 1850's, Club, 190; Liverette Opera Academy, 310 373; discovered at Joplin, 1849, 373 Lost Account of the Battle of Corinth and Leath, Sam A., art. by, listed, 436 Court Martial of Gen. Van Dorn, The. ed. by LeDuc, Marie P., 389, 394 Monroe F. Cockrell, 105 Lee, Bill, 128 "Lost Trail or War Trail" (Wimar painting), Lee, George, 124-25 66 Lee, [James W. ?], 330 Lou Chief (horse), 128, 129 Lee, Robert E., 100 Louisiana, District of, 55 Lee brothers, 122, 123 Louisiana, Upper, 132-34; government of, 55; Leeper, Mercia, 89 transfer to U. S., 135 (illus.) Leeper, Raleigh, 89 Louisiana Gazette. See St. Louis Missouri Leeper, W. T., 89 Gazette Leeper, Mr. and Mrs. Woodrow S., 89 Louisiana Purchase, 134-35, 138, outside Lentner's Station, Mo., established, 261 back cover, Apr. issue; art. on, listed, 118 Leonard, Abiel, 29, 345 n., 370; quoted, Louisiana Territory, ceded to Spain, 49; 157-58 ceded to U. S., 49, outside back cover July Leonard, Bette, 126 issue; transfer to U. S. 271; private land Lespedeza, introduced into Mo., 331 claims in, 1804-1812, 132-44, 271-86, "Letter from Empire Prairie, Andrew County, 387-99 Missouri, A," by Andrew Thomas Weaver Louisville, Ky., early telegraph in, 249, 255 and John Carrier Weaver, 44-48 Lovejoy, Elijah, 361 Lewis, Elisha, 241 Lowe, Schuyler, 4 Lewis, Mrs. Frank, 84 Lowenhaupt, Werner, 88 Lewis, Meriwether, 362, outside back cover, Lowry, J. E., history by, noted, 97 July issue Lowry, John J., 370 Lewis and Clark expedition, 368, back cover Lozo, Alexander, 436 July issue (illus.); sesquicentennial of, 91; Lucas, John B. C, 22; on Board of Land art. on, listed, 118 Commissioners, 272-86 (illus.) Lexington, Battle of, 68, 322; film of re- Lucas, Leroy L., 86, 189 enactment of, 190 Lucas, Mrs. Okla H., verso t.p. July issue Lhamon, W. J., obit., 212 Lucas, William C, obit., 107 450 Missouri Historical Review

Lucet, Charles, 312 McNair, Alexander, 21, 22, 246, 391, 395 Lucy, Mack (horse), 121, 128 McNeely, John D., art. on, listed, 118 Ludlow, Noah, 362-63 MacNutt, J. Scott, 419; portrait by, 166 Lueker, Erwin L. (ed.), Lutheran Cyclopedia, (illus.) 206 Macon, Nathaniel, 145-46 Lutes, L. C, 311 Macon, Mo., centennial of, 307, 312; collec­ Lutheran Church tion on early history of, 415 —book on, 206 Macon County, early pictures of, noted, 415 —Brunswick, 414 Macon County Historical Society, 86, 166, —Concordia Historical Institute, 84, 308, 189,417 416 McPherson, H. R., art. by, listed, 117 —International Walther League of, 84 McPherson, J. B., 3, 5 —Missouri Synod, museum of, 308 McReynolds, Allen, 159, 160 Lutheran Cyclopedia, ed. by Erwin L. Lueker, McShane, Ray, 197 206 McTyeire, Holland Nimmons, 56 Lutkewitte, Lawrence, art. by, noted, 421 McVay, Don C, obit., 213 Lyles, Edgar Kilgore, obit., 326 Maddox, W. R., 91 Lyon, Matthew, 391 Madison County, arts, on history of, noted, 201 Lyon, Nathaniel, 203, 322 Madstones, art. on, listed, 338 Maib, Harold, 308 M Maiden, Noah Lee, 379 "Maifest," 309, 408-09, 414 McAllister, Raymond F., 192 Malabar (British ship), 226 McAmis, Mrs. Guy, 88 Maiden press, thesis on, 82 MacArthur, Douglas, 231; portrait of, noted, Mamri, Mo., 266 233 Mangum, Willie Person, 354 McCandless, Perry, "The Rise of Thomas H. Manley, C. Benton, 85 Benton in Missouri Politics," 16-29; "The Manlove, Joseph J., obit., 326 Political Philosophy and Political Person­ Mann, Clair V., 167; art. by, listed, 436 ality of Thomas H. Benton," 145-58 Mann, E. E., 31 McCleary, Glenn A., 185 Mann, Ellwood, 40 McClernand, John A., 2, 5 Mann, Emily, 35 McClurg, Joseph W., art. on, quoted, 334 Mann, Joe L., 308 McCluskey, Tom M., verso t.p. July issue Mann, Leona. See Morris, Mrs. Leona (Mann) McConaghie, James R., 12 Mann, O. P., 31 McCord, J. Hamilton, 190 Mann, Pinkney, 36, 38 McCord, Mrs. May Kennedy, 84 Manring, Hovey, 84 McCoy, Isaac, 368 Mansfield, Jared, 143, 276, 277 McCulloch, Benjamin, 374 Manter, Francis H., portrait of, noted, 13 McCutcheon, John, cartoon by, 287, 289 Maps, early, in State Historical Society col­ (illus.) lection, 415 McDaniel, Lawrence, 79, 163 Marbut, Curtis Fletcher, 379 (illus.) McDermott, John Francis, 90, 159, 312; Marbut, Mrs. Florence (Martin), 379 (ed.), Indian Sketches Taken during an Marbut, Helen, 379 Expedition to the Pawnee Tribes, by John Marie, Queen of Hungary, 125 Treat Irving, Jr., 101-02; "Culture and the Maries County, centennial planned, 91; fair, Missouri Frontier," 355-70. 192 McDermott, Willard, 186 Marion County, arts, on history of, noted, McDonald, Joe, 128 201-02 McDonald, Mo., early county seat of Barry Marionville, Mo., Methodist Home for the County, 373-74 Aged, 313 McDonald County, 371 Mark Twain. See Clemens, Samuel L. McDowell, Mo., tornado in, 376 Mark Twain Home and Museum, 309-10 McEowen, Charles A., 195 Mark Twain Memorial Assoc, 86 McEwen, Dugald, Sr., 47 n. Mark Twain Municipal Board, 309-10 McEwen, Mrs. Dugald, Sr., 48 Mark Twain Society. See Mark Twain Me­ McEwen, Dugald, Jr., 47 n. morial Association MacFadden, Bernarr, art. on, noted 203; Markers, historical, 61, 89, 90, 312 obit., 213 Markers, highway historical, Cape Girardeau, McFarlin, Mrs. John, 184 77-78, Platte County, 87, at Bethel, 96, McFarling, Lloyd (ed.), Exploring the North­ 183-84, Hermann, 313, 414-15; Fort Or­ ern Plains, 1804-1876, 425 leans, 413-14, 416; program, 159-60 McFerron, Joseph, 56 Marmaduke, John Sappington, 68, 216-17, 322 McGee, Fry P., 189 Marquette, Jacques, outside back cover Jan. McGee, Milton, art. on, quoted, 332 issue (illus.) McGregor, William B., art. on, verso back Marquis, George C, art. by, listed, 337 cover, July issue (illus.) Marquis, Wilson M., obit., 213 McGuire, John C, verso t.p. Oct. issue Marsh, Mrs. Minnie Graves, 417 McGunnegle, G. K., 252, 254 Marsh, William, thesis by, 82 Mackay, James, 137, 285, 389; art. on, listed, Marshall, John, 157, 311, 348 118 Marshall, P. P., 370 McKeever, E. C, obit., 108 Marshall, Mo., Rotary Club of, 320 McKinley, William B., 102, 125, 329 Marshfield, Mo., 323; tornado of 1880, 376 McKinny, J. J., 414 Martin, Florence L. See Marbut, Mrs. Flor­ McLarty, Vivian K., (comp.) index to vol. L, ence (Martin) Missouri Historical Review, 437 Martin, George Monroe, obit., 213 McLeod, Archibald, 95 Martin, William McChesney, obit., 108 McMahan, Evan, 88 Martinsville, Mo., centennial of, 307 McMillian, Theodore, art. on, quoted, 430 Maryland, census schedules of, 162-63 McMurry, William Fletcher, 268; library of, Masons, prominent Missourians in, art. on, given to State Historical Society, 268 listed, 119; lodge in Franklin, 368; Louisi­ McMurry, Mrs. W. F., obit., 213 ana 109 lodge, art. on, listed, 436 Index 451

Massie, Gerald, 400 Middleton, J. H., 190 Masters, Henry, 198 Mid-Western telegraph system, 254 Masterson, H. Byron, 78 Miles, Mrs. K. N. White, art. by, noted, 101 Mastodon, found in Mo., 361 Militia, Confederate, Civil War Mathews, M. C, 191 —1st Mo. Brigade, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 Mathieu, A., 363 —6th Infantry Regiment, 4, 328 Mattes, Merrill J., 435 —Guibor's Artillery Battery, 4 Matthews, Francis, 320 —Lande's Artillery Battery, 4 Matthews, [John ?], 330 —Wade's Artillery Battery, 4 Mattingly, Roy, 308 —2nd Mo. Brigade, 4, 5 Maximilian, (Emperor of Mexico), 68-69, 99 —1st Cavalry, 4, 328 Maxwell, Mrs. Edwin, art. by, noted, 200 —2nd Cavalry, 328 Maxwell, James, 391 —3rd Cavalry, 4, 328 May, Leland, 197 —Dawson's Artillery Battery, 4 Mayer, Mrs. Charles F., 366 —Lowe's Artillery Battery, 4 Mayerberg, Samuel, 78 Militia, Union, Civil War Mayhew, D. M., 34, 42 —3rd Infantry Regiment, 5 Mayhew, George, 40 —6th Infantry Regiment, 5, 10 Meador, Bessie, 197 —7th Infantry Regiment, 5 Meador, E. N., 378 —8th Infantry Regiment, 5, 6, 7 Meador, F. A., 184, 376 —10th Infantry Regiment, 5 Meador, L. E., 85, 184 —11th Infantry Regiment, 5, 8 Medley, Christine, 77 —12th Infantry Regiment, 5 Meigs, Josiah, 396, 398 — 17th Infantry Regiment, 5 Meigs, R. J., 276 —27th Infantry Regiment, 5 Melholland, Bell. See Wild, Mrs. Bell (Mel- —29th-31st Infantry Regiments, 5, 296 holland) —35th Infantry Regiment, 5 Melton, Emory, 184, 194 —Landgraeber's Artillery Battery, 5 Memoirs by Harry S. Truman. Vol. I. Year —Artillery Battery A, 5 of Decisions, 322-23, Col. II. Years of Trial —Artillery Battery B, 5 and Hope, 424 —Artillery Battery C, 5 Memorial Day, founder of, 166 —Artillery Battery E, 5 Memories of a Librarian, by Charles H. —Artillery Battery F, 5 Compton, 106 —Arrillery Battery M, 5 Menke, Bill, art. on, listed, 338 —4th Mo. Cavalry, 5 Meriwether, Lee, 86 —6th Mo. Cavalry, 5 Merrett, Elman, 309 —10th Cavalry Regiment, 5 Merz, Oscar, 84 Militia, early, art. on, noted, 99 Messages and Proclamations of the Governors Miller, Bryan, 88 of the State of Missouri, Vol. XVII, ed. by Miller, Edwin Lundy, 188 Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, Miller, Frank, 184 published, 75, 162 Miller, Frank B., 126 Methodist Church Miller, Fred, 188 —Barry circuit of, 376 Miller, Jacob G., 267 —Bethel Episcopal Church, South, history Miller, John, 28, 196, 351 of, noted, 96 Miller, M. F., 196 —Cape Girardeau District, 54 Miller, Samuel, 266 —Cassville, first mission of, 376 Mills, early, saltpeter leaching, 205; arts, on, —Central College, 268; historical collec­ noted, 420 tion of, 199 —Bollinger's, 51 —Circuit riders of, book on, 104 —Tunnell, 311 —Cold Water, 56 —Watkins, 99 —hall of fame in philanthropy, 313, 314 Milner, Duncan C, art. on, noted, 421 —Hermann, 414 Miltenberger, Val E., obit., 108 —Home for the Aged, Marionville, 313 Milton, John, 358, 370 —Liberty, 314 Milwaukee Road, thesis on, 82 —McKendree, 56 Mine a Breton, 235, 240, 242, 245, 246 —Meramec Circuit of, 96 Mining in Mo., early, 235-41; first shaft of, —Monett, 378 sunk, 235, 237 —St. Louis, 1830's, 361 Miss Rex (horse), 125, 129 —schools of, in Mo., described, 95 Mississippi (steam frigate), 225 —Springfield, first in, 205 Mississippi River, early exploration of, Meuser, Kenneth G., 378 outside back cover Jan. issue (illus.) Mexican War, 169-70; Battle of Cerro Gordo, Mississippi River Parkway Route, St. Louis- 169; Battle of Chapultepec, 168, 170 (illus.); Hannibal section, 94 art. on, noted, 202; art. on Mo. soldiers in, Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society. See quoted, 336-37; Battle of Sacramento, American Horticultural Society 337; Battle of Brazito, 337 Missouri, state government organized, 16; Mexico, Mo., history of, noted, 98; as saddle struggle for statehood, 19-20; admitted to horse center, 121-29 (illus.); Ringo House, Union, 55; art. on progress in, noted, 320; 124, 130; Fair, 128; Elmwood cemetery, Civil War in, theses on, 83 130; named an "All American City," 1954, Missouri Archaeological Society, 205 191; art. on, quoted, 329; Southern Bank of, Missouri Bankers' Assoc, convention of, 195 404 Missouri Bar Assoc, 75th anniv. of, 312 Mexico Evening Ledger, 1953 award to, 167; Missouri Boys' Town, art. on, listed, 223 centennial edition of, noted, 191; art. on Missouri City, Mo., Nowlin, Sneed & Nowlin, centennial of, noted, 203 account book of, 419 Mexico Horse Sales Company, 122 Missouri Coal and Mining Company, 415 Miami, Mo., pictures of, noted, 315 Missouri Conference Historical Society, 95 Michel, Stella, 98, 317 Missouri, Day by Day, ed. by Floyd C.'Shoe­ Midas, (King of Phrygia), 135 maker, 70 ~ ** Middleton, Ben R., 122, 129 Missouri Dental Assoc, centennial of, 307 452 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Farmers Assoc, book on, 101 Morris, Jordan A., 31 Missouri Farmers in Action, by Ray Derr, 101 Morris, Kenneth W., obit., 427 Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs, 94; Morris, Lan, 122 Art Division of, 186 Morris, Mrs. Leon (Mann), 34, 35 Missouri Fruit Growers' Assoc. See Missouri Morse, Jedidiah, 368 Horticultural Society Morse, Samuel F. B., 248; telegraph patents Missouri Historical Data in Magazines, 117- of, 251, 254-55 19, 222-23, 337-38, 435-36 Moser, Winifred, donor, 199 Missouri Historical Review, index to vols. Motley, Mrs. R. L., 190, 313, verso t.p. XXVI-XLV, published, 75, 162, 299; July issue semicentennial of, 298-99; circulation of, Mott, Frank Luther, 198; trustee, 159 1955-56, 298 Moudy, J. D., 261 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 62, 66, Mount Pleasant, Mo., county seat of old 98, 189, 310, 312, 422 Barry County, 373 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks, Mount Tabor school, Ramsay Settlement, 56 111-17, 215-22, 328-37, 428-36 Mountain men, art. on, listed, 222 Missouri Horse Shows Assoc, publication of, Mower, Joseph A., 8; portrait of, noted, 13 noted, 98 Mowery, Miles, 31 Missouri Horticultural Society, 406 Mueller, Paul A., Jr., 77, 83, 187 Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc, Muir, Andrew Forest, art. by, listed, 337 thesis on, 82 Mullanphy, John, 137, 276, 359, 394 Missouri Military Academy, 405 Mumford, Frederick B., 196 Missouri Press Assoc, 269-306, inside back Munsey, Pierce, arts, by, noted, 98 cover Apr. issue Murietta, Joaquin, 208 Missouri Resources Museum, Jefferson City, Murphy, Franklin D., 76, 77 exhibits of, 232-33 (illus.) Myer, Albert, 40 Missouri "Show Me" Club, Los Angeles, Myers, A. E., verso t.p. Oct. issue Calif., 310 Myers, William C, Jr., donor, 113 Missouri Society of California, 97 Missouri State Council of Defense, 381 n. N Missouri State Teachers Assoc, centennial of, 307 Naeter, Fred W., 58, 59, 77-78, 193, 269; Missouri Territory, entered second stage, donor, 199 1812, 390 Naeter, George A., 58, 59, 77, 193, 269; Missouri Valley College, 290 donor, 199 "Missouri waltz," 94 Naeter, Nora, collection of European fans, 59 Missouri Writers Guild, 198 Nalley, __ (girl in Lawrence County), 33 "Missourians at Vicksburg," by Polly Huling, Nance, Evelyn, 187 1-15 (illus.) Nantucket Historical Association, 184-85 "Missouri's Namesakes of the Navy," by Napton, William B., 351-52 Marjorie Dysart, 225-34 (illus.) Nast, William, 262 Mitchell, Guy B., obit., 427 National Crime Commission, 289 Mitchell, W. T„ 43 National Park Service, 93, 197 Mize, Bill, 38-39 National Road, 249, 255 Mize, T. H., obit., 427 Native Sons of Kansas City, 86, 188-89, 310; Moehle, Odon Frank, thesis by, 83 and restoration of Ft. Osage, 80; 1952 and Moffett, E. R., 373 1955 awards to, 167, 195; publication of, Mohr, Charles E., 431 noted, 189; archives of, 203 Monaghan, Jay, Civil War on the Western Neal, __, 330 Border, 1854-1865, 321-22 Neal, Mrs. Edgar H., verso t.p. Jan. issue Monett, Henry, 377 Neal, Minnie Mills, verso t.p. Apr. issue Monett, Mo., Frisco Railroad offices in, 377; Neale, Ben M., verso t.p. Apr. issue established, 377-78; churches in, 378 Neale, Irwin, 308 Monett Times, 378 Needham, M. J., 43 Monrovia, Kan., July 4th celebration in, 434 "Negro Soldier" (Benton painting), verso Monsees, Louis M., 129 back cover Oct. issue Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Negroes, history of education of, in St. baron de la Brede et de, 367 Charles, noted, 95; first Catholic priest Monuments and memorials, 5, 6, 7, 12-15, among, 114 (illus.); Piney Woods Country 128 (illus.), 130 (illus.), 152, 156 (illus.) Life School of, art. on, noted, 205, quoted, 170-71, 175, 186-87, 193-94, 312-13, 418-19 220-21; Missouri's first circuit judge, 430 Moody, Isaac, 31 Neibarger, Clyde B., art. by, noted, 203 Moody, Laura. See Spilman, Mrs. Laura Nelson, W. Ripley, quoted, 184-85 (Moody) Nelson Gallery of Art. See William Rockhill Moody, Willis A., 36, 42 Nelson Gallery of Art Moomaw, Mrs. Leroy, 379 Neosho, Mo., art. on, listed, 118; historical Moore, Mrs. Cecil, verso t.p. Oct. issue marker dedicated, 160; Confederate cap­ Moore, Katherine B., art. by, noted, 100 ital, 1861, 374 Moore, Walter R., 336 Nevada Herald, centennial edition of, 90 Morales, Juan Ventura, 133, 143 New Albany, Ind., early telegraph in, 250 Morgan, J. G., 94, 184 New England Emigrant Aid Company, book Morgan, Venus, 187 on, 102-03 Morgan County, art. on county home in, New Haven, Mo., centennial of, 307 noted, 206 New Lucy (steamboat), 200 Mormons, western trail of, noted, 208; book New Madrid, Mo., early history of, 53-54; on of, 209; Indian chief in, 211; historical marker dedicated, 160 Jackson County, 1833, 341, 342-43 (illus.); New Madrid County, documents on land Clay County, 1834, 343; Caldwell County claims in, 198 organized for, 344; war with Missourians, New Madrid District, 50 344-45 , first governor of, 320 Morris, George Ford, 121, 126, 128, 130 New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Morris, Mrs. John P., 186 Telegraph Company, 254-55 Index 453

New York World's Fair, 1858, 264 Orr, Thomas G., Sr., obit., 326 Newberry, William Mason, obit., 108 Orthwein, Ralph, 128-29 Newby, J. D., Jr., obit., 427 Osage Purchase line, 50 Newman, Rex, art. by, quoted, 113 Osteopathy, thesis on research in, 82 Newspapers, early, 57 Osterhaus, Peter J., 3, 5, 8; bust of, 5, 12 Newton County, early history of, 371, 373 Ostrander, Allen R., 188 Nichols, Roy F., art. by, listed, 118 Ottawa, 111., early telegraph in, 256 Nicholson, Bob, 331 Otto, Carl J., 185 Nicholson, Donald H., 186 Ouachita Mountains, art. on geology of, Nifong, Frank G., obit., 108 quoted, 434-35, listed, 436 Nifong, Mrs. Frank G., 108 Outlaws, book on, 208 "Night Has a Thousand Eyes, The" (song), 63 Owens, J. M., 43 Nimitz, Chester W., 231; portrait of, noted, Ozarks, books on, 104, 106; superstitions in, 233 115; special days in, 115; ballad contest Ninevah, Mo., established, 266 on, 198; art. on log cabin in, noted, 202; North Missouri Railroad. See Wabash Rail­ book on Schoolcraft's trip to, 424; art. on road geology of, quoted, 434-35, listed, 436; North Montana Missouri Club, 197 history, art. on, listed, 436 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Ozarks Playground of Missouri, 373 established, 59; graduate theses of, 1953- 54, 82; thesis on athletics in, 82 Northern Lakes; A Summer Resort for In­ valids of the South, by Daniel Drake, 210 P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray, by Northwestern University, confers honorary Harry T. Williams, 105 degree on Herbert S. Hadley Pacific Railroad, Southwest Branch of, 296 Norton, Robert A., obit., 326 Page, Inman E., Library, Lincoln University, Nuderscher, Frank B., verso t.p. Oct. issue 79 Panama Canal, 228 O Pan-American Games, 124 Panhandle-Plains Historical Society and Its Oberholtz, L. E., verso t.p. Jan. issue Museum, The, by Joseph A. Hill, 424 Obituaries, 106-10, 211-14, 324-27, 425-27 Panic of 1819, 26 O'Bryen, Roland F., obit., 213 Pardoe, Julia, 366 O'Callaghan, Phyllis, 417 Pari, Hugh (ed.), Schoolcraft in the Ozarks, Ochsner, R. W., 414 424 O'Connor, Basil, 76 Parisi, Emoleme, verso t.p. July issue O'Connor, Dixie (Dick), art. by, noted, Park, Hugh (ed.) Reminiscences of the In­ 205-06 dians by Cephas Washburn, 105 Odin, John M., 58 Parker, A. N., 112 Oechsle, Albert, donor, 315 Parker, Edwin Brewington, 268 Oehler, Mrs. W. F., 77 Parker, Julian, 40, 42 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 358 Parks, Ben, 32, 42 Ogle, William, 56 Parks, J. D., 78 O'Hara, Edwin V., 202 Parks, W. W., 37-38, 42 O'Hara, William, 244 Parks, roadside, Pinnacle, 94; Wiese, 413-14, Ohio, book on governors of, 211; 1850 census 416; Frene Valley, 414 of, noted . 316 Parks, state. See State parks Ohio (U. S. battleship), 228 Parmer, Martin, 355 Ohio and Mississippi Telegraph Company, Parocchi, Lucido Maria, 114 250 Parrish, Dinks, 124 Ohio State Historical Society, Governors of Parrish, William E., "David Rice Atchison, Ohio, 211 Frontier Politician," 339-54 Oklahoma City, Okla., Colon ial Art Com­ Parsons, Mrs. Hattie, 85 pany, 313 Patee, John, art. on, listed, 436 Oklahoma Historical Society, 97 Patents, number issued to Missourians, 1882, Oklahoma Memorial Association, 314 328; Alabama, 328; Connecticut, 328 "Old Barry County, Mother of Eight South­ Patrick, Pearl Haley, art. by, noted, 319, west Missouri Counties," by Floyd C. quoted, 332 Shoemaker, 371-80 (illus.) Patten, Nathaniel, 370 Olin, John M., 418 Patton, Herbert McCoy, obit., 213 Olin-Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 418 Patton, John, 416 Oliver, Allen L., donor, 97 Patton, Mrs. Lena, 187 Oliver, Mrs. Marie Watkins, 61 Paul, Gabriel, 364 Olwine, Margaret, art. by, noted, 203 Paxton, John, 34, 42 Olympic games, try-outs for, 123, 124; U. S. Paxton, R. H., obit., 213 Three-Day Equestrian Team of, 123 Payne, Mr. and Mrs. G., 112 Oneal, __ (teacher), 40-41 Payne, John, 34 O'Neill, William( Buckey), art. on, noted, 421 Payne, Moses U., 426; art. on, noted, 200 Onstott, Hal M., 85 Payne, Zlypha, 112 Operle, Mrs. Martin, 87 Payne-Aldrich Bill, 291 Ord, E. O. C, 5 Pea Ridge, Ark., Battle of, 68, 322 Ordinance of 1787, 52 Peake, Ora Brooks, A History of the United Oregon, settlement of, 266-68, 339, 351 States Indian Factory System, 1795-1822, Oregon Trail, books on, 105, 209 105 O'Reilly, Alexander, 133 Pearce, N. B., 374 O'Reilly, Henry, and the telegraph to St. Pearson, John A., 42 Louis, 248-58 (illus.) Peck, John Mason, 56; quoted, 57, 360 O'Reilly, Mrs. Marcia (Brooks), 248 n. Peebles, Thomas, 358 Organ, Minnie, art. by, quoted, 429-30 Pelot, J. M., art. by, listed, 117 O'Rielly, Henry. See O'Reilly, Henry Pelzer, Louis, 281 n. Oronogo, Mo., centennial of, 307 Pemberton, John C, 1, 3, 4, 10-11, 12 Orr, Isaac H., obit., 108 Penick, Herb, 308 454 Missouri Historical Review

Penn, Shadrick, 351 Pool, Cance A., obit., 326 Penney, James Cash, 314; art. on, noted, Pope, Icie May, 94 202-03 Popham, Otis A., obit., 427 Penrose, Clement Biddle, 272-86 Porter, Mrs. Clyde, art. by, noted, 320 Peoria, 111., early telegraph in, 256 Porter, David D., 9 Percival, A. E., 231 Postal order money system, 91st anniv. of, 204 Perry, George Sessions, art. by, listed, 436 Potosi, Mo., 240 (illus.), 245, 246, 367 (illus.); Perry, Lewis Charles Claud, obit., 108 Moses Austin tomb at, 246 (illus.) Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 231 Potts, Joseph, 122, 124 Pershing, John J., 114, 418; thesis on, 82 Powell, Victor Morgan, thesis by, 83 Peru, 111., early telegraph in, 256, 257 Power, Edward J., art. by, listed, 119 Peters, Clarence, 84 "Prairie Park," Arrow Rock, art. on, noted, Peters, D. A., 378 202 Peters, P. H., obit., 326 Pratt, Addison, 207 Peters, Pearl, 378 Pratte, Bernard, 139, 141 n., 271, 276, 280, Petersen, William J., arts, by, listed, 118, 389, 391 177, 194 Pratte family, 367 Peterson, Tom, 187 Preacher's Progeny, by Clara Reasoner Barry, Pettis County, cemetery records of, 419; 106 1880 census record of, 419 Prentiss, B. M., 216-17 Petty, Joel H., 31 Presbyterian Church Pew, John B., 189 —founder of, in Ky., 340 Peyroux de la Coudreniere, Henry, 367-68 — Monett, 378 Peyroux de la Coudreniere, Madame Henry, —St. Louis, 1830's, 361 367 — Washington Female Seminary, 58 Peyroux de la Coudreniere, Pierre, 367 Presidential proclamation, Apr. 30, 1818, 395 Phelps, John S., 417 Preston, Eugene L., 419 Phelps County, arts, on and pictures of, Preston, James T., 28 noted, 204; "Bishop's Year," in, 205 Preston family, 419 Phi Beta Kappa, 24th triennial council meet­ Price, R. B., 159 ing of, 96 Price, R. H., obit., 108 Phi Lambda Epsilon, founded, 319 Price, Risdon H., 244, 246 Philips, John F., 172, 293 Price, Sterling, 68, 296, 320, 322, 374, 375; Philipson, Joseph, 363-64 arts, on, noted, 202 Phillips, Bert G., 323 Prices, land, 1867, 47; land in Barry County, Phillips, C. A., 287, 309 1879-1883, 377; city lots at Shelbyville, Phillips, John, 205 1836, 260 Pickard, John, art. on, listed, 337 Prier, Edith, 197 Piedmont, Mo., centennial, 89, 91, 192, 324; Primm, James Neal, 190 book on history of, 324 Princeton (steamboat), 333-34 Pigg, Elmer L., 417 Pritchard, James Avery, art. on, listed, 119 Pike, Zebulon M., 363; arts, on, listed, 118, Pritchett, C. P., 190 337 Pritchett College, 63 Pike County Historical Society, 87, 166, 190, "Private Land Claims in Missouri," by Le- 310, 312, 417-18 mont K. Richardson, Part I, 132-44, Part Pilcher, Joshua, 243-44 II, 271-86, Part III, 387-99 Pilot Knob, Battle of, 322 Probst, Louis H., obit., 214 Piney Woods Country Life School, Piney Proctor, David, obit., 214 Woods, Miss., art. on, noted, 205, quoted, Proctor, Emma. See Southern, Mrs. Emma 220-21 (Proctor) Pinnacle Roadside Park, 94 Provenchere, Peter, 139 Pioneer Artists of Taos, by Laura M. Bicker- Pruitt, B. W., 41 staff, 323 Pruitt, Bethuel, 36, 38, 42 Pippin, Frank J., 89 Pruitt, E. B., 36, 41 Pitts, Elmer J., obit., 108 Pruitt, M. E., 43 Pitts, Paul, 90 Pruitt, Martha, 42 Pitts, Warren, 188 Public Buildings, State Board of, 80 Pittsville, Mo., Enon Baptist Church, 188 Public Health and Welfare, State Depart­ Pius XII, 319 ment of, 331 Pizarro, Francisco, back cover, Oct. issue Pulitzer, Joseph, 93 Platte County, established, 346-47; first Pulitzer prize, inside back cover Jan. issue session of Circuit Court in, 347 Pullen, Roscoe L., 185 Platte County Historical Society, 87; Bulletin Purdy, Mo., 376 of, 310 Purnell, William Reynolds, 417; obit., 108 Platte Purchase, 346-47, 351 Pursely, .... (teacher, Lawrence County), 32 Platte Territory, annexed to Mo., 343 42 Pleasant Hill, Mo., art. on, 1871, 112 Pyle, C. Homer, art. by, noted, 95 Plumb, Ralph, art. by, listed, 338 Plymouth Junction, Mo. See Monett, Mo. Pohlman, George, collection, 415 Q Pohlman, Mrs. George, donor, 415 Quantrill, William Clarke, 322, 432; art. on, Pohlman, J. Harry, obit., 214 listed, 435 Polar Star (steamboat), 200 Quantrill, Mrs. William Clarke, art. on, Polinsky, Gerald Rudman, thesis by, 83 listed, 435 Polish in Barry County, 377 Quarles, John, 320 "Political Philosophy and Political Person­ Quigley, Martin, art. by, listed, 118 ality of Thomas H. Benton, The," by Quilting party, 365-66 (illus.) Perry McCandless, 145-58 (illus.) Quincy, 111., early telegraph in, 256, 257; St. Polk, James Knox, 157, 250, 336, 423 Boniface Catholic Church, 114; Quincy Pomarede, Leon, 364 College, 114 Pomeroy, Augustus, 368 Quisenberry, Bruce, donor, 420 Pony Express Trails Assoc, 197 Quitman, Mo., centennial of, 307-08 Index 455

R Rickey, Joseph Kyle, 113 Ridder, Ben C, 414 Railroads, 324; early, art. on, noted, 95; Riddick, Thomas F., 390 St. Louis, outside back cover April issue Ridgeway, Matthew, 115 —Cassville and Exeter, 378 Ridings, M. O., donor, 200 —Cassville and Western. See Cassville Rindisbacher, Peter, 364 and Exeter Rinehart, Rupert L., 161 —Gulf System, 60 Ringling brothers, 126 —Hannibal and St. Joseph, 260-61, 319, "Rise of Thomas H. Benton in Missouri 331, 415 Politics, The," by Perry McCandless, 16-29 —Illinois Central, 310 Rising, Franklin Samuel, art. on, listed, 337 —North Missouri. See Wabash Ritzenthaler, Joseph L., obit., 326 —Pacific, Southwest branch, 296 River towns, in Mo., thesis on, 82 —St. Louis and Iron Mountain, 59-60 Roads, "Old Military," art. on, noted, 204; —St. Louis and San Francisco, 60, 376-78 Old Wire, historical marker on, 193-94, —Wabash, 99 375-76 (illus.) Ralls, Daniel, 21 (illus.) Roadside parks. See Parks, roadside Ralls County, arts, on history of, noted, 201- Robberson, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane, art. on, 02; first Negro Catholic priest born in, 114 noted, 321 Ramsey, Andrew, 50-51, 53; Settlement, 51, Robert Rysdyk (horse), 122 56 Roberts, Lowell, 31 Randall, John, 51 Roberts, Joseph, 347 Randolph, John, 145-46, 275 n. Robertson, David H., 113 Randolph, Vance, inside back cover Oct. Robidoux, Antoine, book on, 207 issue; The Devil's Pretty Daughter and Robidoux, Joseph, 207 Other Ozark Folk Tales, 104 Robinett, P. M., Historical Background of Ranken, David R., Jr., School of Mechanical the United States Army, 1775-1955, 95 Trades, 418-19 Robinson, Albert Earl, art. by, noted, 203 Rankin, Louis J., 296 Roby, O. C, art. on, noted, 200 Ransford, Charles Orrin, 199 Rock Island, 111., early telegraph in, 257 Rapp, George, 263 Rodgers, Harris D., 94, 196; donor, 199 Rassieur, Leo, 13 n. Rogers, Will, quoted, 127 Ravitz, Abe C, art. by, listed, 223 Rolla Daily Herald, special edition of, noted, Ray, E. Lansing, 159, 160, 314; obit., 76, 204 109; honorary degree, 92 Rolla Daily News, 9th Progress Edition of, Ray, E. Lansing, Jr., 76 noted, 205 Ray, John, 378 Rollin, Charles, 368 Ray, Mrs. Mary Hayes (Burkham), 76 Rollins, James Sidney, art. on, listed, 223 Ray, Means, 378 Romjue, M. A., verso t.p. Jan. issue Ray, Russell D., donor, 95-96 Roop, Lewis W., donor, 287 Ray, Worth S., Austin Colony Papers, 206 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125, 227, 289, 295, Rayburn, Otto Ernest, art. by, quoted, 115 421, 432 Ray burn, Sam, 313 Rope making, manual on, noted, 315 Rector, Elias, 243-44 Ross, Charles R., 246 Rector, William, 395 Ross, John, 253 Redburn, F. M., art. on, noted, 203 Roth, — (teacher, Lawrence County), 34, 42 Redford, Martha, 188 Rottman, Mrs. Leroy, 186 Reed, James Frazier, 103 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 360 Reed, Roy Earl, thesis by, 82 Roy, Baptiste, 355 Rehkopf, Charles F., verso t.p. July issue Rozelle, Mrs. Alice C, 85 Reid, Mrs. William, donor, 97, 166 Rozier, George A., 79, 159, 160, 187, 196, 414 Reiter, Louise. See Keil, Mrs. Louise Reiter) Rozier, Mrs. Henry L., Jr., 87, 186 Remington, Stephen, 57 Rozier, Leo J., 167 Reminiscences of a Circuit Rider, by George Rucker, Frank W., 306 T. Ashley, 104 Ruddle, George, 198 Reminiscences of the Indians by Cephas Wash­ Ruffin, James E., 85, 188 burn, ed. by Hugh Park, 105 Rumbold, Frank M., 13 n. Renick, R. N., 253 Rushville, 111., early telegraph in, 256 Renick, Mo., centennial of, 308 Rusk, Howard A., 314 Reppy, Mrs. Albertise Coon, donor, 98 Russell, Mrs. Hal, 206 Republican party, national convention of Russell, Marian, memoirs of, 206-07 1912, 289; of 1860, 296 Russell, Oland D., verso t.p. Apr. issue Resources and Development Division, book­ Russell, William, 56, 285 let by, 98, 198; Newsletter of, changed to Ruxton, George Frederick, 320, 336 Missouri News Magazine, 420 Ryan, Harold W., art. by, listed, 222 Revenue bond amendment, approved, 307 Ryan, John (Jack), 40, 42 Revolutionary War, Battle of King's Moun­ Ryan, W. A., 78 tain, 259 Ryle, Walter H., 92 Rex McDonald (horse), 121, 128-31, 329; illus.) outside front cover Jan. issue, 121; monuments to, 128 (illus.), 130 (illus.) Reynolds, Thomas, 347, 350, 351, 352 Rice, David Holt, 340 Sacajawea (Indian guide), art. on, listed, 223 Rice, Herbert F., art. by, noted, 100, 319 Sachs, Howard F., art. by, quoted, 112, listed, Rice, Samuel, 188 118 Rich, Charles C, 207 St. Charles, Mo., art. on architecture in, Rich, Mark, 191 noted, 321 Rich Hill, Mo., 75th anniv., 89-90 St. Charles College, founded, 95 Richardson, James, 141 n. St. Charles County, 259 Richardson, Lemont K., "Private Land St. Charles District, 259 Claims in Missouri," Part I, 132-44, Part St. Francois County, arts, on history of, II, 271-86, Part III, 387-99 noted, 201 456 Missouri Historical Review

St. Joseph, Mo., Fortnightly Musical Club, St. Louis and Louisville Telegraph Company, 64, 308; Patee House, arts, on, listed, 436 249-57 St. Joseph Historical Society, 190, 311; art. on, St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad, 60, listed, 435 376-78 St. Louis, Mo. "St. Louis and the Early Telegraph, 1847- —Academy of Science, 317 1857," by John E. Sunder, 248-58 —Agricultural and Mechanical Assoc, fairs, St. Louis College. See St. Louis University art. on, listed, 222 St. Louis Enquirer, 145; established, 18-20, 23, —Anheuser-Busch, Inc., back cover Oct. 24, 362 issue St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 6th Christmas Carol —anniversary of, 192nd, 312 Pageant of, 314 —arts, on, listed, 117-19, 435 St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation, —Bank of, 242-46 312 —Beaumont Society, 311-12 St. Louis Library Association, 359 —booklet on, 198 St. Louis Missouri Gazette, 283 n.; established, —Broadway, art. on, noted, 320-21 57, 362 —Campbell House Museum. See Campbell St. Louis Newspaper Guild, "Page One Civic House Museum Award" of, 314 —Christmas carolers, art. on, listed, 337 St. Louis Symphony Society, 76 —churches in, 1830's, 361 "St. Louis to San Francisco—1858-1861," art. —City Art Museum, Wimar paintings in, 67 listed, 436 —Concordia Historical Institute, 84, 308, St. Louis University, 360; graduate theses of, 416 1953-54, 82; microfilm of Vatican Library, —culture in, early 19th century, 356-64 319; Pious XII Memorial Library of, 319 —David R. Ranken, Jr., School of Mechan­ St. Mary's Seminary, 58 ical Trades, 418-19 St. Patrick, Mo., art. on, listed, 117 —DePaul Hospital, art. on, noted, 101 St. Peters, Mo., centennial of, 312 —Exposition and Music Hall, 189 St. Vincent's Academy, established, 58, see —Fair, 128, 129, 130 also St. Vincent's College —fire of 1849, 253 St. Vincent's College, 58, 78 —founding of, outside back cover, Apr. St. Vrain, Jacques, 136, 285, 394 issue (illus.) Ste. Genevieve, Mo., historical booklet on, —history of, art. on, noted, 204; thesis on, 83 published, 87; history tour of, 186; Old —horse show, 1894, 128 Academy, 186; Trading Post, 186; arts, on —hospital, 101 history of, noted, 201, 204 —Hungarians in, art. on, noted, 422 Ste. Genevieve Historical Society, 87, 166 —Jefferson Memorial, Wimar paintings in, Sala, Dorothy, 189 67 Saline County, organized and named, 320 —Jockey Club, 189 Saline County Historical Society, 87-88, 100, —John Scullin School, 98, 317 190-91, 311 —Kennett's Shot Tower, 255 Saline County Medical Society, organized, 100 —Mercantile Library, founded, 359 Salkey, J. Sydney, obit., 214 —Mercantile Trust Company, centennial Sander, C. H., 77 of, 192 Sanders, W. J., 87 —Mid-America Jubilee, 310 Santa Fe Trade, aided by Benton, 24, 25 —Missouri Sales Stables, 123 Santa Fe Trail, 385; book on, 206-07; art. on, —Mullanphy Hospital, 101 listed, 435 —Municipal Opera Assoc, 76, 92; thesis on Sappington, A. D., 414 history of, 82 Sappington, John, 202, 317, 370 —Museum of Transport, 310 Sappington, William B., 202 —Old Cathedral, 361 (illus.), 364 Sarcoxie, Mo., "Old Maid's Mutual Aid" —Old Courthouse, Wimar paintings in, Club, 216 66-67, 197 Sauer, William E., obit., 214 —picture of, 1832, 357 (illus.) Saugrain, Antoine, 361-62 —Planters House, 249 Saults, Dan, art. by, noted, 100 —Plaza area, pictures of, noted, 205 Sawyers, William Orr, verso t.p. Apr. issue —Public Library, book on, 106 Sayman, T. M., 379 —Riddick & Pilcher's store, 242 Scheufler, Edward L., verso t.p. July issue —Scruggs, Vandervoort, and Barney, dur­ Schlafly, James J., history by, noted, 202 ing Civil War, 330-31 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 146 —sewerage and drainage in, 1764-1954, Schlichtman, George, 81 thesis on, 82 School District Reorganization Law, 1948, —Shaws Garden, 94 thesis on, 83 —Sisters' Hospital of Daughters of Charity Schoolcraft, Henry R., book on Ozarks trip of St. Vincent de Paul, 101 of, 424 —Stix, Baer, and Fuller Company, 422 Schooling, Gilbert, 36 —Teamsters Local 688, Trustees of Board Schooling, Lucinda, 33 of Insurance and Welfare Fund, 321 Schooling, Robert, 41, 42 —telegram, fire-alarm, art. on, listed, 337 Schools, early, 215; art. on, 30-43 (illus.); —telegraph in, 1847-1857, 248-58 (illus.) Cape Girardeau County, 58-59; old Barry —television in, thesis on, 82; art. on, listed, County, 376 (illus.) 118 Schrantz, Ward L., 93; arts, by, noted, 200, —Theatre, 363 (illus.) 318 —Typographical Union, centennial of, 307 Schucart, Barney R., 308 —Union Hotel, 242 Schuppener, Dewey D., obit., 427 —Union Station, art. on, listed, 436 Schurz, Carl, Memorial Foundation, 337; art. —U. S. Land office, first, 1815, 394 on, listed, 338 —University. See St. Louis University Scott, Davis C, 85 —World's Fair, 173 Scott, H. C, obit., 109 St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Assoc, Scott, John, 21-22, 27, 391, 395, 396 fair of, 189 Scott, Sir Walter, 368 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 59-60 Scribner, Robert L., art. by, listed, 119 Index 457

Scruggs, R. S., 330 —portrait of, to be painted, 160, 167 Scruton, George H., trustee, 159 —Senate Resolution No. 98 on, 167 Sea Bird (steamboat), 58 —"Shelby County, Home of Experimenta­ Second Eden, by Cobie de Lespinasse, 104 tion, Progress, and Good Citizenship," Sedalia, Mo., Kiwanis Club, 313 259-70 (illus.) Seiter, John, 308 —speaker, 77, 84, 86, 92, 96, 183-84, 185, Seminole Indian War, 169; Mo. volunteers in, 187,414 criticized, 345-46 —"This Week in Missouri History" (ed.), Senteny, Pembroke S., portrait of, noted, 12 62-69, 168-76, 287-97 (illus.) Sergeant, J. B., 373 —"Vignettes of Famous Missourians" Settle, William A., Jr., donor, 316 (dir.), 400-07 Setzer, Glenn M., 190 Shoemaker, Mrs. Floyd C. (ed.), Cumulative Seward, William S., 330 Index to the Missouri Historical Review, Shaeffer, Rebie, verso t.p. Apr. issue volumes 26-45, 162 Shaffer, Merle, 188 Shoop, Duke, art. by, noted, 202 Shaforth, John Franklin, 420 Shope, Irvin, art. by, listed, 118 Shakespeare, William, 370 Shreve, Henry M., 250 Shannon, James, 112 Shuck, Kenneth M., 84 Shannon, Thomas J., 317 Shuck, Mike, 355 Sharp, Joseph Henry, 323 Shurlds, Henry, 415 Shartel, Stratton, obit., 327 Sibley, George C, 80, 358 Shaw, Henry, 94, 362 Sibley, Mrs. Mary (Easton), quoted, 358 Shaw House, Ste. Genevieve, 186 Sigel, Franz, 322 Sheaff, Virginia (co-auth.), A Century of Faith; Sigma Delta Chi, 76, 92 The Story of the First Baptist Church, Kansas Sikeston Daily Standard, special progress edi­ City, Missouri, 1855-1955, 424-25 tion of, noted, 422 Shelbina, Mo., laid out, 260, 261 Simmons, Art, 123 Shelbina Democrat, established, 261 Simmons, Lucy, 92 Shelbina Weekly Gazette, established, 261 Simonds, John, 253 Shelby, Isaac, 259 Simpson, Anne Mason. See Smith, Mrs. Anne Shelby, Joseph Orville, 186-87, 316, 322; art. Mason (Simpson) on, 67-69, (illus.), 217, noted, 99-100; Simpson, Mrs. J. E., 188 monument, 69 (illus.) Simpson, Robert, 197, 242, 246 Shelby County, historical marker dedicated, Sincox, T. W., 185 183-84; organized, 259; origin of name, 259; "Singing," by Robert Steele Withers, 381-86 county seat established, 260; railroad in, Sisters of the Humility of Mary, centenary 260-261; newspapers in, 261, 268-70; popu­ souvenir of, 315; founded, 316 lation, 1840, 261, 1860, 261; political parties Sitton, John J., 43 in 261; Civil War in, 261-62; early settle­ Six Boils country, 371 ments in, 259-66; famous sons of, 268-70; Six Bulls country, 371 historical marker in, 259 n., 270; collection Six-Guns and Saddle Leather; a Bibliography on early history of, 415 of Books and Pamphlets on Western Outlaws "Shelby County, Home of Experimentation, and Gunmen, by Ramon F. Adams, 208 Progress, and Good Citizenship," by Skift, Thomas, 39-40 Floyd C. Shoemaker, 259-70 (illus.) Skobelev, Mikhail Dimitrievich, 217 Shelbyville, 111., early telegraph in, 254 Slankard, Wayne V., obit., 427 Shelbyville, Mo., early history of, 260; court­ Slavens, James H., art. on, noted, 205 house, 260 Slavery, Cape Girardeau County, 1820, 58; Shelbyville Shelby County Herald, 261 issue in Mo. Terr., 19-20 Shelbyville Shelby County Weekly, established, Sloane, Eric, American Barns and Covered 261 Bridges, 210 Shelbyville Spectator, established, 261 Sloane, Howard N., 431 Shelbyville Star of the Prairie, established, 261 Slover, Leon A., 414 Shepard, Isaac F., portrait of, noted, 13 Sly, Kyle L., art. by, listed, 222 Sheppard, Charles, 188 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, 86 Sheppard, Myrtle Vorst, art. by, listed, 222 Smith, Andrew Jackson, 197 Sheridan, Mo., Twentieth Century Club, 191 Smith, Mrs. Anne Mason (Simpson), 197 Sherley,— (teacher, Lawrence County), 32, 42 Smith, Arthur M., Temple Lot Deed, 209 Sherman, Mrs. Charles C, 88 Smith, Beverly, art. by, listed, 223 Sherman, William T., 1-2, 5, 6, 12, 197, 296, Smith, E. Herbert, obit., 427 322 Smith, Edward T., obit., 214 Sherwood, Robert Emmet, art. on, listed, 435 Smith, F. O. J., 248 Shields, James, 316; art. on, 168-71 (illus.) Smith, Forrest, official papers of, published, Shoemaker, Floyd C, 93, 96, 313, 421 75; picture of, noted, 75; book on papers of, —Amer. Assn. for State and Local Hist. noted, 162 award to, 159, 167, 194-95 Smith, Giles A., 6, 7; bust of, 7, 12 —"Annual Meeting of the State Historical Smith, John B. N., 243 Society of Missouri, 1955, 159-67 Smith, John T. See Smith T., John —art. by, listed, 223 Smith, Joseph, 341-42, 344, 425 —art. on, 218-19, noted, 204 Smith, Joseph J., obit., 327 —"Cape Girardeau, Most American of Smith, Martin L., 4, 11 Missouri's Original Five Counties," 49-61 Smith, Obe, 39 (illus.) Smith, Obed, 31 —honorary degree to, 167 Smith, Okey, 112 —Messages and Proclamations of the Gover­ Smith, R. L. (Uncle Bob), 331 nors of the State of Missouri (co-ed.), Smith, Ross C, 81 Vol. XVII, 75-76, 162 Smith, Samuel, 277 Smith, Sanford J., 252 —messages from, personal, 70, 177, 298, Smith, Sol, 363 408-09 Smith, T. W., 243, 244 —Missouri, Day by Day (ed.), 70 Smith, Thomas A., 22, 370 —"Old Barry County, Mother of Eight Smith, W. K., Jr., donor, 97 Southwest Missouri Counties," 371-80 Smith, Mrs. Walton, verso t.p. Apr. issue 458 Missouri Historical Review

Smith T., John, 239-40, 283, 284, 285, 355, Stael, Madame de. See Stael, Anna Louise 391, 393 Germaine Necker, Baroness de Snell, Mrs. E. M., letter from, quoted, 434 Stakely, C. C, 42 Snider, Vandelia, 309 Stalcup, Elizabeth, 311 "Snow White" (operetta), 64 Staley, Allen, 124 Social customs, 365-66 Staley, Walter, Jr., 123-24 Society of American Historians, 103 Standard Oil Company, 288 Sokol, Mrs. Lena Hiller, 186 Stanley, Theodore, Collection of baskets, 59 Solomon, Samuel, 358 Stansbury, Olin P., 416 Somerville, George W., 84, 161, 187, 309; Stanton, W. A., 188 arts, by, noted, 420 Stapel, John C, donor, 161 Songs, Missouri writer of, 62-64; early, art. Stapel, Mrs. Portia Pen well, obit., 109 on, 381-86 Stapleton, Mrs. William P., obit., 214 Sons of the American Revolution Stapp, Mrs. Florence, 87 —Missouri Society, history tour of, 186 "Star of Bethlehem, The" (song), 63 Soulard, Antoine, 140-44 (illus.), 271, 274, Stark, Edwin, 190 276, 277, 280, 389, 394, 398 Stark, Lloyd C, verso back cover July issue Soupos, Mrs. Basil, 189 Stark, Paul, Sr., 87 South Carolina, census schedules of, 162-63 State bird, 94 South in American Literature, 1607-1900, The, State flag, 94; birthplace of, 61; adopted, 61 by Jay B. Hubbell, 208 State flower, 94 Southeast District Agricultural Society, incor­ State Historical Society of Missouri porated, 59 —acquisitions, 79-81, 95-98, 162-66 (illus.), Southeast Missouri State College, 60; esta­ 198-200, 315-16, 317, 415, 419, 420 blished, 58-59; Kent Library museum, 59; —Annual Meeting, 1942, 166, 1945, inside Beckwith Indian Collection, 59; Chatham back cover Jan. issue, 1955, 121 n., 159-67 Collection of firearms, 59; Duckworth Col­ —appropriations, for, 1917-1918, 1919- lection of geological specimens, 59; Houck 1920, inside back cover Apr. issue, 1920, Collection of statuary, 59; Nora Naeter 1937, verso back cover July issue Collection of fans, 59; Theodore Stanley —awards to, 167 Collection of baskets, 59 —Bay, J. Christian, collection, 162, 164-65 Southeimer, Morton, art. by, fisted, 223 —Benton collection, verso back cover Oct. Southern, Mrs. Emma (Proctor) 396 issue Southern, James A., art. by, noted, 421 —bequests and gifts to, 166 Southern, William N., Jr., obit., 306 —Fitzpatrick collection, inside back cover Southern-Book-of-the-Month Club, founded, Jan. issue 200 —founded, 269 Spanish in America, early, back cover. Oct. —Highway historical marker program of, issue (illus.) 77-78, 87, 96, 159-60, 183-84, 313, 413-14, Spanish land grants, 17, 22, 23; to Lorimier, 416 50, 57 —library of, 162-64 Spanish land policy, 53; 1763-1800, 132-34 —map collection of, 162-63 Spanish Regime in Missouri, The, by Louis —McMurry collection of, 268 Houck, noted, 60 —membership: members active in increas­ Spanish-American War, 227; arts, on, quoted, ing 70-72, 178-80, 299-301, 409-11; new, 329-30 72-74, 180-83, 301-05, 411-13; member Sparks, E. L., donor, 315 for longest period, 97; total, 161, 180, 301, Spear, Mary, 366 411; honorary, inside back cover Oct. and Spector, Stanley, 417 Jan. issues; largest in U. S., 161, 218; life, Spence, Hartzell, art. by, listed, 338 161; growth of, 161; auxiliary, 416 Spencer, Mrs. D. Gary, 187 —microfilm collection, 162-64 Spencer, George A., 167 —newspaper collection, 162-63, 315 Spencer, Murlin, art. by, noted, 202 —officers of, inside front cover all issues, Sperry, N. C, 261 76, 77, 97; elected, 1955, 159-60 Spillman, Ramsay, donor, 95 —publications, 75, verso vack cover Oct. Spillman, William Jasper, 30, 39, 42, 95 issue, 162 Spilman, Brownlow, 39 State parks, Roaring River, 379-80; Pershing, Spilman, Flora. See Burke, Mrs. Flora 418 (Spilman) State song, 94 Spilman, Frank, 35, 40 State tree, 94 Spilman, J. F., 41 States' rights doctrine, 339 Spilman, J. J., 30, 31, 42 Stauffer Publications, Inc., 306 Spilman, John, 31 "Steamboating on the Missouri River," art. Spilman, John F., "History of Sylvan School, on, listed, 118 Lawrence County, Missouri," 30-43 (illus.) Steamboats, books on, 210; pictures of, noted, Spilman, Mrs. Laura (Moody), 33 315; art. on traffic of, on Grand River, Spilman, Louis, 36 noted, 420 Spilman, Martha, 42 —Cincinnati, 9 Spilman, Mary, 35 —New Lucy, 200 Spilman, N. C, 31 —Polar Star, 200 Spilman, Nancy, 35-36 —Princeton, 333-34 Spradling, A. M., Jr., 77 —Sea Bird, 58 Spratt, Mrs. W. R., 87 Steffen, Mrs. Gertrude, obit., 109 Spring River Sunday School, art. on, noted, Steinkuhle, Mrs. Fred, 186 100-01 Stemmons, Jessie, 85 Springer, Mrs. Roy, 83 Stephens, Mrs. Howard P., 98 Springfield, 111., early telegraph in, 256 Stephens, Hugh, 88, 100, 193 Springfield, Mo., Art Museum historical gal­ Stephens, James L., 98 lery, 84-85; Bar Association, 188; Battle of, Stephens, Peyton, 98 68; first Methodist Church in, 205; art. on, noted, 422 Stephens College, 215, 331; centennial of, 307 Stael, Anna Louise Germaine Necker, Stevens, Walter, 113 Baroness de, 367 Stevenson, John D., portrait of, noted, 23 Index 459

Stewart, Mrs. Carroll Loy, verso t.p. Jan. issue Television, channel nine, St. Louis, thesis on, Stewart, Joseph D., 84, 187 82 Stidham, J. H., verso t.p. Jan. issue Temple Lot Deed, by Arthur M. Smith, 209 Stigall, Bennet M., verso t.p. Apr. issue; Ten Mile Drive, 61; pictures of, noted, 199 donor, 316 Tennessee, number of caves in, 431 Still, Andrew T., art. on, listed, 118 Terre Haute, Ind., early telegraph in, 254 Still, Charles E., obit., 109 Territorial legislature Stockton, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., 202 —1813, authorized the Bank of St. Louis, Stoddard, Amos, 135, 137, 140, 362; quoted, 242 53, 54, 356, 358 Texas, book on Austin colony in, 206; Moses Stokes, Mrs. Virginia, art. by, noted, 321 Austin land grant in, 246-47; "Father of." Stone, Barton Warren, book on, 209 See Austin, Stephen F. Stone, Edwin, 221 Theses relating to Missouri, 1953-54, 82-83 Stone, Kate, journals of, 105 Thilenius, Mrs. A. W., 187 Stone, William Joel, 330; art. on, 287, 290-92 "This Week in Missouri History," (ed.) by (illus.); statue of, 287, 292 (illus.) Floyd C. Shoemaker, 62-69, 168-76, 287-9*7 Stonebraker, J. N., art. on, inside back cover Thomas, C. L., 416 April issue (illus.) Thompson, Henry C, arts, by, noted, 201, 420 Story of Piedmont, The, by Albion and Velma Thornton, John, 342 n. Daniel, 324 Thornton Star (horse), 122 Stover, Jacob Y., 207 Thorp, James T., 315; obit., 327 Strange, Tubal E., 57 Tice, Herbert, obit., 327 Strate, Marvin W., donor, 198 Tilden, Samuel, 290 Strategic Air Command, base renamed, 313 Tingley, William, 373 Strong, Charles M., verso t.p. Apr. issue Tinkle, Mrs. Frony, 347 Strowger, Almon Brown, 420; art. on, quoted, Tinkle, John, 347 433; Automatic Telephone Exchange, 433 Tipton, Mo., Butterfield Overland Mail Study, Harry P., obit., 327 marker at, 376 Stumberg, Mrs. Cordelia Buck, 159 Tobacco, use of by Mo. women, art. on, "Stump Speaking" (Bingham painting), front quoted, 434 cover, July issue Todd, James, 414; trustee, 159 Sturgeon, Mo., centennial of, 99, 308 Tolman, Justin, verso t.p. Apr. and July Sublette, William Lewis, thesis on, 83 Sullivan, Dennis, 56 Tolton, Augustine, art. on, 114 (illus.) Sullivan, Leonor K., 93 Tompkins, George, 360 Sullivan County, Red Brush School, art. on, Toplen, James B., 31 noted, 320 Tornadoes, 376 Sully, Thomas, 363 Trail, E. B., 185; donor, 200 Sunder, John Edward, thesis by, 83; "St. Trail Guide, The, publication, noted, 317 Louis and the Early Telegraph, 1847-1857," Trail to Oregon, The, by Frederica B. Coons, 248-58; art. by, listed, 337 209 Suttle, Harry, 85 Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., 340 Swain, E. E., 159, 160 Treacy, James, Collection, art. on, listed, 118 Swallow, George C, 335 Treaty of San Ildefonso, 138, 271; art. on, Sweat, Mrs. S. B., 187 listed, 222 Swedes in Mo., in Barry County, 377 Trexler, H. A., verso title page July issue Sweet Springs, Mo., art. on, noted, 100 Trigg, George A., verso t.p. Apr. issue Swindle, L., 43 Trowbridge, E. A., 196 Swisher, Earl, 184 Trudeau, Zenon, 52, 54, 136, 141 Switzler, William F., 354 Truesdale, Mrs. Roy, 418 Swofford, Bertha Wright, verso t.p. Jan. issue Truman, Harry S., 89, 97, 230; Library ded­ Sylvan School, Lawrence County, art. on, icated, 76-77; quoted, 231; return from 30-43 Inter-American Conference, 232; Memoirs, Symington, W. Stuart, 196, 308 Vol. I, Year of Decisions. 322-23, Vol. II, Years of Trial and Hope. 424, art. on, listed, 223 Truman, Margaret, 99, 229-30; art. by, listed, Table Rock Dam, 113 435 Taft, Lorado, 13 Truman, Ralph E., 85 Taft, William Howard, 125 Tucker, Amelia Camp, 316 Taggert, Ross, 88, 100 Tucker, Beverly St. George, art. on, noted, Talbert, Thomas J., 196 100 Talbot, Ethelbert, booklet on, 198 Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley, 208, 355, 370 Talton family, 114 Tucker, William C, donor, 316 Taney, Roger Brooke, 157 Tucker family, 316 Taos Society of Artists, 323 Turkey Knob Line; A Novel of the Ozarks, Tardiveau, Pierre, 367 by William G. Hall, 106 Tarlton, Walter E., obit., 327 Turner, Dale O., arts, by, noted, 202, 318-19 Taylor, Annie, art. on, quoted, 332 Turner, Mrs. Dale, 84 Taylor, Ed (Uncle Ed), 221 Turner, S. K., 168 Taylor, Mrs. Jess, 184 Turner, Winslow, 350 Taylor, John, 145-46 Turpin, William, 190 Taylor, Maxwell D., 114-15; art. on, noted, Tycoon in Trouble, by Kenneth McM. Dickey, 202, listed, 223 104-05 Taylor, Norman, 184 Tyler, John, 225, 226, 350 Taylor, Thomas E., arts, by, noted, 318 Taylor, Zachary, 80-81, 345 U Telegraph, 1847-1857, 248-58 (illus.) Telephones, early, first long distance in Mo., U. S. S. Missouri (commissioned 1842), 225; 61; other early lines, 61; in Liberty, 320; destroyed by fire, 225-26 (illus.) long distance in Maysville, Mo., 331, U. S. S. Missouri (commissioned 1901), Osborn, Mo., 331 225, 227-29 (illus.) 460 Missouri Historical Review

U. S. S. Missouri (commissioned 1944), 202, —wine making, 407 225, 228, 229-34; (illus.) 229, 230, outside —woman graduate of, second, 313 front cover Apr. issue; art. on, noted, 99; Upper Louisiana, purchased by U.S., outside bronze plaque on, 231, 232 (illus.); gifts back cover Apr. issue; mining in, 235-38; by Missourians to, 232; model of, 233 transfer to U. S., 135 (illus.), 238 (illus.) Upton, Lucile Morris, art. ed. by, noted, Ufer, Walter, 323 206; art. by, noted, 422 Umphraville, Angus, 362 Urban, Frank, 233 Uncle Merit (slave, Withers farm), 382 Utah Copper Company, 92 Unionville, Mo., centennial of, 90 Unitarian Church, first west of the Missis­ sippi, in St. Louis, 1834, 361 United Daughters of the Confederacy, St. Louis, Confederate Dames chapter, 200 United Foreign Missionary Society of New Vagts, Alfred, art. by, listed, 337 York, 81 Valle family, 367 United States, relations with Great Britain, Valle House, Ste. Genevieve, 186 1843, 226-27 Van Ackeren, Maurice E., 76 U. S. Army Van Buren, Martin, 27, 156, 157, 343, 346 —13th Corps, 5 Van Dorn, Earl, book on, 105 —15th Corps, 5, 7 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, 186, 189 —17th Corps, 5 Vaughan, Charles, 197 —Mo. troops in, Civil War, 1-15 Venerloh, J., 186 —Company H, 3rd Mo. Inf., history of, Vernon, Don O., obit., 327 noted, 95-96 Vernon County, centennial of, 90 —21st 111. Inf. Reg., 262 Vest, George Graham, 111, 293, 330, 374; U. S. Bank, 2nd, Softs vs. Hards in Mo., "Eulogy to a Dog," noted, 99; art. on, 349-50 171-73 (illus.), listed, 118 U. S. Board of Land Commissioners in Mo., Vetter, Alex, 187 1805-1812, 271-86, 392; adjourned, 390 Vicksburg, Miss., Battle of, 1-15 (illus.), 197 U. S. Congress Vicksburg National Military Park, 6, 12-15 —1787, Ordinance of, 52 Victoria, Queen of England, 363; Diamond —1804, private land claims act, 271 Jubilee of, 125 —1805, private land claims act, 271, 277, Vienna, Mo., centennial of, 192 278 Vienna Home-Advertiser, centennial edition of, —1806, Feb. 1, petition to, by land claim­ noted, 192 ants in La. Terr., 279 n. "Vignettes of Famous Missourians," directed —1806, Feb. 26, private land claims act, by Floyd C. Shoemaker, comp. by Dorothy 274 n. J. Caldwell, 400-06 (illus.) —1806, April 21, supplemental land claims Viles, George D., inside back cover April act, 280-81 issue —1807, Mar. 3, private land claims act, Viles, Jonas, 28, 335 281, 284 Vincennes, Ind., early telegraph in, 250, 251, —1811, Mar. 3, Land Act, 394, 395 252 —1813, Mar. 3, Land Act, 392 Vinton, Alfred, 253 —1814, Apr. 12, act for the final adjust­ Vinyard, Ruth A., 94 ment of land titles, 392-93, 398 Violette, Eugene M., 281 n. —1820, Mo. Enabling Act, 20 Vion House, Ste. Genevieve, 186 —1822, Indian factory system abolished, 23 Virginia, number of caves in, 431 —1836, annexed Platte Territory to Mo., Viticultural Congress, 407 343 Voelker, Frederic E., 190 —1839, authorized the Missouri and Mis­ Vogler, William, art. by, noted, 99 sissippi (steam frigates), 225 Voltaire, 360 —1940, authorized the U. S. S. Missouri von Senden, Anna. See Wimar, Mrs. Anna (battleship), 229 (von Senden) U. S. expansion, book on, 422-23 Vrooman, John Black, verso t.p. Oct. issue U. S. Land Office, Jackson, 56; Ironton, 56; St. Louis, 394; Franklin, 396 U. S. Liquidation Commission, 268 W U. S. Navy, Civil War, 9, 11 (illus.); art. on battleships of, 225-34 (illus.); world tour of, Wabash Railroad, 99 227-28; Fifth Fleet of, 230; Navy Day, Wade, Jeptha H., 254, 256 231; Second (Atlantic) Fleet of, 231 Wade, William, 4; portrait of, noted, 12 U. S. Soil Survey, 379 Waggoner, Hugh H., 90, 192 University of Missouri, 205-209 Wainwright, Jonathan, 231 —Board of Curators, 205 Waldensians, in Barry County, 377; in Law­ —College of Engineering centen., 196, 312, rence County, 377 420 Walkara (Ute Indian chief), book on, 211 —episode in, early, 116-17 Walker, James, 170 —fire of 1892, 335 Walker, Jesse, 56 —honorary degrees, to E. Lansing Ray, 92; Walker, Mrs. Preston, 86 to Maxwell D. Taylor, 115; to Omar N. Walker, Mrs. William, 188 Bradley, 115 Wall, Bernhardt, 168 —library, 306 Wallace, Harry B., obit., 327 —Memorial Student Union, 159, 195 Wallace, John Ryland, 308 —museum, early, 335-36 Wallace, William Swilling, Antoine Robi­ —portraits of faculty, 195-96 doux, 1794-1860; A Biography of a Western —students of, in Spanish-Amer. War, 329-30 Venturer, 207 —teachers' course in agric, 216 Waller, John, 42 —theses, graduate, 1953-54, 82-83 Waltrip, Abe, 36 —Western Historical Manuscripts Collec­ War Industries Board, 268 tion, 190-91 , 16, 80, 240, 241 Index 461

Ward, A. Sterling, donor, 95 "West Point and Wilson's Creek," art. listed, Ward, Henry Augustus, 335 436 Warin, M. Eulalia, donor, 316 Westport, Battle of, 68, 322; 91st anniv. of, Warner, __, (teacher, Lawrence Co.), 39 193 Warner, Robert M., art. by, listed, 337 Westport Historical Society, 193 Warner, William, 295, 330 "Westward March of America" (De Maris Warren, David M., gift of life memberships, painting), 165 (illus.); art. on, noted, 421 161, 185-86, 306 Wetmore, Alphonso, 362, 370 Warrensburg, Mo., centennial, 90-91; Vernon Weyberg, Samuel, 55 Kennedy Stadium, 91; art. on history of, Whaley, Edward, 259 noted, 99; picture of, 1867, noted, 316 Whaley, Thomas, 31 Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal, centennial Wheaton, Clarence L., 209 edition of, 91 Wheeler, W. H., 113 Warsaw, 111., early telegraph in, 256-57 Wheels West, by Homer Croy, 103 Warsaw, Mo., cemetery, art. on, noted, 101 Whitaker, Glen L., verso t.p. Apr. issue Wash, R., 245 White, Edwin H., 57 Washburn, Cephas, book on, 105 White, L. M., 113, 159, 160, 161, 192; donor, Washburn, Mo., 375, 376 97-98; "The Heart of the Saddle Horse Washington, D. C, Statuary Hall, 6, 152 Story of Missouri," 121-31 (illus.); art. by, Washington County, arts on history of, noted, noted, 329 201 White, Robert M., 192 Washington Female Seminary, established, 58 White, Robert M., II, 192 Washington Naval Limitation Treaty, 229 White, Turner, 417 Washington University, 289, 311-12; grad­ White family, 329; art. on, noted, 203 uate theses of, 1953-54, 83; proposed li­ Whiteman, George A., 313 brary of, 418 Whiteman, John C, Sr., 313 Wasson, John, 38 Whiteman, Mrs. John C, Sr., 313 Wasson, Monroe, 38 Whitmer, Davis, book on, 425 Waters, H. J., 196 Whitsitt, Frank, art. by, noted, 319 Waterson, George, 40, 42 Whitten, John C, 196 Watie, Stand, 322 Whitton, J. H., verso t.p. Jan. issue Watkins, Waltus L., farm, 416; art. on, noted, Whitton, Rex M., 94, 184, 196, 313, 414 99; mansion and woolen mill, art. on, noted, Wiese, Rudolph H., 414 320 Wiese, Mrs. Rudolph H., 414 Watters, T. Ballard, trustee, 159, 160 Wiese, Walter, 414 Way, Frederick, Jr., Way's Directory of Wikoff, Lester B., 195, 308 Western Rivers Packets, 210; Way's Direc­ Wild, Mrs. Bell (Melholland), 36 tory of Western Rivers' Steam Towboats, 210 Wild, Gilbert H., 36 Waye, Elmer F., obit., 109 Wildish, Mrs. Faney (Bennett), 46 Wayne County Journal-Banner, centennial Wiley, Herbert V., obit., 109 edition of, noted, 192 Wilhelmi, Otto J., 13-14 Weatherford, Robert, Jr., 76 Wilke, Stanley, 185 Weatherwax, Paul, Indian Corn in Old Amer­ Wilkenson, Mrs. Lelia E., 185 ica, 208-09 Wilkerson, Harris, 9 Weaver, Andrew, 46 n. Wilkinson, James, 140 (illus.), 141, 142, 143, Weaver, Andrew Thomas (co-auth.), "A 239, 274 n., 275-76, 277 n. Letter from Empire Prairie, Andrew Coun­ Wilks, Frank, 33-34, 42 ty, Missouri," 44-48 Will, Clark Moor, 104, verso t.p. Apr. issue Weaver, Mrs. Ann (Bennett), 44 n., 46 William and Mary College, Va., 100 Weaver, Bennett, 46 William Jewell College, 335 Weaver, John Carrier (co-auth.), "A Letter William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, 100 from Empire Prairie, Andrew County, William Woods College, 331 Missouri," 44-48 Williams, Brent, donor, 198 Webb, W. L., 62 Williams, D. T., 194 Webb City, Mo., zinc and lead mining at, 373 Williams, Frank B., 188 Webster, Daniel, 147, 155, 218, 354; art. on, Williams, George W., obit., 214 quoted, 333-34 Williams, Harry T., P. G. T. Beauregard; Webster County, book on history of, 323-24 Napoleon in Gray, 105 Webster County Historical Society, 88 Williams, James A., arts, by, noted, 420 Weide, Mrs. Fred, 188 Williams, Neil, 307 Weightman, W. H., obit., 214 Williams, Mrs. Neil, 307 Weinbrenner, J. Ray, obit., 327 Williams, Norman F., art. by, quoted, 434, Weir, Robert, 363 listed, 436 Welch, Anise, 43 Williams, Walter, 113 Welch, James, 360 Williamson, Hugh P., 418; arts, by, listed, Wellesley, Richard Colley, 1st marquis, 366 118, 119, noted, 317, quoted, 331 Wellman, Paul I., The Indian Wars of the Willis, Charles, 184 West, 210 Wills and Administrations of Clinton County, Wellsville, Mo., centennial of, 308 Missouri, 1833-70, by Nanon Lucile Carr, Welsher, John W., 41-42 106 Wentworth, John, 157 Willson, George C, trustee, 159 Wentworth Military Academy, 190 Wilson, Curtis L., 186 Wentzville, Mo., 100th anniv., 193; history Wilson, Daisy, art. on, quoted, 333 of, noted, 199 Wilson, James, 216 West, Paul, 414 Wilson, Mary. See Crawford, Mrs. Mary West, William Garrett, Barton Warren Stone; (Wilson) Early American Advocate of Christian Wilson, S. R., 253 Unity, 209 Wilson, Woodrow, 292, 402 Western Academy of Science, founded, 362 Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 68, 203, 322, 374; Westerners, The, Kansas City Posse of, 317, commemoration of, 85; art. on, noted, 200 417 Wilt, Christian, 245 Westminster College, 117 Wiltsey, Norman B., art. by, listed, 338 462 Missouri Historical Review

Wimar, Mrs. Anna (von Senden), 65 World War II, surrender of Japan in, 99, Wimar, Carl, art. on, 65-67; "Buffalo Hunt 225, 228, 230 (illus.),# 231; art. on, noted, by Indians" (painting), 66; paintings by, 202; battles of I wo Jima and Okinawa in, restored, 197 230; records of servicemen during, 419; Wind, Charles, art. by, listed, 222 Mo. casualty list for, noted, 419 Windsor, Harold R., obit., 110 Worley, Mrs. Gilbert, mural by, noted, 99 Windsor, Mo., centennial, 91, 193 Worth County, art. on, noted, 200 Windsor Review, centennial edition of, noted, Worth County Historical Society, 166, 311; 193 sponsors republication of history of Gentry Wineries and wine industry, Hermann, Mo., and Worth counties, 191 405-07 (illus.) Wright, Mrs. Amelia Eberwein, donor, 96 Winters, Aaron, 22 Wright, Charles L., 197 Wisconsin (U. S. battleship), 228 Wright, Harold Bell, 94, 113, 378 Wise, Hal M., Jr., 85 Wright, James F., obit., 214 Wistrand, Lillian, art. by, listed, 223 Wright City, Mo., centennial plans, 91 Withers, Abijah, 381 n. Wuerpel, Edmund H., 14 Withers, Albert, 386 Wyeth, William M., 190 Withers, Conn, 386 Wyllie, Irvin G., 308 Withers, Mrs. Ella McCoun, 384 "Wynken, Blynken, and Nod" (poem), 174-75 Withers, Mrs. Ethel Massie, verso t.p. Oct. (illus.) and July issues. Withers, Mary, 39 Withers, Robert Steele, verso t.p. July issue; art. by, quoted, 221, listed, 338, noted, 421; Yates, Norris, art. by, listed, 223 "Singing," 381-86 "Year of Peril" (Benton paintings), verso Witthaus, John A., obit., 427 back cover Oct. issue Wnuczek, Adam, thesis by, 83 Yeatman, James E., 253 Wolf, Christopher C, 267 Yehle, F. J., 413 Wood, Alexander, 347 Yellowstone National Park, 171, 173 Wood, R. F., 195 Yoes, C. E., 77 Wood, Reuben T., obit., 110 York, A. M., 261 Wood, Richard G., art. by, listed, 337 Young, Jerry, thesis by, 82 Wood, William T., 341 Young, Louis, 31 Woods, Ben, 32, 42 Young, Sheldon, 207 Woods, E. P., 43 Younger, Edward, John A. Kasson: Politics Woods, John, 33 and Diplomacy from Lincoln to McKinley, Woods, L. P., 43 102 Woods, Robert K., 253 Younger brothers, 208 Woods, Ruben, 31, 33 Woods, Zadock, 80 Wooldridge, Jesse W., 93-94 Workman, George, thesis by, 82 Zeigler, Carl, 183 World War I, gallery of Missourians in, not­ Zeigler, Matthew, 87, 186 ed, 403 Zinc and zinc mining, 373 Missouri Historical Review

Floyd C. Shoemaker, Editor

4&®$£

%Jolume L October 1955-July 1956

Published by State Historical Society of Missouri Columbia j Missouri 1956 Contributors

DYSART, MARJORIE, copy editor of the Missouri Historical Review.

GARDNER, JAMES A., assistant professor of history and government, Linden wood College, St. Charles.

HULING, POLLY, part time instructor in history, University of Missouri, Columbia.

MCCANDLESS, PERRY, assistant professor of social studies, Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg.

MCDERMOTT, JOHN FRANCIS, associate professor of English, Washington Uni­ versity, St. Louis.

PARRISH, WILLIAM E., assistant professor of history, Westminster College, Fulton.

RICHARDSON, LEMONT K., doctoral graduate of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

SHOEMAKER, FLOYD C, secretary of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

SPILMAN, JOHN F. (1855-1951), farmer in Lawrence County, Missouri.

SUNDER, JOHN E., doctoral graduate of Washington University, St. Louis, now serving in armed forces.

WEAVER, ANDREW THOMAS, professor of speech, University of Wisconsin, Mad­ ison.

WEAVER, JOHN CARRIER, professor of geography, University of Minnesota, Min­ neapolis.

WHITE, L. M., president of the State Historical Society and co-editor of the Mexico Ledger, Mexico, Missouri.

WITHERS, ROBERT STEELE, farmer, Liberty, Missouri. Contents Page

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 159 BENTON, THOMAS HART Verso back cover, October issue

BUSINESS CAREER OF MOSES AUSTIN IN MISSOURI. By James A. Gardner.. .235

CAPE GIRARDEAU, MOST AMERICAN OF MISSOURI'S ORIGINAL FIVE COUNTIES. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 49 CULTURE AND THE MISSOURI FRONTIER. By John Francis McDermott 355

DAVID RICE ATCHISON, FRONTIER POLITICIAN. By William E. Parrish 339

EPOCH MARKING EVENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY Back covers FITZPATRICK, DANIEL R Verso back cover, January issue

HEART OF THE SADDLE HORSE STORY OF MISSOURI. By L. M. White 121

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 70, 177, 298, 408

HISTORY OF SYLVAN SCHOOL, LAWRENCE COUNTY. By John F. Spilman 30

LETTER FROM EMPIRE PRAIRIE, ANDREW COUNTY, MISSOURI. By Andrew Thomas Weaver and John Carrier Weaver 44 MCGREGOR, WILLIAM B Verso back cover, July issue MISSOURIANS AT VICKSBURG. By Polly Huling 1

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS Ill, 215, 238, 428

MISSOURI'S NAMESAKES OF THE NAVY. By Marjorie Dysart 225 OLD BARRY COUNTY: MOTHER OF EIGHT SOUTHWEST MISSOURI COUNTIES. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 371

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL PERSONALITY OF THOMAS H. BENTON. By Perry McCandless 145

PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS IN MISSOURI. Parts I, II, and III. By Lemont K. Richardson 132, 271, 387

RISE OF THOMAS H. BENTON IN MISSOURI POLITICS. By Perry McCandless. . . 16

ST. LOUIS AND THE EARLY TELEGRAPH. By John E. Sunder 248

SHELBY COUNTY, HOME OF EXPERIMENTATION, PROGRESS, AND GOOD CITIZEN­ SHIP. By Floyd C. Shoemaker 259 SINGING. By Robert S. Withers 381 STONEBRAKER, J.N Verso back cover, April issue

"THIS WEEK IN MISSOURI HISTORY" 62, 168, 287

VIGNETTES OF FAMOUS MISSOURIANS 400 Illustrations Page The illustrations are listed by name or subject rather than by picture caption, ATCHISON, DAVID RICE 227 AUSTIN, MOSES 239 AUSTIN, MOSES, HOME OF, IN POTOSI 236 AUSTIN, MOSES, STATUE OF, IN SAN ANTONIO 244 AUSTIN, MOSES, TOMB OF, IN POTOSI 246 BASS, TOM 124 BASS, TOM, EXHIBITING BELLE BEACH 126 BASS, TOM, MONUMENT IN ELMWOOD CEMETERY, MEXICO 129 BATES, FREDERICK 393 BENTON, THOMAS HART (ARTIST) Verso back cover, October issue BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR) 18 BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR), at His Senate Desk 26 BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR), at the Peak of His Career 28 BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR), Speaking at St. Louis 148 BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR), Statue in the National Capitol 152 BENTON, THOMAS HART (SENATOR), Statue in St. Louis 156 BETHEL, MISSOURI 260 BETHEL, CHURCH IN 265 BETHEL, "THE BIG HOUSE" 264 BUFFALO HUNT BY INDIANS. Painting by Carl Wimar 66 CAPE GIRARDEAU, MISSOURI, MAP OF 52 CAPE GIRARDEAU, MURAL OF 59 CHAPEL HILL COLLEGE, LAFAYETTE COUNTY 294 CHAPULTEPEC, BATTLE OF 170 CHOUTEAU, AUGUSTE, SR 276 CHOUTEAU HOUSE, ST. LOUIS 139 CLARK, CHAMP 401 CLARK, CHAMP, STATUE IN BOWLING GREEN 402 COCKRELL, FRANCIS M 293 CONFEDERATE CAPITOL IN CASSVILLE 374 DESOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI Back cover October issue EASTON, RUFUS 136 FIELD, EUGENE 174 FITZPATRICK, DANIEL R Verso back cover January issue FLETCHER, THOMAS C 296 FLETCHER, THOMAS C, HOME OF 297 GAYNOR, JESSIE L 63, 64 GENTNER HOUSE IN HERMANN 408 Illustrations—Continued Page HADLEY, HERBERT S 288 HARDIN, CHARLES H 404 HARDIN, CHARLES H., BOYHOOD HOME OF, IN COLUMBIA 405 HARMONY MISSION 80 HEMPSTEAD, EDWARD 391 HOUCK, LOUIS 60 HUSMANN, GEORGE 406 JEWETT, W. O. L 269 KEIL, WILLIAM 262 KEIL, WILLIAM, HOME OF 263 LACLEDE LANDING AT SITE OF ST. LOUIS Back cover April issue LAND CLAIMS IN MISSOURI, GENERAL AREA OF 138 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, PROGRESS OF Back cover July issue LINCOLN MURAL, LINCOLN UNIVERSITY 78 LISA, MANUEL 389 LITTLE BOY BLUE, STATUE IN ST. JOSEPH 174 LOEB, ISIDOR 166 LORIMIER, LOUIS 50 LUCAS, J. B. C 273 LUNETTE FROM THE SOCIETY'S BOOKPLATE 400 MCGREGOR, WILLIAM B Verso back cover July issue "MAN'S BEST FRIEND" 172 MARBUT, CURTIS FLETCHER 379 MARQUETTE DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI Back cover January issue MORMON ENCAMPMENT ON THE MISSOURI RIVER 342 " MYSTERIOUS STRANGER, THE" 289 OLD WIRE ROAD MARKER, CASSVILLE 375 O'REILLY, HENRY 249 POTOSI, MISSOURI 24, 367 QUILTING PARTY 366 RAISING THE AMERICAN FLAG IN ST. LOUIS, 1804 135 RALLS, DANIEL, BEING CARRIED TO VOTE FOR BENTON 21 REX MCDONALD, GEORGE FORD MORRIS UP Cover January issue REX MCDONALD, PORTRAIT BY G. F. MORRIS 121 REX MCDONALD, MONUMENT IN MEXICO FAIRGROUNDS 128 ST. LOUIS IN 1832 357 ST. LOUIS, CATHEDRAL 361 ST. LOUIS, THEATRE 363 SCHOOL EXAMINATION 41 Illustrations—Continued Page SCHOOLHOUSE, LOG, IN BARRY COUNTY 376 SCHOOLROOM SCENES 32, 34, 37 SETTLER'S HOME 279 SHELBY, JOSEPH 0 68 SHELBY, JOSEPH O., MONUMENT IN FOREST HILL CEMETERY, KANSAS CITY. . .69 SHIELDS, JAMES 169 SOULARD, ANTOINE 142 SOUTHERN, WILLIAM, JR 306 STONE, WILLIAM J 291 STONE, WILLIAM J., STATUE IN NEVADA, MISSOURI 292 STONEBRAKER, J.N Verso back cover April issue STUMP SPEAKING. Engraving by Gautier of painting by George C. Bingham Cover July issue TELEGRAPH OFFICE STAFF, ST. LOUIS, 1849 253 TELEGRAPH WIRES CARRIED ACROSS RIVER 252 "THIS WEEK IN MISSOURI HISTORY" 62, 168, 287 TOLTON, FATHER AUGUSTINE 114 U.S.S. Missouri (1842) 226 U.S.S. Missouri (1901) 228 U.S.S. Missouri (1944), IN KOREAN WATERS Cover April issue U.S.S. Missouri (1944), in Tokyo Bay 229 U.S.S. Missouri (1944), SIGNING OF JAPANESE SURRENDER ABOARD 230 U.S.S. Missouri (1944), BRONZE PLAQUE ON QUARTERDECK OF 232 U.S.S. Missouri (1944), MODEL OF 233 VEST, GEORGE GRAHAM 171 VICKSBURG, BATTLE OF 7,9 VICKSBURG, BATTLE LINES 4 VICKSBURG, MEMORIAL TO FRANCIS P. BLAIR AT 13 VICKSBURG, MISSOURI'S CONFEDERATE LEADERS AT 15 VICKSBURG MONUMENT TO MISSOURI'S UNION AND CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS Cover October issue VICKSBURG, SURRENDER OF 11 VICKSBURG, UNION FLEET RUNNING THE BLOCKADE 2 WESTWARD MARCH OF AMERICA. Painting by Walter de Maris 165 WILKINSON, JAMES 140 WIMAR, CARL 65 WINE CELLAR AT HERMANN 407 WOODS' FORT 164 WYNKEN, BLYNKEN, AND NOD FOUNTAIN IN DENVER 175

WILLIAM B. MCGREGOR

The Society is indebted to William B. McGregor for his help in securing essential financial support during the time he was chairman and secretary of the House Appro­ priations Committee and assistant budget director of the State. In 1920 he was elected to the Fifty-first General Assembly from Linn County. During his first term in the House of Representatives he was a member of the committee on appropriations and upon his re­ election he was appointed chairman. In that session the legislature pro­ William B. McGregor posed to raise the appropriation for the Society from $39,770 to $50,870. Governor Arthur M. Hyde ap­ proved $46,170 of this amount, making it the highest appropriation for the Society until 1937. Mr. McGregor was secretary of the House Appropriations Com­ mittee for three terms during the depression years and remained a friend of the Society in this difficult period. After a reduction in appropriations which involved all State agencies, the legislative appropriation for the Society in 1937-1938, the last year that he served in this office, was raised to $47,540, and this whole amount was approved by Governor Lloyd C Stark. In June, 1937, Governor Stark appointed Mr. McGregor assistant budget director, a position he has held in every Democratic adminis­ tration since that time. During this period he has been deeply interested in the program and welfare of the Society and influential in obtaining essential support for its work. His concern was also shown by his donation to the Society of thirty-one volumes of the rare early files of the Brookfield Gazette and five early volumes of the Brookfield Budget which were lacking in the Society's library when he was editor of the Buget-Cazette in 1929. Courtesy August A. Busch, Jr.

Progress of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Ranked as the most important exploring expedition in the nation's history, the Lewis and Clark party was the first to cross the continent and make a report of its thorough investigation of the geography and resources of the American northwest. Planned by President Thomas Jefferson and authorized by Congress while the Louisiana Territory was owned by France, it was organized out­ wardly as a scientific expedition, though military reconnaissance was to be a major function. With the cession of the territory to the United States in 1803 the military aim became unnecessary, but President Jefferson's instructions to the expedition's leaders, Meri­ wether Lewis and William Clark, still included the charge to see if the western country was suitable for settlement and to learn some­ thing of the Indian tribes living there. Leaving Wood River opposite the mouth of the Missouri in the spring of 1804, the party followed the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains, crossed the continental divide to the Columbia River, and built canoes to descend to the Pacific coast where they wintered near Astoria. They returned overland to St. Louis, arriving in September, 1806. This picture depicting the meeting of the explorers with a tribe of Western Indians is fourth in a series of nine paintings of "Epoch Marking Events of American History" executed by O. E. Berning­ haus of St. Louis. The paintings were commissioned in 1914 by Anheuser-Busch, Inc., and are reproduced through the courtesy of the owner, August A. Busch, Jr., St. Louis County, Missouri.